STS-Med Small scale thermal solar district units for Mediterranean communities Ref. I-A/2.3/174

D4.3 REQUISITE ASSESSMENT FOR OPTIMAL SWITCHING TO CS MULTIGENERATIVE TECHNOLOGY

Issued by ALBUN

August 2014

Contents 1. Introduction ...... 4 2. Major Market Players of CS Technology ...... 5 3. CS technology comparison: ...... 10 4. Identification of materials and components of CS systems ...... 14 5. Summery ...... 22 6. Annex 1 Introduction to different CS technology ...... 23

List of Tables

Table ...... Page

Table 1List of PTC market players with some of their technical Specifications ...... 5 Table 2 List of LFCs market players with some of their technical Specifications ...... 7 Table 3 List of Parabolic Dish market players with some of their technical Specifications ...... 8 Table 4 Market players of non-tracking with some technical specifications ...... 9 Table 5 Comparison among different CS Technologies ...... 10 Table 6Comparison between different solar collectors and collectors systems ...... 13 Table 7 List of companies that produce different Solar Fields for CS technology ...... 1 4 Table 8 List of companies that produce solar receivers ...... 14 Table 9 List of companies that produce Piping for solar systems ...... 15 Table 10 List of manufacturers and suppliers of Organic Rankine Cycles used in solar systems ...... 16 Table 11 List of major supplies of Chillers ...... 18 Table 12 Major suppliers of Controls used in CS technology ...... 20 Table 13 Major suppliers and manufacturers of systems and components used for thermal storage ...... 21

Task 4.3 Requisite assessment for optimal switching to CS multigenerative technology

1. Introduction

This task can be considered as one of the milestones in the project. It does not only layout the road map of the available CS technologies in the market but it also compares between different available technologies. It summarises the technical features of CS systemsand addresses different critical issues; performance, flexibility, life span, and installation and maintenance. This report sat the foundation for the technical issues which consolidated the technological framework of the proposed CS toolbox.

The systems concerned addressed in this report include; Parabolic Trough Concentrators, Linear Frensel Concentrators, Parabolic dishes and compound parabolic concentrators.

System means a group of components and processes combined together to form certain task. In this area we can talk about different solar collectors systems that can be combined with different cooling or heating sub- systems or water sub-system or generation subsystem. Therefore, it is difficult to discuss all combinations; however, it will be used to identify the optimal combination of technologies that can drive a wide adoption of CS technologies by using this data in laying out proposed pilots in this project. In this part of the report we will discuss different critical issues such as Performance, flexibility, complexity in installation and maintenance, lifespan of the sub-systems. On the other hand, we will address general features of subsystems combinations. At the same time we will address the availability of materials, components and skills needed. But we need to keep in mind that this issue is dynamic and varies from time to time. The issue of the availability of materials will be coveredby listing the website of the companies that provide such materials.

A quick review of different CS technologies that are currently on market and have a potential to be used on or within public buildings is outlined in the Annex. These technologies are Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTCs), Linear FrenselCollectors(LFCs) and Parabolic Dishes (PD). Table 1 lists some market players of the Parabolic trough collectors. Table 2 lists the main market players of LFCs and some of the technical specifications of their product. Table 3 provide a list of the main market key players of parabolic dishes. The technologies listed in the tables1-3 require sophisticated tracking systems, while, table 4 lists a Concentrated solar technology that does not require any tracking mechanism.

2. Major Market Players of CS Technology

Table (1) below, gives an overview on concentrating collectors available on the market, describing their main technical features and operating range.

Table 1List of PTC market players with some of their technical Specifications

From Table 1 above the following conclusions about the components and technical solutions can be derived:

• In general, for the temperature range from 200ºC to 400ºC the type of receiver used consist of a selective coated steel tube usually insulated with vacuum and enclosed by a borosilicate glass tube. Up to 200ºC, the receiver tubes mounted are the ones also used by regular evacuated tube flat plate collectors ( pipe or direct flow). For higher the receivers are the ones used for CSP applications, like Schott PTR70 or Solel UVAC, using thermal oil as a heat transfer fluid.

• The type of reflector more used is the coated aluminized . This mirror is made of a polished aluminum substrate, an enhanced aluminum reflective layer and top/back protective layers to withstand outdoor conditions. An example of this reflector type can be the MiroSun from Alanod.

Table 2List of LFCs market players with some of their technical Specifications

Manufacturer Module Receiver Reflector Heat Temp. References projects and model dimensions type material transfer range (Country) medium Areva Solar approx. 20 m Multi-tube receiver, flat glass Water 5 MWe power plant at (10 of no secondary mirrors Kimberlina, California, approx.2m) concentrator USA Chromasum width: 1.2m Stainless Coated Water Up to Small project in USA, MCT length: 3.39 m steel, Utube aluminum 200°C Australia, UAE (solar (USA) cooling) Industrial Solar width: 8 m Schott PTR® Flat glass Water or Up to Germany, Italy, , LF-11 length: 4 m 70 mirrors steam up 400°C Qatar, UAE (Germany) to 250ºC, thermal oil Soltigua width: 5.24 m Selective coated Polished Water or Up to India, Italy USA, UAE FTM length: 19 to 38 m tube aluminum thermal oil 250°C (Italy) with glass envelope sheets SPG (Germany) 15 m Single tube absorber Demonstración (25 mirrors of 60 with secondary colector at Plataforma cm) concentrator Solar de Almería, Andalucía, Spain. PSE / Mirrorr 5.5 m Single tube absorber Collectors in Freiburg (process heat (11 mirrors of 50 with secondary (Germany), Bergamo <200°C) (PSE cm) concentrator (Italy), Seville (Spain), 2010) Tunisia, Masdar (UAE)

Table 3List of Parabolic Dish market players with some of their technical Specifications

Manufacturer Unit Output Temp. References projects and model dimensions range (Country)

Innova Trinum (Italy) Area: 10 m² 1kWe, 3 KWth - Italy

Diameter: 8.5 m Schlaich Bergermann Euro Gross power output Receiver gas temperature , Germany, Italy,

Dish (Germany) 9 kW 650 °C India Area: 56.7 m²

Solart ron Solar Area: 16 m² 10.5KWth 90 °C Canada, USA, Italy, Oman Beam (CANADA)

1.5 MW Maricopa Solar commercial-scale power Stirling Energy Systems plant in Arizona 25kWe - (SES) Catcher (USA)

40MWe solar thermal power plant Whyalla Solar Oasis South Wizard Power (Australia) Area: 500 m2 130kWe Up to 1,700°C Australia

Table 4 Market players of non-tracking with some technical specifications

3. CS technology comparison:

There are four main parameters for comparing the CS technologies:

• Cost • Performance: efficiency and energy yield • Land requirement • Water requirement

It should be noted that water requirement is an important determining factor for many MENA countries. For example Jordan and Cyprus suffer a severe water scarcity, thus, decision makers opts to look for the technology that require less water consumption. Many other countries suffer the same problem on local regional dimension. Table 5 lists the main features of different tracking and non- tracking CS systems.

Table 5Comparison among different CS Technologies

Technology Advantages Disadvantages

Non-tracking CS • Lower heat loss (owing to vacuum). • Need seasonal tilt (CPC) adjustments. • Absorbs both the direct and the diffuse radiation.

• Higher annual solar yield based on the gross collector area.

• Small system can be realized with one Collector.

• Easy to assemble, not only on roof but on ground also.

Parabolic trough • Parabolic trough system is the most mature, and • High thermal losses in the collectors (PTC) thus commercially viable, of the CSP technologies. parabolic trough array.

• Can be used for high temperature applications .

• Energy output stability during sunny day better than non-tracking system.

Linear Fresnel • Less land area required to produce a given amount • Efficiency lower than collectors (LFCs) of energy comparing to parabolic troughs. parabolic trough.

• Lower thermal losses.

• Can be used for high temperature applications.

• Energy output stability during sunny day better than non-tracking system.

• The wind loads on LFCs are smaller than parabolic trough, resulting from better structural stability.

Solar towers • Good mid-term prospects for high efficiencies due to • Performance, and the potential for achieving higher temperatures of investment and operating over 1000 ⁰C. costs have not yet been commercially proven • Can be installed on hilly sites.

Parabolic dishes • Parabolic dish systems have very high conversion • No large-scale commercial efficiency of over 30% plant exists so performance, and • No water requirements for cooling investment and operating cost have not yet been • System is particularly well-suited to decentralized commercially proven. power supply and remote, stand-alone power • Lower dispatch ability applications. potential for grid integration. • The system in modular. • Hybrid receivers have not • Parabolic dishes are not restricted to flat terrains yet been developed

• Most effectively integrate thermal storage in large plant.

Table 6 shows a specific comparison among different cs systems. It addresses different relevant features that directly of concern to this project. It addresses the issues of flexibility, operation and maintenance, market availability and required skills. The table shows that no specific CS technology that work at all range of temperatures and available in the market. Table 6Comparison between different solar collectors and collectors systems

Compound Parabolic Parabolic trough Linear Fresnel # Parabolic dishes (PD) Solar towers (ST) Concentrator (CPC) collectors (PTC) collectors (LFCs) Tracking Non Tracking Tracking technology Tracking technology Tracking technology Tracking technology System technology Absorbs both the 1 Feature Solar Radiation direct and the diffuse Direct radiation only Direct radiation only Direct radiation only Direct radiation only radiation. Temperatures Up to 120 ⁰C Up to 350 ⁰C Up to 350 ⁰C - Up to 1000 ⁰C Range Heating /Cooling / Heating /Cooling / Heating /Cooling / 2 Flexibility Application Heating /Cooling Power generation / Power generation / Power generation Power generation / Desalination Desalination Desalination Easy to assemble, not Restricted to flat Restricted to flat Can be installed on Can be installed on only on roof but on terrains terrains hilly sites hilly sites ground also. 3 Installation Complexity Self Shading (Collectors Self Shading (Collectors Self Shading (Collectors located in a row must located in a row must Less land area Less land area located in a row must be separated from be separated from required required be separated from each other each other each other Operation & 4 Complexity Cleaning (Sand, Dust) Cleaning (Sand, Dust) Cleaning (Sand, Dust) Cleaning (Sand, Dust) Cleaning (Sand, Dust) Maintenance Overheating and Tracking system Tracking system Tracking system Tracking system Stagnation (rotating parts) (rotating parts) (rotating parts) (rotating parts)

- Wind load Wind load Wind load Wind load Market 5 System Scale Small/Medium Medium/large Medium/large Medium/large Large Availability

Required 6 Minimum skill Medium skill Medium skill High skill Medium skill Skills

4. Identification of materials and components of CS systems

In order to establish a liable supply chain for the of CS systems, a desk search has been conducted to identify companies that supply system components or complete systems. The contact information of these companies are identified and listed. The following tables summarise the major findings.

Table 7List of companies that produce different Solar Fields for CS technology

Company URL Technology Model Industrial Solar

Gmb http://www.industrial-solar.de/CMS/en/solutions/solares-kuehlen/ LFR LF-11

FeraSolar CSP http://www.ferasolar.it/en/solar-cooling/ LFR

HelioDynamics http://www.heliodynamics.com/pages/applications/air_conditioning.htm

NovaTec Solar http://novatecsolar.com/106-1-Start.html http://www.areva.com/EN/operations-3422/concentrated-solar-power-

Areva technology.html Solar Power

Group http://www.solarpowergroup.com/index.php

Solar Euromed http://www.solareuromed.com/en/miroirs-de-LFR LFR

CNIM http://www.cnim.com/en/solar-energy-design-construction.aspx LFR

AE3000 http://www.ae3000.com/index.php

Bertintechnologies http://solarmap.bertin.fr/

Airatermosolar http://www.airatermosolar.es/ LFR

Abantia http://www.abantia.com/en_index.html

Aora-solar http://aora-solar.com/

Soltigua http://www.soltigua.com/ LFR

Idhelio http://www.idhelio.com/ LFR FTMx /

Soltigua http://www.soltigua.com LFR & PTC PTMx

Industrial Solar http://www.industrial-solar.de LFR

SOLTIGUA http://www.soltigua.com/prodotti/ LFR & PT

FERA http://www.ferasolar.it/en/solar-cooling/ LFR

Table 8List of companies that produce solar receivers

Company URL Technology Archimede www.archimedesolarenergy.it/ HCEOI 400°C OIL 70mm diameter 4060 length

HIMIN www.himin.com 350°C OIL 70mm diameter 2000 lenght

BAYSOLAR http://www.bayenergy.net/ 400°C OIL 70mm diameter 4060 lenght

Glass CURVED

ALMECO www.almecogroup.com/ Metallicmirrors VEGA VR 193

LINAK ITALIA Srl www.linak.com/ 300mm stroke 3510A0+2A400B25

Table 9List of companies that produce Piping for solar systems

Company URL Technology Model

Ascon http://www.ascontecnologic.com/en thermoresistence DN 63 mm MOD.TBX1

OMET http://www.ometitalia.it/omet_italia_english/home.asp SCALA BimetallicThermometer 0/250°C Manometer DN 63

OMET http://www.ometitalia.it/omet_italia_english/home.asp MOD. MX1 + valve

Endress+Hauser http://www.endress.com/en Flow rate sensor DN25PN40 POMPE

TRAVAINI SpA http://www.pompetravaini.it/Default.aspx 3mc POMPE

TRAVAINI SpA http://www.pompetravaini.it/Default.aspx Pump 1,8mc

O.M.C. http://www.omcsrl.com/omc/English/HomePage_en.htm 3 way valve DN25

Table 10List of manufacturers and suppliers of Organic Rankine Cycles used in solar systems

Company URL Technology

NEWCOMEN http://www.newcomen.it/ PIGLET

VERDICORP http://www.verdicorp.com/performance.html VERDICORP Electratherm 35KW ELECTRATHERM http://electratherm.com/products/green_machine_4011_f_up_to_35kwe/ Electratherm 65KW

Electratherm 110KW 010GRE-01 Enefcogen http://www.eneftech.com/en/enefcogen_green.php 020GRE-01

030GRE-01

FREEPOWER http://www.zeintlplc.com/ ZE 95

DURR-CYPLANE http://www.durr-cyplan.com/ ZUCCATO ZE40ULH ENERGIA http://www.zuccatoenergia.it/index.php/en/ ZE50ULH

ZE100LT

Tuboden http://www.turboden.eu/en/rankine/rankine-history.php http://www.energy.siemens.com/hq/en/fossil-power-generation/steam-

Siemens turbines/orc.htm

Tri-O-Gen http://www.triogen.nl/technology/triogen-high-speed-turbo-generator CleanCycle 125

Calnetix http://www.calnetix.com/calnetix_thermapowerorganicrankine.html generator GMK IC60 ORC-module

Maxxtec Adoratek Ormat S2E 50 S2E 100 S2E 150 S2E 200 S2E 250 Baxter S2E 300 Infinity ORCHID 1MWe - Enertime 200°C Genlec Kingston Ingeco CombinedCycle 200

Table 11List of major supplies of Chillers

Company URL Type Technology Model

Yazaki http://www.yazaki-airconditioning.com/products/wfc_water_fired_chiller.html Absorption WFC-SC10 http://www.commercial.carrier.com/commercial/hvac/product_description/ Carrier 0,,CLI1_DIV12_ETI434_PRD1242,00.html Absorption 16LJ http://www.eaw-energieanlagenbau.de/index.php/akm-106.html and Wegracal EAW http://www.solarcombiplus.eu/docs/D45_SOlution_02_English2.pdf Absorption SE 30 chilliiCooling

Solarnext http://www.solarnext.eu/eng/prod/chillii_abs_kits_li.shtml Absorption Kit WFC35

Sonnenklima http://www.pole-derbi.com/fichiers/rafr_solaire__sonnenklima__derbi_2007.pdf Absorption Suninverse Rotartica

Rotartica http://andyschroder.com/static/pdf/Rotartica/Rotartica_Product_Description.pdf Absorption 045 http://www.dew-kylsystem.com/Design-Guidelines-ClimateWell-Solar-Chiller.pdf Climatewell Climatewell http://www.solarcombiplus.eu/docs/D43_ClimateWell_v03_English.pdf Absorption 10

Thermax http://www.thermax-europe.com/hot-water-chiller-overview.aspx Absorption LT 2 Water /

Invensor http://www.invensor.com Adsorption Zeolite HTC-18 Table 12 Major suppliers of Controls used in CS technology

Company URL Technology Model http://www.deltaohm.com/ver2012/index.php?ma DELTA Pyranometer LP PYRHE 16 AV in_page=index& OHM language=en&zenid=tlui57ksnh6k1le4bco0lfhtl3 Pyranometer LP PYRA 03 AV Pyreliometer SHP1 ISO First Class KIPP&ZO www.eurelettronicaicas.com NEN Pyranometer SMP3 ISO Second Class Pyranometer SMP11 ISO Secondary Standard, BIT LINE - Outdoor sensors with controller BL232D. Meteo Temperature sensor, umidity, wind. sensor management Sensors card ed connection RS 485 for protocol BL232D. BIT LINE Meteo http://www.bitline.it/index-uk.html Sensors Controller BL232 for sensors 6322C/S. http://www.bitline.it/index-uk.html Meteo Optional card for controller BL232D, http://www.bitline.it/index-uk.html Sensors withanalogic exit 0/5 0/10V for eachsensor Control unit SIMATIC S5, GUIDe 35 mm Control unit SIMATIC S7-1200, CPU 1214C, CPU, DC/DC/RELE Control unit SIMATIC S7, Memory card for S7-1X00 Control unit SIMATIC S7-1200 ModilePower PM1207 Control unit INT. MT 1P+N 1UM B16 6kA SIMATIC S7-1200, UNIT for analogicinput SM 1231 RTD, 8 Control unit X

SIMATIC S7-1200, I/O ANALOGIC SM 1234, 4 AI / 2 AO, +/-

Control unit 10V - drive for fluximenter and 3 way valve

SIMATIC ET 200SP, Interface module M155-6PN

Control unit STANDARD

Siemens Control unit SIMATIC ET 200SP, Digital input module , DI 8X DC 24V Control unit SIMATIC ET 200SP, Base unit BU15-P16+A0+2D Control unit SIMATIC ET 200SP, Digital exit module , DQ 8X DC Control unit SIMATIC ET 200SP, Base unit BU15-P16+A0+2B, Control unit SIMATIC ET 200SP, Input analogicmodule , AI 4XRTD/TC SIMATIC ET 200SP, Input analogicmodule, AI 4XU/I A 2 FILI Control unit STANDARD SIMATIC NET, IE FC TP Standard Cable, cable TP- Control unit Installations for conecnion FC OUTLET RJ45

Control unit IE FC RJ45 PLUG 180 4X2,Connector RJ45

Control unit Sinamics G120 CU 230P-2 Control unit Sinamics G120P PM230 IP55 Control unit Sinamics G120 Panel OP BOP-2

Table 13Major suppliers and manufacturers of systems and components used for thermal storage

Company URL Technology

NEST http://www.energy-nest.com/images/NEST.pdf Concrete

CNIM http://www.cnim.com/en/solar-energy-design-construction.aspx Concrete http://www.zueblin.de/databases/internet/_public/content.nsf/ web/EN-ZUEBLIN.DE-ED.%20Z%C3%9CBLIN%20AG- ZUBLIN Setting%20new%20standards Concrete Laboratory for Concrete/Construction

ChemistryEmpa http://www.empa.ch/ Concrete

ABC http://www.abc-srl.com/ INOX TANK

Fluidomatic http://www.fluidomatic.it/ levelsensor

6. Annex 1 Concentrating solar technologies overview

The Concentrated solar (CS) is a technology concentrate large amounts of solar radiation onto a small area using mirrors or lenses in order to achieve high temperatures, and generally used for: • Electricity production • Industrial heat process • Solar Cooling/ Heating • Desalination

The Concentrated solar (CS) collectors can be categorized to tracking technologies and non-tracking technology as shown in the below figure.

Figure 1: CS technology Types

There are four main tracking CS technology families can be classified by the way they focus the sun’s rays and the technology used to receive the sun’s energy, Which are parabolic trough, solar tower, linear Fresnel reflectors, and parabolic dish. Parabolic troughs are the most mature of the CS technologies and form the bulk of current commercial plants.

Figure (2) below show that there is a wide variety of designs for concentrating collectors and different technical solutions to reduce the collector thermal losses at higher operating temperatures.

Figure 2: Temperature range and applications of solar thermal collectors

In the temperature range from 80 up to 120ºC: there are evacuated tube collectors, advanced flat plate collectors and stationary low-concentration collectors like CPC collectors without tracking. These collectors have a global solar radiation full use and are suited for applications like single effect solar cooling and low temperature process heat.

In the temperature range from 120ºC up to 250ºC there is a wide variety of designs and collector module sizes for tracking concentrating collectors with high concentration ratios. The designs include small parabolic troughs, linear Fresnel reflectors, and fixed mirror concentrators. These collectors use almost only the direct solar radiation and are suited for applications like: double effect solar cooling, industrial process heat, water heating and distributed small scale power generation.

2.1 Parabolic trough collectors (PTC):

Figure 3: Parabolic trough collectors

The parabolic trough collectors (PTC) consist of solar collectors (mirrors), heat receivers and support structures. The parabolic-shaped mirrors are constructed by forming a sheet of reflective material into a parabolic shape that concentrates incoming onto a central receiver tube at the focal line of the collector. The arrays of mirrors can be 100 metres (m) long or more, with the curved aperture of 5 m to 6 m. A single-axis tracking mechanism is used to orient both solar collectors and heat receivers toward the sun. PTC are usually aligned North-South and track the sun as it moves from East to West to maximise the collection of energy.

The receiver comprises the absorber tube (usually metal) inside an evacuated glass envelope. The absorber tube is generally a coated stainless steel tube, with a spectrally selective coating that absorbs the solar (short wave) irradiation well, but emits very little infrared (long wave) radiation. This helps to reduce heat loss. Evacuated glass tubes are used because they help to reduce heat losses.

A heat transfer fluid (HTF) is circulated through the absorber tubes to collect the solar energy and transfer it to the sub-systems or to the heat storage system, if any. Most existing parabolic troughs use synthetic oils as the heat transfer fluid, which are stable up to 400°C.

2.2 Linear Fresnel collectors (LFCs):

Figure 4: Linear Fresnel collectors

Linear Fresnel collectors (LFCs) are similar to parabolic trough collectors, but use a series of long flat, or slightly curved, mirrors placed at different angles to concentrate the sunlight on either side of a fixed receiver (located several metres above the primary mirror field). Each line of mirrors is equipped with a single-axis tracking system and is optimised individually to ensure that sunlight is always concentrated on the fixed receiver. The receiver consists of a long, selectively-coated absorber tube.

Unlike parabolic trough collectors, the focal line of Fresnel collectors is distorted by astigmatism. This requires a mirror above the tube (a secondary reflector) to refocus the rays missing the tube, or several parallel tubes forming a multi-tube receiver that is wide enough to capture most of the focussed sunlight without a secondary reflector.

2.3 Solar Towers:

Figure 5: Solar Towers.

Solar tower technologies use a ground-based field of mirrors to focus direct solar irradiation onto a receiver mounted high on a central tower where the light is captured and converted into heat. The heat drives a thermo-dynamic cycle, in most cases a water-steam cycle, to generate . The solar field consists of a large number of computer-controlled mirrors, called heliostats that track the sun individually in two axes. These mirrors reflect the sunlight onto the central receiver where a fluid is heated up. Solar towers can achieve higher temperatures than parabolic trough and linear Fresnel systems, because more sunlight can be concentrated on a single receiver and the heat losses at that point can be minimised.

Current solar towers use water/steam, air or molten salt to transport the heat to the /steam turbine system. Depending on the receiver design and the working fluid, the upper working temperatures can range from 250°C to perhaps as high 1 000°C for future plants, although temperatures of around 600°C will be the norm with current molten salt designs.

2.4 Parabolic Dishes:

Figure 6: Parabolic Dish.

Parabolic dishes concentrate the sun’s rays at a focal point propped above the centre of the dish. The entire apparatus tracks the sun, with the dish and receiver moving in tandem. Most dishes have an independent engine/generator (such as a Stirling machine or a micro-turbine) at the focal point. This design eliminates the need for a heat transfer fluid and for cooling water.

Dishes offer the highest solar-to-electric conversion performance of any CSP system. Several features – the compact size, absence of cooling water, and low compatibility with thermal storage and hybridization – put parabolic dishes in competition with PV modules, especially concentrating photovoltaic’s (CPV), as much as with other CSP technologies.