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Asean Drug Monitoring Report 2016 ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2016 ASEAN-NARCO ASEAN Narcotics Cooperation Center ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2016 ASEAN-NARCO ASEAN Narcotics Cooperation Center Compiled by: Manop Kanato Poonrut Leyatikul Chuanpit Choomwattana August 2017 ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2016 © ASEAN Narcotics Cooperation Center (ASEAN-NARCO) 2017 Compiled by: Manop Kanato, Poonrut Leyatikul, Chuanpit Choomwattana Editors: Assoc.Prof.Manop Kanato, ISAN-KKU, Thailand Pol.Maj.Poonrut Leyatikul, ASC-VU, Thailand Ms.Chuanpit Choomwattana, Thailand Ms.Rachanikorn Sarasiri, Thailand Mrs.HJH Siti Rahmah DPS Hj Abd Rahman, Brunei Darussalam Pol.Brig.Gen. Kao Boumony, Cambodia Mr.Audie Carmy Wibisana, Indonesia Mr.Vathana Souvannachack, Lao PDR Mr.Mohd Azizi Salleh, Malaysia Pol.Maj. Khin Maung Thein, Myanmar Mr.Aaron Jose Camilet San Pedro, The Philippines Ms.Xiuqi Li, Singapore Mr.Le Hong Phong, Viet Nam. Formatted and Designed by: KhomKhai Training and Organizing Co.,Ltd. Suggested citation: Manop Kanato, Poonrut Leyatikul, Chuanpit Choomwattana et.al. (Eds.). 2017. ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2016. Bangkok: ASEAN Narcotics Cooperation Center. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from ASEAN-NARCO. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of ASEAN-NARCO or ASEAN Member States, nor does it imply any endorsement. Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to: ASEAN Narcotics Cooperation Center (ASEAN-NARCO) OFFICE OF THE NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD 5 Din Daeng Road, Phyathai District Bangkok 10400, Thailand email : [email protected] or [email protected] ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2016 Foreword It is our great pleasure to present the Crime (UNODC) were invited to share second issue of the ASEAN Drug information and experiences on drugs Monitoring (ADM) Report for the year monitoring with the ADMN. 2016, which is the only official report of annual drug situation analysis in The current Report contains a ASEAN. The ASEAN Drug Monitoring summary of drug situation in each Report 2016 also contributes to the ASEAN Member States and responses celebration of the 50th Anniversary of to such situation. The data appears in ASEAN that falls on 8 August 2017. the report is a result of the hard efforts Within the framework of the ASEAN in data collection on supply and Narcotics Cooperation Center (ASEAN- demand situation by the ADMN which NARCO) under the ASEAN Senior is not at all an easy task. Consequently, Officials on Drug Matters (ASOD), the other sources of data are also used for ASEAN Drug Monitoring Network the review and analysis in this report. (ADMN) was set up and the ADMN Methamphetamine remains the major Team was formed in 2015 with the drug of choice in ASEAN followed by cooperation of the national drug Crystal Methamphetamine (ICE), control focal points of ASEAN Member cannabis and heroin. The abuse of States. The Plus Three Countries and methamphetamine increased in some the United Nations Office on Drugs and ASEAN Member States and new kinds i ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2016 of substance were found spreading ASEAN Editorial Board comprising among young drug users. More members of the ADMN Team since the community-based treatment approach Report and the network belong to was taken into account focusing on ASEAN Member States. The ASEAN sharing experience and information on Editorial Board met for the first time this treatment programme. Drug during the 4th ADMN Operational seizures increased in every ASEAN Workshop on 30 July-1 August 2017 in Member State since illicit drug trafficking Khon Kaen Province, Thailand to was intercepted in air, land and sea review the final draft of the ADM routes. In addition, there was an Report 2016 before releasing to ASEAN emergence of illicit drug trafficking Member States and the public. We by mail in some ASEAN Member would like to express our gratitude to States, and these transactions were the Standing Office on Drugs and Crime facilitated by online communication (SODC) of Viet Nam for organising the and payment. Large amount launch of the ADM Report 2016 in of illicit precursor chemicals advance on 26 July 2017 at the were also smuggled into the illicit drug sidelines of the 38th ASOD in Ha Noi, production sites in the Golden Triangle Viet Nam. using some ASEAN Member States as transit points. Thailand as the coordinator and facilitator of the ADMN and ADMN There is a major change in the Team would like to thank all production of this report. Apart from stakeholders for their valuable the review and analysis by Thailand contribution in the development of Substance Abuse Academic Network, this Report. The inputs from the heads of national drug control focal points we mobilised more participation of the ASEAN Member States by forming an and ADMN Team are highly appreciated. ii ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2016 We would also like to thank the ASEAN the success of the Report. Last but not Secretariat and the Administrative least, we would like to thank the Committee of Thailand Substance Office of the Narcotics Control Board Abuse Academic Network as well as (ONCB) of Thailand for financing all ASEAN Dialogue Partners and UNODC activities of the ADMN including the for their assistance and cooperation for publication of this Report. “Securing ASEAN Communities Against Illicit Drugs” ADMN Team July 2017 iii ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2016 iv ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2016 Table of Contents Foreword i Table of Contents v Chapter 1 Overview of ASEAN Drug Trends and Patterns 1 Chapter 2 ASEAN Country Report 15 Brunei Darussalam 17 Cambodia 20 Indonesia 26 Lao PDR 29 Malaysia 33 Myanmar 41 Philippines 46 Singapore 52 Thailand 56 Viet Nam 61 v ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2016 Table of Contents Chapter 3 Major Drug Problems in ASEAN 73 Cannabis 75 Opium 79 Heroin 83 Methamphetamine (Tablet) 87 Methamphetamine (Crystal) 91 Chapter 4 Research Knowledge and Innovation 95 Chapter 5 Policy and Implementation Programme 111 ANNEX 131 Annual Report on Drug Situation in China 2016 133 vi ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2016 Chapter 1 Overview of ASEAN Drug Trends and Patterns 1 ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2016 2 ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2016 The ASEAN Drug Monitoring (ADM) (UN DESA) and ASEAN Statistical Report 2016 presents a comprehensive Yearbook, the population of ASEAN has annual overview of the latest drug increased from 186.4 million in 1955 to situation in ASEAN by focusing on the 631.8 million in 2016, with a rate of demand and supply of the main illicit 1.09%-2.83% per annum, ranging from drug types encountered in the region. 0.4 million in Brunei Darussalam to 255.7 Chapter 1 of the Report provides an million in Indonesia. ASEAN population overview of the drug situation in ASEAN. accounts for 8.62% of the world Chapter 2 focuses on ASEAN Member population, with Indonesia representing States’ individual report on their 40.77% of the ASEAN population. national drug situations. Chapter 3 ASEAN population density is 149 people presents major drug problems in ASEAN; per km2, where 48.8% of the population plant-based such as heroin, opium, lives in urban area. Gender ratio (males: cannabis and kratom, synthetic drugs females) in ASEAN is about 1:1 and such as methamphetamine tablet median age is 29.1 years. Approximately (Yaba), crystal methamphetamine (ICE) 60% of ASEAN population is under the and new psychoactive substances age of 35 and 43% is under the age of (NPS). Chapter 4 introduces research 24. knowledge and innovations undertaken by the Member States. Chapter 5 According to The World Bank, 68% of highlights ASEAN’s best practices in ASEAN population are 15-64 years old policy and implementation programmes. (varies from 61.4% in Lao PDR to 72.8% in Thailand). The Human Development ASEAN covers a land area of 4.5 million Index (HDI), a composite statistic of life km2. Based on the world population expectancy, education and income per data by the United Nations Department capita indicators, cited in the United of Economic and Social Affairs Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 3 ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2016 Human Development Report 2015, private investment and rapidly varies from 0.536 for Myanmar to 0.912 developing domestic demand. for Singapore with an average of 0.673 for ASEAN. It is estimated that the However, there is still the threat of population of ASEAN will increase to unemployment. The rate of unemploy- 792 million people in 2050. ment has increased by 2.9% across Southeast Asia and the Pacific. In The ASEAN economy is projected to ASEAN, several countries are releasing grow by over 5% per year and become workers from state-owned enterprises the fourth largest economy in the world as there are insufficient opportunities by 2050. For example, Cambodia is for them. Almost 57% of all workers in attracted by strong tourism, export of the region remain below the poverty garments and agricultural production, line. The inability to find legitimate as well as the profits from oil and gas employment makes them vulnerable to extraction to come in the future. risky or indecent work (ILO 2007). Meanwhile, Viet Nam flourishes through 4 ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2016 The United Nations Office on Drugs and regular basis and some others do not Crime (UNODC) estimated that around conduct them at all. 5% of the global adult population used drugs at least once in 2015. The In the absence of data on overall drug situation is worsened by the fact that use, data on drug users admitted to about 29.5 million of those drug users, treatment was used as an estimate. or 0.6% of the global adult population, In 2016, over 190,000 drug users in suffer from drug use disorders (UNODC ASEAN were admitted into drug 2017).
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