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Uofcpress Landhaschanged 2 University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2010 The land has changed: history, society and gender in colonial Eastern Nigeria Korieh, Chima J. University of Calgary Press Chima J. Korieh. "The land has changed: history, society and gender in colonial Eastern Nigeria". Series: Africa, missing voices series 6, University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/48254 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 3.0 Unported Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca University of Calgary Press www.uofcpress.com THE LAND HAS CHANGED History, Society and Gender in Colonial Eastern Nigeria Chima J. Korieh ISBN 978-1-55238-545-6 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. 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Acknowledgement: We acknowledge the wording around open access used by Australian publisher, re.press, and thank them for giving us permission to adapt their wording to our policy http://www.re-press.org/content/view/17/33/ index a Aba, x, 1, 2, 37, 42, 68, 74, 84, 123, 126, 127, Amaeke Abam Rubber Estate, 203 � 138, 147, 163, 179, 182, 183, 184, Amata, 127 � 186–89, 235, 252, 254, 257, 275–77 � Ambroses Rivers, 51 � Commission of Inquiry, 1, 123, 134, 141, Ameke Abam, 240 � 142, 275 � American crops, 30 � � Community League in, 185, 186, 277 American Jewish Committee, 222 � District of, 90, 91,130 � Anang, 5 � Division of, 42, 86, 88, 113, 170, 179 � Anderson, David, 170 � Gari Traders Association at, 185 � � Riot of 1929, 125 � Andoni, 127 � River in, 254 � Anglican Diocese of the Niger, 107 Abaja, 166 � Anglo-Spanish Employment Agency, 261 � Abak, 114, 198 � Aro, 48, 53, 116 � Abakaliki, 215, 224 � District of, 111 � � District of, 138 � Expedition of 1901–1902, 63 � Division of, x, 138, 176, 183 � Arochukwu Cocoa Estate, 203, 203 Abeokuta, 66, 136 � Asa, 283n7 � Abia State, 4, 256, 283n7 � Asaba, 78, 107, 283n7 � Abia/Bendeghe Cocoa Estate, 203 � Division, 136 � � Accelerated Development Agricultural Asia, 124 Programs, 245 � Asian crops, 30 � Achara, 63 � Atlantic Slave Trade, 17, 20, 31, 34, 35, 49, � Achebe, Chinua, 43, 44 � 51, 55, 87, 296n134 � Achebe, Nwando, 16 � Atta, 129 � Achi, 100 � Attwood, R. L., 147 � Afigbo, Adiele, 128, 140 � Awgu Division, 176 Afikpo, 4, 138, 176, 251 � Awka, 14, 48, 93, 137, 138, 139, 183, 194, � African Association Limited, 298n14 � 254, 255 � Aftenpos, 221 � Native Court of, 137 Azumini, 113 � Agbaja, 114 � Aguata, 283n7 � Agwu Division, 169 � b Ahaoda, 255 � bamboo, 171 � Ahiara, 63,116, 135 � Bamenda, 40, 109 � Expedition of, 298n15 � Barbot, James, 50 � Akabo, 154 � Barbot, John, 50, 51 � Akwete, 32, 153 � Basden, G. T., 41, 45, 133 � Alagoa, E. J., 62 � Bauer, P. T., 192 � Allen, J.G.C., 70, 72, 74 � beeswax,171 � Alliance for Health, 233 � Belgian Congo, 167 � Allpress, P. L., 170 � Belgian Geographical Society, 57 � 363 Bende, 48, 126, 147 Carr, F. D., 86, 87, 157, 164, 166, 167, 300n Division of, 179 52, 302n11 Benin, 29, 39, 136 cassava, 114, 177, 214, 215, 245, 250, 252, Benue, 257 254, 267 Berry Sara, 7, 9,115, 232 cattle, 30 Biafra, 38, 220, 221, 224 Ceylon, 207 Biafra Development Corporation (BDC), Chambers, Douglas, 49 225 charcoal fuel, 171 Biakpan Rubber Estate, 203 Chubb, L. T., 166, 191 Bight Negroes, 50 Chuku, Gloria, 16 Bight of Biafra, 30, 41, 49, 50, 52, 89 Chukuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, 217, 225 Hinterland of, 77, 292n40 Church Missionary Society, 101 biscuits, 173 Church of Biafra, 107 Boje Cocoa Estate, 203 Clifford, Hugh, 79, 81, 93 Boki, 208 Clough, Raymond Gore, 57, 84, 132, 134 Bonny, 31, 79, 89 Clute, Robert, 8 Coconut Estate in, 203 cocoyams, 28, 30 Boserup, Ester, 8 Colonial Development and Welfare Act, Braham, Alex J., 67 190, 196 bread, 173 Committee for Peace in Nigeria, 221 Bridges, A.F.B., 70, 113, 187 confectionery, 173 Britain, 168 Conference of Christian Rural Workers, Empire of, 59 102 British and Continental African Company Congo, 81 Limited, 298n14 Cooks, A. E., 74, 84, 85, 126, 139, 147, 182 British, 170, 172, 182, 259 Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine, 39 Brockway, Lord Fenner, 221 Couper Johnstone and Company, 298n14 Brown, J. B., 109 Coursey, D. G., 41 Butcher, H.L.M., 187 Cross River, 4, 29, 48, 127, 254 butter, 173 d C Dance Movement, 130 Calabar, 31, 61, 62, 75, 78, 89, 125, 147, 188, Davidson, Basil, 170 202, 261 Davies, J. B., 258, 262 Catering Rest House in, 259 de Carli, Denis, 39 District of, 259 Delta Igbo, 283n7 Province of, 137, 252, 259 Denman, Captain, Joseph, 52 Calaro Oil Palm Estate, 203 Dependency theory, 288n50 Cameroon, 40, 109, 259, 263 Diamond, Stanley, 255 River, 51 Dibia, Felix, x Southern, 263 Campbell, Benjamin, 52 Dike, Kenneth O., 42, 55, 253 Cape of Good Hope, 29 Dikwa, 66 Carew, W. E., 32 Dobinson, H. H., 41 Caritas, 219 Douglas Expedition, 298n15 364 The l and has Changed Faulkner, O. T., 91, 98, 99 e Feierman, Steven, 125 Eastern Nigeria, xi, 1, 10, 4, 81, 104, 108, Fernando Po, 260, 261, 263 111, 115, 131, 168, 182, 183, 194, 200 First World War, 91, 259 Development Corporation of, x, 198, fish, 30, 31, 47, 92,173, 224, 229 202, 259 FitzGerald, J.E.A., 163 Regional Produce Development Board Flint, J. E., 29 of, 113, 198 flour, 173, 175 Provinces of, 191 Floyd, Barry, 14, 209, 210 Region of, 175, 207, 213 Food and Agricultural Organization of the Eboe, 50 United Nations (FAO), 6, 285n15 Echeruo, Michael J.C., 41, 42, 53, 84 Forest Department, 78 Efik, 55, 261 Fortes, M., 27 Egbema, 245 Fourth National Development Plan, 1981– Egejuru, Phanuel, 44, 266 85, 240 Egerton, Walter, 76, 79 French, 39 Egypt, 29 Freund, Bill, 94 Ekechi, Felix, 79 Ekecjiuba, Felicia, 42, 55 g Eket Oil Palm Estate, 203 Gailey, Harry, 128 Ekoi, 55 Gallagher, J., 298n5 Ekwerazu, 116, 135 Gallwey, Captain H. L., 53 Elele, 255 Germany, 53, 168 Oil Palm Estate in, 203 Ghana, 9 Rubber Estate in, 203 Globe and Mail, 219 Eltis, David, 49 Gold Coast, 51, 81 Eluama, 159 Grazilhier, John, 31, 51 Emeabiam, 240, 267 Great Britain, 53 Rubber Estate in, 203 Great Depression, 12, 19, 24, 257 Enugu, x, 121, 215, 235, 256 Green Revolution, 240 Enugu-Ezike, 156 Green, Margaret M., 93, 114 Equiano, Olaudah, 31, 32, 40, 291n23 gum copal, 171 Erei, 208 Etche Rubber Estate, 203 Etiti, 255 h Etua, 63 Hahn, Richard, 223 Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 27 Haig, E.F.G., 101 Ezionum, 63 Harcourt, A. B., 32 Ezza, 32, 35, 63, 255 Harris, J. S., 40, 93 Ezzi, 138 Hatton and Cookson, 298n14 Havinden, Michael, 7 Henderson, A. B., 147 f Henderson, Richard, 57 Falconbridge, Alexander, 41, 50 Herington, Norman, 100, 102 Falk, Edward Morris, 1, 42, 68, 84, 90, 147 Hives, F., 57 farm settlements, x, 10, 101, 192, 200, 207– honey, 171 12, 228, 238, 319n62 index 365 Hopkins, Anthony, G. xii, 40 Hutchinson, Richard, 52 Hyden, Goran, 124 k Kaduna, 259 Kalabari, 31 i Kalu, Ogbu U., xviii, 283n7 Ibadan, 98, 100, 102 Kano, 66, 183, 189, 259 Ibiae Oil Palm Estate, 203 Kenya, 217 Ibibio, 50, 261 Klein, Martin, 118 Ibrahim Babangida, 244 Koler, Hermann, 31 Idemili, 283n7 Kopytoff, Igor, 98 Idoma, 55 Korieh, Chima, J., 286n22 Idu, 62 Kumba, 260 Ife, 79, 117 Kwa Falls Oil Palm Estate, 203 Igala, 55 Kwa Ibo River, 127 Igbariam, 208 Igbo Diaspora, 221 Ijo, 55 l Lagemann, J., 9 Ikom, 138 Lagos, 78, 168, 175, 235 cocoa estate in, 203 Illife, John, 92, 170 Land and Native Rights Ordinances, 81 Imo River, 49, 90, 127, 254 Land Use Decree, 239 Imo State, 4, 256 Latin America, 124 India, 207 Law, Bonar, 111 indirect rule, 64, 65–67, 71, 124, 128, 142, Leith-Ross, Sylvia, 75, 128, 253 174, 299n20, 299n29 Leonard, Major A.
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