Journal of Humanities Vol .17 . No. 4 Decmber (2016)

Pope, and Johnson as Major Satirists of Eighteenth-century England

Eltahir Abdalla Gamar Ibrahim 1، Yousif Omer Babiker 2 Sudan University of Science and Teachnology -College of Languages 1،2 ABSTRACT : This research paper aims at casting a new light on the role of some of the satirical works of the major satirists of the Eighteenth-century England, notably Alexander Pope, , and Dr. Samuel Johnson. The social impacts together with the environmental factors that affected people's life are duly brought out. As satire prevailed in Eighteenth-century England, the paper tackles reasons stand behind this. The efforts done by the men of letters, especially the statists in enhancing judiciary establishments and diffusing justice and equality among people lead to a social progress. The Eighteenth-century satirists, including novelists, essayists, journalists and poets exerted considerable efforts to carry out their messages towards their society. Satire is an effective tool for achieving this goal. The social changes and reform that occurred came as a result of the efforts of those men of letters. The paper sheds light on the role of the major satirists of the age in progress of enlightenment and guidance of the people through their literary works. They stressed the importance of education, explaining that ignorance was the cause of all evils and problems. They called for good conduct and manners and attacked sham social practices. Key words: Key words: Satire, Social System, Judiciary, Satirists, Society, Pope, Swift, Johnson اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﻠص : ﺳﻠطت ﻫذﻩ اﻟورﻗﺔ اﻟﺑﺣﺛﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﺿوء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻌراء اﻟﻬﺟﺎء اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﯾن اﻟذﯾن ظﻬروا ﻓﻲ إﻧﺟﻠﺗرا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘرن اﻟﺛﺎﻣن ﻋﺷر اﻟﻣﯾﻼدي ﻣﺛل اﻹﺳﻛﻧدر ﺑوب وﺟوﻧﺎﺛﺎن ﺳوﯾﻔت وﺻﺎﻣوﯾل ﺟوﻧﺳون ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠدور اﻟﻌظﯾم اﻟذي ﻟﻌﺑوﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﯾم وﺗوﻋﯾﺔ وﺗﻧوﯾر اﻟﻧﺎس. وﻟﻘد ﺗﻧﺎوﻟت اﻟورﻗﺔ اﻷﺛر اﻹﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ واﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻬﺎ أﺛرا ﻓﻲ ﺣﯾﺎة اﻟﻧﺎس. وﻟوﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻬﺟﺎء ﻣزدﻫرا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘرن اﻟﺛﺎﻣن ﻋﺷر، ﺗﻧﺎوﻟت اﻟورﻗﺔ اﻟﺑﺣﺛﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻷﺳﺑﺎب اﻟﺗﻲ ﻛﺎﻧت ﺗﻘف وراء ﻫذا اﻻزدﻫﺎر. وﻟﻘد ﻗﺎد اﻟﺟﻬد اﻟذي ﺑذﻟﻪ اﻷدﺑﺎء، ﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻬﺟﺎﺋﯾﯾن ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﺳﯾن اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺎت اﻟﻌدﻟﯾﺔ وﻧﺷر اﻟﻌداﻟﺔ واﻟﻣﺳﺎواة ﺑﯾن اﻟﻧﺎس إﻟﻰ اﻟﺗﻘدم اﻹﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ. ﺑذل ﻫؤﻻء اﻷدﺑﺎء ﺑﻣﺧﺗﻠف ﻣﺷﺎرﺑﻬم اﻷدﺑﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻫﺟﺎﺋﯾﯾن ورواﺋﯾﯾن وﻛﺗﺎب ﻣﻘﺎﻻت وﺻﺣﻔﯾﯾن وﺷﻌراء ﺟﻬودا ﻣﻘدرة ﻓﻲ ﺣﻣل رﺳﺎﻟﺗﻬم ﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﻬم. وﻟﻘد ﻛﺎن اﻟﻬﺟﺎء ﻫو اﻷداة اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ اﺳﺗﺧدﻣت ﻟﻠﻌب ﻫذا اﻟدور. ﻟﻘد أﺗت اﻟﺗﻐﯾرات واﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎت اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺣدﺛت ﻛﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﻟﻬذﻩ اﻟﺟﻬود اﻟﺗﻲ ﺑذﻟﻬﺎ اﻷدﺑﺎء. ﺳﻠطت اﻟورﻗﺔ اﻟﺑﺣﺛﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﺿوء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟدور اﻟذي ﻟﻌﺑﻪ ﺷﻌراء اﻟﻬﺟﺎء اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘرن اﻟﺛﺎﻣن ﻋﺷر ﻓﻲ ﺗﻧوﯾر وﺗوﺟﯾﻪ اﻟﻧﺎس ﻣن ﺧﻼل أﻋﻣﺎﻟﻬم اﻻدﺑﯾﺔ. ﻟﻘد رﻛز ﻫؤﻻء اﻷدﺑﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ أﻫﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم، ﻣدرﻛﯾن ﺑﺄن اﻟﺟﻬل ﻫو ﺳﺑب ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﻣﺻﺎﺋب واﻟﺷرور. ﻟذﻟك ﺣﺛوا اﻟﻧﺎس ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺳن اﻟﺗﺻرف واﻷﺧﻼق وﺻﺑوا ﺟﺎم ﻋﺿﺑﻬم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺎت اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺷﯾﻧﺔ. اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎﺣﯾﺔ: اﻟﻬﺟﺎء، اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ، اﻟﻘﺿﺎء، اﻟﻬﺟﺎﺋﯾﯾن، اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ، ﺑوب، ﺳوﯾﻔت، ﺟوﻧﺳون

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1. INTRODUCTION: 1.1 The Social Class System of governmental officers. The majority of Eighteenth-century England the people belonged to the middleclass, In the Eighteenth-century, the land was including craftsmen and workers. the source of wealth, power and social Many people were ruined due to new influence. Ownership of land meant pars and excessive alcohol drinking. The having power over the others and population grew very quickly. This was controlling and ruling them. Most of the accompanied by the bad consequences powerful people were the owners of of environmental contamination that led land, which was also a means for to the spread of diseases and crimes over winning the membership of the the country. parliament and authority. Generally, the Agriculture witnessed great social system was based on feudalism or development, especially after the semi-feudalism. It can rightly be said invention of new agricultural machines, that the rule of England was based on a including seed drills. This of course class system. resulted in increasing of seeds Before the industrial revolution, most production and the vast extensions of English people lived in the countryside agricultural land. and the main source of their livelihood The styles of houses were greatly was farming. Most of the politicians developed. Beautiful country houses were landowners. There was class were built by rich people, scattering in division in Eighteenth-century England many areas of the country. There were as (Zundel 2000; 24) opines: great architects and gardeners such as Dependency was an accepted fact of life Robert Adam (1728-1792) and Lancelot in England during seventeenth and Brown (1715-1783). Thus writes eighteenth centuries: Each person has a (Monod: 2009; 247) to describe the great "place and station" linked by increments development: of subordination to those above and "The appearance of great country below them in the social hierarchy. But houses changed as well, due to the the many social ranks were also divisible neoclassical style popularized by the into two boarder categories" Scottish architect Robert Adam. Adam "gentlemen," composed of the gentry on had visited Italy, where he saw the early up through the gradation of nobility, and excavations of the buried ancient town of "commoners" from yeoman farmers Pompei. On his return, he began down to the servants and slaves at the designing houses for the wealthy in bottom rungs. These two categories were Scotland and England, including Lord widely regarded by those on the upper Mansfield's mansion on Hampstead rung as defining different types of Health near London. By careful beings, possessing different mental, reproducing Roman proportions, and by emotional and physical nature. copying elaborate Roman interior The high class included the nobility, decorations, Adam gave his clients the politicians and merchants. Most of them impression that they were living like the were landowners. Then came the middle splendid aristocrats that they read about class represented by the tradesmen, in classical literature." professionals and high rank SUST Journal of Humanities Vol.17.No. 4 Decmber (2016) 20 ISSN (text): 1858-6724 e-ISSN (online): 1858-6732

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However; the poor suffered from living Magistrates behaved as public in bad and unhealthy lodges, which were prosecutors. The accused prisoners were overcrowded. They became liable to not allowed to see the evidence against diseases and early death and exploitation them before the trial. They were given of the higher classes. no suitable chances to defend In the field of education, charity schools themselves. Prisoners were cruelly were established in many towns. The treated if they refrained from answering sons of rich were admitted to Grammar the judge. Those who were not found Schools and were transported by guilty had to pay the expenses of the turnpikes. Horses were used to carry period they spent in prison, which was goods. called "jailor's fees". If they failed to The main threat in the Eighteenth- make the payment, they would be century was smallpox. Increasing imprisoned once more. Like debtors, numbers of people fell victims to this they would be punished harshly, by horrible disease. Later in 1796 a vaccine whipping or even burning. The for the disease was discovered by convicted murderers were kept only with Eduard Jenner as stated by (Ljsewijn bread and water in secluded cells and 1996; 520) "Dr. Edward Jenner their bodies hung to be seen by the discovered a vaccine; and in 1980 the people. World Health Organization declared Later, the idea of transporting criminals that the illness had been eradicated." far away to British Colonies was put into 1.2Judiciary and Administration of practice. In 1718, an act was passed by Justice the Parliament to allow for the It may be appropriate at this juncture to transportation of criminals. (Schmalleger move on to a survey of the judiciary and and Armstrong 1997; 236) have the administration of justice in mentioned that "Transportation to the Eighteenth-century England. American colonies continued in an Henry Fielding, the well-known novelist, informal manner until the late and his brother Sir John Fielding seventeenth and early eighteenth managed to collect ample information centuries when acts of Parliament began about famous criminals and offenders in making it an official aspect of England's their newspaper which they called "The punishment system. Especially important Hue and the Cry". They made great was the Transportation Act of 1718, efforts to enhance police services. which had as its stated purpose to deter (Palmiotto and Unnithan 2010; 166) say, criminals and supply the colonies with "Contributors in the eighteenth century labor." to British policing were Henry Fielding Culture and commercial life was located and John Fielding. In fact, Henry in London. Samuel Johnsons says "when Fielding could be credited with initiating a man is tired of London, he is tired of modern policing. The policing system life, for there is in London all that life advocated by Henry Fielding and John can afford." (Boswell 1791; 18) Fielding and the progressives that Swift's (1751; 40) "A Description of the followed them were strong believers in Morning" gives a vivid description of the police and community partnership." London's Society at that time:

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Now hardly here and there an Hackney the social reformers try hard to seek for Coach, solutions for these problems. Appearing show'd the ruddy Morn's 2. The Major Satirists of the Age Approach; 2.1Alexander Pope Now Betty from her Master's Bed had Alexander Pope (1688-1744) was born flown, in Lombard Street, London, on 21 May And softly stole to discompose her own. 1688. Pope was a major Eighteenth- The Slipshod 'Prentice from his Master's century poet, and he was known for his Door, satirical verse and his translating Homer, Had par'd the Dirt, and sprinkled round the famous Greek poet. the Floor. Pope's father was a linen merchant of This may have provided a suitable Plough Court, Lombard Street, London. background for the flourishing of satire His mother, Edith, was the daughter of William Turner of York. Both his In Poets as true Genius is but rare, parents were Roman Catholics. Pope's

True Taste as seldom is the Critic’s education was hindered by the Test Acts, share; which prevented Catholics from Both must alike from Heav’n derive their teaching, attending universities, voting light, or holding public offices, as mentioned These born to judge, as well as those to by( Pruitt and Durham 2000; 283, 284): write. "Scores of pamphlets poured out against Let such teach others who themselves toleration of Roman Catholics, and excel, Parliament, when it convened in And censure freely who have written February and March 1673, swiftly well; passed the Test Act, which enforced Authors are partial to their wit, ’t is penal laws against Roman Catholics and true, threw out their priests, and also But are not Critics to their judgment prohibited non-Anglicans from holding too? public offices." Yet if we look more closely, we shall find Pope studied many languages, including

Most have the seeds of judgment in their English, French, Italian, Latin and mind: Greek. A few years later he came to Nature affords at least a glimm’ring know the prominent literary figures of light; London Society such as William Pope's "An Essay on Wycherley, William Congreve, Samuel Criticism (Lines 11-21) Garth, William Trumbull and William Walsh. Sir William Trumbull, a retired in this age. The miserable conditions secretary of state, was a man of general under which people lived, the lack of accomplishments. He became a friend of justice, unhealthy environment, the Pope, and offered him many services. In spread of crimes, the bad sanitary the same manner, he was greatly helped system, the class struggle which was by Mr. Walsh of Apperley, a man of accompanied by deterioration of good taste and sense, who introduced manners are the main causes that urged him to many prominent literary figures in London. Pope also met Teresa and SUST Journal of Humanities Vol.17.No. 4 Decmber (2016) 22 ISSN (text): 1858-6724 e-ISSN (online): 1858-6732

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Martha Blount, his lifelong friends, and their brother Michael Blount of Maple in became acquainted with them through 1707. Pope also introduced himself to the scholar Martinus Scriblerus, as famous journalists Addison and mentioned by (Delon 2013; 1182): "The Warburton. Later on, he became greatest writers of the period even acquainted with Lady Mary Wortley founded the delightful , Montague, the most brilliant woman of the purpose of which was to poke the age, an accomplished, energetic and collective fun of their pompous, full of spirit woman. He fell in love with pedantic, ignorant and eponymous hero, her, but she did not exchange love with whose comic biography appeared in him. Among his famous acquaintances 1741 as Memoirs of the Extraordinary was Sir Henry Cromwell, a distant Life and Discoveries of Martinus relative of the great Oliver, a gentleman Scriblerus." of fortune, gallantry and literary taste. In "Windsor Forest" (1713), Pope At the age of twelve, Pope suffered describes the forest near which he from many health problems such as dwelled. It is one of his early poems, bones tuberculosis, resulted in which one feels can be labeled a deforming his body and delaying his romantic. It is regard as the source of growth, in addition to respiratory inspiration to Pope, for whom the forest difficulties, high fevers, inflamed eyes has become the symbol of tranquility and abdominal pains. Pope never got and peace. The description of the river married and remained a bachelor. and the landscape is its most appealing In 1709, Pope published his "Pastorals", feature. which brought him fame. It was In genial spring, beneath the quiv'ring followed by his famous poem "An Essay shade, on Criticism", which was published in Where cooling vapours breathe along 1711. the mead, In "An Essay on Criticism" he attempted The patient fisher takes his silent stand, genuinely to enact practical rules for Intent, his angle trembling in his hand; judging literature. He explains that the With looks unmov'd, he hopes the scaly qualifications of a critic's mind are breed, important, and stresses the importance of And eyes the dancing cork, and bending taste in literature: reed. "An Essay on Criticism" was an answer Our plenteous streams a various race to the question whether poetry should be supply, natural or written according to the Pope's Winsor Forest (Lines 135-141) widespread artificial rules that were By 1720 Pope had finished translating inherited from the classical past. and publishing "Iliad".The "Iliad" was In about 1711, Pope became acquainted written by the ancient Greek poet Homer with John Gay, Jonathan Swift, Thomas in 760-710 BC. In it Homer describes Parnell and John Arbuthnot. All of them events of weeks of fight (or Trojan War) were members of the satirical Scriblerus between the King Agamemnon and the Club. The main objectives of this Club Warier Achilles. Homer also wrote the were to satirize ignorance and pedantry "Odyssey" which Pope translated. The in a manner similar to that of fictional "Iliad" comprises 15,693 lines, and it is SUST Journal of Humanities Vol.17.No. 4 Decmber (2016) 23 ISSN (text): 1858-6724 e-ISSN (online): 1858-6732

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Pope's greatest achievement. Here are a place of Milton's intense psychological few lines from it: narrative of fall and redemption, we Achilles' wrath, to Greece the direful have a satiric diagram of universal spring truths." Pope believed that man had Of woes unnumber'd, heavenly goddess, fallen and must find ways for his own sing! salvation. His ideas about the universe That wrath which hurl'd to Pluto's are stated. gloomy reign Pope's "Elegy on the Memory of The souls of mighty chiefs untimely Unfortunate Lady" is one of his slain; distinguished poems. The lady Whose limbs unburied on the naked mentioned in the title of the poem is still shore, unknown and so her story. It is said that Devouring dogs and hungry vultures her name is Wainsbury who was tore.41 attached to a love above her station, who Since great Achilles and Atrides strove, might be the Duke of Berry, whom she Such was the sovereign doom, and such met in her early youth in France. the will of Jove! Despairing to achieve her goal, she Pope's Iliad (lines 36-42) William committed suicide by hanging herself. Blackwood et al (London: 1831; 160). The lady was deformed like Pope. This Pope's famous poem "The Rape of the was mentioned by (Lisle et al 1806; Lock" was published in 1712 and its 358): revised version was published in 1714. It "The true cause of the excellence of the is a mock-epic poem, satirizing a quarrel Elegy is, that the occasion of it was real; between Mrs. Arabella Fermor (Belinda so true is maxim, that nature is more in the poem) and Lord Petre, who took a powerful than fancy; and …that we can lock of hair off Mrs. Arabella. always feel more than we can imagine; Pope's masterpiece "Dunciad", first and that the most artful fiction must give published in Dublin, was an attack on way to truth, for this Lady was beloved Theobald and a number of "dunces". It is by Pope. After many and wide enquiries, a satirical poem full of information and I have been informed that her name was classical illusions. Wainsbury; and that (which is a singular What is worth mentioning here is that circumstance) she was ill-shaped and the "Dunciad" stirred up all the "dunces" deformed as our author. Her death was of Grub Street, headed by Dennis and not by a sword, but what would less bear Colley Cibber, who headed the critics to be told poetically, she hanged against Pope. herself." The philosophical poem "An Essay on Pope passionately treats the case of this Man" was published between 1732 and unfortunate lady by mentioning the 1734. Pope intended it as a system cruelties of her relations, how she conveyed through a poetic form. Indeed, deserted her family and her isolation and Pope attempted to "vindicate the ways of tragic death far away from her home God to Man" as observed by (Rawson country: 2011; 244): "Pope Conspicuously What can alone (oh ever –injur'd shade!) alludes to Milton's epic attempt to Thy fate unpitied, and thy rites unpaid? 'justify' the ways of God to men; but in SUST Journal of Humanities Vol.17.No. 4 Decmber (2016) 24 ISSN (text): 1858-6724 e-ISSN (online): 1858-6732

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No friends complaint, no kind domestic fourteen, he continued his postgraduate tear studies for Master Degree. During this Pleas'd thy pale ghost, or grac'd thy time, a great event took place, the King mournful bier. of Ireland, England and Scotland was By foreign hands thy dying eyes were overthrown in 1688, and Swift was clos'd, forced to move to England. His mother By foreign hands thy decent limbs Abigail Erick, found a job for him under compos'd, the responsibility of Sir William Temple, By foreign hands thy humble grave where Swift worked for ten years as an adorn'd, assistant to him in Moor Park in London. Pope's Elegy to the Memory of an Swift's task was to help Mr. Temple in Unfortunate Lady (lines 47-53). his official works of researching and Pope died on May 29, 1744, and was publishing his essays and memoirs. buried in the Church of St. Mary Virgin In Moor Park, Swift met Esther Johnson, in Twickenham, after immortalizing the daughter of Temple's housekeeper, a himself in the history of English young child of eight years, with whom literature by his distinguished works, he fell in love later for the rest of his life. especially in the field of poetry, essay Swift acted as her tutor and mentor. In writing and criticism. 1699, Sir Temple died, but Swift 2.2Jonathan Swift continued publishing his memoirs. The Dean of St. Patrick Cathedral and However, because of conflicts with Sir English Literature Jonathan Swift was Temple's relatives, Swift accepted the born in Dublin on November 30, 1667, lower job of secretary and chaplain of an Irish author, clergyman, a satirist, a Berkeley; soon he was discharged from novelist and a poet. His father, the this job because of his long absence on a attorney, died before he was born, so he journey to Earl Estate. He resumed grew up as an orphan child. He was writing about political issues. His first taken care of by his uncle Godwin Swift, political pamphlet was "A Discourse on a member of the respected professional the Contest and Dissentions in Athens attorney and judge group "Gray's Inn." and Rome." His uncle Godwin took care of his In 1704, Swift produced his famous education, and registered him in satire "" followed by Kilkenny Grammar School. Swift "The Battle of the Book" which though obtained a bachelor degree from Trinity popular was rejected by the Church of College. He worked as a statesman's England because it criticized religion. assistant, and then became the dean of Then he was asked by the Tories when St. Patrick Cathedral in Dublin. Swift's they came to power in 1710 to become contribution to English Literature was the editor of their official newspaper the distinguished, though at the beginning of "Examiner". He engaged into politics his literary career his writings were and began writing his political pseudonymous. "Gulliver's Travels" is pamphlets such as "The Conducts of the his most famous fictional work. Allies", in which he attacked the Wigs. During his early educational stages, The Tories fell off power, and Swift Swift met his friend William Congreve, returned to Ireland in 1713, taking the the poet and playwright. At the age of post of Dean of St. Patrick Cathedral in SUST Journal of Humanities Vol.17.No. 4 Decmber (2016) 25 ISSN (text): 1858-6724 e-ISSN (online): 1858-6732

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Dublin in 1726. There he produced his it was his best satire. It is an allegory of best writing "Travel into Several Remote religion history presented through the Nations of the World", which was lives of three brothers, Peter, Martin, and known as "Gulliver's Travel" in four Jack, who represent the Catholic Church, parts in pseudonym. He travelled to the Church of England, and Non- London to publish it and achieved great Conformism. The story insinuates the success. defected history of Christianity. Not long after the publication About satire, Swift himself says as "Gulliver's Travels", his lifelong love mentioned by (Roscoe 1870; 125) in his "Esther Johnson" whom he called " and Other Satires": "Stella" became ill and died in 1728. "Satire is a sort of glass wherein Soon after her death Swift wrote "The beholders do generally discover Death of Mrs. Johnson". Her death was everybody's face, but their own; which is followed by the death of his best friends the chief reason for that kind reception it John Gay and John Arbuthnot. Swift was meets with the world, and that so very greatly grieved by the successive deaths few are offended with it. But, if it should of his intimate friends. happen otherwise, the danger is not In 1742, Swift suffered from a stroke, great, and I have learned from long losing the ability to speak. He died in experience never to apprehend mischief 1745, and was buried in Dublin's St. from those understandings I have been Patrick's Cathedral beside his beloved able to provoke: for anger and fury, Esther Johnson. though they add strength to the sinews of "Gulliver's Travel" is about Gulliver's the body, yet are found to relax those of experiences among dwarfs and giants. the mind, and to render all its efforts Gulliver is wrecked in an island where feeble and impotent." people are six inches tall. His second journey is to a place called Brobdingnag, Like his prose satiric works, Swift's where he meets giants, who are practical poetry was also satirical. His "Lady's but do not understand abstraction. On his Dressing Room" and "A Beautiful third journey he meets contemporary Young Nymph Going to Bed" are scientists. Gulliver travels to a flying typically social satirical poems, and they island called Laputa, and the nearby are worth studying by researchers. continent and capital of Lagado. There Swift's "Stella Birthday" poems were he meets mad scientists. In the fourth written for his beloved Esther Johnson, part Gulliver travels to the land of in the period from (1719) to (1727), a Houyhnhnms in which animals are more year before her death. These poems are intelligent than human beings. meant by Swift to commemorate Stella's "Gulliver's Travel" was an actual social thirteenth birthday. She was the source satire, in Swift's intention was to explain of inspiration for Swift. the results of humanity's refusal to Swift regularly celebrates Stella's accept responsibility. On his return home birthday with optimism and joy. Gulliver prefers to live with horses to Consider the following lines of living with his family. commemoration and commendation of Swift's "A Tale of a Tub" (1704) was a her beauty and wit: religious satire. Many people think that Stella this day is thirty-four, SUST Journal of Humanities Vol.17.No. 4 Decmber (2016) 26 ISSN (text): 1858-6724 e-ISSN (online): 1858-6732

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(We shan't dispute a year or more:) lexicography, history and essay writings, However, Stella, be not troubled, Johnson's works were incomparable. Although thy size and years are doubled He was usually known as Dr. Johnson. Since first I saw thee at sixteen, His contributions to English Literature The brightest virgin on the green; were extended to its various genres. He So little is thy form declined; was poet, essayist, moralist, literary Made up so largely in thy mind. critic, biographer, editor and O, would it please the gods to split lexicographer. He was an Anglican in Thy beauty, size, and years, and wit! religion and a Tory's politician. Swift's Stella's Birthday March 13, Johnson was born on 18 September 1709 1718-19 (Lines I- 10) in Linchfield, Staffordshire. He "Death of Dr. Swift" (1739) is a displayed great intelligence during his wonderful conveyance of the thoughts childhood; his mother started teaching and imaginations of the poet after his him at the age of three. Then she sent death. The eternal reality is that nobody him to Linchfield Grammar School at can escape his death. Swift tries to the age of seven, where he studied Latin. imagine the state of his friends and At the age of nine, he was promoted to companions after his death. He wisely the upper school in view of his admits that no one is perfect and intelligence and outstanding everyone has his own shortcomings. He performance. He spent six months with describes the reactions of his his cousins at Pedmore. The headmaster acquaintances after his death, imagining of Linchfield Grammar School that in a year's time he will be totally prevented him from joining the school forgotten, and he rarely be remembered because of his long absence. Therefore, by them. Then, he moves on to speak he joined the King Eduard VI Grammar about his works in a satiric manner. School. Consider the irony and sarcasm that are At the age of 19, he entered Pembroke contained in the following lines: College, Oxford, and then departing it The time is not remote, when I after only one year, because of financial Must be the course of nature die; problems. When I foresee my special friends At the beginning of his career, he Will try to find their private ends: worked as a teacher, and then moved to Tho' it is hardly understood London, searching for work and better Which way my death can do them good, opportunities. His earliest works Yet thus, methinks, I hear 'em speak: included "The Life of Richard Savage", "See how the Dean begins to break! his poem "London" and "The Vanity of Poor gentleman, he drops apace." Human Wishes", which is one of the You plainly find it in his face. major satirical poems of the century. In Swift's the Death of Dr. Swift (lines 73- 1728, he translated Pope's "Messiah". 82). Oxford University awarded him a 2.3 Dr. Samuel Johnson Master of Arts Degree just before the No other writer of Eighteenth-century publication of his "English Language England had a greater impact on English Dictionary". He was also awarded an literature as Samuel Johnson. In view of honorary doctorate in 1765 by Trinity his contribution to satire, criticism, College in Dublin. Soon after his father's SUST Journal of Humanities Vol.17.No. 4 Decmber (2016) 27 ISSN (text): 1858-6724 e-ISSN (online): 1858-6732

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death in 1731, he got a job at a school in Feeling guilty for living on Tetty's Market Bosworth, which he left shortly money, Johnson left her and lived with after. During that period he wrote "A his friend Richard Savage. They both Voyage to Abyssinia", which earned him suffered much because of their poverty. enough money to cover the expenses of Savage's death in 1743 was a great the funeral of his mother. When his chock to his friend Johnson. A year later friend Harry Porter died in 1734, he Johnson wrote "Life of Richard Savage" married his widow Elizabeth Porter, who (1744) in which Johnson uncovers the had three children. details of his life, and how he was born In 1735, he opened his "Edial Hall as an illegitimate child who was School", which only three students abandoned by his noble family. joined, among them actor David Garrick. In 1746, a group of publishers asked The school was a failure, and Johnson Johnson to establish an authoritative resorted to writing again. He wrote dictionary of the English Language. "Irene" (1726) which was performed by Although he promised them to complete his friend David Garrick in 1749. It is a the Dictionary in three years' time, the neoclassical tragedy, which was task took him nine years. Johnson's only play, and it achieved The publication of the dictionary in considerable success, providing Johnson "1755" is considered as one of the with a big amount of money. greatest single achievement of However, in 1737, he got a job with scholarship. As (DeMaria 1986; 4) Cave as a writer for the Gentleman remarks, "As a book, Johnson's Magazine. His poem "London" was Dictionary is generically related not published (1738), which is based on only to dictionaries but also to a host of Juvenal's satire III. It portrays the life of encyclopedic histories, poems, a man, who leaves for Wales to escape commentaries, educational works, the problems of London, the home of commonplace books, and, of course, crime, corruption and poverty. Johnson encyclopedias themselves." describes the problems of living in The Dictionary brought Johnson a great London, and underlines the condition of fame, and it was followed by Johnson's the poor. Here how he describes the editing of William Shakespeare's plays crimes of murder and the atmosphere of and the "Rasselas" (1759), an apologue insecurity in the city: which is intended to teach a moral lesson In vain, these Dangers past, your Doors about happiness. In "A Journey to the you close, Western Islands of Scotland (1775), And hope the balmy Blessings of Repose: Johnson describes his journey with his Cruel with Guilt, and daring with friend James Boswell, the poet, to Despair, Scotland. It is a travel narrative of The midnight Murd'rer bursts the eighty-three journeys through Scotland. faithless Bar; Johnson's distinguished poem "Vanity of Invades the sacred Hour of silent Rest, Human Wishes" was an imitation of And plants, unseen, a Dagger in your Juvenal's Satire X. This poem is one of Breast. the major satiric poems of Eighteenth Johnson's "London", Lines (235-40) century.

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Johnson began writing "The Idler" in the most important book in the history of 1758 and published his "Rasselas" in England. 1759. "Rasselas" is a story that describes Johnson's entirely famous book the Prince Rasselas's and his sister "Lives of the English Poets" was written Nekayah's lives while they were kept in at the demands of Tom Davies, William a place called the Happy Valley in the Strahan and Thomas Cadell. It is a Land of Abyssinia. There are no collection of critical and biographical problems in this valley at all and any notes on each poet. This book (1781) wish is quickly fulfilled. These pleasures was in six volumes. Johnson's do not lead to happiness and satisfaction. considerable successes were annoyed by Rasselas escapes this world by the help the death of his intimate friend Levet of a philosopher, who believes that all (1782) with whom Johnson stayed for a aspects of society and life in the outside long time at his London home. Levet's world are fulfilled with suffering. "The death was followed by the deaths of his constant pleasure does not, however, two friends Thomas Lawrence and his lead to satisfaction; and, with the help of housekeeper Williams, which caused a philosopher named Imlac, Rasselas him deep sorrows. Johnson died on 13 escapes and explores the world to December 1784, and was buried in witness how all aspects of society and Westminster Abbey. life in the outside world are filled with No doubt, Johnson was a person of very suffering. They return to Abyssinia, but strong will. The Lack of money and do not wish to return to the state of financial difficulties did not hinder his constantly fulfilled pleasures found in ambition to make such great the Happy Valley." achievements. Disputed by the need of (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel Johnson.) money for living and for running his . literary writings activities and the strong In 1762, Johnson was offered an annual will to accomplish these historical and pension by King George III of £300 as a great works, Johnson was not frustrated, reward for him for his compilation of the and he endeavored to fulfill his Dictionary. In 1763 Johnson met the ambitions through hard struggle and young James Boswell, the writer of "The great determination. Life of Johnson" at the bookshop of 3. Conclusion Johnson's friend Tom Davies and they The present research paper discusses the became close friends. In 1763, Johnson role played by the leading satirists of established "The Club", which was a Eighteenth-century England in paving social group including, in addition to the way towards the progress of their him, his friends Reynolds, Burke, society and country. Pope, Swift and Garrick, Goldsmith, and later Adam Johnson call for good manners and Smith, the well-known economical and fighting social ills through their literary moralist thinker, and Eduard Gibbon, an works. English historian and member of a The social system with its all Parliament and the writer of "The components such as judiciary, justness, History of the Decline and Fall of the habits, traditions, freedom and land Roman Empire," which is considered as ownership are elucidated in this study in

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order to shed light on their importance to 8- Pruitt, Kristin A. and Durham, the social progress and development. Charles W. (2000) (Eds.) Living Texts: Uprightness and administration of justice Interpreting Milton. Associated are considered important elements in University Press. diffusing equity and eradicating 9-Delon, Michel. (Ed.) (2013). grievance. The leading satirists of Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment. New Eighteenth-century England carried on York: Routledge. their shoulders mending their society 10-Blackwood, William, Edinburgh, and and clear it from all filths. This is clearly Candel, T. (1831), Strand, London. shown in the samples of poems and Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, works of these satirists. January, 1831, Vol. XXIX, Edinburgh: The sample poems of the mentioned Printed by Ballantyne and Co. Edinburg. satirists that are discussed in this 11- Rawson, Claude. (211). (Ed.) The research paper give important Cambridge Companion to English Poets. indications of Eighteenth-century Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. England in terms of social issues. 12-Bowles, William Lisle et al (1806). Work cited The Works of Alexander Pope, Esq. Vol. 1-Zundel, Alan F. (2000). Declaration 1. London: Straban and Preston. of Dependency. The Civic Republican Tradition in U. S. Poverty Policy. New 13-Jan, Kaleem M., Shabnam Firdaus York: State University of New York (2003). A Guide to English Literature. Press, Albany. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers, and 2-Monod, Paul Kleber (2009). Imperial Distributors. Island.A History of Britain and Its 14- Roscoe, William. (1870). The Works Empire. London: Blackwell Publishing. of Jonathan Swift. London: Bell and 3- Ljsewijn, Jozef. (1996). Journal of Dadly. Neo-Latin Studies: Humanistical 15- DeMaria, Robert.(1986). Johnson's Lovaniensia. Leuven: Leuven University Dictionary and the Language of Press. Learning North Carolina: The University 4--Palmiotto,Michael J. and Unnithan, of North Carolina Press. Prabha. (2010). Policing and Society: A 16- -(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel Global Approach. New York: Cengage _Johnson.) Learning. 17- Armens, Sven (1966) M..John Gay, 5-Schmalleger, Frank and Armstrong, Social Critic. (New York: Noble Offset Gordon M. (1997). (Eds.) Crime and the Printers, Inc. Justice System in America: An 18- Lewis, Jayne Elizabeth (1996). Encyclopedia. Westport: Greenwood English Fable: Aesop and Literary Publishing Group. Culture, 1651-1740. Cambridge: 6- Boswell, James (1791). Life of Cambridge University Press. Johnson Bigelow, Brown and Company. 7-Swift, Jonathan (1751). The Works of Jonathan Swift. V.7. London: Printed for C. Bathurst, in Fleet- Street.

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