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Exhibiting Plants by Knowlton /! Geology of Sandia Mountains and Vicinity, New Mexico •:• — -- J:. “The great tilted orogenic block composing the Sandia range, lying east of Albuquerque, is regarded as classic in this extraordinary type of mountain modeling.” —Fayette A. Jones, 1904. p. I. President of State School of Mines at Socorro, 1898-1902, 1913-1917. Also, Direc tor of Mineral Resources Survey of New Mexico which he initiated in 1915. Memoir29 New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources [)IVISION OF NEW MEXICO INSTITITE OF MINING & TECHNOLOGY Geology of Sandia Mountains and Vicinity, New Mexico by Vincent C. Kelley and Stuart A. Northrop SOCORRO I975 iv NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING & TECHNOLOGY Daniel H. Lopez, President NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES Charles E. Chapin, Director and State Geologist BOARD OF REGENTS Ex Officio Gary Johnson, Governor of New Mexico Alan Morgan, Superintendent of Public Instruction Appointed J. Michael Kelly, President, 1992—1997, Roswell Steve Torres, Secretary/Treasurer, 1991—1997, Albuquerque Charles Zimmerly, 1991—1997, Socorro Diane D. Denish, 1992—1997, Albuquerque Delilah A. Vega, Student Member, 1995—1997, Socorro BUREAU STAFF ORes J. ANDERSON, Semor Geologist ICAINRYN G. GLsSENER, Manager, Cartography Section FANG LUO, Research Associate/Petroleum Engineer RUBEN ARCHULEFA, Metallurgical Lab. Tech. DEBBIE GOERING, Staff Secretary WILLIAM MCTNrOSH, Volcanologist/Geochronologist GEORGE S. AUSTIN, Senior Industrial Minerals Geologist IBRAHIM GUNDILER, Senior Metallurgist CHRISTOPHER G. MCKEE, X-ray Facility Manager ALBERT BACA, Maintenance Carpenter II Wfl,uAM C. HANEBERG, Assistant Director, VIRGINIA T. MCLEMORE,, Senior Economic Geologist JAMES M. BARKER, Assistant l)irector, Engineering Geologist NORMA J. MRExS, Director ef Publications Office Senior Industrial Minerals Geologist, JOHN W. HAWLEY, Senior Environmental Geologist, LISA PETERS, Lab Technician Superoisoo Cartography Section Manager Albuquerque Office BARBARA R. POPE, Biotechnologist PAUL W. BAUER, Field Economic Geologist LYNN HEIZLER, Assistant Curator MARSHALL A. RErTER, Senior Geophysicist LYNN A. BRANDVOLD, Senior Chemist MArc HEIzLER, Geochronologist JACQUES R. RENAULT, Senior Geologist RON BROADHEAD, Assistant Director, LYNNE HEMFNWAY, Computer Pub/Graphics Spec. CINDIE A. SALISBURY, Cartographic Drafter II Senior Petroleum Geologist, CAROL A. HJEu,MING, Associate Editor SANDRA SWARTZ, Chemical Lab. Technician Head, Petroleum Section GRETCHEN K HOFfMAN, Senior Coal Geologist TERRY TELLFS, Technical Secretary RITA CASE, Administrative Secretary (Aib. Office) GLEN JONES, Manager Digital Cartography Laboratory REBECCA J. TITUS, Senior Cartographer STEVEN M. CATHER, Field Economic Geologist PHILIP KYLE, Geochemist/Petrologist JUDY M. VAIZA, Business Son,. Coordinator RICHARD CHAMaERUN, Field Economic Geologist ANN LANNING, Executive Secretary MANUEL J. VASQUEZ, Mechanic II RICHARDS. CHAvEZ, Assist. Head, Petroleum Section ANNABELLE LOPEZ, Petroleum Records Clerk SUSAN J. WELCH, Manager, Geologic Extension Service RUBEN A. CRESPIN, Garage Supervisor THERESA L. LOPEZ, Receptionist/Staff Secretary MICHAEL WHITWORTH, Hydrogeologist NEuA DUNBAR, Analytical Geochemist DAVID W. LOVE, Senior Environmental Geologist MAUREEN WILES, Bibliographer ROBERT W. EVELETH, Senior Mining Engineer JANE A. CALVERT LOVE, Editor JIRI ZIDEIC, Chief Editor/Senior Geologist NANCY S. GILSON, Assistant Editor VIRGIL LUETH, Mineralogist/Economic Geologist ROBERT A. BIEBERMAN, Emeritus Sr. Petroleum Geologist SAMUEL THOMPSON ill, Emeritus Sr. Petroleum Geologist FRANK E. KDTTWWSKI, Emeritus Director/State Geologist ROBERT H. WEBER, Emeritus Senior Geologist Research Associates WILLIAM L CHENOWETH, Grand Junction, CO BARRY S. RUES, UNM GLENN R, OSBURN, Washington Unit CHARLES A. FERGUSON, Univ. Alberta, CAN MICHAEL J. RUNE. USGS ALLAN S. SANIVRD, NMT JOHN W. GEISSMAN, UNM TIMOTHY F. I,AWTON, NMSU JOHN H. SCHILUNG, Reno, NV LELAND H. GILE, Las Cruces DAVID V. LEMONE, W’EP WILLIAM S. SEAGER, NMSU CAROL A. HILL, Albuquerque SPENCER G. LUCAS, NMMNH&S EDWARD W. SMITH, Tesuque BOB JULYAN, Albuquerque GREG H. MACK, NMSU JOHN F. SlITTER, USGS SHARI A. KELLEY, SMU NANCY J. MCMILIAN, NMSU RICHARD H. TEDFORD, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. WILLIAM IL KING, NMSU HOWARD B. NICKEISON, Carlshad TOMMY B. THOMPSON, CSU Graduate Students ROBERT APPELT RICHARD ESSER TINA ORTIZ ULVI CETIN JOHN GILLENTINE DAVID J. Sivus DAVID ENNIS MIOSIEI, HEYNEKAS,IP JOE STROUD Plus about 30 undergraduate assistants First edition, 1975 Reprinted 1982, 1995 Published by Authority of State of New Mexico, NMSA 1953 Sec. 63-1—4 Printed by University of New Mexico Printing Services, August 1995 Available from New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources, Socorro, NM 87801 Published as public domain, therefore reproducible without permission. Source credit requested. V Foreword Several years ago, when the idea for this memoir was but a gleam in Vincent Kelley’s eye, I allowed that, somewhere down the road, we would present the citizens of New Mexico with a worthwhile document on a most significant area. Happily, the finished product has exceeded even those exfrctations. The document is more than worthwhile—it is unusually important. a storehouse of geologic information. Those who seek to understand the geologic framework of their environment will be consulting this memoir for many years. During the initial stages of writing. Vin simply wasn’t satisfied with the scope of the manuscript. Typescripts shuttled back and forth, even laid idle for weeks. Paleontology and stratigraphy were important parts of the story, yet not getting the treatment needed. Then one day, he wondered out loud whether Stuart Northrop might be persuaded to come aboard as coauthor. We thought so. That idea turned out to be inspirational. It ensured the teamwork required for the success of this endeavor: Vin, the indefatigable producer and field geologist—ex perienced in structural geology, regional tectonics, reconnaissance mapping, mineral property evaluation, and resource development; Stu, the meticulous researcher and editor—experienced in paleontology, stratigraphy, geologic history, mineralogy, and seismology. About a year after arriving in New Mexico, I spent a couple of weeks afield with Vin, preparing road logs for an annual field conference of the New Mexico Geological Society. From that occasion and many contacts subsequently, I have come to know him as one of the most dedicated men in our profession. (The sameness of our names is merely coincidental; we are not related.) The coauthors are uniquely qualified to unfold the geologic record of the Sandias terrane. Their combined expertise on New Mexico geology totals 85 years, a considerable portion devoted to the Sandias and vicinity—all in association with the University of New Mexico. Both have chaired the Department of Geology; both have had a long association with the U.S. Geological Survey. No other two professors in the state have directed so many graduate theses. Their influence on the science of geology, and in the education of geologists, has been tremendous. Between them their published contributions to the literature of geology total 223 papers and books; more are in preparation. Their accomplishments, the honors conferred on them, and their professional credentials are far too numerous to list here. The Sandia Mountains dominate the daily scene for more than a third of the population of New Mexico; the upper ridges are only 15 miles east of downtown Albuquerque. But these mountains are much more than a landmark. They contain a variety of valuable resources—geo logical, historical, archeological, recreational. Much of the area is in national forest with trails, campsites, picnic spots, a ski area, a stream, a scenic road to the crest, a tramway to the summit, and magnificent wildlife. As the population of the Albuquerque region expands, so, too, will the use of the Sandia Mountains. Problems involving resources and land use are inevitable. Factual information on the geological resources is a prerequisite in solving those problems. Although this book was prepared mostly for persons interested in the earth sciences, much of the content (including the large maps in the pocket) has value for anyone concerned with either the development or conservation of the area—most particularly those who live, work, or visit there. Robert W. Kelley Editor and Geologist Socorro New Mexico Bureau of Mines & May 5, 1975 Mineral Resources vi Preface This report is in many respects a culmination of our studies of the geology of the Sandia Mountains and adjoining areas during the past 35 to 45 years. Interest in the area came easily. Its nearby location was ideal for teaching University of New Mexico field classes and directing more than a dozen thesis studies in the area. The great variety of rocks, type formations, fossils, structures, mineral deposits, and physiographic features makes the area unusually attractive. In 1963 at the request of the Water Resources Branch of the U.S. Geological Survey, V. C. Kelley prepared a geologic map of the area, and it was published as Geologic Map 18 of the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources. The immediate need for the map in water resources investigations precluded issuing an accompanying report. During the present work Map 18 has been revised with some additions, changes, corrections, and deletion of a strip along the bordering Estancia Valley. Furthermore, the geologic map has been supplemented with a separate topographic map,
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