sign in sign up
<<
Home , Bayit VeGan, Beit HaKerem (Bible), Givat HaMatos, Gush Etzion Junction, Har HaMenuchot, Illit

5800 2050

The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 1 A Futuristic Vision for Metropolitan Jerusalem

Planning Committee Monitoring Committee Head of Committee Shlomo Gertner, Kimchi Director of the Jerusalem Studies Architect and Urban Planner Desk: Planning The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies Hotels and Tourism Arieh Lees | Hotelink Tourism Ltd. Professor Noam Shoval Head of the Department of Geography, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem Open Spaces and Sustainability Dr. Global planning, transportation and urban Natan Sas, Sas Urban and Regional Planning IBI Group architecture firm Dr. Yair Duchin Economics Yoram Ginzburg Architect and urban planner Cultural Legacy and Preservation Giora Ze’ev Hacohen Jerusalem Region planner for the Solar, Architect Israel Nature and Parks Authority Demographics Yaakov Faiteleson Ro’i Orbach Environmental consultant Transportation Dr. Shimon Farhang, Michah Ben-Nun Architect Landuse Moni Ben-Ari Past consultant for development to Airport Planning Uri Dekel, Architect the Jerusalem Municipality Sustainability Valentina Nelin, Adv., Architect Booklet Production T’chelet Communications, Ltd. Project Manager Ziva Glanz Illustrations Boris Yaakov Aerial Photography Tatspit Aerial Photography Editing Carmit Kattav

2 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 3 The Jerusalem Metropolis Master Plan involved extensive research, mapping, statistical reviews, and various data processing. The book presented to you is an abstract of the original plan. For further information please email [email protected], or visit www.jerusalem5800.com Contents 09 The Vision Jerusalem Rebuilt Jerusalem Metropolitan Borders The Demographic Challenge 16 Site Development in the New City The Open Spaces Layout Open Spaces in the City Urban Forest 32 Parks Outside the City Hotels and Tourism Where will the Billionth Tourist Stay? Realizing the Tourism Potential 44 Smart Tourism Management in the Metropolis The Tourism Network The Mikvaot Project (Ritual Baths) The Nahal Refaim National Park The Biblical Experience Network Jerusalem Gates

Transportation The Circumferential Road The Subway 68 Railway Stations The Airport

Sustainability in Jerusalem The Ecological Smart Street 90 Renewable Energies Appendix 106 Methodologies In memory of Dr. Yitzhak (Irving) Moskowitz, who transformed dreams into reality in Jerusalem, 1928 – 2016

4 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 5 Ministry of Jerusalem and Heritage Ministry of Tourism

June 5, 2016 June 5, 2016 28th Iyar 5776 28th Iyar 5776 "Jerusalem is built as a closely compacted together city (heve lah Dear Readers, yachdav)" (Ps. 122) – [the Sages said it is] a city that unites all of Israel I hope you enjoy reading this review of the anticipated and exciting in friendship.” (J.T. Hagiga) plans for future of Israel’s capital city, Jerusalem. The Jerusalem 5800 Plan is a long-term master plan for the year Jerusalem is a sui generis. Its picturesque natural scenery houses 2050, which outlines a vision for the realization of Jerusalem’s timeless ancient sites, holy to three religions. It is a city that connects past potential as a cosmopolitan center for culture and tourism. The plan not and future, a city where historic and modern sit side-by-side. It is a only connects the capital city’s past to its present and future, but also city that carries with it an important age-old legacy – but also has organically integrates Jerusalem with the greenery and lush forests a vibrant and vital present. To a great extent, the reflection of all of that surround it. Israel can be seen in Jerusalem: green views from the west and desert The planning for the future development of Israel is of paramount landscapes from the east, a rich history merging with technological importance and this is specifically true concerning Jerusalem. This progress, and a diversity of population which opens a window into so plan advances possibilities for a comprehensive future program for many fascinating cultures. Our capital is a magnet for tourism to Israel, Israel’s capital. and the government of Israel sees tourism to Jerusalem as a source of economic development for the city. We see great importance in the city The approach of the plan is both unique and revolutionary because it as a central, important, and meaningful tourist destination. does not focus solely on the localized needs of the city in a vacuum. Rather, it takes a broader perspective, places emphasis on the wider I invite you to discover what the future holds for Jerusalem, to marvel Jerusalem region and promotes Jerusalem as a metropolitan center at the ingenuity, and to allow the myriad ideas in this book to leave for its suburban neighbors including , Mevaseret , their impression on you – innovations in transportation, sustainability, Maaleh Adumim, , and others. infrastructure, construction, and of course – tourism. This initiative is most welcome and imperative for the future of I would like to take this opportunity to invite you to come to Jerusalem, “Metropolitan Jerusalem.” I am deeply hopeful that conversations will visit and tour the city, and enjoy the great unique experience it has to continue to move forward amongst members of the Israeli Government offer, each and every one of you. regarding these plans and future of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. May you have the greatest of success!

Yariv Levin Ze'ev Elkin Minister of Tourism Minister for Jerusalem and Legacy Affairs

6 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 7 The City of Jerusalem in the Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan

Legend Ramallah

Atarot – Main Samir Amis metropolitan center of employment combined with residential area Kfar Aqab 60 Kalandia 443

Giv’at Ze’ev

Atarot

Tel Adasa The Vision

Beit Hanina What will Jerusalem look like in 35 Nebi Samuel combined tourism center years? What will the city's social

Pisgat Ze’ev character be? What will the citywide Ramot

Shuafat Maaleh and inter-city transportation systems Anata Adumim combined Emek HaArazim tourism center Har be like? What will be unique about the Hotzvim 1 Har HaMenuchot 1 Ma’a lot Dafna city? What kind of people will visit? Mekor Wadi Mevaseret Zion Baruch Me’ah Shearim al-Joz combined tourism center What will be the city's central sites? Giv’at Shaul The Yaffo St. Gate ‘ A-Tor The The Jerusalem 5800 Plan presents an

BeginGiv’at Blvd. The

Ram St George . King Har Herzl (IDF Military Cemetery) Beit HaKerem innovative, groundbreaking vision for Talbieh The City combined of David tourism center Ein Karem Cultural Center Bayit VeGan the city of Jerusalem in the second The German Colony Kiryat Yovel Giv’at Mordechay Bak’ah Kiryat Menahem Ramat Sharet half of the 21st century. Gonen Manhat Jabel Mukaber RoadArnona Open Hotels & Transportation Sustainability Giv’at Masuah Talpiot Rebuilt Spaces Tourism in Jerusalem Biblical Zoo

Ramat Givat HaMatos Rachel Nahal Refaim Park Biblical Theme Givat HaMatos Park combined tourism center

Har Homa

60

Bethlehem

8 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 9 The vision

Jerusalem, a city holy to the The historic and spiritual three monotheistic religions, is one of the premier tourist destinations in the world legacy of the city make today. The historic and spiritual legacy of the city makes it unique, almost unrivaled it unique, unrivaled throughout the world. Considering the expected growth in world tourism over throughout the world. the coming decades, the potential for tourists in Jerusalem is huge. Already has been unrealized. The name of this today, tourism makes a large percentage project – Jerusalem 5800 – is taken for the of the city's economy, and in the future, plan's target year, the Hebrew year 5800, it may become the driving force of the but before the year 2050 on Gregorian city’s development, both in logistical calendar. construction terms and in societal impact. Three decades from today is a realistic However, Jerusalem as it exists timeframe for implementation and today, cannot realize this potential. In realization of such a vision for the future order to take in the millions of tourists of the city of Jerusalem. expected to arrive, tens of thousands Public representatives, government of new hotel rooms must be built, the ministers, decision makers and those in city's transportation system must be municipal positions relevant to urban upgraded substantially, and urban spaces planning of the greater metropolitan must be designed to meet the needs of Jerusalem region can adopt the plan in both tourists and local residents. Such its entirety, or parts thereof. Because it is dramatic change requires comprehensive, based on the foundations of existing plans integrated planning: the intra-city and in government offices and ministries as inter-city transportation systems need well as those of Jerusalem municipality, it to be routed to the locations of hotel, brings together past plans while integrating tourist attractions, and pilgrimage sites, additional ones created by the Jerusalem as well as to residential neighborhoods. so many tourists. state to the desired state within the next Jerusalem’s uniqueness 5800 Planning Committee. Thus, the plan as a city holy to the three Not only does this planned infrastructure As of today, there are many plans in half a century. This is a is a deeply most proposed here offers a vision that includes monotheistic religions is not yet exist, unfortunately, it stands at various areas for changing the face of problematic reality given that only a broad- thinking for the economic optimization of expected to bring millions odds with the current situation. Over the Jerusalem and bringing it up to date with minded, all-inclusive policy, which takes of tourists. Crowds at the metropolitan Jerusalem. past few decades, there have been large the 21st century. These were created in into account the entirety of the developing Plaza on The goal of the plan is to improve the the festival of Succoth uncontrolled strides taken towards creation various government ministries: those of city’s needs, will be able to respond to economic and social impact of the region’s (Tabernacles). Behind, of a bi-national greater metropolitan Tourism, Transportation, Interior, and the challenge and ensure Jerusalem’s place diverse population by increasing tourism to Muslim Mosques visible Jerusalem. This uncontrolled process Treasury, by the Jerusalem Municipality, by on the international tourism map in a on the Temple Mount. a far greater extent than which exists today, negates all of the principles of sustainable private sector firms, and others. Yet, each manner competitive with other leading 2011 numbers in line with the growth forecasts development. of these plans deals almost exclusively global tourist centers. for regional and international tourism. As If a planned vision is not realized – with one aspect of the city’s future and Due to this situation, the Jerusalem demonstrated herein, the realistic tourism one that integrates the various aspects of are largely geared for the short-term – or, 5800 Plan proposes principles for planning forecast for metropolitan Jerusalem for development in the city of Jerusalem – the at best, slightly longer than short-term and development of the metropolitan the year 2050 is 10 million annual tourists potential for tourism, and the economic development. They do not present a Jerusalem area in a long-term, sustainable from abroad and 2 million local tourists. boon that comes with it, will be lost. comprehensive view of the problems nor a process through the year 2050. The full Such numbers could allow for Jerusalem’s This plan was born of a present comprehensive view of possible solutions plan deals with all aspects of metropolitan economy to thrive based mainly on necessity and the sense that the main for gradual development and growth of planning and development – including tourism and related industries, presuming potential in Jerusalem - that of the place metropolitan Jerusalem with the aim of the municipal region of Jerusalem and that the infrastructure is created to house itself and the diverse society therein, moving the city forward from its current the greater area of influence – but also

10 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 11 The vision

year 2050 the current political problems will - the Jewish people. In Jerusalem and be resolved in a manner that will preserve a the surrounding area, the culture, faith, unified metropolitan Jerusalem. We did not and ethics of the nation were formed address how this conflict will be resolved, over the millennia. Many of those ideals a question that is beyond the boundaries of transformed to inform universal values this plan, but we presumed (for apolitical which are common to other nations and reasons) that the metropolitan Jerusalem have informed other religions and peoples. region will not be divided. Thus, we relate to Jerusalem is considered holy to adherents the metropolis as a territorial stretch wherein of the Abrahamic religions and many strive people and goods move freely. We further to visit the city. The Master Plan’s vision presumed that in 2050 there will be some 5 understands the importance of realizing million residents living in the metropolitan Jerusalem’s destiny as a global spiritual Jerusalem region, and some 12 million center, capable of serving millions of tourists visiting the city annually. tourists from Israel and abroad and offering Jerusalem is the historic, modern, them a unique, spiritual, and religious and future capital of the Hebrew nation experience.

Metropolitan Planning for Jerusalem as a Socio-Economic Model

Realizing the unique potential: A holy cosmopolitan city

Improving the economy for the Promoting city of Jerusalem the and its residents metropolitan (solving the tourism poverty development emphasizes the three issues which are, in the world. This factor will increase the GNP Even today, the Old City situation) plan the opinion of the initiators of this plan and significantly improve employment of Jerusalem is a mosaic of religious and spiritual Changing and the Planning Committee, strategic rates in Israel, as just one million additional tourism that meshes with awareness: issues that bear impact on the realization tourists would increase Israel’s GNP by classic tourism. A beautiful Jerusalem as of the general vision: tourism, hotels, the 2.5%. expression of this is seen transportation system, and open spaces. Currently, Jerusalem faces serious in the the center of the The Jerusalem 5800 Project offers a political issues, which are part of the market, which is both a metropolitan central passageway to region brave economic and multi-pronged vision political dynamic facing the entire State of Jewish, Christian, and Development for metropolitan Jerusalem. It presents Israel. From an urban point of view, the Muslim holy sites, and and preservation a focal point for Holy of a region of an opportunity to turn Jerusalem into a Arab-Israeli conflict has led to the physical Leading cosmopolitan city, but this vision requires division of the area by the separation Land souvenir shopping. cultural legacy projects for – infrastructure Sights in the marketplace, realizing the broadmindedness and the ability to see barrier, a division that poses problems for Summer 2015 development beyond the current reality. the quality of life within the Jerusalem vision A regional hub for future tourists – 35 metropolis as well as posing ecological million people will travel through a new problems. Therefore, in our estimation, The inclusive airport each year – in addition to the 16 this current political status-quo cannot 2050 million that are to travel through Ben- remain in the long-term in metropolitan Metropolitan Gurion Airport, combining to make Israel Jerusalem or in the overall Judea and Master Plan one of the largest centers for air travel in Samaria region. We presume that by the

12 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 13 The vision

The Jerusalem 5800 Plan deals with long-term planning for Metropolitan Jerusalem according to these fundamental principles:

Israel is a Jewish State, which protects the democratic rights of the minorities living within its boundaries. Decision making with an understanding of demographics and sovereignty will be required to ensure a Jewish majority in The State of Israel is the heart of the State of Israel and in Jerusalem, its capital. the Jewish people, and Jerusalem is the heart of the State of Israel, the Jewish people in Israel, and the 4 Jewish people in the diaspora. 1

The plan is based on analysis of the current state of affairs in Jerusalem – the formation of a bi-national metropolis, spread out over the city and its surrounding environs and defining the economic region. Today, within the municipal region of Jerusalem there is Growth of the Jewish population a mixed population of and non-Jewish in Israel over the coming minorities at the ratio of 65:35. This is a very decades will be supported by the low ratio for the capital city of the Jewish country attracting Jews in the 5 people and the State of Israel as a Jewish diaspora to immigrate to Israel 2 state. In past Israeli government policy as a choice and not out of a desperate need. documents, theoretical ratios of 75:25 or 80:20 were stipulated.

The proposed plan wishes to bring about The proposed plan was formed based a situation wherein at least the current on an analysis and understanding of minimal ratio of Jewish to minority fundamental progression, with the goal population – 65:35 – is preserved, with 3 the majority of the population added to of constructing a process that will shape 6 the future and increase the chances for metropolitan Jerusalem over the coming decades coming from the metropolitan prosperity of the State ofJewish Israel andpeople. the ring, neighborhoods, and areas outside the municipal city limits of Jerusalem.

14 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 15 Jerusalem Rebuilt

Jerusalem Rebuilt

Jerusalem is full of under-developed architectural treasures and delights, both in the Old City and outside its walls. Preservation of these sites and their reconstruction will, together with development of ancient streets, transform them into centers of tourism, entertainment, and shopping. This will enrich the experience of visiting Jerusalem, making it an even more engaging and multifaceted experience.

The future hi-tech area in Atarot

16 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 17 Jerusalem Rebuilt Jerusalem Rebuilt

he city of Jerusalem and An example of a neglected its surroundings are full of Proper development ancient site turned unique tourist attraction archeological remains. The of sites can make T and historical site. A archeological finds uncovered throughout grape stomp at the the city date from the pre-Biblical area them attractive, reconstructed Ein Yael through Biblical times, the thus contributing wine press. Period, the Hellenistic Period, the centuries The ancient streets of Roman rule, governance by the to the quality of life outside the Old City , the warring Caliphates walls could become, with and Crusaders, the Mameluke period, and education in the proper development, tourism and sightseeing and the . There are also neighborhood. A good attractions which would many buildings of deep modern historical mesh well with the master significance including many constructed example of a minor development plan for city. during the first years of , during site, the development Cafés on Nahalat the British Mandate, and after the HaShiv’ah, 2007. establishment of the State of Israel. of which would Some of the archeological sites in become attractive Jerusalem are well-known, the most famous in the environs of the Old City to and popular with and just outside its walls. They include ancient settlements, facilities, roads, visitors, is Ein Yael. cemeteries and more. Some of them have been excavated or are being excavated and own impressive currently and which placed on display for visitors to enjoy as are of less interest to the general archeological sites while others remain population and laypeople. They could active holy sites for the different religions. however be transformed through proper The Temple Mount, the Western Wall, development, either by the municipality, , and the Church of the Holy private enterprise or by neighborhood Sepulture are all examples of numerous organizations, thus contributing to the age-old sites that remain places of prayer quality of life and education in the and pilgrimage today. neighborhood. A good example of such The upkeep and preservation of holy a site, the development of which began sites is ensured by both law and by power to attract crowds, is Ein Yael. Sites of tradition and as a result of their such as this are to be found all over daily use. These are attractive sites both the metropolitan Jerusalem area. Since because of their historical significance these sites are protected by law, they and their use in the present day. Most can be neither destroyed nor developed of them are not at risk. They likewise do without authorization of the Antiquities not require concerted efforts in order Authority, and only then, after conducting to attract visitors other than improving a dig, documentation, and publication. access, developing educational materials This means that archeological sites – etc. to make them a bit more accessible, especially those in Jerusalem – present, on familiar and interesting. the one hand, potential for development On the other hand, there are small of the city, yet, on the other hand, may sites, some of which are not on their actually hinder development.

18 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 19 Jerusalem Rebuilt Jerusalem Rebuilt

// Borders of Metropolitan Jerusalem Planned Circles of Metropolitan Jerusalem The great innovation of the Jerusalem 5800 Plan is in its approach to Jerusalem, not as a city unto itself, but as a metropolis that includes a large peripheral region, planned as one body.

443 The Jerusalem 5800 Plan offers a vision In terms of economy, Ramallah for the development of metropolitan 60 1 Jerusalem – a term that stretches beyond metropolitan Jerusalem Modiin the municipal boundaries of Jerusalem. As the city itself isn’t expected to grow is defined as the city’s significantly over the coming decades, natural focal point for Giv’at Ze’ev Jericho the development in question is that of a greater geographical area, which business. even today comprises the city’s larger 1 metropolitan region. In terms of transportation Maaleh Adumim City of This metropolitan region, built around – as the geographical Jerusalem the urban makeup of Jerusalem, can Airport Beit be defined both in economic and in region in which traffic is Shemesh Dead Sea transportation terms. Economically, the Hotels intense daily. Dead Sea metropolitan region includes the areas for which Jerusalem is the natural focal Gush Etzion point for commerce and industry – the Judean Desert Legend are defined by geographical and ecological areas for which the city of Jerusalem is Internal area for buiding a commercial focal point. In terms of characteristics. The Jerusalem mountains Area for building – other transportation, the metropolis is defined as are an important link in the open-space Area for rural building 60 the geographical region from which daily continuum between the Binyamin Clear view area commuter traffic both for work and other mountains of the north and the Hebron Parks/forests reasons is centered on Jerusalem – the mountains in the south – a continuum River areas from which most of the residents of great ecological significance and Main road commute to Jerusalem on a daily basis. a vital corridor for wildlife and plant According to the Ministry of Interior’s preservation. In accordance with the most recent definition, the Jerusalem geographical makeup, metropolitan district runs to the river and the Jerusalem is limited in terms of construction is possible, and indeed, it is in and regional councils of Maaleh Adumim, Dead Sea in the east, Beit Shemesh in the possibilities for expansion westward, this area that the city of Maaleh Adumim is Gush Etzion, Abu Dis, Giv’at Ze’ev, west, Ofra and in the north, and and is close to reaching full capacity built – one of Jerusalem’s most important Bethlehem, Mivaserret Zion, and Ramallah, Gush Etzion in the south. This region, for such expansion in this direction. suburbs today. as well as rural areas such as Gush Etzion and at the center of which Jerusalem resides, Another ecological corridor exists east Thus, the metropolitan Jerusalem region Gush Elon; and the third circle is the green, with its surrounding suburbs and villages, of Jerusalem, running from north to is defined in three concentric circles: the city open-area forested corridor, the preservation relates to Jerusalem as the central city of south by the fault cliff over the Dead Sea of Jerusalem lies in the innermost circle – of which is imperative to the maintaining of a the district. and the back slopes of the mountains the area which more or less comprises the healthy ecological environment for Jerusalem. The boundaries of metropolitan approaching the Jordan Valley and the municipal boundaries of Jerusalem today; Understanding the urban functions of each Jerusalem, and the possibility for Dead Sea. Between this ecological corridor the second circle is comprised of the city’s circle is necessary as a basis for any future construction and development therein, and Jerusalem there is an area in which immediate suburbs, including municipalities planning of the metropolis.

20 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 21 Jerusalem Rebuilt Jerusalem Rebuilt

// The Demographic Challenge

Despite a general trend towards increased natural growth for the Jewish population and a general trend towards decreased natural growth for the Muslim population in metropolitan Jerusalem, the percentage of Muslims in the population is rising steadily, due to Jews leaving the metropolis. Stopping this trend requires a national and multipronged approached.

Long-term urban planning must For these purposes, we adopt the Despite this trend of declining birth deal with demographic change as definitions of Israeli Central Bureau rates among Muslims in metropolitan an integral part thereof. Forecasts of Statistics. For the convenience Jerusalem – a trend existing among regarding population growth rates of comparison, we included in the the general Muslim population for the metropolis are an essential use of the term “Jew” or “Jewish” in Israel and worldwide – the Population Growth Projections Greater Jerusalem תסריטי תסריטי תחזית תחזית לאוכלוסיית לאוכלוסיית ירושלים ירושלים רבתי רבתי עד עד שנת שנת factor for the entire planning people belonging to Jewish faith, percentages of Muslims in the city’s 20502050 process. When planning for the non-Arab Christians, and those with population is growing constantly. The through 2050 by Group לפי לפי קבוצות קבוצות האוכלוסייההאוכלוסייה future of Jerusalem, national no religious affiliation. The use of the reason for this is the emigration of considerations come into play, term “Arab” relates to Arab Muslims Jews from metropolitan Jerusalem for which stem from the city’s role as and Arab Christians, whether living various reasons. the capital of Israel, as well as the in Israel as citizens or residents, or as As the basis for the forecasted 20502050 3,323,1253,323,125 desire to have a solid and distinct residents of the areas under control size of the population of Jerusalem 1,906,3611,906,361 Jewish majority in Jerusalem. of the Palestinian Authority. for the year 2050, we will use 3.500.0003.500.000 Demographic factors are Analysis of demographic trends the situation as of 2012. We will dynamic and influenced by social among Jews and Muslims in the examine three possible scenarios change, the populations’ level of region designated as metropolitan regarding the metropolitan 3.000.0003.000.000 education – in particular that of the Jerusalem shows that if a policy is Jerusalem boundaries. In each 2040 women, the level of urbanization, not implemented, designed to stop scenario the metropolitan 2040 2,312,9722,312,972 and changes in the economy, emigration of Jews to outside the boundaries have been changed, and 1,646,612 2.500.0002.500.000 1,646,612 politics, and in the security metropolitan region - a trend which accordingly, the size and makeup of situation. Thus, the degree of has been going on for many years – the population:

precision of a population growth the population growth among , 1. Including Jewish towns in close 20302030 2.000.0002.000.000 forecast declines when the length relative to that of Jews, will increase. proximity to metropolitan 1,639,7461,639,746 1,395,555 of the forecast increases. It is important to emphasize that the Jerusalem. 1,395,555 However, the need for long-term population growth amongst Muslims 2. Additional extending of the 2020 1.500.0001.500.000 2020 planning for the city still requires in metropolitan Jerusalem is not due metropolis by adding the 1,182,9391,182,939 2012 a cautious, educated forecast, to the product of natural growth. Bethlehem district, as defined by 2012 1,155,6211,155,621 977,774977,774 based on current data and past Rather it is happening despite a the Palestinian Authority. 921,662921,662 demographic trends. long-term trend in natural population 3. Additional extending of the 1.000.000 This chapter is intended to provide growth, wherein each year the birth metropolis by adding the 1.000.000 Jewsיהודיםיהודים a demographic basis for the Jerusalem rate among Muslims has decreased, Ramallah district, as defined by ערבים לפי ערביםto USCBלפי Project’s Planning Committee. while among Jews it has risen. the Palestinian Authority. 500.000 Arabs according 5800 ארה“בארה“ב 500.000 באלפי נפש באלפי נפש Total population of Scenario Jews Arabs metropolitan Jerusalem 2012201220142014201620162018201820202020202220222024202420262026202820282030203020322032203420342036203620382038204020402042204220442044204620462048204820502050 Sources: Jewish population numbers are based on the “2013 Annual Report” from The Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel) chart 2.4. מקורות: לגבימקורות: לגבי האוכלוסייה האוכלוסייה היהודית: היהודית: הלמ“ס הלמ“ס שנתון שנתון סטטיסטי סטטיסטי לישראל לישראל 2013 לוח 2013 2.4לוח people | 66.6% 461,700 people | 33.4% 1,383,362 2.4 921,662 1 Arab population data for the Ramallah and Bethlehem districts are based on those of The Palestinian Central Bureau of לגבי לגבי האוכלוסייה האוכלוסייה הערבית הערבית במחוזות במחוזותרמא ללה רמאוביתללה ובית לחם: לחם: הלספ“מ הלספ“מ ותחזית של ותחזית של הלמ“ס הלמ“ס ארה“ב ארה“ב לריבוי לריבוי הטבעי עד הטבעי עדשנת שנת 20502050 2 921,662 people | 58.3% 660,046 people | 41.7% 1,581,708 Statistics and the rojections of the United States Census Bureau for natural population growth through 2050. 3 921,662 people | 48.6% 974,720 people | 51.4% 1,896,382

22 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 23 Jerusalem Rebuilt Jerusalem Rebuilt

Birth rates in the State of Israel (1955 – 2013)

140.000 131,358

120.000

105,112 100.000

80,401 80.000 73,248 75,267

60.000 51,311

42,339 38,801 38,873 40.000 36,485 23,819 22,380 Jews 20.000 14,835 8,347 Arabs

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 We posit that the policies aimed at 2050. Jerusalem is one of the revitalizing the metropolis will bring about Therefore, in this scenario, the Jewish most diverse cities in Israel in terms of population a stable equilibrium between the number population in metropolitan Jerusalem makeup. Managing its of residents leaving and the number of could reach 1,639,700 by 2030 and demographic makeup is native Israelis and new immigrants. That 3,323,100 by 2050. a national and societal stabilization compounded with the current In calculating the demographic shifts challenge of great According to this calculation, the In the absence of the formulation 2.4% annual natural growth rate (as of amongst Jerusalem’s Arab population, we importance. The human general Arab population of greater diversity of Jerusalem as and implementation of policy 2012) of metropolitan Jerusalem’s Jewish will put aside the rapid decline in birth reflected in the Machane Jerusalem could reach est. 1,450,700 population could see the metropolis’s rates amongst that population; rather, we Yehuda market, winter people in 2030 and est. 2,259,000 people designed to stop Jewish Jewish population reach an est. 1,029,700 will assume that the natural population 2011. in 2050. migration out of the metropolitan people in 2030 and an est. 1,641,900 growth rate amongst Muslims will remain (Photo by Uri Brownstein) According to the US government people in 2050. at the 2012 rate of 2.51% annually. This forecasts for natural population growth Jerusalem region, the current Let us add to this the population data would place Jerusalem’s Arab population at amongst Arabs living in Judea and of surrounding Jewish towns, locales an upwards of 465,300 people by 2030 and Samaria, the number of Arab residents trend of an increasing proportion that according to the scenarios described 797,000 by 2050. in the Ramallah district will reach est. of Muslims in the city will above are to be included in metropolitan We will likewise calculate based on the 910,100 people in 2030 and est. 1,109,400 Jerusalem. If these areas continued their assumption that the annual population people in 2050. continue in the future. 5.2% annual growth rate, as they did growth rate for the Arab population in the If all of the assumptions in the above between 2009-2012, their population Bethlehem district will remain as it was scenarios were realized, the greater would double in the next 14 years. If this in 2012, namely 2.1% annually. In such Jerusalem population could reach est. growth rate is sustained, the population of a scenario, the population of these two 5,229,500 people by 2050, of which these towns could reach 610,000 people districts could reach some 965,300 people roughly 3,323,100 are Jews and 1,906,400 by the year 2030, and 1,681,200 people by in 2030 and some 1,462,700 in 2050. are Arabs.

24 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 25 Jerusalem Rebuilt Jerusalem Rebuilt

The Atarot industrial Area will // Development of Sites in the New City be designed to take in tens of thousands of employees from all areas of the metropolitan Many old streets and impressive structures scattered throughout the older Jerusalem region and from neighborhoods of the New City of Jerusalem are awaiting revitalization to other parts of the country. rescue them from neglect and add them to the city’s tourist sites.

There is no need to describe at length The Mishkenot Sha’ananim the archeological sites in Jerusalem, their potential for restoration, nor their ability to neighborhood and the attract visitors. These sites are widely-known and are being attended to, even if further windmill merited appreciation and work is needed. Therefore, we will focus here protection at the time the State of on the more modern historical sites, those built in the last 150 years in the New City of Israel was established. Preservation Jerusalem. While the historical structures found of these structures is considered an within the Old City walls were included by important component in shaping the law in the list of protected archeological sites, the structures outside the Old City generally Zionist story of “leaving the walls.” suffer from lack of appreciation. There is also constant pressure to demolish or alter them for the purpose of urban development Building and the , are as part of the constant evolution of about to be demolished, althougha few developing neighborhoods. A living city is remnants of them may be preserved. a city in which continual change is a part its Jewish Jerusalem outside the Old City walls cultural framework. The task of preservation was not built as a planned city. It evolved is to take advantage of development, see it along the historical lines from the gates of as an opportunity for the endowment of a the Old City, and the locations of the new legacy, and manage urban development while neighborhoods were chosen according to preserving the existing wisely. whichever land was available for purchase and There are only a few structures in the building. Later on, neighborhoods evolved New City built before the first half of the surrounding newer centers. Subsequently, 19th century. These sites weren’t considered neighborhoods with parks were built, even to be part of the city of Jerusalem, at the further from the Old City. Some of these time they were built; rather, they were neighborhoods weren’t even in the city limits part of farms and estates in proximity to when they were built. Simultaneously, the the city. Only a few compounds, such a city’s Arab neighborhoods were developing in Mishkenot Sha’ananim and the Yemin Moshe slightly different ways. windmill, merited the appreciation and legal Important institutions fueled the recognition as heritage sites from the time expansion of the city in all directions. These of establishment of the State and more of sites include the Bikkur Holim Hospital on them after the Six Day War. Preservation of HaNevi’im Street, the old age homes at the these structures is considered an important end of Yafo Street, the Hebrew University on component in shaping the Zionist story Mount Scopus, Bezalel, Terra Sancta, Augusta of “leaving the walls.” Other sites, no less Victoria, and Armon HaNatziv. historically significant, including the Schneller

26 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 27 Jerusalem Rebuilt Jerusalem Rebuilt

Site preservation as a The development of Jerusalem’s tourism resource historical neighborhoods – which Those who deal today with planning and development of the city do not adequately would be integrated with the consider the cultural significance of some development of historical sites in of the historical neighborhoods, whose importance is no less than that of the the Old City and its surroundings first towns such as Petach Tikva, Zichron – could boost Jerusalem’s Yaakov, and Gedera. The pioneers who established these towns were mostly city tourism potential and enrich the people of the (Jews living in Israel before the Zionist movement), experience of visiting. and their work contributed greatly to the development of Jerusalem. When visiting the city, only seldom do people come just neighborhoods and early sites in the city to see one building; Jerusalem’s importance must be perceived as a means of improving and attractiveness are derived from its the quality of life for the city’s residents, nature as a system of homes, buildings, and by extension for making the entire city and neighborhoods. The development attractive to tourists. of Jerusalem’s historical neighborhoods Historically, the different urban plans – which would be integrated with the for Jerusalem, since the time of the British development of historical sites in the Mandate, have ignored the preservation of Old City and its surroundings – could urban historical sites. boost the tourism potential of the entire Most of them even condemned city, and enrich the broader experience historical neighborhoods, like Nachalat of visiting the city. In order to achieve HaShiv’ah, for destruction. Only beginning this, the development of the historical in the sixties and the increasingly in the seventies did people begin to discuss promoted and implemented. These plans Reconstruction of the From a marginal, preserving those areas. Even then, it was were aimed at making certain streets more Stern House in the commercial center of the neglected street to seen as a hindrance to development and attractive for residents and commerce. They an attractive center neighborhood. for shopping and not as a means For potential revitalization focused on the environmental development The stones were entertainment – Shatz and as an opportunity. and removal of traffic from these streets. numbered for dismantling Street. Ignoring the cultural significance of This is what was done on parts of Bezalel, and reconstruction in the new compound. 2010 neighborhoods, focusing only on the Old Agripas, Shatz, and Shimon ben Shatach

City’s attractiveness for tourism disregards the streets. Another particularly successful enormous potential benefit to tourism from example of the process of preservation and the first neighborhoods, the attractive streets, development is Mamilla Street, where old the concentration of exceptional architecture, houses were preserved while making the and such. Since the sixties, many extraordinary street a prospering focal point for tourism. architectural treasures have been destroyed, The purpose of the change in these cases was usually to build in their stead new buildings not – and rightly so – preservation in and of with little architectural uniqueness. This itself, rather, development for the residents’ happened with Talitha Kumi, Beit HaDegel, benefit. Preserving legacy buildings was the and the “Kiach” (Klal) building – from most anchor, the pull – and ultimately, the thing of which no remnant which made these places attractive. Only in recent years were a few plans

28 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 29 Jerusalem Rebuilt Jerusalem Rebuilt

There can be no preservation without initiatives – public or private – and there can be no photography: DMY photography:

urban preservation without PubrnCoralyn Photography: the people living in the area making use of the space The preservation >>>> and development of old sites in the city’s Jerusalem is rich with its diverse neighborhoods, traffic routes, little first neighborhoods streets and special buildings that have yet to be identified and taken advantage would create an of. Preservation isn’t necessarily 1 2 development’s enemy, and there needs to expanse for urban be mutual recognition of the contribution spaces and regional each makes to the other. It is important to emphasize that the city outside the walls centers for tourism has great potential to attract, but beyond providing services, this potential will and commerce photography: Koby Harati photography: not be realized without developing focal DiggerDina photography: points of interest with integral, historically >>>> significant culture and architecture. The development potential of such areas in Jerusalem is great. Today, it is easy to identify sites whose potential has not been realized, and all too frequently, sites that 3 have been damaged due to short-term interests. 4 It is important to remember that there can be no preservation without initiative – public or private – and there can be no urban preservation without people 5 living in, and making use of, the space. In Jerusalem, more than in any other place 1. The Bikkur Holim Hospital – because of its history, its rich legacy of buildings, its current role, and the desire to 2. The Rockefeller Museum switch_1010 photography: make it an international center of culture 3. Terra Sancta College and tourism – it is appropriate to empower and give momentum to the physical and 4. The old building cultural legacy of the city in its entirety, along with its historical and spiritual legacy, 5. The Etz Haim neighborhood for the good of the city, its population, and the economy. □

30 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 31 The Layout of Open Areas The Layout of Open Areas

The future promenade on the Mount of Olives will attract tourists who come to see the wonderful sight of the Old City

The Layout of Open Areas Jerusalem is surrounded by open areas. Preserving their continued use is vital for the ecological balance throughout the entire country. Wise, responsible development of urban forests and agriculture will keep Jerusalem healthy and well- nurtured, with high quality of life for both people and animals.

32 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 33 The Layout of Open Areas The Layout of Open Areas

With the rise of modern urbanization, industrialization, and the establishment Open areas outside of advanced transportation networks, the the city are imperative need has arisen for the active preservation of open areas surrounding cities. In for the existence of the past, there were vast open areas surrounding cities, both agricultural and the values of nature expanses untouched by man – yet over recent centuries man has taken over these and biodiversity, and open areas bit by bit. The open areas can be divided into two vital for preserving groups: open areas outside cities, including the quality of air and nature reserves, national parks, forests, and agricultural areas, and open areas within moderating the effects cities, including urban parks and gardens – and each has great importance. Open of global climate areas outside the city are imperative for the existence of the values of appreciating change on Jerusalem. nature and biodiversity, and vital to carbon assimilation processes and moderating found here. Despite its small size, in Israel, climate change and pollution. They some 2300 species of wild plants, 530 also regulate the amount and quality of species of birds, 100 species of mammals, water found naturally. Open areas help and 100 species of reptiles can all be found preserve values of legacy and culture, – and more. In total, in Israel, some 47,000 boost agriculture as a means of nutrition biological species are known – viruses, for humans, grant us a place for leisure bacteria, algae, fungi, plants to mammals. and relaxation, and ensure the future In light of this, the Jerusalem 5800 Plan of the land for generations. At the same sees the preservation of open areas and time, open areas in the city have great natural habitats as a central means for the importance as places of recreation, for the preservation of the biodiversity of animals creation of ecological balance, and more. and plants with which Israel has been blessed. Preserving the scope, continuity, Biodiversity and quality of these areas is imperative for Open areas play a critical role in preserving the preservation of biodiversity. The loss biodiversity. Biodiversity includes all the or cutting off of these habitats and open areas for national security needs and a million meters to 800 million meters. It is Deer Valley, in the heart variety to be found in nature: genetic, areas would be a central cause of damage culture of wasteful land development. important to bear in mind that only 2.5% of Jerusalem, is an example of an open area species, ecosystems, and biological to this biodiversity. Thus, the average population density of the Mediterranean region in Israel is processes. which was preserved from Be’er Sheva northwards is some 880 protected by nature reserves and thus, in the center of the city In Israel, there are large areas which The Lack of Land Resources people per kilometer. Such density is likely ecological corridors, creating a continuum and serves as a unique enjoy a Mediterranean climate. In total, Israel is characterized by a relatively to become greater – rising to over 1000 of open areas which is vital to preserving habitat for animals which disappeared from other these areas comprise some 2.5% of the large population growth rate, and most of people per square kilometer – towards biodiversity, have great importance. land on earth but contain 16% of the parts of the city. Two of the the population is concentrated on about the middle of the 21st century, with an It seems that over the past few years, the deer living in the valley. world’s species of plants. half the country’s land- starting from Be’er expected population of some 15 million distress in regards to open areas has been The bridges the gap Sheva and moving northward. This is due people in the developed areas between the internalized, and thus the values dictating between continents and climate regions, to the difficult climate conditions of the Jordan River and the . planning on a national level in Israel today and thus, is especially rich with the south. Similarly, Israel is characterized by The amount of built-up areas is expected have focused on this concern. Major multitude of animal and plant species to be the appropriation of many of the open to grow and double from today’s 400 development projects target existing urban

34 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 35 The Layout of Open Areas The Layout of Open Areas

// Urban Open Areas

Open areas within the city and surrounding the city have a vital role in making metropolitan Jerusalem attractive for residents and visitors.

Open areas and parks are the backdrops plots where people settled, including in cities. for the metropolis. They serve as a green The Jerusalem 5800 Plan proposes bringing lung and contribute to the enrichment of agriculture back into the city – urban the city’s biodiversity. This infrastructure periphery agriculture will be incorporated will provide residents with a high quality of into parks, which will include professionally- life and preserve the green character of the grown healthy produce agriculture and metropolis. Each landscape will receive its plots for residents. The organic waste from own character while protecting the values the metropolis will serve as compost for of the culture, landscapes, and environment. cultivating the parks and lowering removal Further, the parks are part of the urban ranges. The agriculture will be suited to the infrastructure for tourism purposes. soil and to the specific landscape in which it In order to preserve urban open areas, is incorporated. roads, railways, bicycle paths, and sidewalks must be built according to the formation Water streams flowing through the of each landscape crossed, while still metropolis will be incorporated as allowing animals to pass and protecting the biodiversity. part of each park and will function as Streams flowing through the metropolis will be incorporated as part of each park a central system of focal points for and will function as a central system of focal tourism and recreation. points for tourism and recreation, as a means for cultural preservation, channeling runoff Pastures and forests are symbiotic, water into groundwater, and preservation of ecologically speaking. The pastures and biodiversity. forests east of the watershed are different The proposed Jerusalem 5800 Plan for than those to its west. In grazing cultures, the municipal area of Jerusalem and its herds would wander west-to-east and surrounding built-up areas will establish two back. Wherever they grazed, there were “green rings” – internal and circumferential cisterns and wells neglected and abandoned. – which are to serve as a central urban “axis.” Developing forests and pastures will be These rings will include promenades, bicycle carried out by cultivating local species, paths, and tourist development based on the planting food forests, harvesting rain, open areas while leaving open areas in urban development in order to create a The Gai Ben Hinnom Park, historical layers along the green rings and irrigation using reclaimed and gray water, between cities, green partitions and using high quality of life in urban areas. one of the well-developed on extending green axes branching out from fertilizing with urban sludge, and channels green open areas in the them and connected to them. for organic residues. Implementation of systems of mass transportation for people The Jerusalem 5800 Plan has given the city today to meet these concerns. In order to achieve protection of open areas great importance, these means will achieve the following goals: Forestation, pastures, and improving ecological continuity, creating this, the Jerusalem 5800 Plan strives, as and thus, planners are expected to keep a green economic environment, providing much as possible, to avoid building in areas construction away from areas of high agriculture Over recent centuries, agriculture has, by employment and providing food within not adjacent to existing cities, and to use environmental sensitivity. All of these are the metropolis, and returning the cultural definition, left the city and disappeared from saturated building as much as possible in an expression of an orientation towards landscape to the region of the book of the existing built-up areas, and to use quality sustainable development of land resources. it. This is in contrast to the traditions of dessert. Pasture in the area separating the millennia, which always included agricultural

36 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 37 The Layout of Open Areas The Layout of Open Areas

center of the city and the neighborhoods will For thousands of years, there assist firefighters and aid workers with forest fires close to residential neighborhoods. were agricultural plots wherever The agricultural and residential regions // Urban Forest of metropolitan Jerusalem are saturated with people resided, including in the remains of ancient agriculture: terraces, A properly planned urban forest can transform a gloomy, gray city GREEN wine presses and cisterns, springs, irrigation cities. The Jerusalem 5800 plan systems, pools and various structures used for into a pleasant, and lively one. Thorough planning of urban forest areas agriculture. Only a small number of these proposes bringing agriculture and bringing the community together for forest preservation will make ruins have been reconstructed and nurtured. back to the city. In addition to this, metropolitan Jerusalem Jerusalem a true city of gardens. contains unexploited agricultural regions. In the past, there were vintners, produce farmers, and deciduous fruits. There is also grazing An “urban forest” is a relatively small area of a forest that was created without a dairy farmers, poultry farmers, shepherds and land used for sheep and goats inside the of natural or urbanized woodland close real plan. The trees planted there were animal herders in the towns and kibbutzim metropolitan area, but these areas suffer from to developed areas, whose residents are planted according to forestation policy and in the region. Today, for the most part, they overgrazing and failing herd management. actively involved in its cultivation. They became an urban forest – which is different do not deal in agriculture. In the areas of the Classic urban agriculture aims to reunite the may even participate in its planning. The than forest trees planted in the city for metropolis beyond the lies the urban dweller and agricultural work. The crux creation and existence of an urban forest gardening purposes. agricultural city of Jericho, and there is intense of the plan is to lease relatively small plots on are most appropriate for metropolitan Well-planned development and agricultural activity in the Jordan Valley, the the outskirts and in the center of the city to Jerusalem, but they rarely happen there. cultivation of urban forests can achieve shores of the Dead Sea, and farming on the residents and to encourage them to use recycled Because of a lack of planning, urban better results. If planned properly, the mountain ridge including crops, olive groves, materials to manage agriculture. spaces run into woodland, forests, and urban forest will integrate with the urban Urban forests on the outskirts of the city adjacent agricultural areas. In most cases, expanse. It will be diverse and comprised of Jerusalem. The Goals of the urban agriculture development plan the rear sides of the city are cleared for of various plants which are native flora picturesque neighborhood this purpose – and this is how the open to the region. The border between the of Ein Karem. areas become garbage dumps subject to forest and residential, industrial, and fires. The Jerusalem Forest is an example transportation zones will be properly

Use of Growing leafy reclaimed greens and and gray beehives on water roofs Improve grazing areas Rehabilitation around the city and cultivation of tangible remnants of ancient URBAN culture AGRICULTURE Establish agriculture on Use a sizeable balconies and amount of the home gardens metropolis’ land for organic Cultivate farming rural tourism, Cultivation including hands- of landscape on experience orchards by and purchase of the city’s produce residents

38 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 39 The Layout of Open Areas The Layout of Open Areas

The border between the city and the forest is a meeting point that can serve several ecological planned in order to avoid damage to the and cultural purposes. In order to develop awareness to forest itself and allow a cohesive ecological makeup that incorporates developed areas the importance of urban forests, with forested areas. In parts of the forest, there will be a system for preservation and designated areas for gardening and clearings where annual and perennial cultivation of these forests should trees can grow as part of the vision be established on a neighborhood, for biodiversity. The forest area will be planned in a manner that will allow it to community, and school level. be used for harvesting runoff and the reclamation of water as needed – each As stated, the Jerusalem 5800 Plan forest will have a designated area for strives to bring urban agriculture back into channeling runoff water underground and the metropolis. Urban forests may serve improving the city’s water balance. Finally, as an important focal point for urban the plans for urban forests aspire to create agricultural projects, and planning ahead a continuum of open spaces both inside will enable designating defined areas of the the city and out. forests for agriculture. Urban forests will include trees, Caring for the urban forest should shrubs, herbaceous plants and perennials involve all of the city’s residents. The belonging to the groups of plants found forests and community gardens are locally and suitable to the metropolitan a vital environmental resource for Jerusalem climate. The forests will include the community’s quality of life. They fruit trees typical to the Land of Israel contribute to improved quality of the air including fig, pomegranate, carob, olive and to the biodiversity and present an and almond trees. It will also include ideal location for social and educational grapes vines, mulberry bushes, and other activities in the heart of nature. The green edible, medicinal, and herbal plants. expanses complement the residential Among them annuals and perennials, areas and safeguard the relationship such as sage, fenugreek, mallow, Judean between people and the land on which wormwood and tens of others. As much they settle – and thus urban nature is as is possible, effort will be made to ensure founded. Developing an awareness to and increase the diversity and amount of the importance of urban forests can wild mushrooms. create a system of forest preservation The ability to visit the urban forest and cultivation on a neighborhood and will be planned for ahead of time. Plans community level. Schools can also be will incorporate green roads for vehicle, encouraged to adopt adjacent forests and bicycle, and pedestrian traffic. For those to preserve and cultivate them as part visiting the forest – residents and tourists of the school’s education for culture and alike – visiting sites, places to stay, and environment. Thus, the community can lookout points will be built, as well as preserve and cultivate its own gathering the restoration of springs and cisterns. place. The best situation would be Knowledge of the region’s wildlife will one wherein this place is adjacent to allow for establishing birdwatching and the neighborhood, but models could animal watching points, which will include be created where communities and places for feeding and giving water to neighborhood adopt open areas in or out them. of the city.

40 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 41 The Layout of Open Areas The Layout of Open Areas

// Parks Outside the City There are many diverse archeological, historical, and cultural sites in the metropolitan Jerusalem region. A comprehensive, systematic plan will incorporate them into an inclusive infrastructure of culture and tourism for the experience of visiting the metropolis.

Metropolitan Jerusalem will be the center of parks and places of recreation in Israel. The Jerusalem Its location in close proximity to region is rich with makes it, even today, a destination in high demand for Israelis countrywide. The a historical legacy Jerusalem 5800 Plan defines each town in the metropolitan Jerusalem region as a from many periods, “gateway” to the areas of activity within its borders. At parks, historical content will and some of these be available, and springs, terraces, ancient agriculture, and archeological points of historical events interest will be restored. Of course, the bear importance for residents of metropolitan Jerusalem will also be able to enjoy the improved parks in the entire world. the metropolis. In order to improve the quality of the incorporate both the natural and the forests in the metropolitan region, we must man-made, or those which are a source of strive to increase the number of species of inspiration or memory for man. The UN flora and ensure that they include edible has given clear guidelines for the meeting plants. We must also act to improve the point between natural legacy and human order of the ecosystem and to increase activity, and for the preservation of a the number of animals in the forests and sustainable balance between nature and their quality of life by establishing feeding man, and the Jerusalem 5800 Plan strives points and places for birdwatching and to uphold these criteria. The Jerusalem spotting mammals, rodents and reptiles. region is rich with a historical legacy from Roads leading to Jerusalem will run many periods. Some of these historical through the parks based on ancient routes. events are important to the Jewish people, The armored trucks of Points of interest and places to stay will over a continuum of historical periods, been included in the tourism layout of and some of these historical events bear or in the context of historical events – this plan: the Adullam Caves, the site of Sha’ar HaGai are an be located along these roads, with visitors’ example of a cultural importance for the entire world, as part universal, national, or local. Today most David & Goliath’s battle in the Ella Valley, centers for information, places to eat, and of the history of the Western world, for and legacy site, the national and regional outline plans do not the agricultural terraces of the Judean development of which archeological, ecological, and biological which the Land of Israel was an important points of interest. Parks will include include designated attention to places that Mountains, the monasteries and historical could serve as part of focal point during many times throughout an Israeli landscape circular routes which will run through present a meeting point between man and hills of the Judean plains, and Sha’ar history. Thus there is a high potential landscape, nor implementable tools for HaGai. continuum. points of interest and places to stay suited for the creation of cultural landscapes in to those touring on foot, cyclers, and those their preservation. We must strive to realize the vision, metropolitan Jerusalem. In a report on cultural landscapes for these six regions at the minimum, on horseback. An Israeli cultural landscape will ordered by the Nature and Parks Authority, which will make the Jerusalem region be considered as such if it reflects the six cultural landscape complexes within an attraction that incorporates the Cultural Landscapes meeting between man and nature over the Jerusalem region were defined as magnificence of Israel’s natural wonders Cultural landscapes are those which time in a defined geographical region, having universal importance, and have and the historical legacy anchored therein.□

42 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 43 Hotels and Tourism

Hotels and Tourism Hotels and Tourism

Hotels and Tourism Over the past 50 years, world tourism has become one of the most important stimuli for the global economy, and it is expected to grow further. Only an extensive, wise, and multifaceted development plan, with a long-term vision, can bring the city of Jerusalem into today’s tourism revolution and place Israel’s capital at the center of world travel.

The planned Emek Refaim hotel area

44 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 45 Hotels and Tourism Hotels and Tourism

// Where will the billionth tourist stay? With growth in the hundreds of percentages over fifty years, tourism has become a huge stimulus of economic growth. How can and will Jerusalem become part of this amazing historical process? Strengthening the growth trend in Chinese tourism to Israel. Chinese tourists taking in the Temple Mount Over the past half-century, tourism has global growth in tourism should be examined. view from Mount of Olives. April 2015 become one of the most important Jerusalem can provide unique tourism sites that industries in the global economy. In order to cannot be found elsewhere in the world. First and Photography: Kyrylo Glivin, Shutterstock meet the demands of hundreds of millions foremost, Jerusalem and its surrounding areas of tourists expected to visit Jerusalem over include religious sites holy to Jews, Christians, the coming decades, tens of thousands and Muslims. Even today, pilgrims of all three of hotels rooms must be built, and the religions represent a significant percentage shekels a year. infrastructure appropriate for them must of Jerusalem’s visitors and proper efforts can Growth estimations for the global tourism In order to realize the huge potential of be created. The realization of this plan will strengthen this trend. Further, Jerusalem has a industry predict that the majority of this growth the Asian tourism market, hotels and help Jerusalem become a global tourism long, continuous history, and archeological digs is expected to come in the form of tourism from entertainments centers in Jerusalem must superpower. have exposed the city’s chronicles in its various the Far East, specifically, China. The demands In 2013, the World Tourism Organization historical layers. and needs of the Chinese tourist are different be suited to the habits of the Asian tourist (WTO), announced there was a “Tourism Many other tourism sites in the metropolitan than those of the Western tourist. In addition to Billion,” meaning, in that year, for the first region may be added to these, including the Dead improving transportation from China to Israel, is in the metropolitan Jerusalem region. In fourth time, a record one billion tourists traveled Sea, Herodian, Bethlehem, Jericho, the Judean hotels and entertainment centers need to be place – Tiberius and the Sea of Galilee, and fifth worldwide. This incredible number points Desert, and much more. If properly developed, suited to the habits of the Chinese tourist. Even – Nazareth. towards an ongoing trend of growth in these historical and archeological sites could turn today Israel is investing more in tourism from the The majority of the most-visited sites in world tourism. In 1950 there was a total metropolitan Jerusalem into one of the greatest Far East. Israel are in Jerusalem. 68% of tourists visited of 25 million tourists worldwide – one for focal points for tourists who are interested in In 2016, a Chinese airline began direct the Western Wall, 64% visited the Jewish every 1,000 people – but the reality in the global historical heritage. flights to Israel for the first time. This Quarter, 57% visited the Church of the Holy years since has changed remarkably. People The average growth in global tourism is some trend must be strengthened, out of the Sepulture, 55% visited Via Dolorosa, and from all over the world are traveling abroad 4.5% annually. If this trend is to continue, in understanding that realizing the tourism 53% visited the Mount of Olives. in droves. The organization forecasts that 2030, some 1.8 billion tourists will tour globally. potential Jerusalem is dependent on winning A look into the reasons why tourists 100 years from 1950 – in 2050 – 4.7 billion As noted, the World Tourism Organization is the battle for the heart of the Chinese tourist. visit Israel shows that most of them are tourists, one out of every two people, estimating an even more significant increase over The economic turnout from tourism for Christians or Jews who come here for will travel to some tourism destination or the subsequent 20 years. If we take this data as the Israeli economy was estimated in 2013 at purposes of tourism, including religious another on earth. This growth trend in our baseline assumption, we can calculate the 40 billion shekels, according to the following tourism (pilgrimage). global tourism has been going on constantly number of guests who will be visiting Jerusalem’s breakdown: 53% of tourists from overseas are for over half a century, despite all economic, hotels over the coming decades. Today there are Inbound tourism (including income for Christians, half of which are Catholic. 28% social, and political crises in the world. some 1.5 million tourists annually to Jerusalem’s Israeli airlines) – approx. 18.2 billion shekels are Jews, and 19% are of other religions or Thus, the global tourism boom is one of 10,000 existing hotel rooms. The most reasonable Internal tourism – approx. 12 billion have no religious affiliation. the most outstanding economic and social increase in the city’s tourism numbers would shekels 54% of tourists coming to Israel in 2013 phenomena of the past century. In order to be 5%-6% annually. Taking these numbers into Outbound tourism – approx. 9 billion were coming here for the first time. meet the demands of the tourism industry, consideration, in 2050, there will be 10 million shekels. 22% were visiting Israel for the purpose the segment of the world’s population tourists from abroad and another 2 million Israeli A survey of inbound tourism for 2011 of pilgrimage, 27% to tour and sightsee, 9% working with the tourism industry has domestic tourists in Jerusalem. showed the character of tourists visiting Israel: for recreation and vacation. 26% came to been growing annually for the past thirty The realization of this tourism vision they are largely Christians aged 25-44, of average visit friends and relatives, and 8% were here years. Tourism has become one of the most will have huge social and economic income, who spend about $1,500 while here. The on business or for conferences. dynamic industries in local economies. repercussions on metropolitan Jerusalem. most visited city in Israel, by tourists from abroad, 64% of tourists stayed in hotels, 25% Presuming that the forecast for continued The comprehensive scope of economic is Jerusalem; 75% of those asked said they had with friends and relatives, 4% at youth growth of the industry remains stable, ways activity inherent in such tourism visited the city. Coming in second is Tel Aviv hostels and Christian hostels, and 3% stayed to integrate metropolitan Jerusalem into the development is estimated at over 7 billion (64%), and third (51%) – the Dead Sea – which in homes they own or rented.

46 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 47 Hotels and Tourism Hotels and Tourism

the metropolis itself, the number of hotel between peripheral hospitality centers and rooms should reach between 30,000 and the center of the city. // Realizing the Tourism Potential 40,000. Additional hospitality centers will The philosophy that has set the tone The Hotel, be established in other residential centers for urban planning worldwide over recent planned for the Armon In order to take in the millions of tourists expected to arrive, Jerusalem of the metropolis, based on their particular decades has been a return to the natural, Hanatziv Promenade, will be one of the first needs tens of thousands of new hotel rooms. Proper planning will turn hotels needs. For example, thousands of hotel historical approach of mixed usage for the hotel initiatives in into a means of boosting the city and its economy, for the good of both the rooms will be built around the Emek same compound- at times even the same the framework of the Refaim Park, which will become a focal structure, as opposed to the philosophy Jerusalem 5800 Plan city’s residents and the residents of Israel at large. point for tourism focused on recreating the that was common at the beginning of the biblical areas of Jerusalem. Other centers The vision for tourism presented above the year 2050. of hotel hospitality will be built in the will not be actualized without significant ►► Development of a shell infrastructure metropolis, for example in Gush Etzion focus. Other than possible international, for hotels, which will include and in the northern hotel area, not far geopolitical, sporadic difficulties, which the transportation, communications, water, from Atarot, and at the Dead Sea. plan generally does not take into account, sewage, and more. This will enable Development of a hospitality and presuming that political issues are proper activity for the masses of local infrastructure will be carried out parallel resolved in a manner that will leave the population and tourists expected to visit with the development of the entirety metropolitan Jerusalem region united, there the metropolis. of the religious, historical, and cultural are other issues. If there aren’t enough ►► Development of entertainment and attractions in Jerusalem. This development hotels in Jerusalem, tourist operators leisure to includes restaurants, clubs, is vital both in terms of significant increase in foreign countries won’t have room shows, museums, and more – suited to in the capacity of focal points for tourism, inventory to trade and tourists who wish the expected scope of tourism traffic – as well as for creating a connection to visit the city will have nowhere to stay. which will provide additional economic If transportation isn’t properly planned, the growth stimulus for the residents. system will not be able to keep up with the As part of the trend of opening up masses of people to be transported to and to the Eastern Asian tourist, the hotel from the metropolis. If a comprehensive industry should be trained in assisting infrastructure for the tourism industry new and existing hotels prepare for isn’t planned ahead, including the human intake of tourists from the Far East. resources required for operations of it, the Workshops are to be provided for hotel industry will be at a standstill. managers, wherein the unique needs of In light of this, the vision of the tourists from this market will be taught, Jerusalem 5800 Plan is based on an as well as encouraging the use of signs in integrated course of action that will take Chinese, the serving of food appropriate into account the following factors: for the Asian palate, and more. ►► Identifying religious and historical ►► Encouraging employee training for the sites with great potential for attracting entirety of the various required aspects tourists, preparing plans for their of tourism, and creating a multi-level, development and suitability for tourism growing employment base for all while adding attractive content for stratum of the Jerusalem population. activities, which will increase the number of people visiting these sites. The hotel zone ►► Establishing a hotel hospitality Establishing new hotels in the metropolis infrastructure suited to accommodate will involve keeping hotel areas as close the approximately 12 million tourists as possible to central points for tourism, each year, at a gradual increase leading with the understanding that tourists will up to the year 2050. According to want to be as close as possible to points of calculations, the number of hotel rooms interest in order to save time and maximize must increase from 10,000 t0 60,000 by their experience. Thus, at the center of

48 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 49 Hotels and Tourism Hotels and Tourism

// Management of Tourism in the Metropolis How can we avoid the bottlenecks caused by the expected 12 million annual tourists? Managing large-scale tourism in a major metropolis requires a fundamental change in approach.

Managing 12 million tourists a year in the strengthening the image of metropolitan Transforming metropolitan Jerusalem region will require an Jerusalem as a tourist destination and raising its Modern tourism in an organizational layout that is very different from international profile. At the same time, efforts Jerusalem ancient region. The the one existing today. The purpose of this will be made to emphasize its uniqueness Mamilla pedestrian mall organizational layout would be to enable the as a city and tourist destination. In order to into an in all its glory. intake of the largest number of tourists with increase high-quality tourism to Jerusalem, the fewest amount of disruptions across the tourism management procedures, among international metropolis. This is understandably a deeply others, must be improved, through long-term 20th century, which strove to separate choice has important implications in terms of complex system and we cannot go into all the strategic planning that incorporates the local tourism residential, commercial, and hospitality cooperation between the Jerusalem municipality minor details. Instead, we will focus on the community. The tourism model must be areas from each other. Research from and its satellite cities, as well as in terms of major concerns. developed while balancing between the needs super-city is recent decades has taught us that mixed transportation and infrastructure. Recent experience has taught us that there of local residents and tourists. A strategic plan a strategic urban use has very positive economic, Though the plan deals with tourism is a risk of bottlenecking at each of the points must be set out, involving cooperation with social, and transportation significance. In and economy as the leading factors in the through which the tourists visit, including the residents, and emphasizing the incorporation goal for light of this, new hotels will be planned, realizing the potential economic revolution airport, major traffic arteries, tourist sites and of the Jerusalem business sector in discussions as much as possible, in integrated groups in Jerusalem for the good of all its residents, hotels. regarding tourism development, out of a belief Israel – meaning, hotels, entertainment centers, it is clear that this is only one of many In order to minimize this phenomenon, an that the tourism industry is a part of the urban restaurants, commerce centers, and aspects that make up the greater fabric administration must be established, exclusively reality – economically, socially, and culturally, residential areas in the same place. of urban-metropolis. Therefore, from the for the metropolitan region of Jerusalem. and in terms of spatial distribution. The city’s These compounds are called, in the fourteen compounds for development, This administration would bring together ability to contain the expected numbers of professional lingo, Integrated Tourism there are four proposed compounds which representatives of the Ministry of Tourism, the tourists depends on the tourists not disrupting Resorts. are to be centers of employment, residence, Jerusalem Municipality, and neighboring city the residents’ physical, economic, social, According to the calculations of the transportation, and academia. authorities from throughout the metropolitan cultural, and ecological conditions. Any harm Jerusalem 5800 Planning Committee, it The Jerusalem 5800 Plan seeks to set region. The role of this administration will done to the quality of life for the residents is proposed that a total of 63,000 rooms out the general outline for the development be to realize importance tourism agenda and of Jerusalem is not an option, and will harm be prepared, to be divided between the of Jerusalem, but the development itself coordinate with all the relevant authorities tourism in the long run. regions of metropolitan Jerusalem as will be carried out by private hands. in order to locate points of congestion and In summary, the tourism potential of follows: the and the city center Each project has the potential to succeed their causes, and to offer solutions. The metropolitan Jerusalem is huge, but as of – 22,000 rooms; the city of Jerusalem and economically, and thus, will attract private administration would be an independent now, it remains just that – potential – and the inner circle – 22,000 rooms; the outer entrepreneurs as investors. Cooperation professional organization with the authority its realization depends on determination, circle – 19,000 rooms. between private entrepreneurs and public to supervise those involved in tourism in the creativity, earnestness, and thoroughness. The general approach to planning taken by authorities or their subsidiaries may also metropolitan Jerusalem region and to coordinate Turning Jerusalem into an international tourism the Jerusalem 5800 plan, which emphasizes be an option. Government and municipal between them on a daily basis. Further, the role super-city is a strategic goal for Israel, although the need to plan the city of Jerusalem while parties must outline the general plan, of this administration would be planning for the managing processes that will allow Jerusalem to keeping in mind the long-term and the create the appropriate conditions for future by putting together a long-term strategy. make this aspiration a reality will be complicated geographic region of greater metropolitan entrepreneurs and investors (including Another role of the administration would be and long-term, as we have explained. Despite Jerusalem (and not only the city of Jerusalem), removal of bureaucratic barriers), and even marketing and public relations for the city’s these difficulties, harnessing the entirety is expressed in the proposal to establish attract them using marketing, advertising, tourist industry with a deep understanding of of relevant players, and comprehensive significant tourism compounds on the outskirts and educational strategies in Israel and the larger context of tourism in the metropolis. management of the process, will undoubtedly or outside of the current municipal region. This around the world. The administration will work towards bear the desired fruit.

50 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 51 Hotels and Tourism Hotels and Tourism

Reconstruction of the cultural Biblical experience in various forms – the Biblical Village

Jerusalem’s historical sites were built at different times and have layers that can The plan strives be reused both in terms of their materials to develop an and in terms of the actual facilities. It is as though time created a continuous environment that needlework, using them as material, which connects reality and imagination, true bridges the gap history and legend – a colorful embroidery which creates an ongoing saga – the between spirit, greatest story ever told. The tourism network proposed for vision, the visitor’s Jerusalem means to make this ongoing experience, and story a reality in our time. The central project in the realization historical tale and of this vision is the creation of a physical and virtual space for an experience tourist activity that incorporates both the ancient and the contemporary. The plan strives to develop an environment that bridges the gap between spirit, vision, the visitor’s framework – and not just focused on experience, and historical tale and tourist biblical stories and their heroes – is an activity. entirely unique challenge that demands The proposed tourism development integrating capabilities of different fields: for the metropolitan Jerusalem region is 1. Storytelling abilities to bring content and the central basis for achieving the social biblical ethical values and economic goals of the Metropolitan 2. The ability to instruct and educate Jerusalem Master Plan, to be realized within an edutainment mindset gradually leading up to 2050. Tourism 3. Technological abilities to “engineer” the development is comprised of many tourist’s user experience // The Tourism Network components that require a comprehensive 4. The creative and imaginary ability strategic tourism plan. In addition to the to bring the above-mentioned skills development of tourism sites, hotels, together in one authentic, efficient In 2050, metropolitan Jerusalem will offer the visitor a rich transportation, and infrastructure, a operational infrastructure variety of activities. Along with the city center and the holy basin comprehensive vision for tourism must The experience gained throughout the world over recent years has largely been in as focal points, a diversity of attractions for all demographics will be articulated that is geared towards imparting the cultural value of tourism in the establishment and operation of large be established around Jerusalem. These attractions will uniquely the Jerusalem region while analyzing and facilities, theme parks such as Disney and create points of contact between technology-rich activities and comparing to other international focal others, in isolated locations far from urban points for tourism. contexts, and usually include attractions, the reconstruction and reenactment of the city’s unique past. Most of the parks and tourist attractions hotels, commerce, and entertainment. One of the central points of the tourist’s experience of Jerusalem in the world today are not bound to In contrast, Jerusalem does not have the will be the Emek Refaim Park, which will incorporate zoos, history or an ancient cultural legacy, and intent nor the option to create closed parks certainly not to spirituality, faith, religion, – rather, to create a distributed system in representations of ancient agriculture, an outdoor extreme sports and holiness. Hence, the combination the open urban expanse where attractions, park, and futuristic hotels. of attractions and themed parks in the hotels, and entertainment and recreation Jerusalem tourism network, based on centers are connected by advanced the and its values as a cultural transportation.

52 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 53 Hotels and Tourism Hotels and Tourism

// The Mikvaot (Ritual Baths) Project The Jerusalem 5800 vision is underway, and its first initiative can already be seen on the ground – a park that integrates the archeological endeavor into an attractive and cutting edge tourist experience.

The Mikvaot Project is the Jerusalem zones that were once central to the city’s 5800’s first project, and will serve as inhabitants and creates an additional the prototype for the tourism initiative, tourist attraction, which will enable the blending exploration of the past and tourist to fully experience life in Temple contemporary tourism. This project spans times. around one acre of land and its initiators This project will connect two existing and planners were among the planners for points of attraction: The Western Wall the Jerusalem 5800 project. and the . In this way, a This project exposes the archeological sightseeing expanse will be created that layers yet unknown to the public that are covers one unified tourist site. found tens of meters under the Temple Mount, in the Gan HaOphel area (the Temple Mount excavations). It focuses on The Mikvaot Project the link connecting the City of David and exhibits the importance the Temple Mount, on which the temple built by King Solomon was constructed. of water in the Temple The project costs approximately NIS 8 million, and other than a pedestrian route, services and in the lives is completely accessible for those with disabilities. Conventions and concerts for of Jerusalem’s inhabitants hundreds of people will be able to take place there, with the City of David and the in Temple times. Temple Mount in the background. The Mikvaot Project exhibits the importance of water in the Temple services and in the lives of Jerusalem’s inhabitants during Temple times. It also showcases the centrality of the Mikvah (ritual bath) as a place of purification in Jewish life everywhere and its particular importance in the environs of the Temple. Jewish Law dictates that without immersing in the Mikvah, one could not enter any part of either the First or Second Temples. Excavation and revitalization of this area, seldom visited by tourists despite its close proximity to popular sites like the Western Wall and the City of David, actualizes two of the Jerusalem 5800 Plan's goals. It both restores abandoned

54 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 55 Hotels and Tourism Hotels and Tourism

// The Nahal Refaim National Park A sophisticated modern visitor’s center, reenactment of ancient agriculture, one of the world’s largest zoos, an extreme park, a biblical experience center, and unique luxurious hotels, and more will make the enormous region of the Emek Refaim Park one of the biggest and most attractive tourist sites in the world

We present the planned Nahal Refaim and create a balance of the tourism National Park as an example of an traffic around the city. The park The compound will include open and new railroad which runs through Modiin. attraction to be created in Jerusalem adds a variety of cultural tourism enclosed facilities at a built capacity of In light of this, use of the rails and the focused on realizing the city’s experiences, born of the natural and some 20,000 meters, to be integrated with stations throughout the park for the unique tourism potential. The park, cultural landscapes, the varied choice the forest as “green” structures: some purposes of tourism and hotels should be as proposed in the Jerusalem 5800 of activities therein, and the hotels to of the built areas will be underground, considered – for example, using old train Plan, is to be a project of enormous be built surrounding it. and they will have green roofs with layers cars as bed & breakfasts. magnitude. The project’s planning and The tourist park will include the of flora. The biblical content offered to visitors will include various challenge Activity Areas for the General Public establishment stem from the desire to following compounds: This compound will include Ein Hanya create, within the city of Jerusalem, a attractions for the whole family with Main Transportation Center biblical context and will be developed in and all its surrounding structures and large agricultural expanse where the archeological remains. It will stretch all cultural heritage of biblical times is A full range of transportation cooperation with experts on the topic. means will be available here, making the way out to an artificial lake proposed to be reenacted and preserved. The The Edutainment Compound arrival to and departure from the for the Nahal Refaim channel. This agricultural reconstruction will serve An 115-acre compound will include compound, based on existing rural as the basis for a living, breathing, and park, as well as travel within in the park, easier: an underground train the Ein Yael Museum. This will include buildings, will be developed as a recreation economically self-supporting expanse some 25,000 meters of open and enclosed center for the day, evening, or nighttime for cultural tourism. station connected to the main railway from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, light structures to welcome visitors. The built activities and as the focal point of the The Emek Refaim Park is part areas will be mostly underground with entire park. The main public promenade of the continuum of Jerusalem’s rail stations, and cable car stops in a circle line within the park, serving green roofs. This compound will serve along the Refaim riverbed would run metropolitan urban parks. The park as the central expanse for experiential through the compound. In addition to will stretch out over the Refaim valley the stations at each of the park’s 14 projects. learning on biblical topics. the central recreation center, there will between the where the river flows be two smaller entertainment centers – out of the city’s built-up area into Main Visitor’s Center The Hotel Compound one surrounding Ein Walaja and another the open expanse, though the park The main visitor’s center will be Some 2,500 hotel rooms are to be built surrounding Ein Lavan. will be surrounded by the residential built adjacent to the transportation in the open expanse adjacent to the park. neighborhoods on the surrounding The Biblical Zoo Compound – center and will include stations where All of the proposed hotel compounds hilltops. Nahal Refaim is a big park visitors can get information will be developed and are planned to The Animal Kingdom compound that connects the city about activities, purchase materials be connected to the green agricultural The world class Biblical Zoo has been of Jerusalem, Gush Etzion, and the such as maps, books, and pamphlets, areas of the park and will have their own the tourist site with the highest number Judean plain, and this new national and tickets to all activities in the park. agricultural motif gardens. The designated of visitors in Israel for several years now. park will expand the tourist region There will also be designated areas of areas are intended mainly for privately- The compound sits on 60 acres and will beyond the city lines, connecting it to commerce and food stands. owned hotels, with only a few owned by be incorporated into the plans for the other parts of the metropolis. the . Emek Refaim Park as a central means of The proposed tourism region Biblical Family Theme Park The old railroad from Tel Aviv to attracting visitors. The zoo will serve as a is planned in a manner that will This compound will stretch mostly Jerusalem, which runs through the center quality tourist attraction with large-scale complement Jerusalem’s main tourist throughout what is today the JNF of the national park, is expected to be numbers of visitors, and will be active in center surrounding the Old City forest (an area of about 112 acres). useless by 2020 with the availability of the the fields of ecology and education.

56 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 57 Hotels and Tourism Hotels and Tourism

A. Main Transportation Center (Train Station) Map for the Nahal Refaim B. Main Entrance Compound National Park Plan C. Biblical Themed Extreme Family Park D. Biblical Themed Entertainment Center

E. The Hotel Compound

F. Entertainment Center – Visitor’s Welcoming Center

G. The Biblical Zoo Compound – the Animal Kingdom

H. The Biblical Zoo – the Water Kingdom

I. Agricultural Compound – Cultivate & Host

A C B

G ז

D

E H

I

E ה

E ו F

58 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 59 Hotels and Tourism Hotels and Tourism

The New Zoo Compound – The urban expanse of the the Water Kingdom This compound, under construction, holy basin will be planned will be a 40-acre extension of the existing infrastructure of the Biblical Zoo and will and operated as a large open allow more visitors while expanding to museum. This central urban address a greater variety of interests. Agricultural Compounds – expanse is meant to serve as Preserving Ancient Agricultural a continuous spiritual biblical Jerusalem This compound will be Emek Refaim experience with a network of Park’s flagship project. The project’s activities, sites, hotels, and purpose is to create a rural expanse wherein ancient Jerusalem will be logistical means. reenacted. This expanse will be some 1500 acres in size, and will act in the waterworks such as cisterns, wells, spirit of biblical times by preserving the aqueducts, and means of collecting values of nature, landscape, heritage, water. and culture – and by rebuilding and The reconstructed agricultural expanse reconstructing the flora, buildings, terraces, will be managed as a self-supporting unit. ancient roads, springs, archeological sites, Each of the activities will have its own cultural landscapes, irrigation systems, and manager. The manager will oversee it agricultural structures – all while creating in accordance with the annual plan for conditions that will enable the area to serve cultivation and maintenance. Income from tourism, education, and urban life. paid activities will be divided between Designated for this purpose is an area the maintenance budget for free activities in Nahal Refaim comprised of forest and and the operators. Free areas will include non-forest areas, which in the past served services, transportation and pedestrian as a central part of the agricultural expanse plazas, and lookout points. Paid services, surrounding Jerusalem. Remains of ancient such as guides or private spaces, will be agriculture have been found in the area, available for rental. Along with year-round routine recreated dishes, tools, and even furniture, A model of a biblical with ancient terraces, springs, and more. All forms of educational and activities, ceremonies and central events ancient-style handmade clothes and fabrics, village at Ein Yael, 2013 Photography: Konelius According to the proposed plan, different recreational activities will give visitors may be offered, such as the Three Jewish jewelry and various memorabilia of the elements will be developed in the area hands-on experiences. These include: pilgrimage holidays, events for Tu B’Av, Tu experience will all be available for purchase. that will together create an experience that plowing, sowing, reaping, planting field B’Shvat, Chanukah (an olive harvest), the The agricultural expanse will serve as a reenacts the world of biblical agriculture: and garden crops, pruning, harvest, firsts of the Hebrew month, the Ethiopian tourist attraction and as a place of research, ►► Living quarters: ancient living quarters weeding orchards and vineyards, building Jewish holiday of Gez, wine festivals, and learning, and education. Research on reconstructed for actual use. terraces, clearing rocks and thorns, making more. handcrafts and culture of ancient materials ►► Agriculture: reconstruction of the bread – from treating the wheat grains These events will serve to attract visitors will be conducted through the activities ancient terraces in a manner that enables to baking – all stages of making olive throughout the year and will be marketed to taking place, and at the same time, learning growing produce. oil, wine, milk, and cheese – including local tourists as well as those from abroad. and teaching of these fields – on all levels, ►► Animal farming: raising livestock as milking by hand, caring for work animals The visitor’s center at the agricultural from kindergarten through academia – will part of the ancient farming network. (ox, donkey, mule, horse), building using compound will bring in more income go on. The option to collaborate with ►► Workshops and industry: workshops ancient techniques, pottery and ancient selling local produce to visitors. Wheat institutions of education and learning for experiencing traditional crafts. ceramics, making tools of wood, stone, and bread, grapes and wine, almonds, and interested in the agricultural expanse’s ►► Water: reconstruction of the ancient and metal. nuts, dates, figs, pomegranates and carob, activities may be examined.

60 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 61 Hotels and Tourism Hotels and Tourism

An innovative technological experience in ancient Jerusalem. The Old City walls at the Jerusalem Light Festival, 2012

biblical expanse, wherein a network of activities, sites, hotels, and logistical means On their way to holy exist. This would include building, in the sites, the visitor holy basin and its close surroundings, sophisticated transportation systems, may come across attractions for all ages, shopping, and entertainment complexes, and additional technological services. The tourism network would stretch attractions, artists who through the holy basin, tightly knit, with extensions running into other points for paint or sculpt, dancers, tourism, hotel, commerce, and services to other areas in Jerusalem’s neighborhoods musicians, thespians, and within the metropolitan Jerusalem circus or pantomime region, via structured routes. The tourism expanse and routes will create artists, and more. a continuum of both structured and spontaneous experiences within the dialogue between the visiting tourist and stone structures, archeological remains, // The Biblical Experience Network the natural urban surroundings. On their the sounds and smells of the markets and way to holy sites, the visitor may come commercial squares, cafes, different tourist The Old City and the holy basin are expected, naturally, to attract the main across technological attractions, artists attractions and various hotels will all come volume of tourists arriving in metropolitan Jerusalem. Wise planning will who paint or sculpt, dancers, musicians, together for the purpose of completing thespians, circus or pantomime artists, and a unique experience for the visitor, the also make religious tourism a multi-layered and multi-sensory experience. more – spontaneously on the street or in tourist consumer – for guided groups, workshops. individuals, couples, or small unguided The Old City compound, including the At the same time, a significant part of The tourism network will include groups. Temple Mount, Mount Zion, the City the activities and instruction, exhibits, and offshoots planned to create a meeting The Jerusalem 5800 Plan is a of David, the Mount of Olives, and tourist entertainment will naturally take point between the holy basin and the consolidated, comprehensive tourism plan, their surrounding areas, is known as place in the holy basin. Thus, the urban central places of tourism in the metropolis. but planning the attractions themselves will the “holy basin.” It is the unique center expanse of the holy basin will be planned These places include the Nof Zion region be carried out by private entrepreneurs. of spirituality, religion, and tourism in and operated as a kind of giant open and the promenade hotels, the Nahal For this purpose, cooperative initiatives metropolitan Jerusalem. Planning will museum. The Old City, the holy basin, Refaim National Park area, the Bethlehem must be advanced between existing or make access to the holy sites easier by and the hotel areas surrounding them are and Gush Etzion region, the Nebi Samuel future committees with proven experience upgrading means of access and striving planned to allow lodging and pedestrian region, the Mevaserret Zion region, the and abilities in content, technology, to improve the services provided at holy traffic for the critical mass of tourists. Maaleh Adumim region, and the Dead Sea creativity and imagination – especially sites while coordinating fully with religious This central urban expanse is meant to and the Judean Desert region. international companies that have dealt institutions. serve as a continuous experiential-spiritual- Nature, agriculture, natural stone, with large-scale development projects.

62 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 63 Hotels and Tourism Hotels and Tourism

// Jerusalem Gates The metropolitan Jerusalem borders need markers and signs in order to give these borders presence for the visitor and local residents. Planned Sites for Jerusalem Gates Locations The “Jerusalem Gates” project is meant to serve these purposes.

In order to increase awareness of the center unique to the project, which will metropolitan region of Jerusalem and to provide the visitor with information about shape its borders in the public and national metropolitan Jerusalem in its entirety and consciousness, the Jerusalem 5800 team the location of the gate specifically. Ben Gurion has initiated the Jerusalem Gates project. Further, at each of the areas, there will Junction 60 The concept behind the project is to be additional components. Though it will Shifra Junction Binyamin create compounds within the metropolitan not be possible to develop all of them Regional Council Ramallah borders, which will signify these borders at every station, the best will be done to and serve as entrances for tourist intake develop as many as possible: Modi'in 443 Binyamin Regional Council and direction. ►► Ample parking Gas Station ►► Green open areas – a rest and lodging Features of the Project area which takes on the character of the At the end of 2014, the Central Bureau gate’s location, offering unstructured Jericho of Statistics defined the metropolitan experience of the surroundings West 1 Jerusalem region. The borders defined Stores or a market selling locally made ►► Latrun Junction Almog Junction Megillot were identical to those defined by the products Regional Council Jerusalem 5800 team. The Jerusalem ►► A visitor’s center East 1 Gates project will be planned and carried ►► Varied restaurants Maaleh Adumim out with environmental, tourism, and ►► Starting points for hikes and biking and nature authorities, such as the Society for jeep tours the Protection of Nature, the National Road services (a garage) Airport ►► Beit Shemesh Dead Sea Parks Authority, the Jewish National ►► A motel Hotel Region Fund, the Ministry of Tourism, regional ►► A Pilgrimage registration point 375 councils, and the Jerusalem Municipality. Bethlehem Route 60 Dead Sea During project implementation, along HaElah Junction the main roads leading to metropolitan The Project’s Purpose Mateh Yehuda” Regional Council Gush Etzion Junction Jerusalem, adjacent to points of entry The Jerusalem Gates project has several Gush Etzion Regional Council into the metropolis, compounds with purposes, each supporting the other: several components will be created. A ►► Establishing a physical, visual, and sign on the main road will direct travelers symbolic network of gates to serve to the areas. The compounds should be as specific markers along the main based on rest and service stops along roads leading to Jerusalem, to be the road, such as gas stations, in order to spread out along the circumference of keep costs down and planning processes the metropolitan region, marking its short. Each of these areas will contain borders. a gas station, a convenience store with ►► The gate compound will create public food and beverages, and a rest area. awareness among all sectors – local Tourist information and equipment will be residents and guests – of the fact available or for purchase. Additionally, each that the metropolitan region exists as of these “gates” should include a visitor’s such. This awareness will contribute

64 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 65 Hotels and Tourism Hotels and Tourism

to educating the public about the The Gates’ Location The khan at Sha’ar HaGai which there is a good lookout point for The Gush Etzion Junction was built in 1873 by viewing the scenic city of Jerusalem. The concept governing is an important focal basic concept behind the metropolitan The concept governing the location point for traffic in the orders of the Ottoman In light of this, several alternatives Jerusalem plan. of each gate is its prominent location, governor of Jerusalem, the location of each Judea today. A bustling are proposed for locations of the ►► Reinforcing identity as residents of which clearly marks an entrance to the on the side of the Jaffa commercial center is Jerusalem Gates, along central roads being developed nearby. greater metropolitan Jerusalem among metropolitan region. The construction to Jerusalem road. This gate is its prominent road was inaugurated in to the city, with each one having its These make the junction the residents of each gate’s region, and of it will not be complicated or expensive 1869 in honor of Austro- pros and cons. At a later stage of the an ideal candidate for influencing – directly and indirectly – and won’t require complex planning location, which clearly the location of one of Hungarian Caesar Franz project development, each option will their sense of awareness of belonging to processes. In light of this, the location Joseph’s visit to the city. the Jerusalem Gates. be analyzed, and the best ones shall be marks an entrance to Jerusalem as a unique place. must be a place where people can easily The khan was refurbished The junction’s central several years ago but chosen. roundabout, today. ►► Building obvious means of recognition get off and on the road towards Jerusalem. remains abandoned. – at the Latrun the metropolitan for visitors to the metropolitan region, Preference will be given for existing stops Route 1 West Its incorporation in the interchange, the Sha’ar HaGai thereby expanding significantly the (such as gas stations or near junctions or Jerusalem Gates project interchange, or the Shoeva interchange. station or the area. economic and tourism expanse for interchanges), such that it will be easy to on Route 1 will give it a – at the Route 60 North – at the junction which Jerusalem serves as a center. access the gate compound from either side new use. The khan today. Route 1 East junction, the Good Samaritan junction, by the entrance to Ofra, the junction at ►► Creating information and tourism of the road, locations where there is easy the Mitzpeh Yericho junction, around the entrance to Migron, or the Sha’ar centers by means of pairing gates with access to central walking routes (such as the Sea Level Lookout, or at the Almog Binyamin area. tourism routes, information booths, the Israel Route, or hiking/biking trails - junction. Route 60 South – at the Gush places for rest, shopping, tourism and coordinated with the SPNI, JNF, or other – by the Modiin Paz gas Etzion junction compound.□ more. relevant organizations), or locations from Route 443

66 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 67 Transportation Transportation

The Horkania airport will be planned using the most advanced technology available at the time of its construction

Transportation The expected growth in tourism to Jerusalem demands comprehensive development of an urban and intercity transportation system. Trains, subways, an advanced system for buses, and an airport will propel Jerusalem into an innovative, promising, expansive future.

68 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 69 Transportation Transportation

he transportation system is the main In order to allow the component in the functioning of T any city, as a city cannot function metropolis to function, Main Modes of Transportation in Jerusalem without one. Hence, the Jerusalem 5800 plan includes a comprehensive plan for a revolutionary approach transportation. The transportation plan was researched – one was created by an interdisciplinary team of transportation planners and the resulting in which Jerusalem plan takes on the transportation for the Ramallah Beit El entirety of metropolitan Jerusalem in 2050. would function in As a preamble to the preparation 2050 as “the city of of this plan, the team analyzed existing plans. It turned out that Netivei Yisrael public transportation,” (Israel’s national transport infrastructure Kochav Ya’akov company), the Jerusalem Municipality, a city wherein the and the Ministry of Interior’s Jerusalem overwhelming majority Givat Ze’ev Planning Chamber all had existing plans for Gev Binyamin transportation. But a thorough analysis of of travel would Beit Chanina these led to the inevitable conclusion that even if all of the projects in these existing not employ private plans were carried out over the coming decades, the transportation system would transportation Mevaserret Zion Shoresh still be overburdened, and the metropolis 4 to 5 million people, to which 12 million would not be able to maintain daily routine visitors, tourists, and pilgrims would flock Maaleh Adumim Ein Karem The transportation functionality for the purposes every year. In addition to this, a gigantic Old City of economy and tourism. center of employment is being planned for An analysis of the current transportation Atarot, where over 400,000 people would be situation on the roads, taking into employed, adding to the smaller and medium Ramat Horkania consideration the topography of Jerusalem, sized planned or existing ones throughout Rachel Airport shows that metropolitan Jerusalem is very the metropolis. Gilo close to maximum capacity on available In light of this, in order to allow the roads. A closer look at the possibility of metropolis to function on the anticipated improving the existing road infrastructure level, a revolutionary approach was by means of reasonable investment led Tunnel Bethlehem researched – one, wherein Jerusalem Neve Danial us to the conclusion that if use of public would function in 2050 as “the city of transportation is similar in 2050 to that of public transportation”, a city wherein the Suburban Radial Road Radial Road today, and population growth goes on as overwhelming majority of daily travel would Tekoa Tunnel expected, metropolitan Jerusalem’s roads will not employ private transportation, rather, be congested in a manner that will not allow others (public transportation, walking, Train tracks reasonable movement. biking, etc.). Intersection Simply stated, in order to allow for The process of preparing the plan was existing traffic patterns, according to which compatible with the planning process for most travelers use private transportation transportation," to serve public authorities and only a minority use public, to continue, in Israel: it is based on a quantitative analysis, Dead Sea unreasonable investments will be needed for uses demand models, and analysis of the building roads, bridges, tunnels. Otherwise, transportation network in order to examine the transportation system will collapse. the compatibility between the intensity The assumption which led to this was of activity, the demand for transportation that by 2050, Jerusalem would become an it creates, and the transportation system’s “international city” with a population of capacity and level of service.

70 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 71 Transportation Transportation

Several limits have dictated the must be added, such as Park & thinking behind the planning of Go centers. roads and streets in Jerusalem in D. The cost and ease of using the past, present, and future. The private transportation in topography of the Jerusalem region Jerusalem must be increased and makes it extremely difficult to decreased, respectively, by means develop a transportation network. of tolls, designating central The city is located on a relatively roads for public transportation narrow mountain (7 kilometers only, and such. across south of the Old City). E. An intercity axis must be paved, Both sides of the mountain are circumventing the city and rich in natural resources and very allowing traffic to run through steep. The wadis have offshoots the metropolis from the north going to the east and west. The (Binyamin and Samaria), the city itself is densely built, and the south (Judea), east (the valley streets are largely narrow, and it and the Dead Sea), and west (the would be difficult to widen them. coastal plain) without having to There is almost no room to add to go through the city. the city’s transportation capacity by A combination of these * widening or improving existing axis means, parallel to encouraging or opening new ones. The proposed the use of public transportation * Intercity train road plans have utilized the existing by advertising and educating the space for new roads almost to its public, could lead to Jerusalem * Light rail fullest. The next stage would be a being a public transportation city. Illustrations: Mike Demidov, Shutterstock revolutionary change in approach, In our estimation, this change is * Airport and only this would enable imperative, and only this change * Circumferential road metropolitan Jerusalem to become a will enable the city to keep up with city based on public transportation the developing traffic needs of the * BRT – a move which would save the city coming half-century. from a transportation disaster. The current plan doesn’t * Metro In order to turn Jerusalem address the full details of its into a metropolis based on public implementation. Our presumption transportation, the following steps was that use of public must be taken: transportation in the city, with the A. Drastic improvements need implementation of the plan, will to be made in the level of reach similar rates of those found service provided by public in cities where there is increased BRT system which would provide upgrading them to BRT – is its transportation. use of public transportation, high-quality service and a metro flexibility and the option to change B. The transportation system assuming that Jerusalem’s public system. the routes to suit the changing needs – new roads and railroads – transportation system would be able In this context, it is important of a developing city. must be planned while giving to achieve a similar level of quality. to emphasize that with the current Thus, as of today, there is no complete preference to public The plan includes several important situation (in 2016), a well-distributed reason to attempt detailed planning transportation, at the expense of tools for encouraging the use of bus system in metropolitan of the bus routes or to change the the convenience of those using public transportation, the most Jerusalem, together with the light principle manner of their activity. private transportation. important one being numerous rail inaugurated in 2011, provides Their existence and important role C. Facilities that encourage Park & Go lots at transport reasonable public transportation should be recalled and integrated people to move over to public centers near or at train stations, the to the metropolis. The advantages as a vital part of the planned transportation instead of private establishment of a high-capacity of a bus system – especially when transportation network.

72 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 73 Transportation Transportation

// The Circumferential Road Circumferential roads are to be found in any large metropolis Transportation principles for metropolitan Jerusalem in the world today, and they are the most efficient tool for managing and directing urban and intercity traffic. Establishment of a system of mass transportation, for travel to and Circumferential roads have served for from, and within, metropolitan Jerusalem. several decades as the most important Building the transportation tool for channeling circumferential vehicles in large metropoles around the world. The purpose of the existence of road will require A new airport, to be built in the Horkania-Jericho region, will serve such roads is to prevent vehicles that need to get from one side of a city to completing relatively for people to arrive in Jerusalem from outside the country in addition to the other from having to go through flights coming into Israel’s main airport – Ben Gurion. the city. The circumferential roads few sections, at a connect all of the roads leading to the metropolis with each other and with reasonable expense, the roads leading from it to the center and in a relatively The main transportation system (roads and public transportation) of the city. In this way, circumferential will be radial, meaning, based on circumferential roads. roads make it possible to reach defined short period of time areas of the city with much greater ease. Circumferential roads contribute to the reduction of traffic congestion, and as a direct result of this, to a reduction in this, establishing the circumferential The urban public transportation system will include light rails and air and noise pollution and an increased road will require building road sections advanced buses which will provide services for short rides. As needed, quality of life. connecting it with the primary and at a later stage, a subway system will be built as well. The vision of a circumferential road secondary traffic arteries of Jerusalem, for Jerusalem existed already 1975, the primary arteries to the city’s and a general plan for the Jerusalem neighborhoods, and to the city center circumferential road is in initial from all parts of the city. Jerusalem’s intercity train system will be significantly upgraded to planning stages under the title “The It should be emphasized that this City Gates Project.” According to this circumferential road will be able to use include three lines to the Jerusalem region, one of which will go to the plan, the circumferential road will be existing routes only if the borders of Atarot employment area, a train line to the planned Horkania-Jericho comprised of two half-rings – the metropolitan Jerusalem, as determined airport in the east, and a north-south route on the -Ramallah- east and west circumferential roads. in this plan, are to be accepted. A comprehensive examination of the Further, the circumferential road will Jerusalem-Hebron Beer Sheva axis. current status of the highways around be planned and built in a manner that the expected metropolitan region will allow reference to the demographic shows that in actuality, many of the changes in the city and to the changing roads which already exist could serve transportation needs thereof. In – with minor changes – as sections of some big cities – such as Madrid the circumferential road. Thus, building and Paris – there is more than one the circumferential road will require circumferential road, as the expansion completing relatively few sections, at a of the metropolis has required the reasonable expense, and in a relatively establishment of more circumferential short period of time. Together with roads.

illustrations: Mike Demidov, Shutterstock

74 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 75 Transportation Transportation

depths, it would be possible to dig the Subway services are justified mainly due to // The Subway subway tunnels without issues of harming the capacity and speed of travel. A subway antiquities using “moles” – high-speed line can serve up to 100,000 travelers an hour Will a subway be built in Jerusalem? The need for such a train depends on digging equipment which makes digging in each direction, as opposed to 10,000 an many different factors, some of which are still unknown today. In any event, more efficient. The only issue that would hour on the light rail or a BRT. For distances remain would be where to have the above- of over 10 kilometers, travel times on the it is a good idea to prepare for such a possibility and plan an innovative ground entrances and exits. These points subway are significantly shorter than by other network of underground trains for the Holy City. would have to be chosen carefully and with means, even if you take into account the flexibility, while taking into consideration time it takes to get down to the station and any of the world’s biggest cities would a full network serving most of the any archeological findings, and giving back above ground. But for short rides, the have high-speed subways (metros) metropolis be needed? them proper archeological and scientific total use of the subway – taking these times M as essentials parts of their public First, it should be noted that it has been care throughout the digging process, as is into account – can be significantly greater transportation systems. Subways allow argued in the past that in Jerusalem, with accepted in any building project in Israel. than the time it takes to use parallel means of masses of people to travel quickly from its multitudes of antiquities, it would be Though the antiquities problem can transportation. Thus, the subway would only one point in the city to another. The impossible to dig the routes of such an be resolved, there is still opposition to a be worthwhile if there were lines with over Jerusalem 5800 planning committee extensive underground transportation subway among the planning committee. 15,000 travelers per hour running distances deliberated whether such a system is system. But other ancient cities in the The essential strategic stance taken in of over 5 kilometers. In the forecast for essential in Jerusalem. The deliberation world have dealt with such issues, and the Jerusalem 5800 Plan is that all public Jerusalem over the coming decades, it seems touched upon two points: first, would nowadays, digging for the purposes of transportation lines would be above-ground. this is not to be the case. the structure, population size, and scope such systems is done in bedrock, some 40- The reasons for this stance is the ease of In light of this, at the initial stage of of tourism render the use of subways 50 meters underground, underneath those access to such services and enjoying the planning, it has been decided to turn down necessary? Second, what would be the archeological layers. There is no doubt that view while riding. this option and deal with the matter only if role and character of the subway? Would if it were decided to build such a network Further, it is not clear if there is there is a future need for it due to significant it be possible to suffice with a few lines of underground trains in Jerusalem, it justification for building a subway system in demographic growth. The assumption is serving central destinations, or, alternately, would be built at such depths. At such terms of the expected numbers of travelers. that there may be a need to initially establish

76 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 77 Transportation Transportation

a subway at the large employment center in Atarot. This employment center, meant to concentrate large numbers of employees from all // The Railway Station over the city, may have difficulties Over a hundred years have passed since the first train traveled from Tel Aviv taking in the numbers of employees expected to arrive by light rails to Jerusalem, a future train line will become the main means of transporting and buses only, and there may be a people and goods to and from the metropolis. need to establish one concentrated subway line for transportation to Today (2016), there is one train line the subway, the tunnel and the station and from Atarot. If and when to Jerusalem. This line travels along the will need to be dug in bedrock in order to the center at Atarot has more than historical rails by Nahal Soreq, through prevent harming antiquities. 160,000 people working therein, it Beit Shemesh, where it connects to the The third train line coming from the will not be possible to serve the area national railways to the center, south, and Tel Aviv region will have to be established, without a subway system. At a later north. The rail’s winding route to Beit serving the employment center that is to stage – if the numbers of tourists Shemesh means that riding this line from be built in Atarot. This line – which will be correlate with expectation – there Jerusalem to metropolitan Tel Aviv takes a built along route 443 – will allow people will probably be a need to expand very long time and is not usually worth the who live outside metropolitan Jerusalem this system. The main area tourists while. In parallel, over the next few years to work in Atarot, and will ease their and pilgrims of all religions will wish (2018 – 2020), the construction of another travel between jobs in Atarot and business to access – according to the existing line, on the Tel Aviv-Modiin-Jerusalem centers in Tel Aviv. Further, this train line reality in the city today – will be axis, planned to arrive at a station in the will enable transportation of raw materials the Old City and its surroundings. western region of Jerusalem (near today’s from the Ashdod port to the Atarot It is not possible to expand the central bus station), will take place. Use of employment center and export goods from existing roads to the Old City and tunnels and bridges will enable this line to Atarot to Ashdod. its surroundings without further, befall any historical sites when Prague’s subway system is an example significantly reduce travel times, making built. Horizontal entrances and of an ancient city where a subway travel by train more efficient than by bus The Jerusalem 5800 complicated, expensive, and drawn- system was dug at great depths, in exits will limit harm to the visual out digging. Any expanding of order to avoid harming archeological for the first time. Plan assumes that existing roads and streets may cause and environmental character of findings. Trains passing through the But the Jerusalem 5800 Plan, which great harm to the city, ecologically the Old City and its surroundings. subway tunnels in Prague. examines Jerusalem’s future needs, assumes these two lines Access from subway stations to the that these two lines won’t be sufficient to and environmentally speaking as well. photography: Shutterstock Further, expanding access hundreds of antiquities and tourist cover Jerusalem’s transportation needs, won’t be enough to roads and surrounding roads by sites surrounding the city will also be especially once it becomes a city of public the Old City may ease traffic at a suited thereto. transportation – making it harder to reach cover Jerusalem’s few locations, but not on the scale The establishment of these few the metropolis by private vehicle. In light transportation needs needed to take in the millions of subway lines must be included in of this, a number of train lines need to be tourists expected to come in the comprehensive plans for a future added. Today there are no trains along the future. Only a sophisticated system subway system in metropolitan This would involve extending the new mountainside – and truthfully, there never of mass transport can solve the Jerusalem. There is a big advantage train lines, which are planned to arrive at was one to begin with. Assuming political access problem surrounding the to such a system, which covers large the entrance to the city, and moving them problems are to be resolved peacefully, Western Wall, the Temple Mount, parts of the metropolis, and thus it to run through a tunnel and arrive at an there will be a need for a train line on the and other places in the Old City and is important to anticipate potential underground station which will be located north-to-south axis along the mountain its immediate area. Thus it seems that needs and plan comprehensively at the center of the city. side. This train line will connect the cities in the long run, only a subway will for the city, implementing gradually The logic of this is that such a train Nablus, Ramallah, Jerusalem, Hebron, provide a solution for the transport according to need. Routine line would make direct access to Jerusalem and Beer Sheba. The advantages of a train of millions of travelers. The subway development of the above-ground possible for tourists coming from along this axis will be saving time and route will be dug in the natural public transportation system must metropolitan Tel Aviv and Ben Gurion, the ability to transport large numbers of rock, tens of meters underground, also be conducted in a manner that arriving at a location in close proximity to people over long distances. Trains running under the layers of antiquities, in will allow possible synchronizing central tourist attractions in the Old City on this line will arrive at the employment a manner that will ensure no harm with subway lines in the future. and the hotels located in the area. As with center at Atarot, enabling people from

78 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 79 Transportation Transportation

// The Airport Building an additional airport in Israel is a genuine need, and doing so north and south of Jerusalem to find jobs incline. has been planned adjacent to Jerusalem seems a most natural and sensible solution, which there, without the difficulties of time and to work on a 1.5 – 2% incline at most. would exploit the Jerusalem advantage, encourage economic growth and distance preventing them from accepting Laying tracks suited to Israel Railways these jobs. Additionally, this train line will require making the route significantly contribute to the entire country’s development. will strengthen the process of Jerusalem longer by making it a winding route, becoming the central axis of the State of incurring great cost, causing serious Israel. environmental damage, and harming the There is also no train going eastward landscape. There are more modern trains, ir transportation is expected to The Alternatives from Jerusalem today. This line would be manufactured by a Canadian company, grow and advance over coming The Israeli government recognized these able to connect Jerusalem with Jericho and that can run on an incline of up to 6%. A decades. New aircraft will be constraints and assigned the Ministers the future airport at Horkania, going on to Using such a train would allow for laying introduced along with advanced engines of Transportation and Security with the cross the Jordan River and reach Amman, down a route, from Jerusalem westward, of that consume less fuel. Air travel will task of presenting a proposal for the the capital of Jordan. The existence of reasonable length, and even located parallel become an even more central means of location of a new airport to complement such a line would be critical to making the to the road that is there now, keeping the long and medium distance travel than Ben Gurion. Due to a lack of viable sites airport worth its investment, and would environmental damage down. This train they are today. A gradual rise in air travel for the airport in Israel’s central region, The new train line from for business and pleasure by Israelis significantly improve tourism in the region, line would connect the new international Tel Aviv to Jerusalem current proposals are to establish a civilian as many tourists would like to incorporate airport in the Horkania valley to the would connect Jerusalem and the anticipated rise in tourism to airport in the north or south based on a visit to Jerusalem with a visit to Jordan – new train station in Jerusalem (under the with the central region Israel will both require the expedited existing military airbases. Utilizing the of the country, but a trend we see currently as well. central bus station in the center of town). development of modern and accessible infrastructure from an existing military future nationwide train airports, as well as transportation linking Construction of such a line stands in Going crosstown would be done using infrastructure would airport would lessen the time needed for the face of a serious engineering issue: the an underground tunnel. Travelers wishing have to be much more them to residential locations and tourist planning and building, as well as decrease differences in height between the Horkania to go on westward would have to switch comprehensive, and iron sites around the country. direct costs. However, it would require tracks would have to reach Today, there is one large international valley and Jerusalem can reach up to 800 trains at the Jerusalem station, so, for metropolitan Jerusalem meters. Considering the distance of 20 the long-term, having the train run even airport in Israel – the Ben Gurion The steady rise in from all over the country. Airport. Ben Gurion’s current top kilometers and the (unlikely) presumption further westward to Tel Aviv should be Building the bridge over of a uniform slope, there would be a 4% considered. Zurim valley, 2013. aviation capacity is limited to est. 16- the number of yearly 18 million travelers annually when accounting for the completion of all travelers passing scheduled upgrades. There are already some 12-18 million people traveling through Ben Gurion will through Ben Gurion each year, including put stress on Israeli air 6-8 million tourists from overseas and 7-10 million Israelis. The steady rise in transportation in the the number of yearly travelers passing through Ben Gurion will put stress on near future. Israeli air transportation in the near the construction of fast, efficient, and future. The time needed to plan and expensive transportation systems from it build an airport is estimated at 10-11 to the center of the country. The proposed years – meaning such an airport, in the alternatives are expropriation from the best case, could not be up and running IDF of the Nevatim base near Be’er Sheva before 2026. or building a new airport in the Megiddo The steady rise in the number of Valley. yearly travelers passing through Ben Establishing an international airport Gurion will put stress on Israeli air on the current location of the Nevatim transportation in the near future. base by Be’er Sheva could be a boon

80 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 81 Transportation Transportation

for development in the Negev. Linking Sheva would be much further away from be 80 kilometers from Gush Dan and 120 The forecast for the airport to the central region via a the populous Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. km to Jerusalem. When the valley railway transportation system that would include Even travel via Route 6 would be over is done, it will be possible to link it to the significant growth and roads and railways – which would be 100 kilometers to Gush Dan and 140 airport and improve its transportation imperative to the airport’s existence – kilometers to Jerusalem. Moreover, there accessibility. Another advantage would maximizing existing would improve the general connectivity will be difficulties making services available be the ability to serve the populations of between the Be’er Sheva region and the to the Arab population of Judea and Judea and Samaria (relatively easily), who potential of some 10 country’s center – Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. Samaria and in countries east of Israel. could reach it via Jenin (assuming political million foreign tourists This alternative has several drawbacks. The Megiddo region could also house issues are resolved), either by car or by The first is the expected objection on the an airport. The Megiddo Valley is large the train which is meant to run along the annually to metropolitan part of the military to the expropriation enough to contain an international mountainside. of Nevatim – one of its largest and most airport which would be relatively close Jerusalem depends on, important air force bases for civilian to metropolitan Haifa – the third largest Why Jerusalem? use. Second, this airport would not be metropolis in Israel. But even that airport The forecast for significant growth and among other things, the accessible to the north or center of the would be too far from where most of the maximizing existing potential of some availability of convenient country. In most of the world, it is population is concentrated – Tel Aviv and 10 million foreign tourists annually to standard for complementary or alternative Jerusalem – and even further for people metropolitan Jerusalem depends on, among air transportation in airports to be up to 60 kilometers from from the south. Travel to the central region other things, the availability of convenient, the main airports, but the one in Be’er would be via Routes 65 and 6. It would competitive air transportation in close close proximity.

An airport in the heart of the desert. A bird’s-eye view of the Horkania Valley Airport

82 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 83 Transportation Transportation

The Advantages of the Horkania Valley Airport

  Access to large Accessibility centers of for Jordanian population in tourists Israel  

  A possible Accessibility for capacity of up the Arab residents of Judea and to 35 million  travelers a year Samaria Supports   tourism development in metropolitan Jerusalem  proximity to the city center. This is the a critical factor in developing international The air traffic control most important consideration in favor of tourism and pilgrimage to the country’s tower at Ben Gurion, 2015 as well as grant pilgrims access to the (approximately 400 meters below sea level), establishing an airport next to Israel’s most capital. Moreover, connecting it with the Galilee, the Sea of Galilee and the Golan. on the western side the cliffs of the Judean important destination, Jerusalem, over national transportation infrastructure by The airport would be located within close Hills jut out at the height of 800 meters other places. The first question that must means of highways and railways would proximity to the Dead Sea – a unique site and more, and to the south there are high be asked is whether, in the mountainous enable relatively fast access to metropolitan which attracts tourists from all over the hills. It should be pointed out that in terms region adjacent to Jerusalem, there is an Tel Aviv, only tens of kilometers from world. After examining various alternatives, of security, it will be necessary to lower the area that fulfills the internationally accepted the airport. Additionally, after establishing we found a site in Jerusalem that meets the hills on the south side of the runways in topographic criteria for establishing an consensus among the local population necessary engineering criteria for a modern some places. airport that can provide the land needed to (see below), the airport would be more airport. This site rests east of Jerusalem, The proposed plan utilizes the entire serve passengers needing to get to and from accessible to the large Arab population of in the Gush Etzion and Megillot Regional area of the valley for the building of the the airport. It is important to emphasize Judea and Samaria. Lastly, the relatively Council’s Horkania valley. The Horkania airport. The airport will include: two that the establishment of an airport requires close location to the border with Jordan – valley, which is in the Judean desert, stands runways, roads connecting them, space consolidating national and international our friendly neighbor to the east – would up to the criteria for a large airport in reserved for the parking of the aircraft, an consensus. allow Jordanian citizens to use the airport, terms of area. aviation oil tank farm, an observation and The advantage of an airport in as an attraction for tourists wishing to visit Its width is about 1.5 kilometers, the control tower, a control area including fire the Jerusalem region would be its that country. A speedy connection with the length some four kilometers, and is at and first aid stations, a passenger terminal accessibility to those in the most densely Valley Road going north and the Aravah sea level. The valley is enclosed from all with gates and docking for the planes, a populated areas. It would be accessible to Road going south would also serve some sides: at the northern and eastern ends the charging terminal, train station and a large metropolitan Jerusalem and would serve as of the population in the north and south surface drops at the cliffs to Dead Sea level parking lot.

84 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 85 Transportation Transportation

Two parallel 3800-meter runways are The airport’s capacity planned for the Horkania Airport, which will serve all civilian passenger planes will be between 20- used for international aviation service 35 million passengers today, plus those planned for service in the foreseen future. The runways will be a year, and should be equipped for landing under any weather conditions. developed in two main The airport’s capacity will be between 20-35 million passengers a year. The stages. central passenger terminal will be used for ticketing, baggage check, passport control, estimation would yield 20 million using customs, and baggage claim for returning one and 35 with both running parallel to passengers. From this building, all each other. passengers will be taken to their extensions Building the Horkania airport will to wait for their flights, by internal trains require upgrading the transportation which will travel back and forth along system in the region. To give an idea of the entire airport, with stops at every the initial stage requirements – wherein extension. the airport is meant to have a capacity of 20 million passengers annually – analysis Development of the Airport of anticipated travelers to the airport in Our proposal is to develop the private vehicles shows that there would Horkania Airport in two main stages, with be some 75,000 people coming and going each of the runways being developed, each day in an estimated 60,000 private proposed transportation system for serving the airport to Jerusalem will present an The new airport will be and all ground and air facilities needed for vehicles. These vehicles will be traveling the Horkania Airport is based largely on engineering challenge; however, innovative designed for intake of its operation being developed along with along different routes – Route 1 to the millions of passengers each existing and planned roads. Connection Canadian technology is available for this. year, many of whom are them. The progression from the first stage west (50,000 vehicles), Route 90 to the with the coastal lowland will occur in two If the political situation and economic expected to arrive from the (where one runway will be developed) to north (7,000 vehicles), and Route 90 to ways, which will be built in two stages for demands bring about good use of the Far East to visit Jerusalem. the second (two runways) will be carried the south (3,000 vehicles). There are also budgetary reasons. In the initial stage, the airport for tourists to and from Jordan, it The Chinese delegation to out according to the scope of activity on about 25,000 passengers expected to arrive road circumventing Jerusalem from the will also be possible to continue the railway the Jerusalem March 2013 the ground and allow for increasing annual by public transportation (trains and buses) north, based on Routes 45 and 443, will east to Amman, improving the quality of passenger capacity from some 20 million on peak activity days. As stated, these be developed and widened. In the second the roads and the number of lanes going per year at the initial stage to 35 million at numbers will require new transportation stage, the central Route 2 will be built and east. the second stage. infrastructure, mainly going west to widened. The problem with the immediate Analysis of international data shows Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. In the short term, use of this route is that Jerusalem is right The Port of Peace that with one runway serving both landing there will be a need for one lane in each in the middle – between the Adumim Along with tourism considerations and takeoff, with various types of aircraft direction, with additional slow lanes on plain and Sha’ar HaGai. The proposed in favor of Horkania as the location for and their varying speeds, about 240,000 steep hillsides. In the long-term, there solution is to dig a tunnel under the city the airport, the airport could present an takeoffs and landings could be carried out must be the option of adding a lane in which would connect the Adumim plain opportunity for cooperation with the Arab annually. With two independent runways, each direction. region with the Sha’ar HaGai region. After residents of Judea and Samaria. Arab 370,000 would be possible. Assuming that For this purpose, there must be a completing the construction of these leadership could be asked to establish the average occupancy of an airplane is connecting route to the Tel Aviv-Ben roads, there will be good transportation and operate the airport commonly, which 125 passengers – the standard baseline Gurion-Jerusalem-Horkania interchange accessibility to these areas. could contribute to Israel in terms of for such aviation calculations – then each via Route 90. This road will serve traffic Additionally, high-speed train tracks transportation, economy, security, and individual runway could fly 30 million and cargo going to the airport and will will need to be laid, connecting the airport politics. Of course, all of this relies on the passengers a year – and on two, some 46 assist in the airport’s functioning as a with the national railway via Jerusalem. resolution of current political problems. million. Even a more modest, realistic backup to . The As stated, though the steep incline from The Arabs of Judea and Samaria have

86 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 87 Transportation Transportation

a clear economic interest in the existence military control, and thus, construction The welcoming hall at Ben would be able to weigh opening such air Politically speaking, an The welcoming hall at Ben of an international airport in Judea and of the airport would require Israeli Gurion. Summer 2014 corridors if Israeli airlines were allowed Gurion. Summer 2014 Samaria, which would allow transport authorization. to use international airways over Arab airport in the Horkania of goods and services and significant The proposed collaboration would have countries, shortening flights to the Far development and increase in tourism, many advantages for Israel as well. Firstly, East significantly. valley could present a which would be a serious source of it is critical that Israel ensures that an As stated, the Horkania Airport would foreign currency. Building and operating independent, exclusively Arab airport not be the best-known option as a location for bridge between Israel a common airport would have crucial be established there and that any airport an alternative to Ben Gurion Airport in the and all countries in the economic repercussions on the population built is at least under control common with region between the Mediterranean Sea and of Judea and Samaria. Roads and railways Israel. This is because the Jordan, should the functionality of Ben Middle East. would connect the airport to locations with must have complete operational freedom Gurion be temporarily disrupted, or due to concentrated populations in Judea and of aviation activity between the Jordan the rise in transportation needs, expected Thus, both sides – Israel and the Samaria and with existing and future focal and the sea, and to preserve security as soon as within the next few years. Thus, Palestinian Authority – have interests in points for tourism. arrangements needed to protect civilian Israel needs to be able to control all air terms of transportation and economy It should be noted that the Palestinian aviation to and from Israel. traffic, including foreign flights – and at which support the construction of an Authority has already initiated the Along with this, cooperation would any rate, there must be Israeli control over airport in the Horkania valley. The construction of an airport in the ensure that observation and control over the airport in Horkania. Jerusalem 5800 planning committee Horkania valley. In October 2010 the air traffic would be in Israeli hands and Lastly, politically speaking, an airport in believes that such an international airport Palestinian Authority announced that it is that operation of the airport be according the Horkania valley could present a bridge could be built even without the Palestinian ready and willing to build the “ to leading Israeli and international criteria between Israel and all countries in the Authority’s agreement, but it would be International Airport” in the . for security and safety. Middle East. It could serve as an impetus better to do it in agreement with them and According to Arab plans, this airport An aviation agreement between the for improving relations between Israel and with Jordan. would stretch out over the Horkania two sides would make it possible to its neighbors, and for bringing tourism valley east of Jerusalem. This is in Area open international flight routes, crossing from the Arab world to Israel, where there C, currently under Israeli civilian and common skies and flying east. Israel are Muslim holy sites.

88 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 89 Sustainability in Jerusalem Sustainability in Jerusalem

The pedestrian conveyor belt in the city

Sustainability in Jerusalem Preserving the values of nature and landscape, taking Jerusalem’s unique climate into consideration and using it to our advantage, innovative ecological construction, and smart, advanced recycling – all of these could make Jerusalem a world capital of sustainability, for the good if its residents and for the good of the millions of tourists coming to the city.

90 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 91 Sustainability in Jerusalem Sustainability in Jerusalem

oday, the city of Jerusalem is a cultural, spiritual, ethical center for The amount of T religions and nations. This is a focal precipitation in point attracting hundreds of thousands of tourists. It is a city that is known by Jerusalem is high virtually every human on earth. Its status as the capital of Israel has been in the in comparison to making for at least 5,000 years. Some of the main reasons for this are the unique that of other central natural conditions of this place. Nature has certainly favored man cities in Europe, but in Jerusalem. The Jerusalem climate is the rainy days aren’t moderate Mediterranean, with comfortable temperatures year-round, ample water, scattered evenly diverse flora blossoming year-round, and clean mountain air. These excellent throughout the year. conditions created a platform for the development of human life, as well as degrees. This means that nature itself material and spiritual culture in ancient provides thermal comfort for people on times, in this place above all others. most days of the year in Jerusalem. Metropolitan Jerusalem has an Another factor influencing comfort in extraordinarily diverse climate. To the any given place is the relative humidity. east, there is the hot, arid desert region Unrelated to temperature, thermal surrounding the Dead Sea and the Judean comfort can only exist between 22-80% desert. The mountainous Binyamin and relative humidity. Optimal humidity is Gush Etzion regions are rich in natural between 40 and 70 percent. On most springs receiving large amounts of water days of the year, humidity in Jerusalem is from melting snow each year. The west between 46 and 58% - which is optimal. there is an average annual rainfall of only Jerusalem has especially good The natural region Judean Hills and lowlands have surrounding Jerusalem In winter the average relative humidity is 450mm. The impression that there is a lack conditions for the development of flora. forested slopes and deep rivers which flow allows comfortable 75%, which is within the range of optimal of water in Jerusalem stems from the fact As a rule, plants cannot blossom during to the Nahal Soreq and Nahal Ayalon conditions for existence. humidity, but when over 73%, humidity that the rainy days are not scattered evenly months with average temperatures The rural forested area basins. encourages the growth of mold and fungi throughout the year. The same amount of less than 7.5 degrees – the average around the Beit Zayit The human body is strong, but still, – which harms the quality of life and of water that European cities get in small temperature of Jerusalem’s coldest month, Dam, which is a part of it cannot survive in climate conditions metropolitan Jerusalem. health. doses throughout the year can come down January. Therefore, throughout the entire outside a very specific temperature range. In the background: A small degree of deviation from the in Jerusalem in only a few days – and only year, there is blossoming in the city – Only a few hours spent in a very hot Jerusalem’s western maximum recommended relative humidity in autumn or winter. mostly that of wild flowers. Moderate corridors environment can cause dehydration or (73%) doesn’t take place during the day, The geological structure of the land temperatures, together with an abundance heatstroke, while remaining out in the cold rather, mainly at night, and only on a in Jerusalem and its surroundings, which of sunlight and reasonable precipitation, can cause hypothermia, freezing, or even handful of days during winter. During includes many underground caves, has created good conditions for agriculture endanger human life. The temperature the warm season, from April through caused the creation of many large, natural in the region even back in ancient times, range in which the human body is September, relative humidity goes below underground reservoirs. As of today, and there are archeological findings comfortable – referred to as “thermal 40%. there is no comprehensive information which prove that there was agriculture in comfort” in research literature – is quite The amount of precipitation in regarding all of the underground Jerusalem thousands of years ago. narrow, from 18 to 29 degrees in the Jerusalem is high relative to that of other reservoirs or the amount of water therein. Jerusalem’s location on a mountaintop shade, and 6 to 18 in the sun. central cities in Europe. In Jerusalem, Occasionally new ones are discovered, between the Mediterranean Sea and the The average annual temperature in there is an average rainfall of about 600 such as HaUma Cave, discovered 75 Dead Sea enable effective ventilation. Also, Jerusalem is 16 degrees. From season to mm of rain per year, like in Berlin – and meters under Jerusalem in 2011 – the the relatively little heavy industry has made season, average temperatures can go from a bit more than in Stockholm or Prague largest flowing underground channel Jerusalem a leader among Israel’s cities in a low of 6.4 degrees to a high of 29.4 – and much more than in Madrid, where discovered in Israel to date. terms of its excellent air quality.

92 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 93 Sustainability in Jerusalem Sustainability in Jerusalem

Ecological Construction Nature has certainly year, gets less dry during the hot season, is the same as the height of the buildings According to Israel Electric Company and is naturally covered with about 15% on either side. Thus, the main streets are reports from 2010, Israel has some of the favored man in more flora than average. shady all day: before noon the buildings on highest rates in the world for electricity A southern slope is more exposed to the east give shade, and in the afternoon consumption per person. Almost 50% Jerusalem and the sun than others, and effective passive – those on the west. This ongoing shade of electricity created in Israel is used for heating is possible from the sun. From this is the source of the commercial success heating, cooling, and ventilation of homes. may enable him to we know that south slopes are suitable for for businesses along these streets – it's In contrast with extravagant average residential buildings and northern ones are pleasant to be there even at the height of a consumption of electricity, around 38% of enjoy comfortable good for urban parks and office buildings. summer day’s heat. Israel’s population limit their consumption conditions in homes Additionally, construction adjacent to Smaller streets, perpendicular to these of electricity for heating and cooling their existing buildings should not be permitted main streets, were paved going east-to- homes due to financial constraints. with minimal energy if it is to block the sunlight on existing west. This gives a southern façade, passive The existing systems for heating and buildings for more than two hours a day solar heat in the winter, and protection cooling homes can cause disease. For consumption. between October and March, in order from the sun in the summer to almost example, the legionella bacteria breeds to allow heat from the sun during the all of the apartments in the area. The winter. Construction would also be both entrances to the buildings are from the in air conditioning systems. Oil or diesel Since, during the winter, the sun appears based home heaters are a leading cause on the hilltops and in the valleys in order north, and so, their stairwells stay cool only in the south, during this season the to preserve a built-up urban continuum in the summer and walking out onto the of burns among children. And above south façade of buildings is the only all, manufacture of electricity causes incorporating green areas. street is pleasant. façade which can supply heat from the In Jerusalem’s Nachalat HaShiv’ah These advantages of this neighborhood enormous amounts of carbon dioxide and sun. It is also enough to have only a little poisonous gas emissions, causing the air in neighborhood – one of the oldest – in terms of tourism and commerce, shade on this façade in order to provide historical neighborhoods outside the Old and in terms of quality of life and energy Israel to be dirtier and creating greenhouse protection during the summer since the effect which harms the earth. City walls – all of the main streets (Yoel efficiency for cooling and heating – come sun is especially high when it is in the Moshe Solomon, Rivlin, Ma’a lot Nachalat about naturally, as the result of necessary These undesirable phenomena can be south during summer. minimized or even avoided altogether by Shiv’ah) were paved going north-to-south. smart street planning. Such a network of In light of this, the following principles They are relatively narrow, and their width streets – lengthwise and crosswise, with planning which takes climate into account may be applied when planning homes in – and Jerusalem’s comfortable climate Jerusalem: certainly provides a good basis for such • The south façade should be given planning. In Jerusalem, nature turns a preference for placement of windows. This sketch displays the ideal height for friendly face to man and can allow him to • The east façade should be second home construction and the desirable distance enjoy comfortable conditions in homes between buildings for allowing optimal use of preference. Though passive heat cannot light and the warmth of the sun with minimum consumption of electricity. be supplied from here in the winter, Efficient insulation, passive heating of exposure to the sun in the summer is homes and proper shading can lower only in the mornings, when it isn’t very electricity usage by tens of percentages. hot yet. Summer sun As stated, throughout most of the year, • The north façade is exposed to sunlight 70° Jerusalem is naturally within the range of only in the summer, during early thermal comfort. It is enough to ensure morning hours, and right before sunset exposure to sunlight during the cold Winter sun in the evening. 35° months and proper shade in warm ones • The eastern façade is the most to supply thermal comfort some 90% of problematic: the sun visits this location the time and even more. When planning only during the hottest hours, all year – homes in Jerusalem, it is important to take and in the summer, in the afternoon. into account that in the winter, buildings These principles have implications for are exposed to sunlight only from the planning construction in metropolitan south – while during the hot season, the Jerusalem. The metropolis is characterized sun rises and sets much closer to the by hills and mountains, and each slope or north, and during the day manages to orbit hillside has its own qualities. A northern buildings from almost all facades. slope stays more humid throughout the

94 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 95 Sustainability in Jerusalem Sustainability in Jerusalem

main streets north-to-south and smaller increase air humidity in the area by the only solutions for heat waves. In Israel, ones east-to-west – creates a framework The wind 20-30 percent and lower temperatures heat waves are defined as days where for construction which provides thermal blowing from the significantly, a most important factor in average relative humidity is less than 50% comfort for both commerce and residence. Jerusalem’s hot, dry summer climate. on the coast or 45% in the mountains. A In the future planning of Jerusalem Mediterranean brings The Jerusalem forest runs along the heat wave is considered heavy if relative neighborhoods, this positive lesson should road coming from the coastal plain. Today humidity is lower than 20% in the be learned from these neighborhoods: warm air during the this area is rich in flora and tall, full- mountains or 35% on the coast. it is possible to plan in a manner that grown trees. The breeze flowing from the Solutions to heat wave conditions can contributes to the quality of life of the day, and this air is Mediterranean brings warm air during the be found in tree-planting. Large groupings residents and visitors. day, and which is filtered and purified by of big leafy trees create a protective belt in filtered and purified passing through the forest, which protects high humidity. When hot, dusty air comes Climate comfort Jerusalem from the west, as well as giving through these trees, the moisture weighs One of the ways in which it is possible on its way through the air greater humidity. the sand down, sinking it to the ground. to preserve a pleasant climate in the the forest, which Since sand can be swept up into the hot This is a very delicate balance, and bringing metropolitan Jerusalem region is by use of air and create heat wave conditions only in humidity levels up by even one percent Simulated imagery of diverse flora. Acclimatization using flora protects Jerusalem very dry weather, cooling using plants and can break the dry heat. When the hot air Golomb Street as it may is most economical in terms of use of evaporation are not only an effective and hits the trees, humidity can rise by 20-30% appear after it becomes energy and natural resources. from the west esthetic means of acclimatization, they are almost immediately, breaking the dry heat. pedestrian-friendly Trees are an ideal means of creating the shade needed in open spaces and indoors. four of these elements is Rothschild Today, trees are planted on the streets of Street in Tel Aviv. There is great potential Jerusalem, but it is possible and necessary for the use of streets with several of to increase their use in future planning and these elements in Jerusalem and for urban development. Thus, for example, incorporating missing elements in order in many places there are trees planted to make the city’s streets ideal in terms only on one side of the street, which of of climate. Making these streets more course provides shade only on one side, comfortable for residents and tourists as opposed to two rows of trees with a would turn them into lively urban pedestrian walk between them – which boulevards. would offer a shaded place for walking at The types of trees chosen are also all hours of the day, and such an option of importance. Some trees are especially should be preferred. effective for protecting from the sun, such The most economical way to create as walnut, plane, oak and Teresa trees. All comfortable temperature conditions in an of these are tall deciduous trees, which open area, in terms of space, is by creating reach up to 15-30 meters in height. There an urban boulevard, which has four main is also importance in planting trees that elements along the entirety of its length: have high evaporation levels, such as privet, • Traffic lanes going in both directions. quince, yew, boxwood, cypress and sniper • Accessible, comfortable, shaded parking trees. Use of these trees could assist in along the streets. cooling the metropolitan region by natural • A green lung and linear park – at least evaporation. Cooling by evaporation is four rows of trees along the entire suitable for especially high temperatures, length: one row for each sidewalk and and its efficiency rises as humidity levels two rows on the traffic island between drop. These are summer conditions in the traffic lanes. metropolitan Jerusalem. Thus, planting • A central traffic island with sidewalks, these types of trees on the streets of shaded with flora, for pedestrians and Jerusalem could significantly lower the levels cyclers. of energy used for cooling homes. A classic example of a street with all Proper and smart use of trees can

96 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 97 Sustainability in Jerusalem Sustainability in Jerusalem

Of course, in order for this effect to take whether flora is to develop is topography. place, the groups of trees need to be more A concentration of runoff water increases or less of similar volume as the burst of the amount of water seeping into the hot air arriving. soil much more than the amount of Even now, the Jerusalem forest helps precipitation coming in. Ancient Nabatean break heat waves coming towards the agricultural methods in the Negev were city from the west, and metropolitan based on this concept. Runoff water must Jerusalem has a high potential for creating be channeled so that it reaches the location a forest belt to protect the city from heat for forestation. wave conditions coming in from the Further, there are types of trees which southeast. But a desert lies to the east are suited for planting in the desert and of Jerusalem – so how can we increase can still give enough humidity to break dry the numbers of trees in such areas heat waves: tamarix aphylla, acacia raddiana, where precipitation is never enough? Christ’s Thorn Jujube, eucalyptus and pine In such areas, the determining factor in Calabrian.

Kanfei Nesharim Street today, and simulated imagery of Urban Heat Islands its appearance after making it usable for Urban heat islands are a climate phenomenon that occurs when a pedestrians city affects the climate, causing substantial differences between the city’s climate and the climate of the surrounding area.

Building a city causes changes, including tearing up change in policies regarding building height in plants, creating stone and asphalt pockets, limiting Jerusalem took place, the urban heat island trend exposed topsoil, and putting up topographic has taken on greater velocity. In light of the fact obstacles. Human activity in the city adds to this, that already today some half of all electricity causing greater output of greenhouse gasses. manufactured in Israel is used for air conditioning, These changes create climate conditions different heating, and ventilating homes, this phenomenon to those in open areas around the city. The will definitely bring about an increase in energy phenomenon is usually expressed by a rise in city consumption, harm the environment, and lower temperatures and the creation of a hot layer above quality of life. This difference of just a few it. The layer where this phenomenon can be sensed degrees on a hot day can mean uncomfortable most is the urban space – the layer of air trapped temperatures for city residents, disruption of between the ground level and building roof levels. tourists’ plans, dehydration and heat stroke. The urban heat island phenomenon can Among the factors causing the formation of cause temperature differences of up to 10-12 urban heat islands are a lack of urban parks, the degrees between a big city and nearby rural construction of tall buildings, sealing off topsoil areas. Therefore, data on global warming reflect with asphalt or concrete, and construction which microclimate changes in big cities more than doesn’t incorporate full-grown trees close to climate change worldwide. buildings. In order to minimize this phenomenon, The trend towards the creation of urban heat buildings higher than eight floors should not be islands exists in Jerusalem as well. Temperature built, stretches of parks and forests should be differences in the city center and further established equally and uniformly throughout neighborhoods can reach up to three degrees, the metropolis, and full-grown trees should be whereas twenty years ago it was two. Since the planted on every street.

98 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 99 Sustainability in Jerusalem Sustainability in Jerusalem

Simulated imagery of Golomb Street in Bayit VeGan after implementation // The Ecological Smart Street of a pedestrian conveyor belt Innovative conveyor belts, smart use of trees, smart construction of street networks – wise use of these concepts will make getting around the city convenient, pleasant, and more ecological.

he biggest potential for energy savings in transportation is in Pollution from cars T lowering the amount of travel within could be cut to a the metropolis. This can be done without harming the quality of life for residents or third of current levels visitors while at the same time improving the daily experience and easing mobility by switching from for people in the metropolis. Recently the Ministry of Environment decided to tree-shaped street transfer 3 million shekels to the Jerusalem budget in order to promote plans to planning to grid- encourage a decrease in city travel. The Jerusalem 5800 Plan sets three tools shaped planning for achieving this purpose: ►► Making all streets in the region from tree-shaped street planning to grid- comfortable, shaded areas. shaped planning. Grid planning allows one ►► Creating a “network” of routes and to always chose the shortest route, saving multiple options for getting to any time and lowering distances, which cause destination. pollution. ►► Establishing a network of free public The air pollution from cars can be cut pedestrian conveyor belts. in half again by incorporating moving Israelis waste a lot of time driving. About sidewalks throughout the city. Space for 50% of all inner-city travel are short trips such a sidewalk could be set apart on any (up to 2,000 meters): driving the kids to sidewalk wider than 2.2 meters. The source school in the morning, or running errands of energy for the sidewalk would be solar, such as the post office, pharmacy, or the and its use would be free. The average bank. Each person’s decision to do these by speed would be 10km/hr (twice the speed car or by foot is very much influenced by of walking). This would mean that people how convenient it is to get around. could “walk” greater distances by sidewalk A person walking an average of 5 km/ and the number of trips taken in the city hr will cover 2 km in 25 minutes. Research could be lowered even more. shows that when there is a convenient The total cost for building such alternative to driving, like a pleasant, shady conveyor belts would be NIS 16,000 per walk, many people will give up the short meter (as opposed to NIS 307,000 per drives, which are half of all city driving, meter for subway infrastructure). Besides and walk. If indeed half the driving were electricity expenses, there are almost no to take place in the city, use of petrol and routine expenses to running the belt, air pollution would decrease in accordance. as opposed to a subway, which requires Pollution from cars could be lessened expensive routine maintenance. Many to a third of current levels by switching hold that a pedestrian conveyor belt

100 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 101 Sustainability in Jerusalem Sustainability in Jerusalem

meet and hold social events, an impromptu contrast, summer breezes come in from the lounge for alternating art exhibits and a northwest. The difference between wind convenient route for all to use in getting flow directions in summer and winter in around the city. Creating an inclusive Jerusalem allow us to use these elements in infrastructure which is accessible to all planning for both protections from winter of the capital’s residents and visitors, and winds and for taking in the summer breeze. connects its neighborhoods with each Plants provide an excellent means of other, will increase everyone’s ability to balancing the winds. On one hand, soft, enjoy what metropolitan Jerusalem has pleasant movement surrounds every to offer and bring the periphery and the leaf and every tree. On the other hand, historical center closer to each other, rows of trees and bushes are much more while effectively making the city center effective for protecting from strong winds bigger and expediting the development of than structures such as walls or buildings. neighborhoods as a source of attainable Tall buildings can create a quiet area housing with new qualities. The ability protected from winds, but ultimately they to get around for free will remove the amplify the winds. When the wind hits a economic barriers between people, and building, there is dynamic pressure on the Four rows of trees, separated lanes, a the ability to get around on will façade, creating high wind speeds over the pedestrian and cycling remove religious barriers – all of this while ground surrounding the building. Thus, expanse, and a two- significantly lowering air pollution. construction of buildings higher than five direction pedestrian is similar to a Shabbat elevator, and even Herzog Street with There is a significant difference between storeys (about 15 meters) without planting conveyor sidewalk. The difference in the Simulated image of religious people would be able to use it on simulated image of the the winds during the cold season and the at least one row of trees around it should pedestrian conveyor belt a boulevard with a Shabbat, decreasing air pollution all week. direction of air flow hot season in Jerusalem. Cold winter winds be avoided. These trees will moderate wind maximum of smart street The existence of a pedestrian conveyor bringing rain come in from the west. In speeds around buildings in the winter. characteristics belt on any given street is expected to in Jerusalem in the significantly lessen the number of cars traveling through the neighborhood winter and summer streets. Use of conveyor belts will solve transportation accessibility for people makes it possible with disabilities and babies in strollers. Free moving sidewalks will especially help to use the same weaker populations – particularly those planning elements in with many children. For a small, largely one-time investment, all seasons. any street with enough space for a 4-meter or more traffic island can become a beautiful boulevard where two rows of of such boulevards connect King David, trees envelop a moving sidewalk. Such Agron, Azza, Herzog, and Yaakov Pat transformation, inexpensive and simple Streets and The Railway Park. The ring to implement, is possible on almost all of boulevards will serve as a place for Jerusalem roads, such as Derech Hebron, cultural events and tens of businesses: Zvia and Yitzhak, Moshe Baram, Kanfei kiosks, cafés, boutiques, and more. It will Nesharim, Yirmiyahu, Ben Gurion, and serve as an enormous linear park and a real many others. tourist attraction. In the second stage, the There is good potential for creating a network of pedestrian conveyor sidewalks 10 km ring of boulevards, incorporating will be set throughout the entire city, and conveyor belt sidewalks for public later on, even certain areas in the greater transportation, a green expanse, and metropolitan region. tourist and commerce points along. In the The boulevard network will serve as a initial stage, it is proposed that a network lively urban expanse, a place for people to

102 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 103 Sustainability in Jerusalem Sustainability in Jerusalem

// Renewable Energies Today, almost all of the electricity in Israel – including that of metropolitan Jerusalem – is created at power stations located on the coastal plain. These stations Progressive Trash Removal manufacture electricity by burning coal and gas in a process that pollutes the air. Over recent years, ways to create electricity known as "renewable energy" have Waste management in the metropolis will be based on the following principles (in order The pneumatic been developing. These methods are ecologically cleaner, more economical, and of importance): keeping it clean, decreasing removal method is cheap. The Jerusalem 5800 Plan strives to make Jerusalem a progressive city in all generation of waste, reuse, and recycling. In ways and to integrate as many renewable energy technologies as possible, as part of practice, this will be expressed by giving up especially suitable for trash burial almost entirely. Instead, waste the obvious way of planning a metropolis. will be sorted into three groups in all homes: historical areas and compostable organic waste, paper, and other. 1  wind turbines, no larger than 1.1 4  For this purpose, a pneumatic waste removal those areas where meters, will be allowed within the system will be built. The pneumatic waste Panels for electricity framework of limited work permits. Electricity manufacture removal system will work in a manner similar there is tourism manufacture from waste to the manner in which fluid waste is removed within the city. Photovoltaic panels are units 3  In recent years, technologies for via the sewage system. In a given building or that receive heat from the sun Geothermal air the manufacture of electricity from group of buildings where a pneumatic waste and sunlight and convert them waste have been in development. disposal system exists, each floor will have into electricity. Today installing conditioning The goal is to incorporate two receptacles – one for wet waste and one such systems requires convoluted Geothermal air conditioning is metropolitan Jerusalem with for dry waste. The waste goes through the bureaucracy in terms of planning passive, natural air conditioning national implementation of this openings into a central system common to the vis-à-vis the Israel Electric based on air temperatures in technology. Waste remaining buildings and away from the neighborhood. Company. We propose that in the ground, which at depths after sorting, and waste created Once a week, waste is vacuumed through an the future, the installation of of 2 meters or more, remain on the streets, will be sent to underground pipe leading to the central system photovoltaic panels with sealing permanent year-round and are 4 compact facilities where electricity that recognizes the types of waste – wet or sheets over roofs do not require any degrees higher than the average is manufactured therefrom, to dry – and transports them to the appropriate authorization. Installation of any temperature in the region. In be installed on the streets instead treatment pipe, empties them into a container other type of photovoltaic panel for metropolitan Jerusalem, this is of trash cans. The goal is to give that compacts it, and separates it from polluted the manufacture of electricity over between 20-22 degrees, which up trash cans completely in the air. The pneumatic removal method is especially rooftops or windows as shade will is within the range for thermal metropolitan Jerusalem region by suitable for historical areas and those areas be allowed within the framework of comfort in both winter and the year 2050 and replace them with where there is tourism within the city, which are limited work permits, in expedited summer. So when an amount of facilities for the manufacture of frequently characterized by crowds and narrow bureaucratic processes. air equal to the volume of that electricity from waste, which are to roads – especially historical areas in Jerusalem. in a given structure is pumped be hooked up to the city’s electricity We propose that such a system be installed through an underground tunnel, system. throughout Jerusalem - first and foremost, in From the house to the waste 2  removal system. Pneumatic waste circulating the air four times an Home systems historical areas and areas where there is tourism, systems like the one in this picture Home turbines hour, thermal comfort temperature for manufacturing and later, throughout the entire city. New are especially suitable for use in Extended areas in metropolitan can be supplied throughout the electricity from trash neighborhoods with over 2,500 residential units ancient, crowded urban areas. Jerusalem, such as Gush Etzion, house during all seasons. This will not be allowed to be built without installing Binyamin, and towns on the crest, method enables the use of the a pneumatic waste removal system. get strong winds throughout the earth’s thermal mass in a direct year. In recent years, manufacture manner and with almost no energy of electricity using wind turbines loss, and thus, is very effective and has been developing. In the hopes economical. Use of this method of encouraging the use of this should be encouraged everywhere technology, installation of home possible.

104 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 105 Methodology Methodology

Vision // Methodology Strengthening Jerusalem’s status as an “international city,” General purposes of the plan program and general planning, formed, which included mapping, a the capital of the State of Israel and the Jewish people. ►► Creating a base for long-term, which resulted in the consolidation draft for the monitoring committee. cross-border strategic thought, of this document and its appendices. ►► The general planning stage offers while defining the metropolitan ►► At the same time, the committee a general planning philosophy for Jerusalem region and starting the dealt with and continues to deal the metropolitan Jerusalem region. Purposes of the 5800 Plan ongoing process of discourse with the preparation of a detailed This plan incorporates the most plan for the leading projects, for the progressive models and approaches with government authorities, Tourism A transportation- Innovative and A lively, healthy A metropolis accessible איכות compounds and specific projects, of the beginning of the 21st metropolis creative economy society which takes in Aliyaחיים the business sector, and social communities in the region. which may strategically influence century and the most progressive metropolis ►► Consolidating a vision for the the general realization of the plan. forecasted model and approach A cultural Environmental Academic future and identifying strategies for 2050. The plans are based on Quality of life of action that will be important The planning committee and sustainability that incorporates metropolis leadership excellence for achieving this desired – and interfacing with authorities culture, environment, society, and possible – vision. The interdisciplinary planning economy. ►► Proposing a comprehensive committee held an ongoing internal ►► The proposed planning for planning framework that would thought forum throughout the entire metropolitan Jerusalem as a incorporate physical planning planning process while incorporating sustainable expanse will enable The 5800 Plan’s goals and development of social and the external monitoring committee the realization of the vision for an economic systems managed from and the initiating teams during certain international city, that serves as a Development of Development of tourism Development of pedestrian Development of an environmental sustainability periods. Throughout, the team center for spirituality, culture, and international aviation and hotels infrastructure and cycling networks transportation networks approach. maintained long-term contact with tourism. ►► Realizing the entirety of over 30 bodies, including municipal, ►► Planning that integrates economic, Development of a network Development of integrated Development of lively metropolitan Jerusalem’s purpose regional, and local authorities. The cultural, and tourism aspects of of open areas centers for employment residential neighborhoods and potential as a culturally, socially, team received documents from these metropolitan Jerusalem is based on and environmentally sustainable bodies exchanged ideas with them and analysis and historical, economic, expanse, as a condition for the presented the planning committee’s and geographical understanding economic growth of its entire ideas and approaches. of the ancient region of Jerusalem population. This development The consultation process included from the times of the temple Means of action will create an open space for both aspects of the entirety of the periods. the transport of people and metropolitan and urban planning, as ►► The spiritual and cultural tourism commercial goods. well as aspects of the metropolitan in Jerusalem will be an important tourism center and individual issues economic basis for Jerusalem’s Projects Policy The work process and stages regarding regional or local projects. status as an international city. of planning This consultation process was a way of ►► This spiritual and cultural tourism involving the professional public in the strives to realize the experiences Transportation ►► In the initial stage, the vision and Network of the consolidation stages of the plan and rooted in the region’s historical, Building policy infrastructure planning approach were processed Horkania biblical Emek Refaim Aviation policy projects, before distribution of the plan cultural, and spiritual past, while in the city policy for conceptually over a period of a year Airport project experience National Park for Jerusalem to the general and non-professional making accessible the cultural and of Jerusalem the entire and a half (2010-2011), based on expanse earlier research. public. ritual sites, landscapes, and ancient metropolis ►► This conceptual planning agriculture. document was sent out to external Metropolitan planning and the The plan is not statutory and ►► The Atarot Policy for professionals for review in order to advantages of the master plan can be flexible. The plan serves region development Tourism receive additional assessments. ►► Following previous work stages, as an overall framework for Funicular The Jerusalem Open areas integrated of integrated development In the second stage, a survey in which the general vision for the partially-detailed plans that may network Gates plan policy ►► centers for policy analysis of the current situation was plan was consolidated and a survey stem therefrom and a basis for an main center prepared. conducted on the current situation, outline, development plan, or other for employment employment ►► The third stage included a planning a planning policy document was plans.

106 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan 107 108 The Metropolitan Jerusalem Mater Plan