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Zines to Ezines: Electronic Publishing and the Literary Underground FROM ZINES TO EZINES: ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING AND THE LITERARY UNDERGROUND A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Frederick A. Wright August, 2001 Dissertation written by Frederick A. Wright B.A., Bowling Green State University, 1992 M.A., Kent State University, 1995 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2001 Approved by ------------------------------------, Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee ------------------------------------, Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ Accepted by -----------------------------------, Chair, Department of English -----------------------------------, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...............................................................................................iv Chapter I. FROM ZINES TO EZINES: ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING AND THE LITERARY UNDERGROUND...............................................................8 II. ZINEOLOGY: THE HISTORY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ZINES....................................................................................................30 III. HYPERTEXT, THE INTERNET, AND THE WORLD WIDE WEB: THE NEW ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING TECHNOLOGIES...............56 IV. TEXTFILES, ASCII TEXT-ONLY EZINES, HOME PAGES, ONLINE JOURNALS, ONLINE MAGAZINES, AND WEBLOGS: ONLINE PUBLISHING IN THE 20TH CENTURY.............................................88 V. A STUDY OF 512 EZINES AND ZINE WEBSITES...........................112 VI. REACTIONS TO ZINE PUBLISHERS ONLINE AND THE FUTURE OF ZINES............................................................................................157 NOTES........................................................................................................................195 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................................................................200 Appendix A EZINES AND ZINE WEBSITES.........................................................267 B ZINES..................................................................................................317 C CATEGORY LISTS OF EZINES AND ZINE WEBSITES..................359 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS All of the following contributed to the completion of this project. Thank you. The Internet newsgroup alt.zines, Ron Androla, Jen Angel, BaddyC, Cliff Bailey, Dr. Catherine Bakes, Aaron Barnhart, Michael Basinski, Doug Bassett, Chris Becker, Beth of Yeesh!, Susan Boren, Dr. Mark Bracher, Rachael Buffington, Donald Busky, Kelli Callis, Sean Carswell, Chris of Fat Nipples, Allen Claxton, Dr. Ronald Corthell, Dr. Raymond Craig, Dr. Claire Culleton, John Dern, Delaine Derry, Chris Dodge, Todd Doman, Dr. Ute Dymon, Scout Finnegan, Michelle Freund, Gifcom, God, Batya Goldman, Shawn Granton, Matt Hall, Ayun Halliday, Dr. Donald Hassler, Keith Higginbotham, Lisa Hofmann, Doug Holland, Erin Holman, Michael Jackman, Marc Jeftovic, Tom Jenkins, Jerianne, Violet Jones, Jamie Kennard, Jeff Koyen, Dr. Wayne Kvam, Paul Lappen, Dawn Lashua, Paola Lombardo, Rich Mackin, Peter Maranci, Jack Maxx, Glenn McDonald, Fiona McQuarrie, W.H. Mitchell, Chris Monkey, Kurt Nimmo, Nadia Onionholio, Henry H. Owings, D.B. Pedlar, Stephen Perkins, Ken Picklesimer Jr., Lara Popboffin, Jerod Pore, Amy Posemodern, Jennifer Posemodern, Bruno Privatti, Scott Puckett, Dr. Robin Queen, Matthew Ralph, J. Rassoul, Carl Robinson, Josh Ronsen, Daniel Rosner, Rita Rouvalis, Heath Row, Chip Rowe, Jack Saturn, Dr. Margaret Shaw, Joe Smith, Michael Stutz, Elizabeth Sweeny, Dan Taylor, Owen Thomas, Rev. Randall Tin-ear, Cheryl Townsend, Tom Trusky, David Turner, The Underground Literary iv Alliance, Alfred Vitale, Stephen Voss, Karl Wenclas, Dr. Clarence Wunderlin, Mike Wooldridge, Sue Wright, William Wright, Ray X, Ciara Xyerra, the staff of Zine World: A Reader’s Guide To The Underground Press, and zine and ezine publishers and readers worldwide. v Wright Chapter One 6 WRIGHT, FREDERICK A., Ph.D., August, 2001 ENGLISH FROM ZINES TO EZINES: ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING AND THE LITERARY UNDERGROUND (382 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Raymond A. Craig Gauging how electronic publishing technologies may affect literature in the future, this project examines how publishers in the underground literary world of zines are utilizing electronic publishing. I argue that the relationship between print and electronic publishing is complex, and that despite claims of “the death of the book” and that hypertext transforms writing, literature will continue to flourish in the future in both traditional and new forms, in print and on screen. Research is based on a body of 512 ezines and zine related websites and interviews with 54 people involved with zines and ezines. The first chapter introduces the study and explains the background, organization, and methodology of it, laying out the argument that by studying how zine publishers are experimenting with electronic publishing in the present, a better understanding of how electronic publishing may affect literature and literary culture in the future can be achieved. The second chapter details the origins of print zines, arguing that their historical development has resulted in characteristics of personal communication, opposition to the mainstream, noncommercial ethos, and the use of affordable and available technology. The third chapter traces the development of hypertext, the Internet, Wright Chapter One 7 and the World Wide Web, the technologies that have made electronic publishing a viable alternative to print publishing for zine publishers, presenting claims and questions that have revolved around these technologies and their use. The fourth chapter explores the history and characteristics of online media such as textfiles, ASCII text-only ezines, home pages, online journals, online magazines, and weblogs, arguing that their legacy influenced the work of zine publishers online. The fifth chapter explains what zine publishers are doing online by analyzing 512 electronic publications, placing them in the major categories of promotional websites, archive websites, online co-publishes, and ezines, arguing that print publishing exerts a considerable influence on their activities but that electronic publishing has opened new possibilities and challenges. The sixth and final chapter explores how readers and society have responded to the online work of zine and ezine publishers, and offers conclusions and conjectures on the future of zines, literature, mass media, and publishing. Wright Chapter One 8 Chapter One From Zines To Ezines: Electronic Publishing And The Literary Underground Introduction To The Study The January 1, 2000 issue of Newsweek included a special section entitled “The 21st Century: A User’s Guide,” which predicted what life in the new century would be like. Among other prognostications, the magazine declared that printed books would be relegated to the dustbin of history, replaced by electronic books (Levy, “It’s Time To Turn The Last Page” 96). In the heat of millennium fever, the magazine presented the shift from books on paper to books on screen as inevitable, but in 2001 with Harry Potter novels setting sales records for printed books and surveys suggesting that only 1 in 5 consumers will purchase an electronic book in the near future, it’s not at all certain that Newsweek’s forecast will indeed come to pass (“Potter Sales Hit Magic Number”; Italie). However, the very raising of the possibility that printed matter may cease to be a significant cultural presence in the future suggests the question of what consequences may arise from this change, if any. To date, because most major publishers were reluctant to embrace electronic publishing, the cultural critics who had weighed in on the subject could offer little more than speculation that ranged from the utopian to the apocalyptic. This dissertation seeks to change that state of affairs by presenting an analysis of the experiences of a literary subculture heretofore based on print--zines, publications issued by an individual or small group for personal reasons--and the experimentation with electronic publishing occurring within it. Because the motivation for publishing a zine is driven more by passion than profit and zine publishers typically Wright Chapter One 9 use the most affordable and accessible publishing technology available to them, the zine community has been less reluctant than major publishers, who often have large amounts of capital invested in the established ways of print publishing, to embrace electronic publishing and is consequently facing at the present time many issues raised by a move from print to electronic publishing. To that end, I studied a body of 512 electronic publications by zine and ezine publishers and interviewed 54 people associated with either ezines or zines in order to assess how zine publishers were experimenting with online publishing. Their experiences serve as a guide for what the larger literary culture may expect should such a shift in publishing media occur. Furthermore, coming at a time when decisions concerning the use of new electronic publishing technologies and the future of print are being weighed by those in the academy, the mass media, and the publishing industry, this study may illuminate discussions which would otherwise remain in the realm of the hypothetical, and in turn lead to decisions based on the best evidence available instead of on untested
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