Journal of Humanities Vol .17 . No. 4 Decmber (2016) Pope, Swift and Johnson as Major Satirists of Eighteenth-century England Eltahir Abdalla Gamar Ibrahim 1، Yousif Omer Babiker 2 Sudan University of Science and Teachnology -College of Languages 1،2 ABSTRACT : This research paper aims at casting a new light on the role of some of the satirical works of the major satirists of the Eighteenth-century England, notably Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, and Dr. Samuel Johnson. The social impacts together with the environmental factors that affected people's life are duly brought out. As satire prevailed in Eighteenth-century England, the paper tackles reasons stand behind this. The efforts done by the men of letters, especially the statists in enhancing judiciary establishments and diffusing justice and equality among people lead to a social progress. The Eighteenth-century satirists, including novelists, essayists, journalists and poets exerted considerable efforts to carry out their messages towards their society. Satire is an effective tool for achieving this goal. The social changes and reform that occurred came as a result of the efforts of those men of letters. The paper sheds light on the role of the major satirists of the age in progress of enlightenment and guidance of the people through their literary works. They stressed the importance of education, explaining that ignorance was the cause of all evils and problems. They called for good conduct and manners and attacked sham social practices. Key words: Key words: Satire, Social System, Judiciary, Satirists, Society, Pope, Swift, Johnson اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﻠص : ﺳﻠطت ﻫذﻩ اﻟورﻗﺔ اﻟﺑﺣﺛﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﺿوء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻌراء اﻟﻬﺟﺎء اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﯾن اﻟذﯾن ظﻬروا ﻓﻲ إﻧﺟﻠﺗرا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘرن اﻟﺛﺎﻣن ﻋﺷر اﻟﻣﯾﻼدي ﻣﺛل اﻹﺳﻛﻧدر ﺑوب وﺟوﻧﺎﺛﺎن ﺳوﯾﻔت وﺻﺎﻣوﯾل ﺟوﻧﺳون ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠدور اﻟﻌظﯾم اﻟذي ﻟﻌﺑوﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﯾم وﺗوﻋﯾﺔ وﺗﻧوﯾر اﻟﻧﺎس. وﻟﻘد ﺗﻧﺎوﻟت اﻟورﻗﺔ اﻷﺛر اﻹﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ واﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻬﺎ أﺛرا ﻓﻲ ﺣﯾﺎة اﻟﻧﺎس. وﻟوﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻬﺟﺎء ﻣزدﻫرا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘرن اﻟﺛﺎﻣن ﻋﺷر، ﺗﻧﺎوﻟت اﻟورﻗﺔ اﻟﺑﺣﺛﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻷﺳﺑﺎب اﻟﺗﻲ ﻛﺎﻧت ﺗﻘف وراء ﻫذا اﻻزدﻫﺎر. وﻟﻘد ﻗﺎد اﻟﺟﻬد اﻟذي ﺑذﻟﻪ اﻷدﺑﺎء، ﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻬﺟﺎﺋﯾﯾن ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﺳﯾن اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺎت اﻟﻌدﻟﯾﺔ وﻧﺷر اﻟﻌداﻟﺔ واﻟﻣﺳﺎواة ﺑﯾن اﻟﻧﺎس إﻟﻰ اﻟﺗﻘدم اﻹﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ. ﺑذل ﻫؤﻻء اﻷدﺑﺎء ﺑﻣﺧﺗﻠف ﻣﺷﺎرﺑﻬم اﻷدﺑﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻫﺟﺎﺋﯾﯾن ورواﺋﯾﯾن وﻛﺗﺎب ﻣﻘﺎﻻت وﺻﺣﻔﯾﯾن وﺷﻌراء ﺟﻬودا ﻣﻘدرة ﻓﻲ ﺣﻣل رﺳﺎﻟﺗﻬم ﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﻬم. وﻟﻘد ﻛﺎن اﻟﻬﺟﺎء ﻫو اﻷداة اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ اﺳﺗﺧدﻣت ﻟﻠﻌب ﻫذا اﻟدور. ﻟﻘد أﺗت اﻟﺗﻐﯾرات واﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎت اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺣدﺛت ﻛﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﻟﻬذﻩ اﻟﺟﻬود اﻟﺗﻲ ﺑذﻟﻬﺎ اﻷدﺑﺎء. ﺳﻠطت اﻟورﻗﺔ اﻟﺑﺣﺛﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﺿوء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟدور اﻟذي ﻟﻌﺑﻪ ﺷﻌراء اﻟﻬﺟﺎء اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘرن اﻟﺛﺎﻣن ﻋﺷر ﻓﻲ ﺗﻧوﯾر وﺗوﺟﯾﻪ اﻟﻧﺎس ﻣن ﺧﻼل أﻋﻣﺎﻟﻬم اﻻدﺑﯾﺔ. ﻟﻘد رﻛز ﻫؤﻻء اﻷدﺑﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ أﻫﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم، ﻣدرﻛﯾن ﺑﺄن اﻟﺟﻬل ﻫو ﺳﺑب ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﻣﺻﺎﺋب واﻟﺷرور. ﻟذﻟك ﺣﺛوا اﻟﻧﺎس ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺳن اﻟﺗﺻرف واﻷﺧﻼق وﺻﺑوا ﺟﺎم ﻋﺿﺑﻬم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺎت اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺷﯾﻧﺔ. اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎﺣﯾﺔ: اﻟﻬﺟﺎء، اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ، اﻟﻘﺿﺎء، اﻟﻬﺟﺎﺋﯾﯾن، اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ، ﺑوب، ﺳوﯾﻔت، ﺟوﻧﺳون SUST Journal of Humanities Vol.17.No. 4 Decmber (2016) 19 ISSN (text): 1858-6724 e-ISSN (online): 1858-6732 Journal of Humanities Vol .17 . No. 4 Decmber (2016) 1. INTRODUCTION: 1.1 The Social Class System of governmental officers. The majority of Eighteenth-century England the people belonged to the middleclass, In the Eighteenth-century, the land was including craftsmen and workers. the source of wealth, power and social Many people were ruined due to new influence. Ownership of land meant pars and excessive alcohol drinking. The having power over the others and population grew very quickly. This was controlling and ruling them. Most of the accompanied by the bad consequences powerful people were the owners of of environmental contamination that led land, which was also a means for to the spread of diseases and crimes over winning the membership of the the country. parliament and authority. Generally, the Agriculture witnessed great social system was based on feudalism or development, especially after the semi-feudalism. It can rightly be said invention of new agricultural machines, that the rule of England was based on a including seed drills. This of course class system. resulted in increasing of seeds Before the industrial revolution, most production and the vast extensions of English people lived in the countryside agricultural land. and the main source of their livelihood The styles of houses were greatly was farming. Most of the politicians developed. Beautiful country houses were landowners. There was class were built by rich people, scattering in division in Eighteenth-century England many areas of the country. There were as (Zundel 2000; 24) opines: great architects and gardeners such as Dependency was an accepted fact of life Robert Adam (1728-1792) and Lancelot in England during seventeenth and Brown (1715-1783). Thus writes eighteenth centuries: Each person has a (Monod: 2009; 247) to describe the great "place and station" linked by increments development: of subordination to those above and "The appearance of great country below them in the social hierarchy. But houses changed as well, due to the the many social ranks were also divisible neoclassical style popularized by the into two boarder categories" Scottish architect Robert Adam. Adam "gentlemen," composed of the gentry on had visited Italy, where he saw the early up through the gradation of nobility, and excavations of the buried ancient town of "commoners" from yeoman farmers Pompei. On his return, he began down to the servants and slaves at the designing houses for the wealthy in bottom rungs. These two categories were Scotland and England, including Lord widely regarded by those on the upper Mansfield's mansion on Hampstead rung as defining different types of Health near London. By careful beings, possessing different mental, reproducing Roman proportions, and by emotional and physical nature. copying elaborate Roman interior The high class included the nobility, decorations, Adam gave his clients the politicians and merchants. Most of them impression that they were living like the were landowners. Then came the middle splendid aristocrats that they read about class represented by the tradesmen, in classical literature." professionals and high rank SUST Journal of Humanities Vol.17.No. 4 Decmber (2016) 20 ISSN (text): 1858-6724 e-ISSN (online): 1858-6732 Journal of Humanities Vol .17 . No. 4 Decmber (2016) However; the poor suffered from living Magistrates behaved as public in bad and unhealthy lodges, which were prosecutors. The accused prisoners were overcrowded. They became liable to not allowed to see the evidence against diseases and early death and exploitation them before the trial. They were given of the higher classes. no suitable chances to defend In the field of education, charity schools themselves. Prisoners were cruelly were established in many towns. The treated if they refrained from answering sons of rich were admitted to Grammar the judge. Those who were not found Schools and were transported by guilty had to pay the expenses of the turnpikes. Horses were used to carry period they spent in prison, which was goods. called "jailor's fees". If they failed to The main threat in the Eighteenth- make the payment, they would be century was smallpox. Increasing imprisoned once more. Like debtors, numbers of people fell victims to this they would be punished harshly, by horrible disease. Later in 1796 a vaccine whipping or even burning. The for the disease was discovered by convicted murderers were kept only with Eduard Jenner as stated by (Ljsewijn bread and water in secluded cells and 1996; 520) "Dr. Edward Jenner their bodies hung to be seen by the discovered a vaccine; and in 1980 the people. World Health Organization declared Later, the idea of transporting criminals that the illness had been eradicated." far away to British Colonies was put into 1.2Judiciary and Administration of practice. In 1718, an act was passed by Justice the Parliament to allow for the It may be appropriate at this juncture to transportation of criminals. (Schmalleger move on to a survey of the judiciary and and Armstrong 1997; 236) have the administration of justice in mentioned that "Transportation to the Eighteenth-century England. American colonies continued in an Henry Fielding, the well-known novelist, informal manner until the late and his brother Sir John Fielding seventeenth and early eighteenth managed to collect ample information centuries when acts of Parliament began about famous criminals and offenders in making it an official aspect of England's their newspaper which they called "The punishment system. Especially important Hue and the Cry". They made great was the Transportation Act of 1718, efforts to enhance police services. which had as its stated purpose to deter (Palmiotto and Unnithan 2010; 166) say, criminals and supply the colonies with "Contributors in the eighteenth century labor." to British policing were Henry Fielding Culture and commercial life was located and John Fielding. In fact, Henry in London. Samuel Johnsons says "when Fielding could be credited with initiating a man is tired of London, he is tired of modern policing. The policing system life, for there is in London all that life advocated by Henry Fielding and John can afford." (Boswell 1791; 18) Fielding and the progressives that Swift's (1751; 40) "A Description of the followed them were strong believers in Morning" gives a vivid description of the police and community partnership." London's Society at that time: SUST Journal of Humanities Vol.17.No. 4 Decmber (2016) 21 ISSN (text): 1858-6724 e-ISSN (online): 1858-6732 Journal of Humanities Vol .17 . No. 4 Decmber (2016) Now hardly here and there an Hackney the social reformers try hard to seek for Coach, solutions for these problems. Appearing show'd the ruddy Morn's 2. The Major Satirists of the Age Approach; 2.1Alexander Pope Now Betty from her Master's Bed had Alexander Pope (1688-1744) was born flown, in Lombard Street, London, on 21 May And softly stole to discompose her own.