APRU Multi-Hazards Webinar Series: A new Approach for Disaster Risk Management after COVID-19

Understanding & addressing different types of hazards: CHEMICALS

Prof. Dra. Fatma Lestari, M.Si., Ph.D Introduction Prof. Dra. Fatma Lestari, MSi, PhD

• Head of Disaster Risk and Reduction Center (DRRC) Universitas Indonesia • OHS Department, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia Address: Gedung ILRC (Integrated Laboratory Research Centre) 2nd floor. Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok. Email: [email protected]; [email protected].

• Bachelor & Master in Chemistry • PhD in Safety Science, UNSW, Sydney, Australia • Professor in Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia • UN Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group on Natech • Indonesian Safety Council • Indonesian Oil & Gas Independent Safety Team Outline

§Industrial Chemical Accidents & Disasters §Lessons Learned §Chemical Safety vs Security §Mitigation Strategies §Industrial Chemical Safety & Security §Industrial Chemical Management §Key Points Industrial Chemical Disasters 1 2 1. Piper Alpha 2. Bhopal 3. Deepwater Horizon, Gulf Mexico 4. gas leak, (2020) -

4 3 Industrial Chemical Accidents

1. Tianjin Explosion, China, 12 August 2015, killed 173 people, injured hundreds of https://qz.com/756872/ others at a Chemical storage station at a-year-after-the-tianjin- blast-public-mourning- the Port of Tianjin 800 tonnes and-discussion-about-it- are-still-censored-in- of ammonium nitrate (approx. 256 1 china/ tonnes TNT equivalent) 2. Beirut Explosion, Lebanon, 4 August 2020, a large amount of ammonium nitrate stored at the Port of the city of Beirut, exploded, causing at least 200 deaths, 3 people missing, and 6,500 injuries, US$10–15 billion in property damage, and leaving an estimated 300,000 people homeless. Around 2,750 tonnes of the substance (equivalent to around 1.1 kilotons of TNT) had been stored in a warehouse without proper https://www.bbc.com safety measures for the previous six years 2 /news/53669029

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p 15 i KEBAKARAN JALUR PIPA (PIPA TRUNK LINE) H P I a L t BBM DI SUBANG I u R g k (P a n eng RINGKASAN KEJADIAN DISKRIPSI KEJADIAN tapping tappingpipefitting PENDAHULUAN Pada tanggal 28 Agustus 2014 pukul 05.30 WIB telah terjadi kebocoran pipa yang ANALISA PENYEBAB disertai kebakaran jalur pipa BBM milik PT.Pertamina (persero) yang mengakibatkan timbulnya korban jiwa dan terbakarnya areal persawahan dan bantaran sungai di pinggir jalan raya Pantura,di Kampung Batang, Desa Mandalawangi,Kecamatan Sukasari,Kabupaten Subang,Jawa Barat. illegal tapping Industrial tapping Chemical Accidents Gambar 1 Kobaran api Gambar 2 Peta Jalur Pipa BBM dari Gambar 3 Pipa Tapping sebagai modus pencurian BBM dai kebakaran jalur pipa BBM Balongan (Jawa Barat) ke Plumpang jalur pipa BBM Balongan – Jakrta. 3 di Kampung Batang, Desa Jakarta sepanjang 200 kilometer. 1. Fire due to Chemical Theft (Oil & Gas, 1 Mandalawangi Kec. Sukasari 2009): 1 deaths, USD7.000.000 – Kab.Subang Jawa Barat Chemical Security

76 ATLAS KESELAMATAN MIGAS ATLAS KESELAMATAN MIGAS 77 2. Explosions in Fireworks Factory: 49 DIREKTORAT JENDERAL MINYAK DAN GAS BUMI DIREKTORAT JENDERAL MINYAK DAN GAS BUMI deaths – Poor understanding of chemical hazards (2017) 3. Illegal Oil Pipeline Tapping (2014) – 4 deaths, Chemical Security 4. Illegal Oil Drilling (2017) – 2 deaths, 20 severe burns, Chemical Security 2 4

Lessons Learned

§ Inadequate hazard identification or risk assessment § Lack of understanding in addressing chemical hazards & threats § Low awareness on Chemical Safety & security § Inadequate work standards/procedures § Inadequate supervision § Improper decision making or lack of judgement § Inadequate training/competence § Violation unintentional (by individual or group) Chemical Safety vs Security “Swiss cheese model”

Image credit: CCPS, “Process Safety Leading and Lagging Indicators,” New York: American Institute of Chemical Engineers, January 2011, www.aiche.org/ccps.

Chemical Safety Chemical Security q Hazard assessment qThreat assessment q Consequence assessment q Consequence assessment q Control measures assessment q Protective Barriers assessment qSafety incidents: accidental q Security incidents: intentional Industrial Chemical Safety & Security

Industrial Chemical Safety Industrial Chemical Security • Chemical Safety Risk is a • Security Risk is an expression of measure of human the likelihood that a defined injury, environmental threat will exploit a specific damage, or economic vulnerability of a particular loss in terms of both the attractive target or combination incident likelihood and of targets to cause a given set of the magnitude of the consequences loss or injury • Protection of chemicals from • Protection of workers misuse from chemical hazards • Chemical security incidents • Chemical accidents prevention prevention • Intentional • Unintentional

CCPS 2003. Center for Chemical Process Safety, Guidelines for Analyzing and Managing the Security Vulnerabili9es of Fixed Chemical Sites. New York: AIChE. Mitigation Strategies

Industrial Chemical Safety Industrial Chemical Security • Process Safety Management • Security Vulnerability Assessment • Major Hazards Control • Identify Critical Target • Assess Threats & Consequences • Evaluation of Safeguards Mitigation Strategies Industrial Chemical Management

Chemical Order & Purchasing PDCA Cycle Waste Receiving

Disposal

Storage Handling

Transportation Mitigation Strategies Industrial Chemical Safety Process Safety Management – 20 element Major Hazards Control 1. Process Safety Culture 2. Standards, Codes, Regulations, & Laws 1. Identification of major hazard installations 3. Process Safety Competency 4. Workforce Involvement 2. The role of management 5. Stakeholder Outreach 6. Process Knowledge Management 3. The role of authorities 7. Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis 4. The role of workers & workers’ organisations 8. Operating Procedures 9. Safe Work Practices 5. Emergency planning 10. Asset Integrity and Reliability 6. Implementation of major hazard control systems 11. Contractor Management 12. Training and Performance Assurance 7. Prerequisites for a major control system 13. Management of Change 14. Operational Readiness 15. Conduct of Operations 16. Emergency Management 17. Incident Investigation

18. Measurement and Metrics ILO, Major Hazards Control, 1993 19. Auditing 20. Management Review & Continuous Improvement Implementation of Industrial Chemical Security

• Security Vulnerability Assessment – Identify Target & Critical assets – Assess Threats – Assess Consequences • Industrial Chemical Security Risk Reduction • Evaluation of Safeguards Target & Critical Assets Industrial Chemical Security

IdentifikasiIdentify AsetCriticalKritis Assetsdari from yourFasilitas Facility

• People • Equipment • Systems • Chemicals • Products • Information

What other possible Target & Critical Assets in your facilities? Assess Threats

• Pirates • Theft • Public Demonstration • Adversaries • What other possible threats?

Sources: Google image Assess Consequences

• Fire • Explosion • Pollution • Injury • • Assets damages/loss Is your organization ready for this?

Sources: Google image Deter, Detect & Delay Physical or Cyber Principles Protection Chemical Security Risk

Reduction Procedures & Inherently Safer Systems Administrative Controls

17 Types of Countermeasures

• Physical security & Barriers • Detection equipment & Access Control • Loss prevention, material control & inventory management • Control Room Security • Crisis Management & Emergency Response • Policies & Procedures • Information/cyber security • Intelligence Physical Security & Barriers

• Detection equipment • Barriers • Assessment / response • Perimeter Protection • Communication • • Access Control Fencing • Material control, accountability & movement • Walls control • Landscaping Detection Equipment & Access Control

Detection Equipment Access Control Provides warning of unauthorized entry • The objective: to establish positive control over whom & what is to areas within facilities permitted entry to or exit from the site • Intrusion detection sensors & systems or critical areas of the site. • CCTV / video surveillance • Control over personnel, property & a vehicle passing through the site’s • Alarm monitoring consoles perimeter • Access control: – Equipment – Building – Grounds design – Security practices Evaluation of safeguards

*PIDAS: Perimeter Intrusion Detection and PIDAS* Assessment System

Professional response force Technology and/or Cost

On-site guards Sensors - cameras Fences - access control

Staff security awareness

Threat understanding

Security Vulnerability Assessment. Training Materials.Sandia National Laboratories.USA R.W.Johnson for U.S. Chemical Security Engagement Program, February 2011. 1. Understanding the chemical hazards & threats are very important Key Points 2. The urgence need to address chemical safety & security 3. Several mitigation strategies could be implemented to address chemical risks 4. Implementation of holistic approach to chemical safety, security and management References q CCPS 2003. Center for Chemical Process Safety, Guidelines for Analyzing and Managing the Security Vulnerabilites of Fixed Chemical Sites. New York: AIChE. q Security Vulnerability Assessment. Training Materials. Sandia National Laboratories.USA R.W.Johnson for U.S. Chemical Security Engagement Program, February 2011. q Security Vulnerability Assessment Training Materials. CCPS. AIChE. USA. R.W. Johnson for U.S. Chemical Security Engagement Program, February 2011 q Security Vulnerability Assessment Methodology for the Petroleum and Petrochemical Industries, Second Edition. API. 2004 q Security Guidelines for the Petroleum Industry. API. 2005. q Picturesources: Google image Thank You

[email protected] INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF RED CROSS AND RED CRESCENT SOCIETIES

192 National Martin Krottmayer Red Cross and Sr. Officer, Tech & Bio Hazards Red Crescent Societies preparedness Leaving no one behind

Testimonial from Japanese RC – Medical response staff

“We were not at all aware of the possible damage at the nuclear power plant, and we started the treatment of tsunami survivors. But, soon after our arrival, we heard the news of the explosion, so that we had to pack up and change the location of our medical relief activities. “You are going to leave us!” survivors said to us reproachfully. My heart was close to breaking with a mixture of guilt and fear that I wanted to evacuate from

Ayumi Watanabe the radiation danger.” JRCS Emergency nurse Fukushima RC Hospital Understanding the Hazard Definitions Emergency A non-routine situation or event that necessitates prompt action, primarily to mitigate a hazard or adverse consequences for human life, health, property and the environment. Nuclear or radiological emergency An emergency in which there is, or is perceived to be, a hazard due to: (a) The energy resulting from a nuclear chain reaction or from the decay of the products of a chain reaction; or (b) Radiation exposure Source: IAEA Safety Glossary 2018 What is Radiation?

Radiation: Energy in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves

Ionizing Radiation: Radiation with sufficient energy to remove an electron from an atom or molecule. Radiation risks

Detrimental health effects of exposure to radiation (including the likelihood of such effects occurring), and any other safety related risks (including those to the environment) that might arise as a direct consequence of: (a) Exposure to radiation; (b) The presence of radioactive material (including radioactive waste) or its release to the environment; (c) A loss of control over a nuclear reactor core, nuclear chain reaction, radioactive source or any other source of radiation. Ionising versus Non – Ionising radiation Peaceful uses of nuclear technology

• Using nuclear technology is familiar to people. • Nuclear technology is used in wide applications. • The power generation sector is the largest application.

Irradiation Measurement devices Non destructive testing Industry / Manufacturing Sterilization High molecule processing Semiconductor processing

Agriculture Irradiation Mutation breeding Isotope / analyses

Medical Inspection Image diagnosis Radiation therapy

Energy is the largest application of nuclear Process heat systems in Generation of electricity Nuclear-powered ships energy usage. Energy chemical plants

Based on : JAEA ” Research report on market size for uses of nuclear technologies” International EPR System International EPR Framework Conventions • Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident (ENC) - 122 Parties – 69 signatories - including FAO, WHO, WMO, EURATOM

• Convention on Assistance in Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency (AC) - 117 Parties – 68 signatories - including FAO, WHO, WMO, EURATOM

Both Conventions are applicable for nuclear or radiological emergency, regardless of its origin Safety Standards

“transnational emergency” Operational Arrangements International Coordination - IACRNE Communication / Warning System 1 7 Notification and official information exchange

• Through officially designated Contact Points INES International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale

Goiania, Brazil - September 1987

• Abandoned Cancer Clinic discarded canisters from radiotherapy machine • Junkyard worker opened canisters revealing blue powder • Citizens contaminated with radioactive Cesium- 137

20 Consequences

• 5 deaths (including 6-year-old girl internally contaminated) • 28 with radiation burns • 49 hospitalized • 151 contaminated internally and externally • 249 people contaminated • Required monitoring of 112.000 persons for contamination (10% of local population) Example: Risk Assessment Canada - Ontario Nuclear power plants & Earthquake zones Preparedness Fiction or Reality…….

Pickering / Toronto, Canada 12 Jan 2020

Preparedness messages RCRC Nuclear & Radiological scope of Interventions - General Information to the public - Preparedness plans -Linking with national and local authorities Preparedness - Establishing a trust relationship with communities with regard to nuclear issues - Establishing partnerships - Information on specific health impact and preparedness issues, etc. -Joint messages specifically about preparedness in NR Accidents / Technological accidents - Business continuation

- General needs resulting from displaced population (e.g. food, water, shelter, livelihoods) Response - Specific needs (e.g. contamination), - general and specific medical needs (burns, injuries etc), - Preventive health interventions - Protection of staff and volunteers - Information for the population, etc.

Recovery -Psychosocial needs specific to nuclear crises - Social needs (livelihoods, education, resettlement), - Ongoing health needs, etc.

-Lessons learned from Chernobyl & Fukushima and similar events 30 Awareness & Comms

31 Thank You!

Contact: [email protected] UNDERSTANDING AND ADDRESSING DIFFERENT TYPES OF HAZARD RISKS

Disaster Risk Reduction – CBRN

Jeff Walker. JKG Consulting .Sydney. Australia AUSTRALASIAN INTER-SERVICE INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (AIIMS)

• Is the nationally recognized system of incident management utilising the “all agencies approach” AIIMS is based on 5 key principles:

• Management by objectives

• Functional management

• Span of control

• Flexibility

• Unity of Command DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESSES CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL RADIOLOGICAL AND NUCLEAR (CBRN)

• CBRN events are unique and demanding

• They include the element of surprise, unseen agents and risk of repetition

• These factors may create intense reaction with the public

• This is because of the risk perception factors such as unfamiliarity, inability of the government to act , lack of understanding and media saturation. COMMUNICATION CHALLENGES FOR CBRN THREATS

• Unpredictable

• Uncertainty and an evolving situation

• Lack of experts

• Differing reactions and behaviour

• Lack of understanding of risks. Lack of control measures

• Unlikely to happen

• Providing accurate information

• Trust THREAT PERCEPTION: THE LIKELIHOOD AND CONCERNS REGARDING CBRN FORMS OF TERRORISM

• Preparedness – confidence in the government to respond

• Preparedness –personal preparedness

• Trusted sources of information

• Preferred forms of media for credible information

• Anticipated response