This titleSAMPLE has been MATERIAL selected for AQA’s offi cial approval process

AQA GCSE GEOGRAPHY

John Widdowson Rebecca Blackshaw Meryl King Simon Oakes Sarah Wheeler Michael Witherick

Meet the demands of the new AQA GCSE speci cation with print and digital resources that support your planning, teaching and assessment needs; complemented by Wideworld magazine and expert-led, con dence-boosting CPD events. The following print and digital resources have been selected for AQA’s of cial approval process: AQA GCSE Geography Student’s Book 9781471859922 March 2016 £22.99 AQA GCSE Geography Student eTextbook 9781471859953 April 2016 From £5.75 To request Inspection Copies, eInspection Copies or free, no obligation 30-day Student eTextbook trials, visit www.hoddereducation.co.uk/Geography/GCSE/AQA

Also available: AQA GCSE Geography Dynamic Learning Dynamic Learning is an innovative online subscription service that enriches your teaching and simpli es your planning, providing lesson planning tools, readymade presentations, differentiated worksheets, exam support, self-marking tests, geographical resources and eTextbook elements that all work together to create the ultimate classroom and homework resource. Prices from: £420 + VAT for access until December 2018 Publishing from: Spring 2016 Geographical Skills and Fieldwork for AQA GCSE Geography Maximise every student’s performance with a step-by-step approach to learning, improving and applying the geographical and eldwork skills they need to achieve their best under the reformed AQA speci cation. Price: £13.99 Publishing: June 2016 My Revision Notes: AQA GCSE Geography Unlock your students’ full potential at GCSE with revision guides that focus on the key knowledge and skills required for the 2016 speci cation. Price: £7.99 Publishing from: September 2017 AQA Wideworld magazine Wideworld magazine helps students learn more, gaining deeper subject knowledge and the skills to progress skilfully through their GCSE studies. With a rich bank of up-to-date case studies, GCSE eldwork examples and practical exam advice, Wideworld offers complete support for your GCSE geographers. Institutional price: £20 • Student price: £10 • 4 issues per year The Whiteboard Philip Allan CPD Training eTextbook and Ensure that you are ready for the upcoming changes by attending one of our Preparing to Teaching and Teach the New 2016 AQA GCSE Geography Speci cation courses. Learning Simon Ross and Sarah Wheeler will support you in making a smooth transition to the 2016 Resources have not AQA GCSE Geography speci cation on this one-day course that looks at resources, teaching and been entered into learning strategies and eldwork. the AQA approval process GEOGRAPHY AQA Training From understanding and preparing to teach new speci cations, through to developing subject expertise and moving leadership, AQA has a training offering for you. Continued professional development training is provided to over 30,000 teachers each year, either through face to face, online or in school courses, events and workshops. For more information and to book your place visit www.aqa.org.uk/cpd

To nd out more and request Inspection Copies, eInspection Copies and free, no obligation Dynamic Learning trials, visit www.hoddereducation.co.uk/Geography/GCSE/AQA  Contents

Contents Theme 2: Challenges in the Human Environment Introduction Section A: Urban challenges Theme 1: Living with the Physical Environment Chapter 13 The global pattern of change Chapter 14 Urban challenges in a low income country Section A: The challenge of natural hazards Chapter 15 The urban challenges in the UK Chapter 1 Natural hazards Chapter 16 Sustainable development of urban areas Chapter 2 Tectonic hazards Question Practice Chapter 3 Weather hazards Section B: The changing economic world Chapter 4 Climate change Chapter 17 Economic development and quality of life Question Practice Chapter 18 Reducing the global development gap Section B: The living world Chapter 19 Economic development in Nigeria Chapter 5 Ecosystems Chapter 20 Economic change in the UK Chapter 6 Tropical rainforests Question Practice Chapter 7 Hot deserts Section C: The challenge of resource management Chapter 8 Cold environments Chapter 21 The global distribution of food, water and energy Question Practice Chapter 22 Resources in the UK Section C: Physical landscapes in the UK Chapter 23 Food: global resource security Chapter 9 The physical diversity of the UK Chapter 24 Water: global resource security Chapter 10 Coastal landscapes Chapter 25 Energy: global resource security Chapter 11 River landscapes Question Practice Chapter 12 Glacial landscapes Question Practice Theme 3: Geographical Applications

Chapter 26 Issue evaluation Chapter 27 Fieldwork and geographical enquiry Glossary Index

iv v Features in the book:

1.1 1 Natural hazards Natural hazards

Afghanistan % KEY LEARNING Defi ning natural hazards Where do natural Bangladesh hazards occur? ➤ What a natural hazard is What is a natural hazard? ➤ Di erent types of natural Some regions around the world are Natural events have always occurred on our dynamic earth. Without more vulnerable to natural hazards China hazards Iran people, natural events would be just that, events – there would be no than others. The di erent colours Haiti Key Learning ➤ Factors that a ect India Myanmar natural ‘hazards’. Yet in a world with a rapidly growing population, and of the countries in Figure 3 show hazard risk Pakistan Philippines provides a with technological developments leading to faster travel and quicker the likelihood of a natural disaster communication, it is di cult to ignore that humans are becoming occurring, based on historical data. Sri Lanka useful overview Colombia Sudan Ethiopia increasingly vulnerable to natural hazards. Indonesia of the learning The year 2010 was a bad one for natural Natural hazards pose potential risk of damage to property, and loss of life. hazards. There were earthquakes in objectives for Mozambique The more humans that come into contact with natural events, the more the Haiti and Chile, volcanic eruptions in each double-page potential risk of natural hazards increases. Iceland and Indonesia, fl ooding in China spread and avalanches in Pakistan. The natural Key hazards that occurred around the EARTHQUAKES VOLCANO ERUPTIONS FLOODS How are di erent types of natural hazard Extreme risk world in 2010 are located on the map in High risk LANDSLIDES RARE TORNADOS AVALANCHE classifi ed? Figure 3. Medium risk Low risk HURRICANES, TYPHOONS, CYCLONES Natural hazards are most commonly classifi ed by their physical processes, No Data that is, what caused the hazard to occur. These processes include: What factors a ect Figure 3 World natural hazard risk and biggest natural disasters in 2010 I tectonic hazards, such as earthquakes or tsunamis, which involve hazard risk? Accessible movement of tectonic plates below the earth’s crust Globally, the incidence of natural hazards is increasing. As a result I atmospheric hazards, such as hurricanes explanations of human infl uences, such as global warming, deforestation and Activities I geomorphological hazards, such as fl ooding, which occur on the earth’s of the content urbanisation, the frequency and magnitude (strength) of natural hazards 1. Distinguish between a natural surface and concepts are increasing. With 8 billion people expected to populate the planet by hazard and a natural event. I biological hazards, such as forest fi res, which involve living organisms. guide you and 2024, it is inevitable that the risk will increase as there are even more 2. Use the key on Figure 3 to list However, these categories are closely linked. For example, tsunamis are a people to interact with natural events. However, the risk of natural hazards which hazards the UK could your students tectonic hazard, but can also be caused by a landslide displacing a large is also made worse by the locations in which people live, whether out of experience. choice or necessity. through the 2016 body of water. Some natural hazards are caused by human infl uence rather 3. Categorise the di erent than a natural process. For example, forest fi res in California in 2014 were Ready-made specifi cation Lack of Language hazards shown in Figure 3 Location Magnitude Timing Expense recorded as being caused by arson and falling power lines rather than knowledge barrier into tectonic, atmospheric, activities develop naturally occurring events. geomorphological and students’ ability biological. Can’t accurately to interpret, Can’t move predict hazard 4. Explain why some hazards are more di’ cult to analyse and categorise than others. evaluate maps, Describe the pattern of Why do 5. graphs, GIS people make natural hazard risk in Figure 3. themselves material and data vulnerable? 6. Use Figure 4 to explain factors a ecting hazard risk. sources 7. Suggest how humans could have caused the hazards in It’s worth staying Don’t want to go Figure 1 and Figure 2.

Over-confident Optimistic it Resources Jobs Figure 1 Helping people after an avalanche, Figure 2 Winter storms, Cornwall 2014 in defences won’t happen Afghanistan 2014 Figure 4 Why people live near hazardous areas Clear and colourful

6 diagrams aid understanding, 7 cater for different learning styles and act as useful 859922_AQA_GCSE_Geog_CH_01_006_007.indd 6 01/12/15 8:24 am 859922_AQA_GCSE_Geog_CH_01_006_007.indd 7 revision aids 01/12/15 8:24 am 16.1 16 Urban challenges in the UK Urban challenges in the UK

Where are cities in the UK located? % KEY LEARNING Cities in the UK Activities The UK’s cities are found in the most densely populated areas (see ➤ How the population of Figure 3). They tend to be located in fl at, low-lying parts of the country, 1. Study Figure 1. the UK is distributed How is the UK’s population distributed? particularly on the coast or near major rivers. Historically, this is where a If you live in London, why The UK is one of the most urbanised countries in the world, with 82 per cent ➤ Where cities in the UK many cities grew, supported by farming, trade and industry. might you think the UK is of our population living in cities. This is typical of most high income countries are located overcrowded? (HICs) that went through the process of urbanisation during the nineteenth ➤ How UK cities are b Would you be right or and twentieth centuries. It is di erent in low income countries (LICs), such as How are UK cities growing? growing wrong? Explain your Nigeria, which are still rapidly urbanising today (see Chapter 15). Today, the fastest-growing cities are in south-east England, which is the answer. If you live in London (see Figure 1) or another UK city, you might get the region with the fastest-growing economy (read more in Chapter 21). 2. Study Figure 2. Describe the impression that we are an overcrowded country. But, when you look at a map By far the biggest growth so far in the twenty-fi rst century has been in distribution of population in of the UK’s population distribution (see Figure 2), you can see that people are London, with over a million new people. At the other end of the scale, the UK. Include each part of unevenly distributed. While some areas such as south-east England are densely Sunderland, in the north-east of England, is the only major UK city where the UK in your description, populated, other areas, such as northern Scotland, are sparsely populated. population has fallen. This was due to the decline of industry and loss of e.g. south-east England, jobs, forcing people to move away to fi nd work. Overall, the UK’s population density is 260 people per square kilometre (km2), northern Scotland. ranging from about 5,000/km2 in London to less than 10/km2 in northern 3. Compare Figures 2 and Scotland. This makes us one of the more densely populated countries in 3. Explain the connection Europe – more crowded than France, for example, but less crowded than the Aberdeen between population Netherlands. Key distribution and the location Change in population, of cities in the UK. Dundee 2004–2013 –1% – 0% 4. Study Figure 3. 1% – 5% a Where are the fastest- Glasgow Edinburgh 6% – 8% growing and slowest- 6% – 12% growing cities in the UK? 13% – 16% b How can you explain the Scotland Newcastle N pattern? (Hint: Figures Sunderland 1 and 4 should help you.) N Belfast Key Middlesbrough People/km2 Over 150 10–150 Yo r k Burnley Bradford Less than 10 Blackpool Leeds Preston Hull Rochdale Wakefield Major cities Bolton Wigan Doncaster Grimsby Northern Liverpool Barnsley Warrington Sheffield Ireland Birkenhead Mansfield Stoke Nottingham Derby Norwich Telford Leicester Peterborough

Birmingham Coventry

Northampton Cambridge Milton Keynes Ipswich Luton Gloucester Swansea Oxford Newport Swindon Southend England Cardiff Reading London Bristol Wales Chatham Aldershot Crawley

Southampton London Worthing Brighton Bournemouth Hastings Portsmouth

0 500 Plymouth 0 500

kilometres kilometres Figure 4 Sunderland, a city where ships were once Figure 1 London is the UK’s largest city. It contains built and coal was mined. The shipyards have long the centre of the fi nance industry, often called the ‘City Figure 3 Major cities in the UK, showing how their populations are closed. The football stadium was built on the site of an old coal mine. of London’. Figure 2 Population distribution in the UK changing

8 9 16.2 Challenges in the Human Environment Urban challenges in the UK

London’s role as a port declined towards the end of the twentieth century, % KEY LEARNING London on the map with the opening of new docks on the coast. However, it remains the main Activities hub for the UK transport network. Both the UK’s road and rail networks focus ➤ Where London is 1. Study Figure 5. Draw a sketch Where is London located? on London (see Figure 6). The UK’s two busiest airports – Heathrow and located. map, based on the drawing, Gatwick – are both close to London. ➤ Why London grew. London is located in south-east England on the River Thames. It is the to show the site of Roman site chosen by the Romans when they conquered southern England in ➤ What London’s national They help to maintain London’s global connections and its importance as a London. Annotate your map AD43. They built a walled settlement on the north bank of the Thames to and international tourist destination. to explain why this was a defend themselves against the defeated Britons. They called the settlement importance is. good site for a city. Londinium and it became the capital of the Roman colony in Britain. What is London’s national and international 2. Study Figure 6. Two factors were important in London’s success as a city: importance? a Plan journeys from three I The Thames is a tidal river. At high tide ships were able to navigate up the other cities in the UK to London is not just the UK’s capital; it is also by far our largest and wealthiest river to London and the city became a port. London. In each case, list city. The gap between London and the rest of the UK has widened in the the motorways you would I London was built at the lowest bridging point on the Thames – the twenty-fi rst century, as both earnings and house prices have risen faster in travel on. widest point on the river where it was possible to build a bridge. London than elsewhere (see Figure 7). b Describe the pattern of An indication of London’s modern-day importance is its status as a world city. motorways in the UK in Why did London grow? A world city’s infl uence is not just national, but also global. Along with New relation to London. Two thousand years after it was built by the Romans, London is still the York, London is one of the two most important fi nancial centres in the world. 3. Study Figure 7. Compare capital city of the UK. From the eighteenth century onwards, new docks The headquarters of many large international companies, as well as most London with the rest of built along the river increased the number of ships using London as a port. major British companies, are based there. the UK. Write three short London’s importance as a centre of trade and commerce grew and new The city also attracts investment and people from all around the world. Many paragraphs to compare manufacturing industries developed. This, in turn, attracted more people and of London’s iconic buildings, like the Shard and the Olympic Village (not to a) the weather b) distribution its population increased (see 16.3). mention football teams!), are owned by foreign investors. Many migrants of wealth and c) quality of life. come to London to work in high-paid as well as low-paid jobs. 4. What do you think a) the advantages and b) the e river was a route for e fi rst Roman bridge By building a bridge, the disadvantages are of living in M74 ships. London became a across the ames was Romans were able to Glasgow London? Give at least three port and a thriving centre built close to present-day control land on either side for trade and commerce. London Bridge. of the river and to conquer examples of each. southern England.

Newcastle

A2 M6

M55 Leeds Hull

M62

Liverpool Manchester M180 Categories London UK Sheffield M6 Average July temperature 18°C 16°C M2 Nottingham M54 Average January 5°C 4°C Leicester temperature Birmingham

M1 Cambridge Average annual rainfall 622 mm 855 mm

M50 M11 Average male life expectancy 79 78 M25 M4 M4 Heathrow River Thames London Average female life 83 82 North Cardiff Bristol M2 expectancy Dover M23 Sea Gatwick M20 Brighton Average earnings £34,473 £22,044 London M5 Southampton e Romans built a wall Average house price £514,000 £272,000 Exeter to protect the city on the N Unemployment rate 7.5% 6.6% present-day site of the City 0 100 of London. kilometres Murder rate 1.1/100,000 1.4/100,000 Figure 5 The site of Roman London Figure 6 The motorway network in England and Wales Figure 7 London and the UK compared (2015)

10 11 Features in the book:

16.3 Challenges in the Human Environment Urban challenges in the UK

✪ KEY LEARNING London’s growing population What ethnic groups make up London’s ➤ How London’s population? population has changed How has London’s population changed? London is also the most diverse city in the UK. Less than half ➤ What London’s London’s population is higher now than it has ever been. In 2015, London’s of London’s population are of white British origin, while 37 per South Asian population reached 8.6 million, overtaking the peak it last reached in 1939. cent were born outside the UK (see Figure 10). 12% population structure is Black now For most of the past two hundred years, London’s population has been growing Migration to London goes back to Roman times. Later, Saxons White other 13% Mixed 15% ➤ The ethnic composition (see Figure 8). In 1801, with just over a million people, it was already the largest and Normans also settled in London. In the seventeenth 5% of London’s population city in the world. During the Industrial Revolution in the nineteenth century the century, French Huguenot (Protestant) refugees arrived Other 3% city grew as it attracted migrants, mainly from other parts of the UK. and settled outside the city walls to the east in Spitalfields. Later, in the nineteenth century, came Jewish refugees from London’s population reached its previous peak at the White UK Population of London (millions) Eastern Europe and more recently economic migrants from 45% 9 start of the Second World War. The city was badly Bangladesh. Each group of migrants has helped to change the 8 bombed during the war and its population fell after character of Spitalfields (see Figure 11). 1939. Numbers continued to decline after the war 7 Today, London’s population comes from every part of the as housing was demolished and people moved out. world. The largest numbers are from countries like India, 6 During the twentieth century many cities in other Nigeria and Jamaica, each once part of the British Empire. Figure 10 The ethnic composition of London’s population 5 countries grew bigger than London. Since 2007, more migrants have come from Eastern Europe, 4 London’s population has been climbing again since with the free movement of people in the European Union (EU). 3 1991. It is likely to continue growing and is predicted to reach 10 million by 2030, which will make London 2 one of the world’s megacities. 1

0 Activities Figure 11 Brick 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Lane Mosque: used Figure 8 London’s population growth since 1801 1. Study Figure 8. Describe changes in by Bangladeshis in London’s population since 1801. Mention Spitalfields. It was first built as a Huguenot key figures and dates from the graph. Be as Key (Protestant) church How old is London’s population? accurate as you can. and later used as a London population London has a much larger population than any other Jewish synagogue UK population 2. Study Figure 9. Compare the structure of UK city. It also has a younger population (see Figure Males Females London’s population with the UK’s. Which Age 9). This helps to explain why its population is growing. age groups make up a larger proportion 90+ 85–89 n Younger people, particularly in the 20–30 age of a) London’s population and b) the UK’s 80–84 population? 75–79 group, are more likely to have children. That leads 70–74 to a higher rate of natural population increase in 3. a Use the information in Figure 9 to predict 65–69 60–64 London. how London’s population is likely to change 55–59 Potential n Migrants from around the world add to London’s in the future. Fieldwork: Get out there! 50–54 fi eldwork 45–49 population. At the same time as people arrive, b Explain how you made your prediction. ‘Areas with a more diverse population also have more 40–44 others leave. The balance between the two groups 35–39 4. Study Figure 10. Turn the information into a diverse shops and services.’ enquiries are 30–34 is net migration. 25–29 bar chart to show the percentage of each n Devise at least one fieldwork method you could use to suggested to 20–24 n Although net migration into London is quite low, ethnic group in London’s population. test this hypothesis. 15–19 most immigrants are young while most people help you plan 10–14 5. Study Figure 11. Buildings show one way in n Suggest two areas you know where you could carry out 5–9 leaving are older. This reduces the average age relevant human which ethnic diversity has helped to change your fieldwork, one with a more diverse population than 0–79 of the population and leads to greater natural 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 00 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 the character of London. Think of at least the other. and physical increase. Population (millions) five other ways in which ethnic diversity can n Predict what results you would expect to get from your Figure 9 London’s population structure, compared with the UK (2011) projects change the character of an area. fieldwork and why. Key terms are highlighted

12 throughout and defi ned in the 13 glossary, enhancing students’ geographical vocabulary and 859922_AQA_GCSE_Geog_Ch_16_012-013.indd 12 understanding 30/11/15 10:29 pm 859922_AQA_GCSE_Geog_Ch_16_012-013.indd 13 30/11/15 10:29 pm 16.4 Challenges in the Human Environment Urban challenges in the UK

What opportunities for recreation and % KEY LEARNING The new face of London Activities entertainment are there? ➤ How an old area of How has an old area of London changed? 1. Study Figure 12. Explain why London has changed The population of Shoreditch has changed too. Many older residents and Shoreditch is a good location ➤ What cultural mix is One old area of London close to the city centre is Shoreditch (see Figure 12). Bangladeshi families are moving away as rents and property prices go in London to: found there now It typifi es the sort of changes that have happened around London, and in up. In their place, young professional workers, many in the fi nance and a start a new business. some other UK cities. creative industries, are moving in (see Figure 14). ➤ What opportunities b live. (You could refer to for recreation and Just thirty years ago Shoreditch was still a run-down inner city area with This process of rising property prices and changing population is known an Underground map of entertainment there are many old factories and warehouses. Most industries had closed down and as gentrifi cation. With the new, younger population have come new London to help you.) forms of recreation and entertainment. Shoreditch is now one of the most people were moving out of the area. In their place newcomers were moving 2. Study the photos and map in vibrant parts of London, day or night! in, particularly Bangladeshi immigrants around Brick Lane (see 16.3). Figures 13–17. a Identify di erent types Inner ring road Hackney Key What is the cultural mix found in of recreation and Bethnal Central Business District entertainment in the Shoreditch Green Inner city Shoreditch? photos and list them. A11 Mile End N Shoreditch today is almost unrecognisable from thirty b Write an advert for one of years ago. Old industrial buildings have been converted City of the places in the photos. London Whitechapel into fl ats and o ces. Pubs and bars have been brought Think about the type of back into life as restaurants and art galleries. Jobs have A13 person your advert would been created in new creative industries such as web Figure 16 Street art or gra ti in be aimed at. Use the map design, fi lm-making and art. Shoreditch? You decide! Canary Wharf to give directions to the One focus for employment is around the Old Street River Thames place. Southwark 0 5 Roundabout. So many new hi-tech companies have Figure 17 Spitalfi elds Market, once a fruit and veg market, is now a 3. Read the advert in Figure 18. Bermondsey kilometres appeared that it is nicknamed ‘Silicon Roundabout’ fashionable place to shop What type of household is Figure 12 The location of Shoreditch in London after Silicon Valley, the centre of the hi-tech industry in this advert aimed at? Think California where companies like Microsoft and Apple grew. about: ■ their ages ■ their income t Old Stree ■ their occupations Old St ■ Station whether they have Eastern Street children or not. Shoreditch High Street Flat to rent, Shoreditch, E2 4. How would the following be £330/week a ected by the changes in Shoreditch A unique studio fl at set in a recent Shoreditch? High St Station warehouse conversion, close to ■ a student in London Figure 13 New, hi-tech companies Shoreditch station. The property around Old Street Roundabout comprises a surprisingly spacious ■ a Bangladeshi family on studio room fi tted with original a low income hardwood fl oors, an integrated ■ a young couple working kitchen equipped with fully functional Spitalfields Brick Lane in a hi-tech industry Market appliances and a modern bathroom. Commercial Street City Road The property also benefi ts from superior travel links. You’ll be a 15-minute ■ the owner of an old Liverpool commute to Canada Water station (serving the Jubilee Line), 10 minutes to N St Station warehouse. Liverpool Street and 5 to Dalston Junction, with 24-hour bus services reaching out to almost every corner of London. Explain your ideas. Amenities: 0 0.5 Balcony Garage Patio kilometres Parking Garden Disabled access Figure 14 Shoreditch is now well-known Figure 15 Street map of Shoreditch and some new activities in for its nightlife and themed cafes the area Figure 18 An advert for accommodation in Shoreditch

14 15 16.8 Challenges in the Human Environment Urban challenges in the UK

Why is inequality still a challenge Measure of deprivation Kensington Newham % KEY LEARNING Urban inequalities & Chelsea ➤ What social deprivation is in London? Male life expectancy 83.7 75.7 ➤ How deprivation varies What is social deprivation? Despite years of economic success, inequalities are still Female life expectancy 87.8 79.8 a challenge in London. Di erences in life expectancy still Unemployment 3.9% 9.4% between areas of London You might not think of London as being a deprived city. After all it is the exist. Low life expectancy in the most deprived parts of the Pupils achieving fi ve + good 80% 62% ➤ Why inequality is still a wealthiest city in the UK. But social deprivation is a major problem in city is closely linked to poor diet, housing and education, as GCSE grades challenge in London London, with over two million people living in poverty. Social deprivation is well as lack of employment. Households with joint income 9% 26% the degree to which a person or a community lacks the things essential for a < £15,000 decent life, including work, money, housing and services. Kensington & Chelsea, one of London’s richest boroughs, Households with joint income 26% 7% does better than Newham, one of the poorest boroughs, > £60,000 for all the measures of deprivation (see Figure 17). This Figure 17 Inequality between Kensington & Chelsea and Kensington & How does deprivation vary suggests that poverty, due to unemployment or low wages, Newham Chelsea Newham 11 between areas of London? is the main factor that leads to inequality in London. 2 16 15 London is divided into 33 boroughs. These are It’s lovely here. Everyone is very 32 27 17 administrative areas that make it easier to run friendly. It feels like a village. You 4 6 20 13 1 such a large city and they are also a useful way to see people running, see the mums 18 31 26 10 8 7 show variations within the city. Figure 15 shows power-walking on the school run. There’s an organic food shop and 21 the percentage of people on state benefi ts in each 19 14 29 12 good shops like Waitrose and M&S. 23 3 borough, as a measure of deprivation. People receive Activities 28 33 24 Jessica Kelly, 22, student in benefi ts in the UK when they are unemployed to help 25 Kensington & Chelsea 1. Study Figure 15. Describe the Key 22 them fi nancially. pattern of social deprivation % people 5 receiving benefits 930 Another measure of deprivation is life in London. In which parts of 5–10 expectancy. The more deprived a person is, the London are the most and 10–15 15–20 lower their life expectancy is likely to be. The least deprived boroughs? Over 20 variation in life expectancy in London is clearly 2. Study Figure 16. demonstrated travelling on the Underground from I have lived here for two years and I Figure 15 People on benefi ts in each London borough have a good standard of life. There a Describe the changes Knightsbridge, in the borough of Kensington & is still a positive vibe since the in life expectancy on an Chelsea, to West Ham in the borough of Newham. Olympics. The best thing we can do Underground journey from Life expectancy falls on average by one year for is help each other whenever we can. Knightsbridge to West People may be quite modest here every station along the route (see Figure 16). Ham. and not realise their potential. Emily Leslie, 30, teacher in Newham b How can you explain these changes? Key Average life 3. Study Figures 17 and 18. expectancy West Ham 78 a Compare life in Kensington Figure 18 Views from the street in Kensington & Chelsea and Newham & Chelsea and Newham using: Canning Town 79 Fieldwork: Get out there! ■ the data in Figure 17 ‘Levels of deprivation vary between areas of a city.’ ■ the photos in Figure 18 London Bridge Canary Wharf 90 Waterloo 84 89 I Devise at least one fi eldwork method you could use to test this ■ peoples’ experiences in Knightsbridge Canada 90 Green 81 83 Water hypothesis. For example, you could take photos or do interviews with Figure 18. 90 Park 83 80 Hyde Park Southwark 78 people. Corner Westminster 79 North Greenwich b Which of these three Bermondsey I Suggest two areas of a city you know where you could carry out your sources do you think is fi eldwork. the most reliable way Figure 16 Life expectancy falls on a journey from Knightsbridge to West Ham I Suggest any other data could you use to compare the two areas, apart to compare the two from what you will fi nd out by doing fi eldwork. boroughs? Give reasons.

16 17 16.11 Challenges in the Human Environment Urban challenges in the UK

% KEY LEARNING Urban regeneration: What obstacles had to be overcome to ➤ Why the Lower Lea regenerate the site? Valley was in need of the Olympic plan The construction of the Olympic Park in just fi ve years, from 2007 regeneration Why was the Lower Lea Valley in need of to 2012, was an impressive achievement. Eventually, it is expected ➤ What obstacles had to lead to the regeneration of this part of east London, though the to be overcome to regeneration? whole process will take much longer (see 6.12). Before construction or regeneration could begin, obstacles had to be overcome: regenerate the site The Lower Lea Valley in east London was the site for the 2012 Olympics (see ➤ Why the London Figure 19). The River Lea is a tributary of the Thames and the Lea Valley was I The land had to be brought together under one new owner, the 2012 Olympic bid was once one of the main industrial areas in London. You will also remember that Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA), which was set up by the successful Newham, along with the other boroughs around the site, is in one of the government. most deprived parts of London (see 16.8). I Existing landowners and users had to leave the site by 2007. Some of them protested (see Figure 22). The land was bought from them By 2007, when work began to create the Olympic Park, Figure 21 The Olympic Park site before 2007 by the ODA. many of the industries had already gone and some of the Waltham I Land that was previously polluted by industry had to be Forest site was derelict and overgrown. But the land around the decontaminated before building could begin. River Lea was far from being empty (see Figure 20). Hackney I Electricity pylons had to be removed and overhead cables buried Olympic Park below ground to improve the appearance of the landscape (see River Figure 21). Newham Thames Tower I Waterways and railways crisscrossed the site, so bridges were N Hamlets River Lea built to link the area together. Why was the London 2012 Olympic bid 0 5 Greenwich kilometres successful? Figure 19 The site of the Olympic Park in east London As you know, London won the bid to host the 2012 Olympics. There were a number of reasons that London beat the other rival cities Figure 22 Local protests against the Olympics around the world: Open space ere were playing Housing ere was a fi elds, a nature reserve and community with 500 homes in I There was a large area of available land, even though there were also allotments. one part of the site. Most of the businesses and homes on the site. site was not residential. I East London has very good transport connections, particularly Stratford station where most spectators arrived in 2012. Industry ere were two I industrial estates still working. London’s diverse population made it the natural city to host guests from Transport Stratford Altogether there were 250 around the world. Newham is the most diverse borough in London. International Station was already businesses on the site, employing I built on land that had once The Olympic bid promised to leave a lasting legacy that would help to over 5,000 workers. been a railway freight terminal. regenerate east London. By 2007 most of this land was a brownfi eld site. Activities 4. East London was an area in need of regeneration. Was that an advantage or disadvantage for Derelict land ere was plenty 1. Study Figure 19. Describe the location of the London’s bid? Explain your answer. of unused, overgrown land on Water e River Lea and Lee Olympic Park in London. Mention the boroughs 5. Would each of the following have supported the previous industrial sites. e Navigation Canal go through that surround the site. Olympic bid, or not? In each case, give reasons. land was badly contaminated the site, connected by a 2. Study Figures 20 and 21. Explain why the Lower by chemicals. network of waterways to relieve ■ A local resident ■ The Mayor of fl ooding. Lea Valley was in need of regeneration. living on the site London 3. a What does the slogan on the banner in Figure 20 The Olympic Park site before work began in 2007 ■ A local resident ■ The British Figure 22 mean? living outside the site government How true was it? (Hint: read more on 16.12 to b ■ A business owner fi nd out what happened next.) on the site

18 19 Features in the book:

16.12 Challenges in the Human Environment Urban challenges in the UK

✪ KEY LEARNING Urban regeneration: What social and economic changes have ➤ How the environment of taken place? the Lower Lea Valley has the Olympic legacy The big promise of the 2012 Olympic Games was a changed How has the environment of the Lower Lea lasting legacy to help regenerate one of the most ➤ What social and deprived parts of London. London spent £9.3 billion of economic changes there Valley changed? public money on the Games so people expected to see long-term social and economic benefits. have been The Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park has completely transformed the environment of the Lower Lea Valley. In 2012 the LLDC was set up to plan regeneration after the Games. It is likely to take until 2030 for the process Gone are the: to be completed, so it is still too early to judge how n old factories, industrial estates and homes successful the changes will be. n derelict and overgrown sites However, the Athletes’ Village (now East Village) has n electricity pylons and overhead cables already been converted into new homes (see Figure 25). n contaminated soil and polluted waterways By 2030, another five new residential communities are n the Olympic Delivery Authority. planned, with a further 8,000 new homes, turning Queen In their place have appeared: Elizabeth Olympic Park into a new part of London. n stunning new sports venues, including the Aquatics East Village – a new community in east London with a new Centre (see Figure 23), stadium and velodrome postcode, E20.

n a landscaped park with tourist attractions and natural habitats n 2,800 new homes, half for private rent and half for affordable n the Athletes’ Village, now converted into a residential community rent.

n clean soil and waterways n A range of homes from one-bedroom apartments to four- Figure 23 The Aquatics Centre beside the River Lea n the London Legacy Development Corporation (LLDC) bedroom town houses. (who have taken over from ODA). Activities n The site occupies 27 hectares, including 10 hectares of park and public open space. 1. Study Figure 23. Compare the photo n 35 small independent shops, cafes, bars and restaurants, a Here East e new name East Village e new name Waltham Forest with Figure 21 in 16.11. Describe how for the Media Centre is now for the Athletes’ Village, supermarket and a gym. the environment of the Lower Lea a hub for creative and media it now provides 2,800 n A new school for 1,800 students aged from 3 to 18. Velodrome Valley has changed. industries with 5,000 jobs. homes for local people and n Close to bus routes, a new local station and Stratford newcomers. Hackney 2. Study Figure 24. International Station. Stratford City East Village Classify the changes in the (Westfield) a Figure 25 East Village Here Olympic Park into social, Queen Elizabeth Olympic East QE Olympic Westfi eld Stratford Park With over 100 economic and environmental Park Not really part of hectares of open space, this City changes. You can include other Compare Olympic regeneration with Docklands regeneration the Olympic legacy, but is the largest new park in ideas from these two pages. in another part of east London (see 16.5). The Olympics is an next door to the park and London for over a century. Aquatics Newham example of partnership regeneration, involving both public and employs 10,000 people. b Draw a table to list the three Going further Centre private investment. The Docklands regeneration was an example Olympic types of changes under the Stadium of market-led regeneration, involving mainly private investment. extension The International Tower Quarter correct heading. Hamlets 1 In your view which project has brought, or is likely to bring, activities go Olympic stadium e n e w e International 3. Study Figure 25. more benefits to: home of West Ham United A new beyond the Quarter a East Village was built on a FC but still an athletics commercial development a local people? brownfield site. What are the core content to stadium in the summer. of high-rise offi ces which large companies? ➔ Going further b will employ 25,000 people. advantages of this? boost higher- c people in the rest of London and the UK? b What are the benefits of East d the environment? ability students’ Village for the residents who live LLDC is organisation Key In each case, give reasons for your view. knowledge and controls an area including London Legacy Development Waterway e Aquatics Centre and there? Corporation boundary What lessons do you think could be learnt for future the park and surrounding Green space Velopark Two new sports 2 understanding Borough boundaries regeneration projects in the UK? neighbourhoods to make New housing venues open to the public the legacy a reality. Major road and used by schools. Figure 24 The legacy plan for the Olympic Park 20 21

859922_AQA_GCSE_Geog_Ch_16_020-022.indd 20 01/12/15 8:52 am 859922_AQA_GCSE_Geog_Ch_16_020-022.indd 21 01/12/15 8:52 am Question practice

1. a) Study Figure 8 on page 12. Which two of the following statements are true? A. London’s population has grown continuously since 1801. B. London’s population declined from 1939 to 1991. C. London’s population was five times bigger in 2015 than it was in 1801. D. London’s population in 2015 was 8.6 million. E. London reached its highest population in 1939 and has been declining ever since. [2 marks] Topic-specifi c b) Explain how the following factors have led to population growth in London. Question i) Natural increase [1 mark] Practice builds ii) Net migration [1 mark] c) Study Figure 11 on page 13. Brick Lane Mosque was once a French students’ skills Protestant church, then a Jewish synagogue, before becoming a mosque. The Publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce copyright material. responding i) Explain how the building provides evidence of London’s ethnic diversity. [2 marks] to a range of ii) Suggest two other examples of geographical evidence of ethnic diversity. [2 marks] Photo credits: question types d) Describe how the character of one area in London has changed as a result p.6 bl Photo by Josh Smith. © 2015 Stars and Stripes. Used with permission, br © Matt Clark of either internal or international migration. [6 marks] (2014); p.8 © Dan T alson – Fotolia; p.9 © A.P.S. (UK) / Alamy; p.10 © Alan Sorrell, Museum of London; © MS Bretherton / Alamy; t © Chris Ratcliffe/Bloomberg via Getty Images, 2. a) Study Figure 20 on page 18. p.13 p.14 b © Dan Kitwood/Getty Images; p.15 tl Artwork ©DALeast, photo © Dosfotos/PYMCA/REX Give one piece of evidence from the map that the area was in need of Look back at 16.4, pages 14–15, to help you answer Shutterstock, c © Andy Drysdale/REX Shutterstock, b © arsdigital – Fotolia; p.18 l © Anthony regeneration. this question. Shaw – Fotolia, r © John Widdowson; pp.19–21 all © John Widdowson. Give one piece of evidence from the map that the area already had Acknowledgements: important functions [2 marks] b) Study the data in Figure A below. Explain how it shows that Newham (where p.9 Figure 3 from Centre for Cities, Cities Outlook 2015; p. 16 Figure 16 ‘Lives on the Line’ © the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park is located) was in need of regeneration). [3 marks] James Cheshire. Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently Measure of deprivation Kensington & Newham overlooked, the Publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first Chelsea opportunity. Male life expectancy 83.7 years 75.7 years Hachette UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and Female life expectancy 87.8 years 79.8 years made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are Unemployment 3.9% 9.4% expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. Pupils achieving five + good GCSE grades 80% 62% Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB. Telephone: Households with joint income under £15,000 9% 26% (44) 01235 827720. Fax: (44) 01235 400454. Email [email protected] Lines are open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. You can Households with joint income above £60,000 26% 7% also order through our website: www.hoddereducation.co.uk Figure A Inequality between Kensington & Chelsea and Newham ISBN: 978 1 4718 5992 2 c) Study Figure 24 on page 21. © John Widdowson, Rebecca Blackshaw, Meryl King, Simon Oakes, Sarah Wheeler, Michael Name two features of Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park that could help Witherick 2015 to regenerate east London. For each one, suggest how it would help to regenerate the area. [4 marks] First published in 2015 by Hodder Education, d) Evaluate Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park as a regeneration project. An Hachette UK Company To what extent will it help to improve: Carmelite House, 50 Victoria Embankment, To evaluate, try to include in your answer i) social conditions? [3 marks] London EC4Y 0DZ how the regeneration project has worked ii) economic conditions? [3 marks] to improve conditions, how it has not All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this [3 marks] iii) environmental conditions? worked, and then write your final decision. publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or held within any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic 22 Practical advice from skilled reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. teachers with examining experience prepares students Cover photo: © Frederic Bos - Fotolia.com 859922_AQA_GCSE_Geog_Ch_16_020-022.indd 22 for assessment 01/12/15 8:52 am Illustrations by Aptara, Inc and Barking Dog Art AQA GCSE GEOGRAPHY

is sample material is taken from AQA GCSE Geography which has been selected for AQA’s offi cial approval process. For the 2016 Stretch and challenge your students to achieve their full potential with specifi cation learning materials that guide them through the new content and assessment requirements; developed by subject experts with examining experience and one of the leading Geography publishers. G Enables students to learn and practise geographical, mathematical and statistical skills through engaging activities specifi cally designed for the strengthened 2016 Authors: curriculum John Widdowson is the author G Helps higher ability students boost their knowledge and understanding via of several successful Geography suitably challenging extension tasks that go beyond the core content textbooks and an experienced teacher. He currently runs G Develops students’ skills responding to a range of questions with topic-specifi c Question Practice in each section, supplemented by practical insight from skilled geography fi eldwork teachers with examining experience programmes in East London. is an experienced G Incorporates possible fi eldwork enquiries throughout with unrivalled advice on Simon Oakes the changed fi eldwork assessment from authors specialising in this key area author and teacher with examining experience. G Reduces your research time by providing a bank of contemporary case studies that includes numerous UK examples for the revised criteria Rebecca Blackshaw, Meryl King, Sarah Wheeler and Michael Witherick are all ALSO AVAILABLE experienced teachers with examining experience. Dynamic Learning

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