International Strategy ISDR for Disaster Reduction Living with Risk A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
2004 Version - Volume II Annexes
United Nations
Living with Risk A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
2004 Version - Volume II Annexes
UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2004 DISCLAIMER The views expressed in this publication are those of the editorial team and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Secretariat of the United Nations or the ISDR Secretariat.
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations or the ISDR Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
United Nations Inter-Agency Secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR)
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ii Table of Contents
Annex 1 Terminology: Basic terms of disaster risk reduction ...... 1
Annex 2 Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations ...... 9
Annex 3 United Nations system: An outline of activities dedicated to disaster risk reduction ...... 69 General Assembly ...... 71 Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) ...... 72 United Nations Secretariat ...... 72 Inter-agency mechanisms and common intiatives within the United Nations system . .76 United Nations agencies and programmes ...... 78
Annex 4 Selected international development agendas and commitments relevant to disaster risk reduction ...... 93 Millennium Development Goals ...... 94 Sustainable development agenda ...... 95 Climate change ...... 97 Desertification and drought ...... 100 Wetlands ...... 101 Freshwater agenda ...... 102 Gender agenda ...... 103 Habitat agenda ...... 104 Health ...... 104 Small island developing states ...... 106 Least developed countries ...... 106
Annex 5 Extracts from the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPoI) of the World Summit on Sustainable Development ...... 109
Annex 6 References ...... 115
iii iv Annex 1 Terminology: Basic terms of disaster risk reduction
1 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
The ISDR Secretariat presents these basic definitions on disaster risk reduction in order to promote a common understanding on this subject, for use by the public, authorities and practitioners. The terms are based on a broad consideration of different international sources. This is a continuing effort to be reflected in future reviews, responding to a need expressed in several international venues, regional discussions and national commentary. Feedback from specialists and other practitioners to improve these definitions will be most welcome.
Acceptable risk Capacity building The level of loss a society or community considers Efforts aimed to develop human skills or acceptable given existing social, economic, societal infrastructures within a community or political, cultural, technical and environmental organization needed to reduce the level of risk. conditions. In extended understanding, capacity building also In engineering terms, acceptable risk is also used to includes development of institutional, financial, assess structural and non-structural measures political and other resources, such as technology at undertaken to reduce possible damage at a level which different levels and sectors of the society. does not harm people and property, according to codes or "accepted practice" based, among other issues, on a known probability of hazard. Climate change The climate of a place or region is changed if over an extended period (typically decades or Biological hazard longer) there is a statistically significant change Processes of organic origin or those conveyed by in measurements of either the mean state or biological vectors, including exposure to variability of the climate for that place or region. pathogenic micro-organisms, toxins and bioactive substances, which may cause the loss of life or Changes in climate may be due to natural processes injury, property damage, social and economic or to persistent anthropogenic changes in atmosphere disruption or environmental degradation. or in land use. Note that the definition of climate change used in the United Nations Framework Examples of biological hazards: outbreaks of epidemic Convention on Climate Change is more restricted, as diseases, plant or animal contagion, insect plagues and it includes only those changes which are attributable extensive infestations. directly or indirectly to human activity.
Building codes Coping capacity Ordinances and regulations controlling the design, The means by which people or organizations construction, materials, alteration and occupancy use available resources and abilities to face of any structure to insure human safety and adverse consequences that could lead to a welfare. Building codes include both technical and disaster. functional standards. In general, this involves managing resources, both in normal times as well as during crises or adverse Capacity conditions. The strengthening of coping capacities A combination of all the strengths and resources usually builds resilience to withstand the effects of available within a community, society or natural and human-induced hazards. organization that can reduce the level of risk, or the effects of a disaster. Counter measures Capacity may include physical, institutional, social or All measures taken to counter and reduce economic means as well as skilled personal or collective disaster risk. They most commonly refer to attributes such as leadership and management. engineering (structural) measures but can also Capacity may also be described as capability. include non-structural measures and tools
2 Annex Terminology: Basic terms of disaster risk reduction 1 designed and employed to avoid or limit the • Application of measures including environmental adverse impact of natural hazards and related management, land-use and urban planning, environmental and technological disasters. protection of critical facilities, application of science and technology, partnership and networking, and financial instruments; Disaster • Early warning systems including forecasting, A serious disruption of the functioning of a dissemination of warnings, preparedness measures community or a society causing widespread and reaction capacities. human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own Early warning resources. The provision of timely and effective information, through identified institutions, that allows A disaster is a function of the risk process. It results individuals exposed to a hazard to take action to from the combination of hazards, conditions of avoid or reduce their risk and prepare for effective vulnerability and insufficient capacity or measures to response. reduce the potential negative consequences of risk. Early warning systems include a chain of concerns, namely: understanding and mapping the hazard; Disaster risk management monitoring and forecasting impending events; processing The systematic process of using administrative and disseminating understandable warnings to political decisions, organization, operational skills and authorities and the population, and undertaking capacities to implement policies, strategies and appropriate and timely actions in response to the coping capacities of the society and communities warnings. to lessen the impacts of natural hazards and related environmental and technological disasters. This comprises all forms of activities, including Ecosystem structural and non-structural measures to avoid A complex set of relationships of living organisms (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and functioning as a unit and interacting with their preparedness) adverse effects of hazards. physical environment.
The boundaries of what could be called an ecosystem Disaster risk reduction (disaster reduction) are somewhat arbitrary, depending on the focus of The conceptual framework of elements considered interest or study. Thus the extent of an ecosystem may with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities range from very small spatial scales to, ultimately, the and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid entire Earth (IPCC, 2001). (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) development. A complex interaction of the tropical Pacific Ocean and the global atmosphere that results in The disaster risk reduction framework is composed of irregularly occurring episodes of changed ocean the following fields of action, as described in ISDR's and weather patterns in many parts of the world, publication 2002 "Living with Risk: a global review often with significant impacts, such as altered of disaster reduction initiatives", page 23: marine habitats, rainfall changes, floods, droughts, and changes in storm patterns. • Risk awareness and assessment including hazard analysis and vulnerability/capacity analysis; The El Niño part of ENSO refers to the well-above- • Knowledge development including education, average ocean temperatures along the coasts of Ecuador, training, research and information; Peru and northern Chile and across the eastern • Public commitment and institutional frameworks, equatorial Pacific Ocean, while the Southern including organisational, policy, legislation and Oscillation refers to the associated global patterns of community action; changed atmospheric pressure and rainfall. La Niña is
3 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives approximately the opposite condition to El Niño. Each El Geological hazard Niño or La Niña episode usually lasts for several seasons. Natural earth processes or phenomena that may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or Emergency management environmental degradation. The organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all aspects of Geological hazard includes internal earth processes emergencies, in particularly preparedness, response or tectonic origin, such as earthquakes, geological and rehabilitation. fault activity, tsunamis, volcanic activity and emissions as well as external processes such as mass Emergency management involves plans, structures and movements: landslides, rockslides, rock falls or arrangements established to engage the normal endeavours avalanches, surfaces collapses, expansive soils and of government, voluntary and private agencies in a debris or mud flows. comprehensive and coordinated way to respond to the whole spectrum of emergency needs. This is also known as Geological hazards can be single, sequential or disaster management. combined in their origin and effects.
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) Geographic information systems (GIS) Studies undertaken in order to assess the effect on a Analysis that combine relational databases with specified environment of the introduction of any new spatial interpretation and outputs often in form factor, which may upset the current ecological of maps. A more elaborate definition is that of balance. computer programmes for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, analysing and displaying EIA is a policy making tool that serves to provide data about the earth that is spatially evidence and analysis of environmental impacts of referenced. activities from conception to decision-making. It is utilised extensively in national programming and for Geographical information systems are increasingly international development assistance projects. An EIA being utilised for hazard and vulnerability must include a detailed risk assessment and provide mapping and analysis, as well as for the alternatives solutions or options. application of disaster risk management measures.
Environmental degradation Greenhouse gas (GHG) The reduction of the capacity of the environment to A gas, such as water vapour, carbon dioxide, meet social and ecological objectives, and needs. methane, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), that Potential effects are varied and may contribute to an absorbs and re-emits infrared radiation, increase in vulnerability and the frequency and intensity warming the earth's surface and contributing of natural hazards. to climate change (UNEP, 1998).
Some examples: land degradation, deforestation, desertification, wildland fires, loss of biodiversity, land, Hazard water and air pollution, climate change, sea level rise A potentially damaging physical event, and ozone depletion. phenomenon or human activity that may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or Forecast environmental degradation. Definite statement or statistical estimate of the occurrence of a future event (UNESCO, WMO). Hazards can include latent conditions that may represent future threats and can have different This term is used with different meanings in different origins: natural (geological, hydrometeorological disciplines. and biological) or induced by human processes
4 Annex Terminology: Basic terms of disaster risk reduction 1
(environmental degradation and technological hazards). Mitigation Hazards can be single, sequential or combined in their Structural and non-structural measures origin and effects. Each hazard is characterised by its undertaken to limit the adverse impact of location, intensity, frequency and probability. natural hazards, environmental degradation and technological hazards.
Hazard analysis Identification, studies and monitoring of any hazard Natural hazards to determine its potential, origin, characteristics and Natural processes or phenomena occurring in behaviour. the biosphere that may constitute a damaging event.
Hydrometeorological hazards Natural hazards can be classified by origin Natural processes or phenomena of atmospheric, namely: geological, hydrometeorological or hydrological or oceanographic nature, which may biological. Hazardous events can vary in cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, magnitude or intensity, frequency, duration, area social and economic disruption or environmental of extent, speed of onset, spatial dispersion and degradation. temporal spacing.
Hydrometeorological hazards include: floods, debris and mud floods; tropical cyclones, storm surges, Preparedness thunder/hailstorms, rain and wind storms, blizzards and Activities and measures taken in advance to other severe storms; drought, desertification, wildland ensure effective response to the impact of fires, temperature extremes, sand or dust storms; hazards, including the issuance of timely and permafrost and snow or ice avalanches. effective early warnings and the temporary Hydrometeorological hazards can be single, sequential or evacuation of people and property from combined in their origin and effects. threatened locations.
La Niña Prevention (see El Niño-Southern Oscillation). Activities to provide outright avoidance of the adverse impact of hazards and means to minimize related environmental, technological Land-use planning and biological disasters. Branch of physical and socio-economic planning that determines the means and assesses the values or Depending on social and technical feasibility and limitations of various options in which land is to be cost/benefit considerations, investing in preventive utilized, with the corresponding effects on different measures is justified in areas frequently affected by segments of the population or interests of a disasters. In the context of public awareness and community taken into account in resulting decisions. education, related to disaster risk reduction changing attitudes and behaviour contribute to promoting a Land-use planning involves studies and mapping, "culture of prevention". analysis of environmental and hazard data, formulation of alternative land-use decisions and design of a long- range plan for different geographical and administrative Public awareness scales. The processes of informing the general population, increasing levels of consciousness Land-use planning can help to mitigate disasters and about risks and how people can act to reduce reduce risks by discouraging high-density settlements and their exposure to hazards. This is particularly construction of key installations in hazard-prone areas, important for public officials in fulfilling their control of population density and expansion, and in the responsibilities to save lives and property in the siting of service routes for transport, power, water, sewage event of a disaster. and other critical facilities.
5 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
Public awareness activities foster changes in behaviour materials, as well as radical changes such as the leading towards a culture of risk reduction. This introduction of energy absorbing dampers and base involves public information, dissemination, education, isolation systems. Examples of retrofitting includes the radio or television broadcasts, use of printed media, as consideration of wind loading to strengthen and well as, the establishment of information centres and minimize the wind force, or in earthquake prone areas, networks and community and participation actions. the strengthening of structures.
Public information Risk Information, facts and knowledge provided or The probability of harmful consequences, or learned as a result of research or study, available to expected losses (deaths, injuries, property, be disseminated to the public. livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environment damaged) resulting from interactions between natural or human-induced hazards and Recovery vulnerable conditions. Decisions and actions taken after a disaster with a view to restoring or improving the pre-disaster Conventionally risk is expressed by the notation living conditions of the stricken community, while Risk = Hazards x Vulnerability. Some disciplines also encouraging and facilitating necessary adjustments include the concept of exposure to refer particularly to to reduce disaster risk. the physical aspects of vulnerability.
Recovery (rehabilitation and reconstruction) affords an Beyond expressing a possibility of physical harm, it is opportunity to develop and apply disaster risk reduction crucial to recognize that risks are inherent or can be measures. created or exist within social systems. It is important to consider the social contexts in which risks occur and that people therefore do not necessarily share the same Relief / response perceptions of risk and their underlying causes. The provision of assistance or intervention during or immediately after a disaster to meet the life preservation and basic subsistence needs of those Risk assessment/analysis people affected. It can be of an immediate, short- A methodology to determine the nature and extent term, or protracted duration. of risk by analysing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of vulnerability that could pose a potential threat or harm to people, Resilience / resilient property, livelihoods and the environment on The capacity of a system, community or society which they depend. potentially exposed to hazards to adapt, by resisting or changing in order to reach and The process of conducting a risk assessment is based on a maintain an acceptable level of functioning and review of both the technical features of hazards such as structure. This is determined by the degree to their location, intensity, frequency and probability; and which the social system is capable of organizing also the analysis of the physical, social, economic and itself to increase its capacity for learning from past environmental dimensions of vulnerability and disasters for better future protection and to exposure, while taking particular account of the coping improve risk reduction measures. capabilities pertinent to the risk scenarios.
Retrofitting (or upgrading) Structural / non-structural measures Reinforcement of structures to become more Structural measures refer to any physical resistant and resilient to the forces of natural construction to reduce or avoid possible impacts of hazards. hazards, which include engineering measures and construction of hazard-resistant and protective Retrofitting involves consideration of changes in the structures and infrastructure. mass, stiffness, damping, load path and ductility of
6 Annex Terminology: Basic terms of disaster risk reduction 1
Non-structural measures refer to policies, Technological hazards awareness, knowledge development, public Danger originating from technological or industrial commitment, and methods and operating practices, accidents, dangerous procedures, infrastructure including participatory mechanisms and the failures or certain human activities, which may cause provision of information, which can reduce risk the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and and related impacts. economic disruption or environmental degradation.
Some examples: industrial pollution, nuclear activities and Sustainable development radioactivity, toxic wastes, dam failures; transport, Development that meets the needs of the industrial or technological accidents (explosions, fires, spills). present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: the Vulnerability concept of "needs", in particular the essential The conditions determined by physical, social, needs of the world's poor, to which overriding economic, and environmental factors or processes, priority should be given; and the idea of which increase the susceptibility of a community to the limitations imposed by the state of technology impact of hazards. and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and the future needs. For positive factors, which increase the ability of people to (Brundtland Commission, 1987). cope with hazards, see definition of capacity.
Sustainable development is based on socio-cultural development, political stability and decorum, Wildland fire economic growth and ecosystem protection, which Any fire occurring in vegetation areas regardless of all relate to disaster risk reduction. ignition sources, damages or benefits.
7 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
8 Annex 2 Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations
9 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations including commissions, councils, committees, corporations involved in disaster reduction and related issues.
This list contains brief descriptive information and internet address, when available. Additional information about the United Nations can be found in annex 3, with indication of pages where UN organizations are mentioned in the publication.
In order not to list again organizations in the index, the pages where they are mentioned in the publication are indicated in this directory.
African Center of Meteorological Applications for Development (ACMAD), Niger, A Niamey, (Centre africain des applications de la météorologie pour le développement) ACMAD is the focal point in fostering regional cooperation among the 53 African states with the rest of the world in climate and environmental concerns with regard to sustainable social and economic development. ACMAD coordinates the activities of the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services of these countries. http://www.acmad.ne/homepage.htm → Volume 1, p. 150, 157, 376
African Centre for Disaster Studies (ACDS), Potchefstroom University, South Africa The ACDS was established in January 2002 at the Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education within the School for Social and Government Studies. The explicit aim of the ACDS is to address the need for world-class training, education and research in disaster related activities within Southern Africa and the wider African context. The ACDS aims to achieve sustainable social development and sustainable livelihoods within the context of excellence in disaster training, education and research. http://acds.co.za/ → Volume 1, p. 240, 248
African Development Bank (AfDB) The AfDB is a multinational development bank supported by 77 countries from Africa, North and South America, Europe and Asia. Headquartered in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire, the Bank Group consists of three institutions: The African Development Bank (AfDB); The African Development Fund (ADF) and The Nigeria Trust Fund (NTF). Established in 1964, its mission is to promote economic and social development through loans, equity investments, and technical assistance. http://www.afdb.org → Volume 1, p. 157, 349
African Union (AU), (Union Africaine) The African Union is the successor to the Organization of African Unity, launched in Durban, South Africa, in July, 2002. The AU is Africa’s premier institution and principal organization for the promotion of accelerated socio-economic integration of the continent, which will lead to greater unity and solidarity between African countries and peoples.The AU is based on the common vision of a united and strong Africa and on the need to build a partnership between governments and all segments of civil society, in particular women, youth and the private sector, in order to strengthen solidarity and cohesion amongst the peoples of Africa. As a continental organization it focuses on the promotion of peace, security and stability on the continent as a prerequisite for the implementation of the development and integration agenda of the Union. http://www.africa-union.org
10 Annex Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations 2
Agence Européenne pour le Développement et la Santé (AEDES), (European Agency for the Development and Health), Brussels, Belgium It focuses on public health policies, food security and social programmes such as gender policy. http://www.aedes.be → Volume 1, p. 228
Agency for Monitoring and Forecasting of Emergency Situations, Moscow, Russia, Ministry of Emergency Situations The Agency was created on March 27, 1997. Its purpose is to associate scientific, technical and information possibilities of organizations, Russian executive authority organs, Russian Academy of Sciences and other organizations for development and to create a state system of monitoring and forecasting of extreme situations, and catastrophes consequences. http://www.ampe.ru/english/index.shtml
Agricultural Research Council (ARC), South Africa ARC’s vision is: “To be an internationally recognized centre of excellence in agricultural science and innovation”. It aims at promoting the agricultural and related sectors through research, technology development and transfer in order to enhance the natural resource base and environment, sustain a competitive agricultural economy, provide new economic opportunities, ensure high quality and safe food, support an informed society and encouraging the national growth and development of South Africa. http://www.arc.agric.za/
Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) AOSIS is a coalition of small and low-lying coastal countries that share similar development challenges and concerns about the environment, especially their vulnerability to the adverse effects of global climate change. It functions primarily as an ad hoc lobby and negotiating voice for small island developing states (SIDS) within the United Nations system. AOSIS has a membership of 43 states and territories, drawn from all oceans and regions of the world. Thirty-seven are members of the United Nations. Together, SIDS communities constitute some 5 per cent of the global population. Member states of AOSIS work together primarily through their New York diplomatic missions to the United Nations. http://www.sidsnet.org/aosis → Volume 1, p. (annex 4, 106)
American Jewish World Services (AJWS) AJWS is an independent not-for-profit organization founded in 1985 to help alleviate poverty, hunger and disease among the people of the world regardless of race, religion or nationality. http://www.ajws.org/ → Volume 1, p. 179
American National Geographic Society A group including geographers, explorers, teachers, lawyers, cartographers, military officers, and financiers - all learned, well - traveled men distinguished by a love of knowledge and a thirst for discovery and achievement - is at the origin of the creation of one of the largest non - profit scientific and educational institution in the world, namely the National Geographic Society, officially incorporated on January 27, 1888. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ → Volume 1, p. 204
Asian Development Bank (ADB), Manila, Philippines ADB is a multilateral development finance institution dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific. http://www.adb.org → Volume 1, p. 348, 349
11 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC), Bangkok, Thailand ADPC is a regional resource center established in 1986 dedicated to disaster reduction for safer communities and sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific. It is recognized as an important focal point for promoting disaster awareness and developing capabilities to foster institutionalized disaster management and mitigation policies. http://www.adpc.ait.ac.th → Volume 1, p. 134, 158, 159, 160, 161, 176, 205, 214, 244, 256, 328, 349, 378, 380
Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC), Kobe, Japan ADRC was established in July 1998 to promote multilateral cooperation for disaster reduction and to network the various players in the region. It has held annual meetings to network the focal points in governments of its member countries. Its activities focus on information sharing, capacity building and cooperation. It has developed several successful capacity building programmes with its member countries. http://www.adrc.or.jp → Volume 1, p. 40, 159, 160, 176, 184, 196, 205, 241, 250, 290, 291, 370
Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Bangkok, Thailand AIT is an international graduate institution of higher learning with a mission to develop highly qualified and committed professionals who will play a leading role in the sustainable development of the region and its integration into the global economy. http://www.ait.ac.th → Volume 1, p. 372
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Singapore Its goal is to advance economic dynamism and sense of community within the Asia-Pacific region. APEC has established itself as the primary regional vehicle for promoting open trade and practical economic and technical cooperation. APEC was established in 1989 to further enhance economic growth and prosperity for the region and to strengthen the Asia- Pacific community. Since its inception, APEC has worked to reduce tariffs and other trade barriers across the Asia-Pacific region, creating efficient domestic economies and dramatically increasing exports. http://www.apecsec.org.sg
Association of Caribbean States (ACS), Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago The convention establishing the ACS was signed on 24 July 1994 in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, with the aim of promoting consultation, cooperation and concerted action among all the countries of the Caribbean, comprising 25 member states and three associate members. Eight other non-independent Caribbean states are eligible for associate membership. Its current focus is on cooperation in trade, transport, sustainable tourism and natural disasters. http://www.acs-aec.org → Volume 1, p. 203
Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), Bangkok, Thailand ASEAN was established on 8 August 1967. The ASEAN Declaration states that the aims and purposes of the association are to accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through joint endeavours in the spirit of equality and partnership in order to strengthen the foundation for a prosperous and peaceful community of South-East Asian nations. It further aims to promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries in the region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter. http://www.aseansec.org → Volume 1, p. 159, 160, 373
12 Annex Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations 2
ASEAN Experts Group on Disaster Management (AEGDM) ASEAN cooperation on natural and man-made disasters is coordinated by AEGDM which was established in 1976 and meets regularly to discuss and share experiences of the region’s disaster management and mitigation activities. http://www.adpc.ait.ac.th/pdr-sea/newsletter/issue3/pdr-update.html
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) ARF is a regional platform consisting of ASEAN countries and dialogue partners for confidence building and dialogue on regional security concerns. It was established in 1994. It draws together 23 countries which have an impact on or are involved in the security of the Asia Pacific region. It comprises the 10 ASEAN member states (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam); the 10 ASEAN dialogue partners (Australia, Canada, China, Eropean Union, India, Japan, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Russia and the USA); the one ASEAN observer (Papua New Guinea); as well as the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and Mongolia. http://www.dfat.gov.au/arf/ → Volume 1, p. 160
Associación para la investigación del desarrollo sostenible de las Segovias (ADESO), Nicaragua ADESO is a scientific non-profit association. Together with the local actors it identifies the problems of the development of the region “Las Segovias”. http://www.adeso.org.ni/ → Volume 1, p. 278
Atelier Parisien d’Urbanisme (APUR) APUR was created by the Council of Paris in 1967. Its mission is to follow urban evolutions, participate at the elaboration of definitions of urban and land use planning policies and at the preparation of projects for Paris and the region of Ile de France. It observes and analyses demographic, economic and social data of the French Capital and other big cities in order to elaborate action plan proposals, and prepare urban studies. http://www.apur.org/ → Volume 1, p. 120
Auckland Local Authority Hazard Liaison Group, New Zealand It was established by the Auckland Regional Council (ARC) (http://arc.govt.nz) to enhance communication between local authorities in hazard management issues and to facilitate intra-council communication. The group was set up to recognize the link between hazard mitigation and land use planning, and the need to develop tools in areas to successfully manage risk, and to improve communication between those working in the area of sustainable development and environment management. → Volume 1, p. 129
Australian Geological Survey Organization (AGSO) Geoscience Australia is the national agency for geoscience research and information. It contributes to enhance economic, social and environmental benefits to the community by providing input for decisions that impact upon resource use, management of the environment, and the safety and well-being of Australians. Its major planned outcomes are: enhanced global attractiveness of Australia’s offshore and onshore exploration, improved resource management and environmental protection, safer communities and transportation. http://www.agso.gov.au → Volume 1, p. 68, 210
13 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
Bandung Institute of Technology (BIT), Indonesia B In 1959, the present Institut Teknologi Bandung was founded by the Indonesian Government as an institution of higher learning of science, technology, and fine arts, with a mission of education, research, and service to the community. http://www.itb.ac.id/ → Volume 1, p. 184, 243
Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS) BCAS is an independent, non-profit, non-government, policy, research, and implementation institute working on sustainable development at local, national, regional and global levels. BCAS addresses sustainable development through four interactive themes: (a) environment- development integration, (b) good governance and people’s participation, (c) poverty alleviation and sustainable livelihoods, and (d) economic growth and public-private partnership. It was established in 1986, and over the years has grown to become a leading institute in the non-government sector in Bangladesh and South Asia. http://www.bcas.net/ → Volume 1, p. 19
Benfield Hazard Research Centre (BenfieldHRC), London, United Kingdom It is an academic research centre based at London’s University College which comprises three groups: Geological Hazards, Meteorological and Space Hazards, and Disaster Management. It provides a conduit for the transfer of cutting-edge natural hazard and risk research, practice, and innovation from the academic environment to the business world and government and international agencies. http://www.benfieldhrc.org → Volume 1, p. 232, 257, 258
Building and Housing Research Centre (BHRC), Iran BHRC is affiliated to the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. It is a national centre for research and assessment of products and systems in the building and housing fields in Iran. Its principal objectives are study, coordination, centralization, and performance of research projects on building and housing systems, materials and constructional technologies, and the effects of climatic and environmental conditions. http://www.bhrc.gov.ir/ → Volume 1, p. 117
Bureau de la Protection des Infrastructures Essentielles et de la Protection Civile (BPIEPC)/Office of Critical Infrastructure Protection and Emergency Preparedness (OCIPEP), Canada Its mission is to enhance the safety and security of Canadians in their physical and cyber environment. It has two key mandates: to provide national leadership in a new, modern and comprehensive approach to protecting Canada’s critical infrastructure the key physical and cyber components of the energy and utilities, communications, services, transportation, safety and government sectors, to be the government’s primary agent for ensuring national civil emergency preparedness for all types of emergencies. http://www.ocipep- bpiepc.gc.ca/index.html → Volume 1, p. 93, 204, 266, 334
Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), France Established in 1959, its activities on risks cover seismic risk, landslides, drought, volcanic risk. It also deals with pollution. http://www.brgm.fr → Volume 1, p. 275
Business and Industry Council for Emergency Planning and Preparedness (BICEPP) In 1983, the Mayor of Los Angeles and a group of business leaders met to discuss disaster preparedness. This group subsequently became a steering committee and formed the Business and Industry Council for Emergency Planning and Preparedness (BICEPP). It was
14 Annex Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations 2
established as a private sector, self-help association funded by annual sponsorship donations. BICEPP later evolved into a non-profit corporation, lead by an Executive Committee and a Board of Directors. Its goal is to provide a forum for information exchange, to enhance emergency preparedness and contingency planning within the business community. http://www.bicepp.org → Volume 1, p. 232
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) C CIDA supports sustainable development activities in order to reduce poverty and to contribute to a more secure, equitable and prosperous world. http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/index.htm → Volume 1, p. 229
CARE International CARE is an independent humanitarian organisation working to end world poverty. Its mission is to serve individuals and families in the poorest communities in the world. http://www.careinternational.org.uk/ → Volume 1, p. 229, 231
Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Its mission is to provide dynamic leadership and service, in partnership with Community institutions and Groups, toward the attainment of a viable, internationally competitive and sustainable Community, with improved quality of life for all. http://www.caricom.org → Volume 1, p. 147
Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), St. Michael, Barbados CDB intends to be the leading Caribbean development finance institution, working in an efficient, responsive and collaborative manner with its borrowing members, leading towards the systematic reduction of poverty in member countries, through social and economic development. http://www.caribank.org/ → Volume 1, p. 145, 309, 347, 348
Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency (CDERA), St. Michael, Barbados CDERA is an intergovernmental, regional disaster management organization with 16 participating states, headquartered in Barbados. CDERA’s main function is to launch an immediate and coordinated response to any disastrous event affecting any participating state, once the state requests such assistance. http://www.cdera.org → Volume 1, p. 147, 370
CARITAS India Caritas India is an official organization of the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of India. (C.B.C.I.). It began work in 1962 with the headquarters in the C.B.C.I. Centre, New Delhi.The activities of the Caritas can be broadly divided into the following areas: emergency aid - relief and rehabilitation, animation and development, campaign against hunger and disease. http://www.cbcisite.com/caritas.html → Volume 1, p. 228
Catholic Relief Services (CRS) CRS was founded in 1943 by the Catholic Bishops of the United States to assist the poor and disadvantaged outside the country. CRS provides direct aid to the poor, and involves people in their own development, helping them to realize their potential. http://www.catholicrelief.org/ → Volume 1, p. 228
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Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA CDC is recognized as the lead federal agency for protecting the health and safety of people – at home and abroad, providing credible information to enhance health decisions, and promoting health through strong partnerships. CDC serves as the national focus for developing and applying disease prevention and control, environmental health, and health promotion and educational activities. http://www.cdc.gov
Center for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), United Kingdom The Center is one of the Centres and Surveys of the Natural Environment Research Council. CEH’s vision is to be the Center of excellence in terrestrial and freshwater sciences through directed long-term, strategic and integrated research relevant to governments and industry. http://www.ceh.ac.uk → Volume 1, p. 216
Center for Environmental Planning and Technology (CEPT), Ahmedabad, India The CEPT is sponsored by the Ahmedabad Education Society. It is a voluntary non-profit organisation established in 1935, devoted to the cause of education at all levels in several branches of learning. It is now a registered society and a public trust. CEPT offers full time undergraduate programmes of five year duration in architecture, construction technology and interior design supported by state government and post graduate programmes of one and a half year duration in urban and regional planning, housing, environmental planning, urban design and landscape architecture funded by All India Council of technical education and construction and project management and structural design which are self financing. http://www.gisdevelopment.net/education/inst/cept.htm
Center for Hazards and Risk Research, Lamont-Dohert and Earth Obsevatory of Columbia University, New York, United States of America The mission of the Center is to advance the predictive science of natural and environmental hazards and the integration of science with hazard risk assessment and risk management. http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/CHRR/ → Volume 1, p. 275
Center for Integration of Natural Disaster Information (CINDI), United States Geological Survey CINDI is a research and operational facility that explores methods for collecting, integrating, and communicating information about the risks posed by natural hazards and the effects of natural disasters. http://mac.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/factsheets/fs00301.html → Volume 1, p. 212
Center for Research and Transfer of Appropriate Technology (CITTA), University of Buenos Aires, Argentina The Center has taken a leading role in the development of architectural and urban planning techniques for the reduction of disaster risk. Recent work in conjunction with the World Bank has focused on the reduction of consequences of urban flooding in Argentina. → Volume 1, p. 259
Center for Security Studies, Zurich, Switzerland See Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich
Center of Scientific Investigation and Higher Education (CICESE), Ensenada, Mexico CICESE is dedicated to conducting scientific research in basic and applied science, as well as developing new technologies and highly skilled human resources in three major
16 Annex Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations 2 disciplines: earth sciences, oceanography and applied physics. http://www.cicese.mx/cicese/ingles.html → Volume 1, p. 332
Centre on Integrated Rural Development for Asia and the Pacific (CIRDAP), Dhaka, Bangladesh CIRDAP is a regional, intergovernmental and autonomous institution established in July 1979 by the countries of Asia and the Pacific region. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, which had the support of several other UN bodies and donor countries and agencies such as Japan, and the Swedish International Development Agency, took the initiative for its creation. The member countries of CIRDAP are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Viet Nam. http://www.cirdap.org.sg → Volume 1, p. 240
Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI), Honduras CABEI, as a development bank and the financial arm of integration, has as its mission to promote progress and integration in the Isthmus, to foment economic growth with equity and to respect the environment, by means of supporting public and private projects and programs that create productive employment and contribute to improve productivity and competitiveness, as well as to increase the human development indices of the region. Headquartered in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, CABEI was founded on December 13, 1960, by the Republics of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica to promote regional integration and development. The bank’s membership has since grown to include the extra-regional members of Mexico, the Republic of China (Taiwan), Argentina and, most recently, Colombia. http://www.bcie.org → Volume 1, p. 347
Central Building Research Institute (CBRI), India The Institute has been vested with the responsibility of generating, cultivating and promoting building science and technology in the service of the country. Since it’s inception in 1947, the Institute has been assisting the building construction and building material industries in finding timely, appropriate and economical solutions to the problems of materials, rural and urban housing, energy conservation, efficiency, fire hazards, structural and foundation problems and disaster mitigation. http://www.cbri.org/
Central Committee for Flood and Storm Control (CCFSC), Viet Nam The CCFS Control is responsible for emergency responses to disastrous events in Viet Nam. → Volume 1, p. 91
Central European Disaster Prevention Forum (CEUDIP) This Forum has been established in 1999 by decision of the Central European Committees for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction of the United Nations (IDNDR). This was done in order to continue the efforts initiated during the Decade by the countries of Central Europe (Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) in activities requiring collaboration of neighbouring countries in all types of disasters, in particular in floods on rivers which are shared by these countries. The main focus was on early warning, but other important issues are being mutually considered, including the media’s role, disaster prevention and mitigation and legislation on states of emergency. → Volume 1, p. 172, 173
17 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
Centre Européen de Prévention des Risques (CEPR), France The CEPR is a centre on applied sciences in the field of prevention. Its work is founded on the expertise of insurers, researchers, and manufacturers of products and services. http://www.cepr.tm.fr → Volume 1, p. 368
Centre d’Etude des Risques Géologiques (CERG-UNIGE), University of Geneva, Switzerland The goal of the CERG is to form experts who can advise the public and private sectors to take preventive measures which can reduce the impact of natural disasters. It is usually taught at the University of Geneva in Switzerland, with field studies in Switzerland and in neighbouring countries such as France and Italy. http://www.unige.ch/hazards/ → Volume 1, p. 269
Centre for Disaster Management (CENDIM), Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey CENDIM was established in January 2001 as an interdisciplinary research centre for disaster management. The centre is in strategic partnership with many national and international organizations to develop disaster, engineering and risk management plans and to facilitate information sharing with governmental, non-governmental and community based organizations. CENDIM also aims to deploy the synergy of multi-disciplinary collaboration by national and international organizations. http://www.cendim.boun.edu.tr → Volume 1, p. 275
Centre for Disaster Studies, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia The Centre is a multidisciplinary research unit presently housed in the School of Tropical Environment Studies and Geography of James Cook University. The Centre has acted as the university’s face to the public and the professionals in the emergency management and meteorology fields, city councils and other researchers since its establishment in 1979. http://www.tesag.jcu.edu.au/cds/index.htm → Volume 1, p. 243
Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Bombay, India CESE has a dedicated group of ten faculty members with multi-disciplinary background and interests together with faculty co-opted from allied disciplines to lead the activities of the centre. The Centre offers M.Tech. and Ph.D. programmes, which are interdisciplinary in nature and consists of course work followed by a research project. The centre is offering wide professional expertise and is actively pursuing several sponsored research, consultancy and technical services and has established strong links with leading industries, institutions and national/international agencies. CESE has been very active in man-power development by organizing tailor-made workshops and training programmes. http://www.cese.iitb.ac.in/ → Volume 1, p. 243
Centre for Hazard and Risk - Risk Frontiers (formely the Natural Hazards Research Centre-NHRC, Macquairie University, Sydney, Australia Its mission is to create strategic risk management and training solutions for insurance companies and their clients through world leading research into natural perils and their consequences. http://www.es.mq.edu.au/NHRC/ → Volume 1, p. 243
Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium Although the main focus of the Centre is on safeguards, public health and the sanitary
18 Annex Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations 2 aspects of disasters, CRED also studies the socio-economic and long-term effects of these large-scale disasters. Increasingly, preparedness, principally at the level of human resource development as well as problems linked to the management of crises, have gained a higher profile within CRED’s activities. It maintains the OFDA/CRED international disaster database EM-DAT. http://www.cred.be → Volume 1, p. 3, 8, 40, 48, 72, 195, 196, 205, 240, 255
Centres Internationaux de Formation des Acteurs locaux (CIFAL), France (International Training Centres for Local Actors) The objectives of the centres are: to contribute to crisis management by UN agencies; to focus on the role of local community for emergency humanitarian response and aids for reconstruction and to establish partnership with UN agencies and other international actors. http://www.unitar.org/dcp
Centre of Competence on Natural Disaster Reduction (CENAT), Switzerland CENAT was founded by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Council in 1995. Its main aim is to effect interdisciplinary research on the causes of natural hazards, the processes involved, their effects on people and objects, and on appropriate means of protection. It serves to identify the existing potential of specialists and know-how within the ETH group in the field of natural hazards, and constitutes a contact point for public and private institutions as well as national and international organisations. http://www.cenat.ch/ → Volume 1, p. 111, 243, 259, 268, 270
Centre of Studies in Resources Engineering (CSRE), at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Bombay CSRE, since its inception in 1976, has been actively involved in developing remote sensing technology and its application to natural resources management and environmental monitoring. The Centre has also done pioneering work in the area of Low Cost Geographical Information System (GIS) development in the country. http://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/ → Volume 1, p. 243
Centre Régional AGRHYMET, Niamey, Niger Created in 1974, AGRHYMET is a specialized hydrometeorological institute of the Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS). http://www.agrhymet.ne/ → Volume 1, p. 150, 200
Centro de Coordinación para la Prevención de Desastres Naturales en América Central (CEPREDENAC), Republic of Panama (Coordinating Centre for the Prevention of Natural Disasters in Central America) CEPREDENAC was established in 1988 as a coordination centre for strengthening the capacity of the region as a whole to reduce the vulnerability of the population to the effects of natural disasters. In May 1995, CEPREDENAC became an official organization set up to foster the Central American Integration System (SICA) with the Governments of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama as members. http://www.cepredenac.org → Volume 1, p. 145, 146, 176, 186, 202, 203, 293, 366
Centro International de Investigación sobre el Fenómeno El Niño (CIIFEN) CIIFEN has been established as a centre drawing together information on El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and its impacts, collaborating with regional and national
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partners in climate data processing, applications and prediction. For more information contact: World Meteorological Organization, E-mail: ipaateway.wmo.ch, http://www.wmo.ch → Volume 1, p. 215, 374
Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres (CENAPRED), Mexico, (National Center for Disaster Prevention) The Centre was created by an Agreement of Cooperation between the Governments of Mexico and Japan for the use and transfer of technology for the prevention of disasters. http://www.cenapred.unam.mx → Volume 1, p.204, 259, 271
Centro Regional de Información de Desastres (CRID), San José, Costa Rica, (Regional Disaster Information Centre) CRID is an initiative sponsored by six organizations that decided to join efforts to ensure the compilation and dissemination of disaster-related information in Latin America and the Caribbean. Its mission is to promote the development of a culture of prevention in the Latin American and Caribbean countries, through the compilation and dissemination of disaster- related information, and the promotion of co-operative efforts to improve risk management in the region. http://www.crid.or.cr → Volume 1, p. 202, 203
China Association for Science and Technology The China Association for Science and Technology served three major purposes. First, it brought individual scientists and administrators together with their professional peers from other work units at conferences, lectures, and joint projects, and it promoted communication across administrative boundaries. Second, it had a major role in the popularization of science and dissemination of scientific knowledge to the general public. Third, it played a major role in China’s international scientific exchanges and hosted delegations of foreign scientists, sponsored international scientific conferences in China, participated in many joint research projects with foreign associations and scientific bodies, and represented China in many international science societies. http://www.1upinfo.com/country-guide- study/china/china269.html
Civil Protection Command, Romania “The civil protection is a part of the national defence and contains the ensemble of measures and activities, aimed to protect the population, assets, cultural values and environment factors, in case of armed conflict or disaster”. (Art.1-The Civil Protection Law no. 106 on 25/09/96) http://www.icdo.org/National%20structures/Romania.pdf → Volume 1, p. 119
Coastal Services Center (CSC), USA See National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) → Volume 1, p. 72
Comisión Centroamericana de Ambiente y Desarrollo (CCAD), El Salvador, (Central American Commission for Environment and Development) It is called to protect and, at the same time, give value to the regional patrimony, which is characterized by its biological diversity and ecosystems. Accordingly, it is also called to be a bridge of collaboration between the countries of the region seeking the adoption of the themes of sustainable development by soliciting the collaboration of all the parties that work in the field of development. It is the regional institution in Central America responsible for
20 Annex Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations 2 the coordination of Corridor activities and other regional environment and development initiatives in Central America. http://www.iucn.org/places/orma/pdfs/bioesp.pdf → Volume 1, p. 145
Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias (CNE), Costa Rica, (National Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Commission) The National Commission for Risk Prevention and Emergency Management, formely the National Emergency Commission, is part of the President’s Office. It is the entity responsible for the coordination of prevention work on risk and for the mitigation and response to emergency situations (Article 19 of the Legislature). The development of the National Law for Emergencies, on 14 August, 1969, was the foundation for the National Commission. http://www.cne.go.cr → Volume 1, p. 202, 286
Comité Permanent Inter-Etats de Lutte contre la Sécheresse dans le Sahel (CILSS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, (Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel) Its mission is to be involved in the research of food security and to combat the effects of drought and desertification for better ecological stability. http://www.cilssnet.org → Volume 1, p. 150, 157
Commission for the Geological Map of the World (CGMW) The CGMW’s aims are to promote, coordinate and publish synthetic earth sciences maps, at small scale, of continental and/or oceanic areas of the world. It is a non-profit scientific and pedagogic body governed by French law. http://ccgm.free.fr
Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) CEOS is an international organization charged with coordinating international civil spaceborne missions designated to observe and study planet Earth. Comprising 41 space agencies and other national and international organizations, CEOS is recognized as the major international forum for the coordination of Earth observation satellite programs and for interaction of these programs with users of satellite data worldwide. http://www.ceos.org → Volume 1, p. 222
Community Action Group for Floodwater, Old Community of Rodenkirchen, Germany The community action group for floodwater in the old community of Rodenkirchen is a non-profit association founded in a district of Cologne. This group advocates the interests of more than 4,000 residents in matters of local flood protection. In 2001, the group sailed the boat up the Rhine staging events and conducting discussions in 18 towns and cities together with other community action groups and representatives of local authorities. The overall promotional efforts of the campaign for greater awareness about flood issues are not limitted to Germany alone, as the group’s trip also goes through parts of France, Switzerland and the Netherlands. → Volume 1, p. 183, 290
Concern Worldwide Its mission is to enable poor people to achieve major improvements in their lifestyles. It works with the poor themselves and with local and international partners who share its vision to create just and peaceful societies where the poor can exercise their fundamental rights. http://www.concern.ie/news/dec_africa.htm → Volume 1, p. 228
21 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
Consejo Regional de Cooperación Agricola (CORECA) para America Central, Mexico y la Republica Dominicana (Regional Council for Agricultural Cooperation in Central America, Mexico and the Dominican Republic) CORECA began in 1980 when a meeting of the International and Regional Committee on Agronomic Security, under the guidance of Panama and the Dominican Republic, put forward the idea of establishing a political forum at the ministerial level for the agricultural sector. The Council’s principal objective was to serve as a permanent forum for consultation and cooperation between the various political parties of the regions’ agricultural sectors. Particularly, it would focus on raising the quality of life for farmers, improving the environment, initiating technological development and offering wide-ranging cooperation. The member states of CORECA include Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and the Dominican Republic. http://coreca.org/what/coreca
Consortium of Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering (CUREE), United States of America CUREE is a non-profit organization established in 1988, devoted to the advancement of earthquake engineering research, education and implementation. http://www.curee.org/ → Volume 1, p. 276
Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) The CGIAR was created in 1971. Its mission is to contribute, through its research, to promoting sustainable agriculture for food security in developing countries. Membership of the Group has increased from eighteen to fifty-eight, the number of CGIAR centers has grown to sixteen, and their research interests have been diversified. http://www.cgiar.org
Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE) CARE is a non-governmental organization, that consists of 11 member organizations, working as a global force dedicated to achieving lasting victory over poverty. http://www.care.org → Volume 1, p. 182, 183, 228, 229, 231
Coordinating Committee for Coastal and Offshore Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia (CCOP), Bangkok, Thailand CCOP is an intergovernmental organization focused on regional geo-scientific aspects. It consists of 11 member countries i.e., Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam and is supported by 14 cooperating countries and several international organizations. http://www.ccop.or.th
Coordinating Council for Disaster Management (CCGC), Mozambique CCGC is the government body responsible for policy decisions relating to disasters. → Volume 1, p. 104
Corporación Andina de Fomento (CAF), Caracas, Venezuela, (Andean Development Corporation) CAF is made up of Latin American and Caribbean shareholders (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, and Trinidad and Tobago and 22 private banks in the Andean region). It has the mission of backing the sustainable development of its shareholder countries and of integration by raising funds to provide a range of financial services. http://www.comunidadandina.org/ → Volume 1, p. 95, 96, 97, 145, 347
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Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa Constituted as a Science Council by an Act of Parliament, the CSIR operates as a market- oriented contract and consortium research partner to its clients and stakeholders. CSIR focuses on building Africa’s capacity in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) project management. CSIR Water, Environment and Forestry Technology has been involved in the development and presentation of EIA capacity building courses for the past 10 years. http://www.csir.co.za → Volume 1, p. 326
Council of Europe – EUR-OPA Major Hazards Agreement The Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe has set up the Open Partial Agreement in 1987. This intergovernmental agreement is a platform for cooperation in the field of major natural and technological disasters between Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean area and Western Europe concerning knowledge about prevention, risk management, post-crisis analysis and rehabilitation. http://www.coe.int/T/E/Cultural_Co- operation/Disasters → Volume 1, p. 166, 167
Country Fire Authority (CFA), Australia The devastation of the 1944 fires emphasised the urgency of better coordination of country fire services. CFA has evolved to become one of the world’s largest volunteer based emergency services. The ties between CFA and state government, local government, industry and brigades are essential to the successful operation of CFA. As a community service organisation, CFA brigades are strongly supported by their local communities and CFA infrastructure in responding to meet Victoria’s fire safety and emergency management needs. http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/ → Volume 1, p. 368
Darmouth Flood Observatory, Darmouth College, United States of America D The Observatory provides current information (updated daily) on flooding. It uses satellite technology to help detect such events as they occur. It also archives the obtained cartographic information about flooded lands into the first global atlas of flood hazard (www.darmouth.edu/floods/Atlas.html).This on-line and rapidly growing atlas records for posterity 15 years of flood history, world-wide. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/ → Volume 1, p. 372
David and Lucile Packard Foundation, United States of America The Foundation was created in 1964 by David Packard, co-founder of the Hewlett-Packard Company, and Lucile Salter Packard. Together, universities, national institutions, community groups, youth agencies, family planning centers, and hospitals constitute a tradition that complements government efforts to focus on society’s needs. http://www.packard.org/ → Volume 1, p. 244
Department for Earthquake Engineering at the University of Roorkee, State of Uttar Pradesh, India Established in 1960 as School of Research and Training in Earthquake Engineering, the department has been actively engaged in teaching, basic and applied research, and providing consultancy services in the seismic design of almost all major engineering projects in the country, with an aim of mitigating disasters caused by earthquakes. The department has been consulted by a large number of governmental and non-governmental-organizations with regard to earthquake resistant design of such structures. This has also helped the
23 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
industry in obtaining certification of the seismic withstand capability of equipment and other systems to be installed in seismic areas. A large portion of the software used for analysis and design has been developed in-house. In addition, the department has also undertaken programmes of seismic instrumentation in the country with a view to have better understanding of the ground motion characteristics and seismicity of various regions. The department has rendered technical services to UNESCO on Influence of Natural Disasters on Educational Facilities for the West and South East Asian countries and has prepared a manual on protective measures needed to save educational facilities from the disastrous effects of earthquakes. http://www.rurkiu.ernet.in/ → Volume 1, p. 329
Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM), Nepal DHM is an organization under the Ministry of Science and Technology. The department with headquarters in Kathmandu has four basin offices: Karnali Basin Office in Surkhet, Narayani Basin Office in Pokhara, Bagmati Basin Office in Kathmandu, and Kosi Basin Office in Dharan. DHM has a mandate to monitor all the hydrological and meteorological activities in Nepal. The scope of work includes the monitoring of river hydrology, climate, agrometeorology, sediment, air quality, water quality, limnology, snow hydrology, glaciology, and wind and solar energy. General and aviation weather forecasts are the regular services provided by DHM. As a member of the WMO, DHM contributes to the global exchange of meteorological data on a regular basis. DHM actively participates in the programs of relevant international organizations, such as UNESCO’s International Hydrological Program (IHP) and WMO’s Operational Hydrology Program (OHP). http://www.dhm.gov.np
Department of International Development (DFID), United Kingdom DFID is a UK government department working to promote sustainable development and eliminate world poverty. http://www.dfid.gov.uk → Volume 1, p. 186, 198, 208, 226, 232, 258
Department of Transport and Regional Services (DOTRS), Australia The Department provides policy advice to the ministers for the transport and regional services portfolio and delivers a variety of programs on behalf of the Commonwealth Government. It also conducts research, analysis and safety investigations; provide safety information and advice based upon these investigations; and perform regulatory functions. http://www.dotrs.gov.au/ → Volume 1, p. 272
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), South Africa DWAF is the custodian of South Africa’s water and forestry resources. It is primarily responsible for the formulation and implementation of policy governing these two sectors. It also has override responsibility for water services provided by local government. While striving to ensure that all South Africans gain access to clean water and safe sanitation, the water sector also promotes effective and efficient water resources management to ensure sustainable economic and social development.The forestry programme promotes the sustainable management of the country’s natural forest resources and commercial forestry for the lasting benefit of the nation. http://www.dwaf.gov.za/ → Volume 1, p. 68
Deutsches Forschungsnetz Naturkatastrophen (DFNK), Germany, (German Research Network for Natural Disasters) DFNK is an initiative of German research programmes and institutions. The Network’s goal is to collect, organize and disseminate information from research, knowledge and
24 Annex Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations 2 methodology on the topic of natural disasters taken from technical, environmental and social research sources working in this field. http://dfnk.gfz-potsdam.de → Volume 1, p. 267, 268
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Germany (German Agency for Technical Cooperation) GTZ is a government-owned corporation for international cooperation with worldwide operations. In more than 120 partner countries, GTZ is supporting many development projects and programmes, chiefly under commissions from the German Federal Government. GTZ’s aim is to improve the living conditions and perspectives of people in developing and transition countries. http://www.gtz.de → Volume 1, p. 94, 95, 147, 181, 186, 366, 367
Deutsches Komite für Katastrophenvorsorge e.V. (DKKV), (German Committee for Disaster Reduction) The tasks of the DKKV for disaster reduction are numerous and to a degree very particular: from technical projects researching the effects of disasters on society to political programmes encouraging the growth of disaster reduction initiatives. http://www.dkkv.org → Volume 1, p. 370
Direcçao Nacional de Aguas, Mozambique (DNA), (National Directorate of Water) DNA is responsible for water policy and its implementation, strategic and integrated planning on the management of water resources as well as water supply and sanitation services. The directorate is a government agency working under the Ministry of Public Works and Housing. http://www.dna.mz
Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit (DMMU), National College for Management Studies, Kabwe, Zambia In 1998, the Government of Zambia established the DMMU as part of the vice president’s office to coordinate disaster related activities. The DMMU is supported by a technical committee, which includes the Ministry of Agriculture’s office of early warning, the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, the central statistical office, and key line ministries such as health, finance and economic development. http://www.undmtp.org/inventory/pages/sa_inventory/zam_dmmu.html → Volume 1, p. 240
Disaster Management Bureau (DMB), Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief (MDMR), Bangladesh MDMR is the principal government body, overseeing the disaster management activities in the country.The Disaster Management Bureau and Directorate of Relief and Rehabilitation works directly under the ministry. Bangladesh has established various disaster management committees at different levels from National Disaster Management Council (NDMC), headed by the Honorable Prime Minister, to the field level committee such as District Disaster Management Committee (DDMC), headed by Deputy Commissioner (DC). Under the supervision of MDMR, there are a number of disaster response units. www.cred.be/centre/public/141e/ch09.htm
Disaster Management Center (DMC), University of Wisconsin, United States of America The center’s goal is to help improve the emergency management performance of non- governmental organizations, local and national governments, and international organizations, through a comprehensive professional development program in disaster management. Distance learning is the principal approach for this international program. http://dmc.engr.wisc.edu/ → Volume 1, p. 240
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Disaster Management Facility (DMF), World Bank, Washington D.C., United States of America, NOW Hazard Management Unit (HMU) It aims to reduce human suffering and economic losses caused by natural and technological disasters. Making sure that disaster prevention and mitigation are integral parts of development requires action, it takes action by providing technical support to World Bank operations, promoting capacity-building, and establishing partnerships with the international and scientific community working on disaster issues. http://www.worldbank.org → Volume 1, p. 347
Disaster Management Institute of Southern Africa (DMISA), South Africa DMISA is an organization where everyone involved in disaster management can relate to others with similar interests, and creates opportunities for the improvement of disaster management in Southern Africa. http://www.cmc.gov.za/pht/DMISA.htm → Volume 1, p. 370
Disaster Management Technical Council (CTGC), Mozambique The CTGC provides technical back-up to the National Disaster Management Institute (INGC), an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation. → Volume 1, p. 104
Disaster Management Unit, (DMU), Standing Office of the Central Committee for Flood and Storm Control (CCFSC), Viet Nam DMU is the mechanism chosen by the Government of Viet Nam and UNDP to join together over 1000 years of Vietnamese flood protection culture with twenty-first century western technology to better protect the entire population of Viet Nam against the annual natural disasters that ravage the country. http://www.undp.org.vn/dmu/index.html → Volume 1, p. 82
Disaster Mitigation Facility (DMF) for the Caribbean, CBD, USAID/OFDA On February 20, 2002, the Caribbean Development Bank launched its Disaster Mitigation Facility for the Caribbean at the Sherbourne Conference Centre in Barbados.
The Facility was established based on a limited scope grant agreement between CDB and USAID, and has two objectives: to assist CDB’s borrowing member countries with the adoption and institutionalization of successful disaster mitigation plans and policies; and to strengthen CDB’s institutional capacity to effectively implement its revised disaster management strategy, focusing on mitigation, and to integrate the revised strategy into all CDB’s policies, projects and programmes. http://www.caribank.org/downloads/dmfcpage.pdf
Disaster Mitigation Institute (DMI), India The institute is a community based action research, action planning and advocacy non- governmental organisation. It works towards bridging the gap between policy, practice, and research related to disaster mitigation, in an effort to link the community to the inter national level humanitarian scenario. http://www.southasiadisasters.net/ → Volume 1, p. 228, 249
Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission (DPPC), Ethiopia DPPC is a government organization that deals with disaster mitigation and rehabilitation efforts http://www.telecom.net.et/~dppc/body.htm → Volume 1, p. 99, 100
26 Annex Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations 2
Disaster Recovery Business Alliance (DRBA) DRBA is an organization, a process and a product designed to provide an improvement in a community’s ability to deal with disaster recovery by the formation of an effective alliance between the private and public sectors of a community. It offers a tested model to assist local leaders in forming and facilitating a lifeline-based planning organization to serve a local community. It was established and funded by the Electric Power Research Institute and co- founded by the Department of Energy, and the Association of Contingency Planning. DRBA has formed partnerships with many public and private sector organizations such as the Central United States Earthquake Consortium (CUSEC), the National Emergency Management Association (NEMA), the Institute for Business and Home Safety (IBHS). http://www.swidrcc.org/drba.html → Volume 1, p. 232
Disaster Research Center, Ohio State University, Unites States of America The Center was established at Ohio State University in 1963 and moved to the University of Delaware in 1985. The Center conducts field and survey research on group, organizational and community preparation for response to and recovery from natural and technological disasters and other community-wide crises. DRC researchers have carried out systematic studies on a broad range of disaster types, including hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, hazardous chemical incidents, and plane crashes. http://www.udel.edu/DRC/ → Volume 1, p. 240
Discipleship Centre, Hind Swaraj Mandal, India The Discipleship Centre is a non-govermental organization involved in Gujarat Earthquake Relief and Rehabilitation efforts. → Volume 1, p. 228
Drought Monitoring Centres (DMC), Harare, Zimbabwe and Nairobi, Kenya The Drought Monitoring Centres for Eastern and Southern Africa are charged with the responsibility of monitoring of drought and other climatic conditions in a timely manner with respect to intensity, geographical extent, duration and impact upon agricultural production and to give early warning for the formulation of appropriate strategies to combat any anticipated adverse effects. http://www.meteo.go.ke/ → Volume 1, p. 152, 154, 200, 370
Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Center (EDM), Miki, Japan E The main purpose of the EDM is to produce “frontier research on earthquake disaster mitigation for urban regions.” The major research activities are performed by three research teams: the disaster process simulation team, the disaster information system team and the structural performance team. http://www.edm.bosai.go.jp/english.htm → Volume 1, p.249
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI), Oakland, United States of America The objective of EERI is to reduce earthquake risk by advancing the science and practice of earthquake engineering, by improving understanding of the impact of earthquakes on the physical, social, economic, political and cultural environment, and by advocating comprehensive and realistic measures for reducing the harmful effects of earthquakes. http://www.eeri.org → Volume 1, p. 217, 325
27 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
Earthquake Hazard Centre (EHC), Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand The EHC is an information network and dissemination centre for earthquake-resistant construction in developing countries. The EHC seeks to share basic earthquake engineering knowledge, common place in many countries, with those working in construction-related fields in developing countries. The EHC aims to provide information which is relevant and appropriate to the limited resources available in the communities where this information is most needed. The EHC is a non-profit organisation supported by Robinson Seismic Ltd and the New Zealand Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management. http://www.ehc.arch.vuw.ac.nz/ → Volume 1, p. 243
East West Center, Honolulu, Hawai The East-West Center is an internationally recognized education and research organization established by the U.S. Congress in 1960 to strengthen understanding and relations between the United States and the countries of the Asia Pacific region. The Center carries out its mission through programs of cooperative study, training and research. Professionals and students from the United States, Asia and the Pacific study and work together at the East- West Center to better understand issues of common and critical concern and explore mutually beneficial ways of addressing them. http://www.eastwestcenter.org/ → Volume 1, p. 165, 205, 214
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) ECOWAS was created in 1975 by the Heads of State and Government of the 16 countries of the region with the goal to achieve economic union. There are several agro-ecological zones within ECOWAS ranging from the north to the south. These are the Sahelian zone, Sudanese zone, Guinean zone and the forest areas. http://www.fao.org/tc/tca/pdf/fact_ECOWAS_en.pdf → Volume 1, p. 157, 158, 176
Emergency Management Australia (EMA) EMA provides national leadership in the development of measures to reduce risk to communities and manage the consequences of disasters. It is the Federal Agency responsible for reducing the impact of natural and man-made disasters on the Australian community. http://www.ema.gov.au → Volume 1, p. 72, 75, 160, 210, 240, 315
Emergency Management Australia Institute (EMAI), Mount Macedon, Australia Emergency Management Australia’s research and training centre at Mount Macedon was renamed the Emergency Management Australia Institute (EMAI) in January, 2002. The change was made to better reflect the institute as an integral part of EMA’s core business and to stress the holistic nature of the organization’s operations across its sites in Canberra and Mount Macedon, Victoria. EMAI conducts a program of activities which includes the National Studies Program, education and training activities, resource development to support the curriculum and the provision of information through the Australian Emergency Management Information Centre. EMAI is the education and information arm of Emergency Management Australia (EMA). http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emainternet.nsf → Volume 1, p. 240
Environment and Development Action in the Third World (ENDA), Senegal Founded in 1972, ENDA is an association of autonomous entities co-ordinated by an Executive Secretariat. In general, ENDA works to enhance the visibility and value, in practice as well as theory, of the knowledge and tools that exist in local development efforts. This consists of identifying and supporting community development initiatives - especially in terms of local organisations. http://www.enda.sn/ 28 Annex Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations 2
Environment and Society Institute (ESI), State University of New York, Buffalo, United States of America It offers courses on engineering and applied sciences and hosts the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA), the Center for Urban Studies. The Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER) is an affiliated research center. http://www.buffalo.edu → Volume 1, p. 326
Euro-Mediterranean Centre for Research on Arid Zones/Centre Euro-Mediterranéen sur les Zones Arides (CRSTRA), Biskra, Algeria. The centre conducts scientific and technical research programmes on arid zones and zones threatened with desertification and drought. http://www.coe.int/T/E/Cultural_Cooperation/Disasters/Activities/Network_of_Specialized _Euro-Mediterranean_Centres/ → Volume 1, p. 168
Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Evaluation and Prevention of Seismic Risk/Centre Européen sur l’Evaluation et la Prévention du Risque Sismique (CEPRIS), Rabat, Morocco. It works to develop a unified strategy and common framework for coordinating regional seismo-tectonic zoning and assessment of seismic hazards and risks in the Mediterranean region. http://www.coe.int/T/E/Cultural_Cooperation/Disasters/Activities/Network_of_Specialized _Euro-Mediterranean_Centres/ → Volume 1, p. 168
Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Insular Coastal Dynamics/Centre Européen de la Dynamique Côtière Insulaire (IcoD), Valletta, Malta. ICoD’s main brief is to work in three main areas of education, applied research and information activities related to coastal dynamics. www.icod.org.mt → Volume 1, p. 169, 206
Euro-Mediterranean Seismological Centre/Centre Sismologique Euro-Méditerranéen (CSEM), Bruyères-le-Châtel, France. The activity of CSEM members is devoted to the promotion of seismological research. http://www.emsc-csem.org/ → Volume 1, p. 168, 374
European Advisory Evaluation Committee for Earthquake Prediction (EAECEP). While not a Centre but a Committee of the Council of Europe, this institution of 13 specialists was established in 1993 by the Committee of Ministers and works closely with the EUR- OPA Specialized Centres. It is responsible for giving advice on earthquake prediction made by scientists. http://www.coe.int/T/E/Cultural_Cooperation/Disasters/Activities/Network_of_Specialized _Euro-Mediterranean_Centres/ → Volume 1, p. 169
European Centre for Disaster Medicine/ Centre Européen pour la Médecine des Catastrophes (CEMEC), San Marino It promotes the prevention and mitigation of the effects of natural and technological disasters. www.diesis.com/cemec → Volume 1, p. 168
29 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
European Centre for Geodynamics and Seismology/Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Sismologie (ECGS), Walferdange, Luxemburg The Centre acts as a link between scientific research and its application to the prevention and interpretation of hazards. www.ecgs.lu → Volume 1, p. 168, 206
European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading, United Kingdom The Centre is an international organisation supported by 24 European states. Its principal objectives are: the development of numerical methods for medium-range weather forecasting; the preparation, on a regular basis, of medium-range weather forecasts for distribution to the meteorological services of the Member States; scientific and technical research directed to the improvement of these forecasts; collection and storage of appropriate meteorological data. In addition, the Centre makes available a proportion of its computing facilities to its member states for their research; assists in implementing the programmes of the World Meteorological Organisation; provides advanced training to the scientific staff of the member states in the field of numerical weather prediction; makes the data in its extensive archives available to outside bodies. http://www.ecmwf.int/ → Volume 1, p. 48
European Centre for Prevention and Forecasting of Earthquakes/Centre Européen pour la Prévention et la Prévision des Tremblements de Terre (ECPFE), Athens, Greece ECPFE is involved in all aspects of prevention as well as in the development of practical ways of managing earthquakes. European Centre for Research into Techniques for Informing Populations in Emergency Situations/Centre Européen de Recherche sur les Techniques d’Information de la Population dans les Situations d’Urgences/Centro Europeo de Investigacion de técnicas de información a la poblacion en Situaciones de Emergencia (CEISE), Madrid, Spain. Its work concerns methods of informing the public in emergency situations. www.proteccioncivil.org → Volume 1, p. 168
European Centre for School Training in Risk Prevention/Centre Européen sur la Formation Scolaire à la Prévention des Risques (CSLT), Sofia, Bulgaria The Centre develops and promotes general and partial educational policies, training concepts and teaching methods in the field of risk prevention training in schools. www.bg400.bg/cslt → Volume 1, p. 168
European Centre for Vulnerability of Industrial and Lifeline Systems/Centre Européen sur la Vulnérabilité des Réseaux et Systèmes Industriels (ECILS), Skopje (former Yugoslavia Republic of Macedonia) It promotes programmes for theoretical and applied research of urban vulnerability. www.iziis.ukim.edu.mk → Volume 1, p. 168
European Centre of New Technologies for the Management of Major Natural and Technological Hazards/Centre Européen des Nouvelles Technologies pour la Gestion des Risques Naturels et Technologiques Majeurs (ECNTRM), Moscow, Russian Federation One of its primary objectives is the use of space technologies for the forecasting, prevention and relief in major natural and technological disasters.
30 Annex Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations 2
European Centre on Floods/Centre Européen sur les Inondations (AECF), Kishinev, Moldova It concentrates on proposals to prevent the risk of flooding. → Volume 1, p. 168
European Centre on Geomorphological Hazards/Centre Européen sur les Risques Geomorphologiques (CERG), Strasbourg, France. CERG is concerned with studying the major hazards associated with earthquakes and landslides. → Volume 1, p. 168
European Centre on Training and Information of Local and Regional Authorities and Population in the Field of Natural and Technological Disasters /Centre Européen de Formation des Autorités Locales et Régionales dans le domaine des Catastrophes Naturelles et Technologiques (ECMHT), Baku, Azerbaïjan. It provides training and information to local and regional authorities in the field of major hazards. → Volume 1, p. 168
European Centre on Urban Risks/Centre Européen sur les Risques Urbains (CERU), Lisbon, Portugal. Its principal functions are to provide a framework for coordinating relief and natural and technological hazard management and for devising a common strategy to combat urban hazards. → Volume 1, p. 168
European Commission The European Commission embodies and upholds the general interest of the Union. The President and Members of the Commission are appointed by the Member States after they have been approved by the European Parliament.The Commission is the driving force in the Union’s institutional system. It has the right to initiate draft legislation and therefore presents legislative proposals to Parliament and the Council. As the Union’s executive body, it is responsible for implementing the European legislation (directives, regulations, decisions), budget and programmes adopted by Parliament and the Council. It acts as guardian of the Treaties and, together with the Court of Justice, ensures that Community law is properly applied. It represents the Union on the international stage and negotiates international agreements, chiefly in the field of trade and cooperation http://europa.eu.int/comm/index_en.htm → Volume 1, p. 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 207, 261, 262, 263, 310
European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO) The European Union’s mandate to ECHO is to provide emergency assistance and relief to the victims of natural disasters or armed conflict outside the European Union. The aid is intended to go directly to those in distress, irrespective of race, religion or political convictions. http://europa.eu.int/comm/echo/en/ → Volume 1, p. 159, 160, 171, 172, 366, 374
European Directorate General Joint Research Centre (JRC) The Joint Research Centre (JRC) Directorate General is an integral part of the European Commission. It provides independent scientific and technical advice to the Commission, the European Parliament, the Council of Ministers and EU Member States in support of European Union (EU) policies. Its main aim is to help to create a safer, cleaner, healthier and more competitive Europe. Its seven scientific institutes carry out research of direct concern to EU citizens. It provides technical know-how both directly and through
31 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
coordinating and contributing to numerous broader networks linking industry, universities and national institutes. The JRC is playing an important role in helping establish the European Research Area (ERA). http://www.jrc.cec.eu.int → Volume 1, p. 170, 213, 217, 222, 261, 262, 263, 264
European Environment Agency (EEA), Copenhagen, Denmark The EEA aims to support sustainable development and to help achieve significant and measurable improvement in Europe’s environment through the provision of timely, targeted, relevant and reliable information to policy making agents and the public. http://www.eea.eu.int → Volume 1, p. 171, 256
European Inter-regional Centre for Training Rescue Workers /Centre Européen de Formation Inter-Régionale pour les Sauveteurs (ECTR), Yerevan, Armenia. It provides training of rescue workers and related instructors for humanitarian assistance. http://www.coe.int/T/E/Cultural_Cooperation/Disasters/Activities/Network_of_Specialized _Euro-Mediterranean_Centres/ → Volume 1, p. 169
European Laboratory for Structural Assessment – Earthquake Engineering (ELSA), Ispra, Italy The construction of bridges, viaducts, buildings or tunnels, which can withstand earthquakes, involves using particularly sophisticated simulation laboratories. The most prestigious of these is ELSA, which is a technological flagship for the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre. http://www.elsa.jrc.it → Volume 1, p. 264
European Natural Disasters Training Centre/Centre Européen de Formation sur les Risques Naturels (AFEM), Ankara, Turkey. AFEM’s main goal is to reduce the destructive effects of hazards through research, training and education at all levels, from policy makers to field workers associated with disaster preparedness and response. http://www.coe.int/T/E/Cultural_Cooperation/Disasters/Activities/Network_of_Specialized _Euro-Mediterranean_Centres/ → Volume 1, p. 168, 206
European Oceanological Observatory, Scientific Centre of Monaco/Centre scientifique de Monaco, Observatoire Océanologique Européen (OOE), Monaco. It conducts research with the objective of evaluating major ecological risks and restoring degraded habitats. http://www.coe.int/T/E/Cultural_Cooperation/Disasters/Activities/Network_of_Specialized _Euro-Mediterranean_Centres/ → Volume 1, p. 169
European Research Area (ERA) On 18, January 2000 the European Commission adopted the platform “Towards a European Research Area” which is meant to contribute to the creation of better overall framework conditions for research in Europe. ERA is regrouping all Community supports for the better coordination of research activities and the convergence of research and innovation policies, at national and EU levels. http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/era/index_en.html → Volume 1, p. 207, 262
32 Annex Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations 2
European Space Agency (ESA) The European Space Agency is Europe’s gateway to space. Its mission is to shape the development of Europe’s space capability and ensure that investment in space continues to deliver benefits to the people of Europe. ESA has 15 Member States. By coordinating the financial and intellectual resources of its members, it can undertake programmes and activities far beyond the scope of any single European country. http://www.esa.int/ → Volume 1, p. 167, 207, 217
European Union (EU) The European Union was set through the process of European integration launched on 9 May 1950 when France officially proposed to create “the first concrete foundation of a European federation.” Six countries (Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands) joined from the very beginning. Today, after four waves of accessions (1973: Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom; 1981: Greece; 1986: Spain and Portugal; 1995: Austria, Finland and Sweden), the EU has 15 Member States and is preparing for the accession of other eastern and southern European countries. Its main agencies are: European Parliament, Council of the Union, European Commission, Court of Justice, Court of Auditors, European Central Bank, European Economic and Social Committee, Committee of the Regions, European Investment Bank, European Ombudsman. http://www.europa.eu.int → Volume 1, p. 156, 160, 167, 169, 170, 171, 222, 229, 258, 351, 367
European University Centre for Cultural Heritage/Centre Universitaire Européen pour les Biens Culturels (CUEBC), Ravello, Italy. CUEBC is an experimental laboratory that conducts scientific research and specialist matters. It is part of the European University for Cultural Heritage. http://www.cuebc.amalficoast.it/ → Volume 1, p. 168
European Centre of Technogenic Safety/Centre Européen de Sécurité Technologique (TESEC), Kiev, Ukraine. TESEC is a scientific research and educational organization. http://www.coe.int/T/E/Cultural_Cooperation/Disasters/Activities/Network_of_Specialized _Euro-Mediterranean_Centres/ → Volume 1, p. 168
Experimental Climate Prediction Center (ECPC), United States of America ECPC is developing an integrated regional climate prediction capability by undertaking basic research to identify coupled land-atmosphere-ocean linkages. ECPC models are being used to make routine experimental forecasts, which are continually evaluated in order to demonstrate their utility to various sectors on temporal scales ranging from seasonal to biennial but also touching upon daily and decadal to centennial time scales. Once ECPC has demonstrated the usefulness of various forecast tools and methodologies, its goal is to transfer these experimental methodologies to various regional application centers. http://ecpc.ucsd.edu → Volume 1, p. 373
Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLASCO) F (Latin American Social Science Faculty) The faculty’s creation is based on the recommendation of UNESCO and the governments of Latin America and the Caribbean. Its objective is to promote education, research and technical cooperation in the field of social sciences for the entire region. http://www.flacso.cl → Volume 1, p. 245
33 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), US Government The FHWA is a part of the US Department of Transportation, headquartered in Washington, D.C., with field offices across the United States. Its mission is to provide leadership, expertise, resources and information in cooperation with partners to enhance the country’s economic vitality, the quality of life, and the environment. The FHWA directly administers a number of highway transportation activities including standards development, research and technology, training, technical assistance, highway access to federally owned lands and Indian lands, and commercial vehicle safety enforcement. Further, FHWA has a significant role, working through partnerships, programs, policies, and allocating resources which facilitate the strategic development and maintenance of State and local transportation systems as effective and efficient elements of the national intermodal transportation system. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov
Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration, (FIMA), Federal Management Agency (FEMA), United States of America The Mitigation Division manages the National Flood Insurance Program and oversees FEMA’s mitigation programs. The overall mission is to protect lives and prevent the loss of property from natural hazards. http://www.fema.gov/fima/
Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) FICCI was established in 1927, on the advice of Mahatma Gandhi, to garner support for India’s independence and to further the interests of the Indian business community. Today, after five decades of Indian independence, FICCI is in the vanguard of nation building and is moving ahead to integrate the Indian economy with the global mainstream. http://www.ficci.com → Volume 1, p.231
Fondo para la Reconstrucción y el Desarrollo Social del Eje Cafetero (FOREC), Armenia, Colombia The Fund for Reconstruction and Social Development in the Coffee Region is a specialized agency with its headquarters in Armenia administered by a legal staff under financial and political autonomy. Its objective is to promote the necessary work on economic, social and ecological reconstruction in the Andean region affected by the earthquake of 25 January, 1999. FOREC’s mission is to manage the public commitment of national institutions and agencies in the reconstruction work with honesty, clarity, will and efficiency in the use of the public resources and technological assistance offered for this work. FOREC received the UN Sasakawa Award for Disaster Reduction in 2000. → Volume 1, p. 94
Foundation for International Community Assistance (FINCA) FINCA has been helping families to create their own solution to poverty since 1984. It provides financial services to the world’s poorest families so they can create their own employment, raise household incomes and improve their standard of living. http://www.villagebanking.org
Foundation for the Support of Women’s Work (FSWW) The FSWW established in 1986 by a group of women from different backgrounds, is a non-profit non-governmental organisation. It aims to build social, economic and community assets for and by grassroots women, and support their leadership throughout Turkey in improving the quality of their lives and of the community. http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw → Volume 1, p. 179
34 Annex Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations 2
Fundación de Edificaciones y Dotaciones Educatives (FEDE), Venezuela FEDE is an institution of public administration, dedicated exclusively to solve the problems of the educational physical plant. It was created by means of the Presidential Ordinance N° 1555 dated May 11 of 1976, exercising the guides of the Ministry of Urban Development. http://www.fede.gov.ve/ → Volume 1, p. 341
Fundación Nacional para el Desarrollo (FUNDE), El Salvador, (National Development Foundation) FUNDE’s mission is to offer critical thinking, analysis and proposals for sustainable development and to engage the different parties and leading institutions of the country with research and assistance in order to better the quality of life and opportunities of the marginalized. http://www.funde.org
Fundación para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Communal (CORDES), El Salvador, (Development Corporation) Founded in 1988, CORDES is a non-governmental organization dedicated to the management of socio-economic development of the rural communties in El Salvador, where the poverty and destruction from the war have affected human settlements by forcing the people out of their land. → Volume 1, p. 229, 230
Fundación Salvadoreña para la Asistencia Integral (FUSAI), El Salvador, (Salvadorian Foundation for Integral Assistance) Its mission is to support the socio-economic integration of sectors, regions and parties marginalized in society with the benefits of development http://www.fusai.org
General Directorate of Civil Protection, Governorate of Grand Alger, Algeria G The General Directorate has carried out significant training activities on disaster prevention and the organization of international forums on disaster prevention. → Volume 1, p. 120
GeoHazards International (GHI), California, United States of America GHI was established in 1993 as a non-profit organization to reduce death and injury caused by earthquakes in the world’s most vulnerable communities. In particular, GHI makes a community safer by raising awareness of its risk, building local institutions to manage that risk, and strengthening schools to protect and train the community’s future generations. http://www.geohaz.org → Volume 1, p. 332
Geological Survey of Iran (GSI) As an affiliate organization of the Ministry of Industries and Mines of Iran, GSI is basically an applied research center with a high caliber scientists and technical staff, and state of the art laboratory technology. GSI’s mandate includes geological survey throughout the country and overseeing mineral exploration. Outcomes of the GSI surveys are produced at the scale of 1:1’000’000, 1:250’000, and 1:100’000 or larger on thematic subjects (digital or paper print) and are made available to the public. http://www.gsi.org.ir/ → Volume 1, p. 117
Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ) GSJ is one of the 15 research institutes of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST). http://www.aist.go.jp/ → Volume 1, p. 66
35 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
Geophysics Institute of Teheran University The activities of this Institute are concentrated on research, education, and scientific services. The Institute has two research and educational departments. The first department, namely Earth Physics consists of the following research sections: Earthquake Seismology, Gravity, Geomagnetism, Geophysical Explorations, the Earth’s Tide, Rock Physics.The second department, namely Space Physics, consists of the following research sections: Meteorology, Air Pollution, Ozone, Solar Physics, Ionosphere. http://www.ut.ac.ir/ → Volume 1, p. 117
Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC), Freiburg, Germany GFMC has been established in 1998 at the Fire Ecology and Biomass Burning Research Group, a subdivision of the Biogeochemistry Department of the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (Mainz, Germany). Founded in the 1970s at Freiburg University, the Fire Ecology Research Group was incorporated into the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in 1990. http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de → Volume 1, p. 264, 287, 367, 370, 372, 373
Global Monitoring for the Environment and Security (GMES) GMES is a joint initiative of the European Space Agency and the EC. Many programmes (EC, ESA, others) will eventually contribute to GMES. In November 2001 the ESA Ministerial Council approved a new 5-year ESA programme dedicated to GMES, called the Earthwatch GMES Services Element (GSE for short). This is the very first programme dedicated to GMES. GSE will deliver policy-relevant services to end-users, primarily (but not exclusively) from Earth Observation sources. GSE is a key element of GMES, because it will enable end-users to become key players in the move from present generation Earth Observation satellites to future European systems that will deliver vital information on global environment and security. http://earth.esa.int/gmes/ → Volume 1, p. 207, 264, 310
Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA), India The Government of Gujarat established the Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority in February, 2001 to co-ordinate the comprehensive earthquake recovery program. The GSDMA is registered as a society with a vision to go beyond reconstruction and make Gujarat economically vibrant, agriculturally and industrially competitive with improved standards of living and with a capacity to mitigate and manage future disasters. http://www.gsdma.org → Volume 1, p. 332
Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center (HRRC), Texas A & M University, Texas, United H States of America The HRRC was established at Texas A&M University in 1988. The center engages in research on hazard mitigation, disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. The staff of the HRRC is interdisciplinary in nature and includes the expertise of architects, engineers, geographers, psychologists, and sociologists. The HRRC is dedicated to providing access to hazards information for home owners, professionals, business investors, and the academic community. http://hrrc.tamu.edu → Volume 1, p. 276
Health Canada Health Canada is the federal department responsible for helping the people of Canada maintain and improve their health. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ → Volume 1, p. 266, 375
36 Annex Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations 2
High Powered Committee (HPC) on Disaster Management Plans, Government of India HPC has been constituted to review existing arrangements for preparedness and mitigation of natural and man made disasters including industrial, nuclear, biological and chemical disasters; recommend measures for strengthening organizational structures, and recommend a comprehensive model plan for management of these disasters at national, state and district levels. http://www.ndmindia.nic.in/committee/hpcomm.html → Volume 1, p. 85, 89, 209
Higher Institute of Emergency Planning/Institut Supérieur de Planification d’Urgence (ISPU), Archennes, Belgium. The Institute organizes specific courses concerning problems of emergency planning for officials in public office. http://www.coe.int/T/E/Cultural_Cooperation/Disasters/Activities/Network_of_Specialized_E uro-Mediterranean_Centres/ → Volume 1, p. 169
Hungarian National Directorate General for Disaster Management (HNDGDM), Budapest From January, 2000 an integrated organization, the National Directorate for Disaster Management, Ministry of Interior, has been established in Hungary as the central organ of the integral national disaster management. It was established on the basis of the legal predecessors, that is, the Civil Protection and the Fire Service. The system of protection against disasters is divided into three levels: international, national, and municipality.
Ibero-American Association of Civil Defense and Civil Protection, Spain I The Ibero-American Association for Civil Defense and Protection emerged from a 1-5 July 1996 meeting organized in Santiago, Chile, by the Pro Tempore Secretariat of the Space Conference of the Americas and Chile’s ONEMI. The subject of the meeting was the use of aerospace technology in disaster prevention and mitigation.
Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS), United States of America IRIS is a university research consortium dedicated to exploring the Earth’s interior through the collection and distribution of seismographic data. IRIS programs contribute to scholarly research, education, earthquake hazard mitigation, and the verification of a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. Support for IRIS comes from the National Science Foundation, other federal agencies, universities, and private foundations. http://www.iris.washington.edu → Volume 1, p. 276
India Musokotwane Environment Resource Centre for Southern Africa (IMERCSA), Zimbabwe IMERCSA is a unit established in 1994 within the Southern African Research and Documentation Centre (SARDC). IMERCSA has bibliographic databases with more than 6,000 records on the environment and disaster management issues. Its contacts databases, which list individual experts and organizations involved in environment and disaster management issues in the SADC region, have a total of about 2,600 entries. The centre also has a public library with reading facilities for policy planners, researchers, diplomats, journalists, and others interested in issues with a regional perspective. IMERCSA provides in- house training for young journalists. In collaboration with regionally-based organizations, IMERCSA also carries out training workshops mainly for environmental journalists in Southern Africa. http://www.sardc.net/imercsa → Volume 1, p. 201
37 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
Indian Association of Social Science Institutions (IASSI) The Association is a collective body of organisations which are involved in teaching, research and related activities in the area of social sciences. Most Indian universities and research institutions are members of this Association. It was formed primarily for bringing these organisations together in meaningful dialogue’s exchange and cooperation so as to crystallize ideas useful for evolving solutions to problems of social concern. All its activities like organisation of seminars and conferences, production of a multi disciplinary journal and publications have been directed to this end. http://iassi.nic.in/ → Volume 1, p. 277
Indian Famine Commission The wide-spread suffering caused by successive famines in the closing decades of the 19th century led to the setting up of a series of famine commissions. The first commission was appointed in 1878. It made several suggestions on the basis of which the famine codes were promulgated from 1883 onwards.The Second Famine Commission was set up after the drought of 1896-97. It recommended that “among the measures that may be adopted for giving India direct protection from drought, the first place must unquestionably be assigned to works of irrigation”. http://wrmin.nic.in/policy/ → Volume 1, p. 6
Information Technology Centre for Africa (ITCA) ITCA is an information and communication technology (ICT) focused exhibition and learning centre to demonstrate to African policy makers and planners the value of ICT for African development. ITCA is an initiative led by the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). http://www.uneca.org/itca/ → Volume 1, p. 225
Institute for Business Home Safety (IBHS), Boston, United States of America The Institute is a non-profit association sponsored by the insurance industry that engages in communication, education, engineering and research. Its mission is to reduce deaths, injuries, property damage, economic losses and human suffering caused by natural disasters. http://www.ibhs.org → Volume 1, p. 232
Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction (ICLR), Canada ICLR is a research institute established by Canada’s property and casualty insurers to reduce disaster losses. The Institute is internationally recognized for its leadership in multi- disciplinary disaster prevention research. Quality research provides the foundation for better public policy and disaster management. http://www.uwo.ca/wnews/issues/2001/apr26/centre/ → Volume 1, p. 266
Institute for Crisis, Disaster and Risk Management (ICDRM), George Washington University, USA Established in 1994, ICDRM is an interdisciplinary academic center that provides a unique educational environment in the fields of crisis, disaster, and risk management. The Institute integrates the existing diverse expertise and research related to crisis, disaster, and risk management at the George Washington University and is unique in its interdisciplinary focus and structure. The synergy that results from this interdisciplinary approach produces innovative research, training, and education that enhances crisis and emergency management, risk management, contingency planning, emergency response, disaster recovery, business continuity, and organizational learning. http://www.gwu.edu/~icdrm/ → Volume 1, p. 259, 276
38 Annex Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations 2
Institute for Hazards Mitigation Planning and Research, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Washington, United States of America The objective of the Institute is to encourage the incorporation of hazards mitigation principles into disaster preparedness, response and recovery practices through planning programs, community involvement and research to support the creation of more disaster- resistant and sustainable communities in the Pacific Northwest. http://depts.washington.edu/mitigate/ http://www.caup.washington.edu → Volume 1, p. 276
Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, Technological and Economic Risk (IPSC) IPSC is one of seven institutes that constitute the European Commission’s Directorate- General Joint Research Centre (DG-JRC). Situated in Ispra, Northern Italy, IPSC came into being on 1st September 2001 as a result of a fusion between the Institute for Systems, Informatics and Safety (ISIS) and part of the Space Applications Institute (SAI). IPSC provides research-based, systems-oriented support to EU policies so as to protect the citizen against economic and technological risk. http://ipsc.jrc.it/ → Volume 1, p. 171
Institute of Geography of the Romanian Academy It is the main national institution in Romania that carries out fundamental and applied geographical research. The institute is engaged in research, documentation and professional training, supervising the work of Ph. D. candidates.The members of the Institute participate in a series of national and international interdisciplinary programmes, have membership in several commissions in the International Association of Hydrological Sciences and contribute to the activity of the National Committees for the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), International Hydrological Programme (UNESCO), the UN International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB), and are involved in national environmental protection projects, in the complex study of the Danube Delta. http://www.geoinst.ro/ → Volume 1, p. 270
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zurich See Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich → Volume 1, p.269
Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Japan RIKEN carries out high level experimental and research work in a wide range of fields, including physics, chemistry, medical science, biology, and engineering extending from basic research to practical application. http://www.wtec.org/loyola/biopoly/riken.htm
Institute of Seismology, Kazakhstan The Institute of Seismology is the head organization in the sphere of basic and applied researches regarding the problems of providing seismic safety. It was formed by the Decree of the Government of the Kazakh SSR and Enactment of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR dated from June 16, 1976. During the years of its existence it underwent structural changes to optimize and correspond more sufficiently to the scientific tasks being solved. At present, the organization chart of the Institute includes six scientific- research laboratories conducting basic and applied researches of the main seismological aspects; Seismological Experimental-Methodical Expedition carrying out continuous instrumental observation of seismic regime, geophysical fields, gas and chemical composition of the underground water in the territory of South-Eastern Kazakhstan, and
39 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
also the Center of Analysis and Prediction. Engineering and Seismometric Service consisting of 15 sites equipped with digital stations of strong motions has been created in the territory of the city of Almaty. The received information is intended to solve problems of seismic microzonation. http://www.seismology.kz/eng/index.html → Volume 1, p. 119
Instituto de Nutrición de Centro América y Panama (INCAP), (Central American and Panamanian Institute for Nutrition) INCAP is specialized in food security and nutrition. Located in the city of Guatemala it has also offices in each of its member states: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. http://www.incap.org.gt/
Instituto Geofisico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ecuador (IG-EPN) The IG monitors and maps hazards of Ecuadorian volcanoes and tectonic faults. After nearly 20 years of quiescence, Tungurahua, Guagua Pichincha, Reventador, and Cayambe volcanoes have been unusually active since 1999. http:/www.igepn.edu.ec/ → Volume 1, p. 287
Instituto Nacional de Gestao de Calamidades (INGC), Mozambique (National Disaster Management Institute) Created in June 1999, INGC manages day-to-day matters relating to disasters. This is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation. http://www.teledata.mz/ingc/default_eng.htm → Volume 1, p. 104, 234
Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INAM), (National Institute for Meteorology), Mozambique Its mission is to minimize the impacts of hydrometeorological hazards and contribute to sustainable development and the reduction of poverty. http://www.inam.gov.mz
Instituto Nicaraguense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER), Managua, Nicaragua, (Nicaraguan Institute for Territorial Studies) INETER is the technical and scientific body of the state that provides its services to the entire population in such areas as basic information as well as projects and studies of the environment which contribute to socio-economic development and the lowering of vulnerability to natural disasters, continuously tracking dangerous natural phenomena. → Volume 1, p. 92
Insurance Council of Australia, (ICA) The mission of ICA is to influence, ethically, and expertly, the political, social, business and economic environment in order to promote members’ role in providing insurance protection and security to the community. http://www.ica.com.au/ → Volume 1, p. 272
Integrated Global Observing Strategy (IGOS) IGOS unites the major satellite and surface-based systems for global environmental observations of the atmosphere, oceans and land. http://ioc.unesco.org/igospartners/igoshome.htm → Volume 1, p. 375
Inter-African Centre for studies on Rural Radio/Centre Interafricain d’Etudes en Radio Rurale (CIERRO), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso CIERRO’s main mission is to make at the disposal of the personnel of african radios
40 Annex Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations 2 training capacities initial and continued, in the following fields: programmes for technical kowledge, programmes for mastering national languages for radio animateurs. CIERRO abrites also the Rural and Local Radios Network, an initiative from the Agence intergouvernementale de la Francophonie. The creation of this network responds to the necessity to make available new information and communication technologies to the rurals through rural radios. It permits exchange of programmes, coproductions by themes, constitution of an african programmes bank, and training for its members. www.radios-rurales.net/Reseau/index.htm → Volume 1, p. 157
Inter-American Committee for Natural Disaster Reduction (IACNDR),OAS See Organization of American States (OAS) → Volume 1, p. 71
Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), Washington DC, United States of America The IADB is the oldest and largest regional multilateral development institution. It was established in December 1959 to help accelerate economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean. http://www.iadb.org → Volume 1, p. 23, 255, 307, 347, 396
Inter-Departmental Disaster Management Committee (IDMC), South Africa In April 1999, the Interim Disaster Management Centre was replaced with the Inter- departmental Disaster Management Committee to deal with disasters and other phenomena and to give advice to the Committee. The National Disaster Management Centre came into operation on 1 April 2000. http://www.gov.za/structure/disaster.htm → Volume 1, p. 102
Inter-Departmental Mitigation Coordinating Committee (IMCC), Canada The Government of Canada has taken the first steps towards national leadership on mitigation. In January 2001, a federal inter-departmental committee on mitigation, coordinated by OCIPEP, was established to compile information on roles, responsibilities, programs and activities related to mitigation in order to assess gaps and overlaps, and evaluate opportunities and priorities for federal government action on mitigation. In the future, this federal inter-departmental committee could serve as a standing committee for the review of internal priorities for the Government of Canada. http://www.ocipep- bpiepc.gc.ca/
Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), Djibouti (Autorité Intergouvernementale pour le développement) IGAD’s vision is based on determination of the governments of the sub-region to pool resources and coordinate development activities in order to tackle the present and future challenges more efficiently, and enable the sub-region to interact and compete in the global economy. www.igad.org → Volume 1, p. 150, 151, 152, 176, 370
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), Paris, France The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO was founded in 1960 on the basis of the recognition that “the oceans, covering some seventy percent of the earth’s surface, exert a profound influence on mankind and even on all forms of life on earth. In order to properly interpret the full value of the oceans to mankind, they must be studied from many points of view.” http://ioc.unesco.org → Volume 1, p. 374
41 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) In 1988, UNEP and WMO jointly established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as concern over climate change became a political issue. The purpose of the IPCC was to assess the state of knowledge on the various aspects of climate change including science, environmental and socio-economic impacts and response strategies. The IPCC is recognized as the most authoritative scientific and technical voice on climate change, and its assessments had a profound influence on the negotiators of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol. The IPCC continues to provide governments with scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to evaluating the risks and developing a response to global climate change. (http://www.grida.no/climate/vital/16.htm http://www.ipcc.ch)
Working Group II of the IPCC assesses the vulnerability of socio-economic and natural systems to climate change, negative and positive consequences of climate change, and options for adapting to it. → Volume 1, p. 27, 47, 53
Inter-Ministerial Committee for Disaster Management (IMC), South Africa The IMC provides leadership for the development and implementation of national policy on disaster management. Under the leadership of the IMC, the Department of Constitutional Development published the Green Paper on Disaster Management for South Africa for comment in February 1998. After consultation with key role players and comments from both the private and public sectors around the Green Paper, the White Paper evolved. → Volume 1, p. 102
International Association of Earthquake Engineering (IAEE), Tokyo, Japan The IAEE aims to promote international cooperation among scientists and engineers in the field of earthquake engineering through interchange of knowledge, ideas, and results of research and practical experience. http://www.iaee.or.jp → Volume 1, p. 325
International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior (IASPEI) The purpose of IASPEI is to promote the study of problems relating to earthquakes, the propagation of seismic waves, and the internal structure, properties and processes of the earth; to initiate and coordinate the conduct of researches which depend on cooperation between different countries, and to provide for their scientific discussion; to facilitate particular researches on scientific and applied seismology, such as the comparison of instruments used in different countries, researches on blasting and generally all matters to which seismology is related. http://www.seismo.com/iaspei/ → Volume 1, p. 331
International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior (IAVCEI) The Association represents the primary international focus for research in volcanology, efforts to mitigate volcanic disasters, and research into closely related disciplines, such as igneous geochemistry and petrology, geochronology, volcanogenic mineral deposits, and the physics of the generation and ascent of magmas in the upper mantle and crust. http://www.iavcei.org → Volume 1, p. 55, 218
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), World Bank Established in 1945, IBRD aims to reduce poverty in middle-income and creditworthy poorer countries by promoting sustainable development, through loans, guarantees, and other analytical and advisory services. www.worldbank.org
42 Annex Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations 2
International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Nepal ICIMOD is committed to developing an economically and environmentally sound ecosystem and improving living standards of mountain communities, mainly in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas area. http://www.icimod.org → Volume 1, p. 159, 160, 372
International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy Founded in 1964 by Abdus Salam (Nobel Laureate), ICTP operates under the aegis of two United Nations agencies: UNESCO and IAEA and is regularized by agreement with the government of Italy. One of the main aims of ICTP is to foster the growth of advanced studies in developing countries. http://www.ictp.trieste.it
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) ICRC is an impartial, neutral and independent organization whose exclusively humanitarian mission is to protect the lives and dignity of victims of war and internal violence and to provide them with assistance. It directs and coordinates the international relief activities conducted by the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement in situations of conflict. It also endeavours to prevent suffering by promoting and strengthening humanitarian law and universal humanitarian principles. http://www.icrc.org
International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) ICL was launched by the 2002 Kyoto Declaration. Its main objectives are: a) to promote landslide research for the benefit of society and the environment, and capacity building, including education, notably in developing countries; b) to integrate geosciences and technology within the appropriate cultural and social contexts in order to evaluate landslide risk in both urban, rural and developing areas and cultural and natural heritage sites, as well as to contribute to the protection of the natural environment and sites of high societal value; c) to combine and coordinate international expertise in landslide risk assessment and mitigation studies, thereby resulting in a renowned international organization which will act as a partner in various international and national projects; and d) to promote a global, multidisciplinary programme on landslides. http://www.unesco.org/science/earthsciences/disaster/icl.htm → Volume 1, p. 53
International Council of Science (ICSU), Paris, France ICSU is a non-governmental organization, founded in 1931 to bring together natural scientists in international scientific endeavour. It comprises 98 multidisciplinary national scientific members (scientific research councils or science academies) and 26 international, single discipline Scientific Unions to provide a wide spectrum of scientific expertise enabling members to address international, interdisciplinary issues which none could handle alone. http://www.icsu.org → Volume 1, p. 375
International Council of Voluntary Agencies (ICVA), Switzerland ICVA, founded in 1962, is a global network of human rights, humanitarian, and development NGOs, which focuses its information exchange and advocacy efforts primarily on humanitarian affairs and refugee issues. http://www.icva.ch
International Council on Chemical Associations, (ICCA) ICCA is the world-wide voice of the chemical industry, representing chemical manufacturers and producers all over the world. ICCA promotes and co-ordinates Responsible Care and other voluntary chemical industry initiatives. ICCA has a central role in the exchange of information within the international industry, and in the development of
43 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
position statements on matters of policy. It is also the main channel of communication between the industry and various international organizations that are concerned with health, environment and trade-related issues, including the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation & Development (OECD). http://www.icca-chem.org/ → Volume 1, p. 232
International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), 1990-1999 An International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, beginning on 1 January 1990, was launched by the United Nations, following the adoption of Resolution 44/236 (22 December 1989). The Decade was intended to reduce, through concerted international action, especially in developing countries, loss of life, poverty damage and social and economic disruption caused by natural disasters. To support the activities of the Decade, a Secretariat was established at the United Nations Office in Geneva, in close association with UNDRO. → Volume 1, p. 9, 10, 11, 55, 63, 65, 71, 80, 87, 102, 117, 135, 140, 163, 164, 171, 172, 177, 186, 202, 260, 266, 284, 285, 330, 358, 360, 370, 371, 381, 386
International Development Association (IDA), World Bank IDA provides long-term loans at zero interest to the poorest of the developing countries. It helps build the human capital, policies, institutions, and physical infrastructure that these countries urgently need to achieve faster, environmentally sustainable growth. Its goal is to reduce disparities across and within countries, especially in access to primary education, basic health, and water supply and sanitation and to bring more people into the mainstream by raising their productivity. http://www.worldbank.org/ida
International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada IDRC is a public corporation created by the Parliament of Canada in 1970 to help developing countries use science and technology to find practical, long-term solutions to the social, economic, and environmental problems they face. http://www.idrc.ca/ → Volume 1, p. 266
International Drought Information Center (IDIC), University of Nebraska, United States of America The University of Nebraska at Lincoln established IDIC to better understand the problem of drought. IDIC strives to improve communication about prediction, monitoring, impact assessment, adjustment and adaptation, and planning and response to drought. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/hazard/resource/methaz/drtinfoa.html http://drought.unl.edu → Volume 1, p. 216
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) IFRC is the world’s largest humanitarian organization, providing assistance without discrimination as to nationality, race, religious beliefs, class or political opinions. http://www.ifrc.org → Volume 1, p. 74, 83, 144, 160, 167, 174, 176, 187, 196, 197, 198, 202, 225, 228, 256
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxemburg, Austria IIASA is a non-governmental research organization located in Austria. The institute conducts inter-disciplinary scientific studies on environmental, economic, technological and social issues in the context of human dimensions of global change. IIASA researchers study environmental, economic, technological, and social developments. In doing so, they generate methods and tools useful to both decision makers and the scientific community. The work is
44 Annex Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations 2 based on original state-of-the-art methodology and analytical approaches and links a variety of natural and social science disciplines. http://www.iiasa.ac.at/ → Volume 1, p. 244
International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, the Netherlands ITC is an autonomous organisation operating under the aegis of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science and the Ministry for Development Cooperation and closely linked to Twente University. ITC is an internationally recognized centre of excellence aiming at capacity building and institutional development specifically in countries that are economically and/or technologically less developed. http://www.itc.nl/ → Volume 1, p. 65
International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), Winnipeg, Canada Its mission is to champion innovation, enabling societies to live in a sustainable way. It advances policy recommendations on international trade and investment, economic policy, climate change, measurement and indicators, and natural resource management to make development sustainable. By using the Internet it covers and reports on international negotiations and brokers knowledge gained through collaborative projects with global partners, resulting in more rigorous research, capacity building in developing countries and a better dialogue between North and South. IISDnet identifies issues, sets goals, and compiles information on sustainable growth. http://www.iisd.org → Volume 1, p. 299
International Institute of Disaster Risk Management (IDRM), Manila, Philippines The IDRM promotes international standards and best practices in disaster and risk management. It works on principles of continuous learning, organizational and individual professional development. IDRM experts and partners are committed to applying appropriate, innovative and inexpensive solutions to development and disaster risk management. http://www.idrmhome.org → Volume 1, p. 240
International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES), Tehran, Iran The main goal of IIEES is seismic risk reduction and mitigation both in Iran and the region by promoting research and education in science and technology related to seismotectonic, seismology and earthquake engineering. IIEES activity in research covers all aspects of earthquakes from tectonic study to retrofitting complex structure; and in education from public education to PhD programmes in earthquake engineering. http://www.iiees.ac.ir → Volume 1, p. 117
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland ISO is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies from some 140 countries, one from each country. ISO is a non-governmental organization established in 1947. The mission of ISO is to promote the development of standardization and related activities in the world with a view to facilitating the international exchange of goods and services, and to developing cooperation in the spheres of intellectual, scientific, technological and economic activity. ISO’s work results in international agreements which are published as International Standards. http://www.iso.org → Volume 1, p. 302, 312
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International Research Committee on Disasters (IRCD) IRCD establishes international linkages among disaster researchers around the world. http://www.udel.edu/DRC/IRCD.html → Volume 1, p. 260, 259
International Research Institute for Climate Prediction (IRI), New York, United States of America IRI was established as a cooperative agreement between US NOAA Office of Global Programs and Columbia University. IRI is a unit of the Columbia Earth Institute located at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. Its vision is that of an innovative science institution working to accelerate the ability of societies worldwide to cope with climate fluctuations, especially those that cause devastating impacts on humans and the environment, thereby reaping the benefits of decades of research on the predictability of El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon and other climate variations. By orchestrating a wide network of collaborations and comprehensive programs that couple physical science research and applications research with capacity building, the IRI is a unique institution in the international development of applications of climate prediction. http://iri.ldeo.columbia.edu → Volume 1, p. 48, 214, 369, 374
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) The International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) came to an end in December 1999. The General Assembly endorsed in its resolution 54/219 the proposals put forward in the report of the Secretary-General to ensure the establishment of successor arrangements for disaster reduction for the effective implementation of the international strategy for disaster reduction. An inter-agency task force and inter-agency secretariat, under the authority of the Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs have been established. http://www.unisdr.org → Volume 1, p. 2, 11, 12, 49, 50, 58, 71, 72, 167, 358, 392, 397
International Sociological Association (ISA) ISA is a non-profit association for scientific purposes in the field of sociology and social sciences. It was founded in 1949 under the auspices of UNESCO. Its goal is to represent sociologists everywhere, regardless of their school of thought, scientific approaches or ideological opinion, and to advance sociological knowledge throughout the world. Its members come from 109 countries. ISA is a member of the International Social Science Council and enjoys a status of the non-governmental organization in formal associate relations with UNESCO and special consultative status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations. http://www.ucm.es/info/isa/ → Volume 1, p. 259
International Tsunami Information Center (ITIC), Honolulu, Hawaii ITIC was established on 12 November 1965 by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. In 1968, IOC formed an International Coordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific (ICG/ITSU). ITIC monitors the activities of the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific. http://www.prh.noaa.gov/itic → Volume 1, p. 374
Internationale Kommission zum Schutz des Rheins/International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) The Rhine pollution has always shown particularly negative effects in the Netherlands. That is why the Netherlands united the Rhine-bordering countries (Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, Germany) to discuss problems of water protection and to look for common solutions. The ICPR was founded in Basel in July, 1950. http://www.iksr.org/index.htm
46 Annex Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations 2
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) J JICA is responsible for the technical cooperation aspect of Japan’s Official Development Assistance (ODA) programs. Technical cooperation and a variety of programs are aimed at the transfer of technology and knowledge that can serve the socio-economic development of the developing countries. http://www.jica.go.jp → Volume 1, p. 97, 272
Japan Meteorology Agency (JMA) The major activities of JMA are to issue warnings, advisories and forecasts, to deal with the global environmental issues such as global warming and ozone depletion, and to provide information on earthquake and volcanic activities. http://www.jma.go.jp → Volume 1, p. 48
Joint Operations Technical Committee ZRA/Hidroélectrica de Cabora Bassa, Mozambique The Zambesi River Authority (ZRA) was established by Zambia and Zimbabwe in 1998 to coordinate their decisions on water use, power generation, and upstream and downstream risk consequences of their water management policies. Following the 2000 floods, the ZRA formed the Joint Operations Technical Committee with Hydroelectrica de Cabora Bassa in Mozambique to share data and technical information about the operations of their respective Kariba and Cabora Bassa reservoirs. → Volume 1, p. 156
Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Bogazici University, Turkey K The Institute offers graduate work leading to the degrees of Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in geodesy, geophysics and earthquake engineering.The primary objective of the graduate program is to train specialists and/or theoreticians (required for research and teaching) in geodesy, geophysics and earthquake engineering, capable of creative and original thinking and disseminating new ideas and concepts in related activities in Turkey. http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/defaulteng.htm → Volume 1, p. 259
Laboratory of Hydraulics and Glaciology, ETH Zurich L See Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich → Volume 1, p. 269
La Red de Estudios Sociales en Prevención de Desastres en América Latina (LA RED), (The Latin American Network for the Social Study of Disaster Prevention) Initially conceived as a mechanism to facilitate comparative research of natural disasters from a social perspective, LA RED has developed into the focal point for hundreds of individuals and institutions working in the field of disaster and risk management in the different countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. http://www.desenredando.org → Volume 1, p. 72, 144, 196, 203, 226, 245, 247, 255, 256
Major Accident Hazards Bureau (MAHB) M MAHB is a special Unit within the Joint Research Centre’s Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, Technological and Economic Risk Management Unit, dedicated to scientific and technical support for the actions of the European Commission in the area of the control of Major Industrial Hazards.The overall mission of the Bureau is to assist other services of the Commission, and in particular Directorate General Environment in the
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successful implementation of European Union policy on the control of major hazards and the prevention and mitigation of major accidents. To fulfil this mission, MAHB carries out scientific and technical activities related to the day to day implementation of relevant Community legislation. Since 1982, when the Original Seveso Directive (Council Directive 82/501/EEC) was approved by the Council of Ministers after the famous accident at Seveso, there has been Community provision for the control of major industrial hazards. http://mahbsrv.jrc.it/ → Volume 1, p. 171, 264
Médecins sans Frontierès (MSF) MSF is an international humanitarian aid organization that provides emergency medical assistance to populations in danger in more than 80 countries. In countries where health structures are insufficient or even non existent, MSF collaborates with authorities such as the ministries of health to provide assistance. MSF works in rehabilitation of hospitals and dispensaries, vaccination programmes and water and sanitation projects. MSF also works in remote health care centres, slum areas and provides training of local personnel. All this is done with the objective of rebuilding health structures to acceptable levels. http://www.msf.org → Volume 1, p. 202, 228
Megacities 2000 Foundation, Netherlands The Megacities Foundation in the Netherlands was started as a direct result of an initiative taken by UNESCO which asked the International Academy of Architecture (IAA) to focus attention on the problems of the explosively growing megalopolises. The Megacities Foundation was created in December 1994. http://www.megacities.nl → Volume 1, p. 332
Mekong River Commission (MRC), Cambodia MRC promotes and co-ordinates sustainable management and development of water and related resources among countries bordering the Mekong River in Southeast Asia. http://www.mrcmekong.org → Volume 1, p. 366, 367
Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) MSC is Canada’s source for meteorological information. The Service monitors water quantities, provides information and conducts research on climate, atmospheric science, air quality, ice and other environmental issues, making it an important source of expertise in these areas. http://www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/ → Volume 1, p. 266
Ministerio de ciencia y tecnología (MCT), (Ministry of Science and Technology), Venezuela Its mission is to develop policies, strategies and plans which support the creation of a scientific and technical entity that carries out research and initiatives in pursuit of satisfying the needs of the population and promoting the national industry. It also aims to strengthen research and development initiatives for the improvement of innovations and national production, and support postgraduate programmes that foment scientific, technical and humanitarian development in the country. http://www.mct.gov.ve
Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN), El Salvador, (Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources) Its mission is to direct an effective management of the environment through the clear
48 Annex Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations 2 policies and all-encompassing initiatives which help sustain development of the Salvadorian society. http://www.marn.gob.sv
Ministry of Civil Defence, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters (EMERCOM), Moscow, Russia EMERCOM was set up by decree of the President of the Russian Federation on January 10, 1994. In fact, the Ministry came into existence on December 27, 1990 when the Russian Rescue Corps was established. Its task was to ensure prompt and effective actions when emergencies arise. In 1995, two federal laws were enforced “On Protection of Population and Territories from Natural and Man-Made Emergencies” and “On Emergency and Rescue Services and Status of Rescuers”. They laid down the foundation of the government policy and administrative and legal norms in the realm of population protection, on the one hand, and rescuers, on the other hand. http://www.icdo.org/National%20structures/Russian%20Federation.pdf → Volume 1, p. 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 210, 211, 269, 270, 377
Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF), Bangladesh The Ministry of Environment and Forest takes care of the management aspect of biotechnology activities. It is responsible for management and development of forest resources. It conducts forest study along with the Forest Sector Master Plan. http://www.jica.go.jp/english/global/env/profiles/e99ban.pdf
Ministry of Environment, Planning and Public Works, Greece In order to activate the participation and further the cooperation of all responsible ministries and organisations, the Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works has developed a coordinating mechanism so that the concept of sustainable development is incorporated in their actions and their activities. http://www.minenv.gr/
Multi-disciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER), Buffalo, New York, United States of America MCEER’s overall goal is to enhance the seismic resilience of communities through improved engineering and management tools for critical infrastructure systems (water supply, electric power, hospitals, transportation systems). Seismic resilience (technical, organizational, social and economic) is by reduced probability of system failure, reduced consequences due to failure, and reduced time to system restoration. MCEER works toward this goal by conducting integrated research, outreach, and education activities in partnership with the users of the center products. http://mceer.buffalo.edu → Volume 1, p. 326
Munich Reinsurance, Germany Munich Re is not only a world leader in reinsurance but it has also strategically strengthened its business with strong involvement in primary insurance and in asset management. It covers a range of special subjects such as: risk management and industrial insurance, alternative risk transfer. In Topics, a publication which appears twice a year, Munich Re experts look at the current situation of natural disasters throughout the world and current topics and trends in the insurance industry. Topics also presents new Munich Re products and services, as well as the world map on natural catastrophes. http://www.munichre.com → Volume 1, p. 25, 38, 46, 49, 196
49 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
National Academy of Sciences (CAS), China N CAS is China’s National Academy and was founded in Beijing in November 1949. It is China’s largest and most prestigious academic institution and runs more than a hundred research institutes throughout the country. → Volume 1, p. 209, 267
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), United States of America Since its inception in 1958, NASA has accomplished many great scientific and technological feats in air and space. NASA technology also has been adapted for many non-aerospace uses by the private sector. NASA remains a leading force in scientific research and in stimulating public interest in aerospace exploration, as well as science and technology in general. http://www.nasa.gov → Volume 1, p. 211, 212, 217, 222, 372
NASA Earth Observatory The purpose of NASA’s Earth Observatory is to provide a freely-accessible publication on the Internet where the public can obtain new satellite imagery and scientific information about our home planet. The focus is on Earth’s climate and environmental change. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/ → Volume 1, p. 212
National Botanical Institute (NBI), South Africa The mission of the NBI is to promote the sustainable use, conservation, appreciation and enjoyment of the exceptionally rich plant life of South Africa, for the benefit of all people. http://www.nbi.ac.za/ → Volume 1, p. 68
National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, United States of America It is NCAR’s mission to plan, organize, and conduct atmospheric and related research programs in collaboration with the universities and other institutions, to provide state-of-the-art research tools and facilities to the atmospheric sciences community, to support and enhance university atmospheric science education, and to facilitate the transfer of technology to both the public and private sectors. Created in 1960, the Center is operated by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. http://www.ncar.ucar.edu/ncar/
National Centre for Disaster Management (NCDM), New Delhi, India The NDM (Natural Disaster Management) Division, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Government of India establised the National Centre for Disaster Management in March, 1995. NCDM (National Centre For Disaster Management) functions as a nodal centre in the country for human resource development in the area of disaster management, disaster mitigation and for tackling disasters. Since June 2002, the subject of disaster management except drought has been shifted to the Ministry of Home Affairs and hence NCDM is functioning under MHA. http://www.ncdm-india.org → Volume 1, p. 228
National Committee for Disaster Management (NCDM), Phnom Penh, Cambodia In 1995, as a result of the country’s experience with regularly occurring disasters, the Royal Government of Cambodia established NCDM. Its responsibilities are defined in terms of not only providing timely and effective emergency relief to the victims of disasters, but also developing preventive measures to reduce loss of lives and property. This is accomplished by applying scientific and technical knowledge to mitigate disasters. http://www.cred.be/centre/research/Documents/ncdm.pdf → Volume 1, p. 88
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National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC), the Philippines NDCC is the highest policy-making, coordinating and supervising body for disaster management in the Philippines. It strives to reach out to as many people as possible to provide relevant and timely information that is beneficial to the public. http://www.ndcc.gov.ph/ → Volume 1, p. 82
National Disaster Management Centre (NDMC), Pretoria, South Africa Its mission is to improve knowledge, awareness and understanding of disasters, and to coordinate and facilitate access to information and resources in order to promote and support comprehensive, integrated and effective disaster management in South Africa. http://sandmc.pwv.gov.za → Volume 1, p. 102
National Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission (DPPC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia The Relief and Rehabilitation Commission was established in June 1974 following the outbreak of famine in the two northern provinces of Ethiopia. In August 1995, it was re- established as the DPPC. The objectives of the Commission cover prevention, preparedness and response aspects of disaster management. → Volume 1, p. 98
National Emergency Management Association (NEMA), United States of America NEMA is the professional association of Pacific and Caribbean insular state emergency management directors committed to providing national leadership and expertise in comprehensive emergency management. It serves as a vital information and assistance resource for state and territorial directors and their governors, while forging strategic partnerships to advance continuous improvements in emergency management. http://www.nemaweb.org
National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA) (formerly the Natural Resources Conservation Authority, NRCA), Jamaica NEPA is a new executive agency that became operational on April 1, 2001. It is an agency of the Ministry of Land and the Environment. NEPA represents a merger between the Natural Resources Conservation Authority, the Town Planning Department (TPD) and the Land Development and Utilization Commission. The Agency results from the work of the Government of Jamaica Public Sector Modernization Programme (PSMP). The aim of the merger is to integrate environmental, planning and sustainable development policies and programmes and to improve customer service. Its mission is to promote sustainable development by ensuring protection of the environment and orderly development in Jamaica through highly motivated staff performing at the highest standard. http://www.nrca.org/
National Institute for Disaster Prevention (NIDP), Republic of Korea NIDP was established to reduce loss of life and property from natural and man-made disasters. Its research field is on disaster prevention as well as an evaluation field including an evaluation of the master plan for the creek improvement. www.nidp.go.kr
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan AIST is an independent administrative institution administered by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. On April 1, 2001, the new AIST began operations. It comprises 15 research institutes previously under the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology in the Ministry of International Trade and the Weights and Measures Training Institute. The new AIST is Japan’s largest public research organization. AIST shall carry
51 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
out activities regarding: (1) research and development on industrial science and technology, (2) geological survey, (3) measurement standards, and (4) technological applications for the private sector. http://www.aist.go.jp/
National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS), United States of America NIBS was authorized by the US Congress in the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974, Public Law 93-383. Through NIBS, the Congress established a public/private partnership to enable findings on technical, building-related matters to be used effectively to improve government, commerce and industry. NIBS is a non-profit, non-governmental organization bringing together representatives of government, the professions, industry, labour and consumer interests to focus on the identification and resolution of problems that hamper the construction of safe, affordable structures for housing, commerce and industry. NIBS’ councils and standing committees are : the Consultative Council, established as mandated in NIBS’ authorizing legislation; the Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC); the Building Environment and Thermal Envelope Council (BETEC); the Facility Information Council (FIC); the International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI); the Multihazard Mitigation Council (MMC); and the Facility Maintenance and Operations Committee (FMOC). http://www.nibs.org/ → Volume 1, p. 73
National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD), Hyderabad, India NIRD is India’s apex body for undertaking training, research, action research and consultancy functions in the rural development sector. It works as an autonomous organization supported by the Ministry of Rural Areas and Employment of the Government of India. http://www.devinit.org/indianresearchorgs.htm → Volume 1, p. 240
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), New Zealand The NIWA was established in 1992 as one of nine New Zealand Crown Research Institutes. NIWA’s mission is to provide a scientific basis for the sustainable management of New Zealand’s atmospheric, marine and freshwater systems and associated resources. NIWA maintains the New Zealand Freshwater Fish Database and the Water Resources Archive, the national repository for freshwater time-series data. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/hazard/resource/methaz/hydrniwa.html → Volume 1, p. 48
National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS) The Technical Co-operation Programme was developed to ensure that national Meteorological and Hydrological Services have the required means to fulfil their mission. Projects in several WMO member countries and regions are currently being implemented with the aim of improving and strengthening the capacities of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS’s) to participate effectively in other WMO programmes. http://www.wmo.ch/
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Washington DC, United States of America NOAA’s mission is to describe and predict changes in the earth’s environment, and conserve and wisely manage the nation’s coastal and marine resources. NOAA’s strategy consists of interrelated strategic goals for environmental assessment, prediction and stewardship. http://www.noaa.gov → Volume 1, p. 217, 237, 369, 376, 377
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NOAA Coastal Services Centre (CSC) CSC is an office within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration devoted to serving the nation’s state and local coastal resource management programs. Its mission is to support the environmental, social, and economic well being of the coast by linking people, information, and technology. http://www.csc.noaa.gov/ → Volume 1, p. 72
National Science Foundation (NSF), Washington DC, United States of America NSF is an independent agency of the US Government, established by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950. Its mission is to promote the progress of science, to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare, and to secure the national defence. http://www.nsf.gov
National Society for Earthquake Technology (NSET), Kathmandu, Nepal NSET strives to assist all communities in Nepal to become earthquake safer by developing and implementing organized approaches to managing and minimizing earthquake risks. http://www.nset.org.np → Volume 1, p. 245, 330
Natural Hazards Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand The Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences and the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) have created a natural hazards information centre. It aims to provide New Zealanders with a single point of contact for the latest research, resources, and scientific expertise. http://www.naturalhazards.net.nz → Volume 1, p. 274
Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States of America The centre is a national and international clearinghouse that provides information on natural hazards and human adjustments to these risks. The centre’s prime goal is to increase communication among hazard and disaster researchers and individuals, agencies, and organizations actively working to reduce disaster damage and suffering. The Natural Hazards Center carries out its mission in four principal areas: information dissemination, an annual workshop, research, and library services. http://www.colorado.edu/hazards → Volume 1, p. 28, 204
The Netherlands Red Cross Centre on Climate Change and Disaster Preparedness In response to the growing concerns regarding climate change, in June 2002, the Netherlands Red Cross officially launched the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Centre on Climate Change and Disaster Preparedness. The centre will address the threat millions of people face from climate change related disasters every year by seeking to bridge the gap between meteorological science and relief aid. http://www.ifrc.org/what/disasters/dp/climate/centre.asp → Volume 1, p. 304
Niger Basin Authority (NBA) The aim of the Niger Basin Authority is to promote cooperation among the member countries and to ensure integrated development in all fields through development of its resources, notably in the fields of energy, water resources, agriculture, forestry exploitation, transport and communications, and industry. http://www.abn.ne/webeng/index-eng.html → Volume 1, p. 157, 306
53 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) NATO is an alliance of 19 countries from North America and Europe committed to fulfilling the goals of the North Atlantic Treaty signed on 4 April 1949. http://www.nato.int/ → Volume 1, p. 167, 174
Norvegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) NGI is a private foundation doing research and consulting in the geo-sciences, including soil, rock and snow. http://www.ngi.no/english/ → Volume 1, p. 213
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), United States of America NRC is an independent agency established by the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 to regulate civilian use of nuclear materials. http://www.nrc.gov
Office Fédéral de l’Environnement, des Forêts, et du Paysage (OFEFP), Switzerland (Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape (SAEFL)) O SAEFL is the federal office responsible for environment. It is integrated in the Federal Department of Environment, Transportation, Energy and Communication. http://www.umwelt-schweiz.ch/buwal.de
Office for Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) OFDA/USAID has been the principal US agency to extend assistance to countries recovering from disaster, trying to escape poverty, and engaging in democratic reforms. http://www.usaid.gov → Volume 1, p. 3, 8, 40, 47, 48, 134, 144, 159, 183, 196, 208, 214, 226, 228, 229, 286, 309, 348, 363
Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management (ODPEM), Kingston, Jamaica ODPEM is committed to taking pro-active and timely measures to prevent or reduce the impact of hazards in Jamaica, its people, natural resources and economy through its trained and professional staff, the use of appropriate technology and collaborative efforts with national, regional and international agencies. http://www.odpem.org.jm → Volume 1, p. 286
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, France The OECD groups 30 member countries sharing a commitment to democratic government and the market economy. With active relationships with some 70 other countries, NGOs and civil society, it has a global reach. Best known for its publications and its statistics, its work covers economic and social issues from macroeconomics, to trade, education, development, science and innovation. http://www.oecd.org → Volume 1, p. 256, 309, 340, 345
Organization of American States (OAS), Washington, DC, United States of America, (Organización de Estados Americanos) The nations of the Americas are working more closely together than ever before strengthening democracy, advancing human rights, promoting peace and security, expanding trade and tackling complex problems caused by poverty, drugs and corruption. Together they are building a better future for the next generation. At the outset of a new century and a new millennium, the challenge is how to turn citizens’ high expectations into reality. OAS
54 Annex Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations 2 is playing a central role in working toward many of the goals that are shared by the countries of North, Central and South America and the Caribbean. http://www.oas.org → Volume 1, p. 71, 72, 144, 147, 176, 247, 329, 330, 340
- Inter-American Committee for Natural Disaster Reduction (IACNDR) The IACNDR is the main forum of the OAS and the Inter-American System for the analysis of policies and strategies aimed at natural disaster reduction in the context of the sustainable development of member states. The OAS General Assembly established the IACNDR based on the need to strengthen the role of the OAS in natural disaster reduction and emergency preparedness.
- OAS’s Unit for Sustainable Development (USDE) The Unit for Sustainable Development and Environment is the principal technical arm of the OAS General Secretariat for responding to the needs of member states on issues relating to sustainable development within an economic development context. Technical issues addressed by the USDE include transboundary management of water resources, reduction of vulnerability to natural hazards, public participation in decision-making, climate change, sea-level rise, coastal-zone management, renewable energy planning, and biodiversity. Formed in 1963, the Unit has evolved from an office dealing with natural resource inventories in different countries to one whose main task is to follow up on the mandates emanating from Agenda 21 and the Bolivia Summit of the Americas on Sustainable Development. http://www.oas.org/usde/
Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), Castries, St. Lucia The OECS came into being on 18 June, 1981, when seven Eastern Caribbean countries signed a treaty agreeing to co-operate with each other and promote unity and solidarity among the members. It is composed of 9 member states: Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and 2 Associated Member States: Anguilla, British Virgin Islands. http://oecs.org → Volume 1, p. 350
Organization of Rural Associations for Progress (ORAP), Zimbabwe ORAP was founded in 1981 by a small group of people in Matabeleland Province to discuss development options following the independence war which ended in 1980. ORAP aims at creating employment and greater self reliance through promoting culturally relevant self-help activities. The organization also aims at encouraging grassroots programme development and promoting economic and financial autonomy. http://www.iisd.org/50comm/commds/desc/d41.htm
Overseas Development Institute (ODI), United Kingdom Its mission is to inspire and inform policy and practice which lead to the reduction of poverty, the alleviation of suffering and the achievement of sustainable livelihoods in developing countries. It does this by locking together high-quality applied research, practical policy advice, and policy-focused dissemination and debate. It works with partners in the public and private sectors, in both developing and developed countries. http://www.odi.org.uk → Volume 1, p. 25
OXFAM, United Kingdom Oxfam’s work is dedicated to finding lasting solutions to poverty and suffering. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/ → Volume 1, p. 89, 228, 278
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Oxford Center for Disaster Studies (OCDS), United Kingdom OCDS is one of the leading organisations in consultancy, training and research in the field of disaster management and protection. → Volume 1, p. 206
Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre (PTWC), Hawaii P Established in 1949, the PTWC in Ewa Beach, Hawaii, provides warnings for tsunamis to most countries in the Pacific Basin as well as to Hawaii and all other US interests in the Pacific outside of Alaska and the US West Coast. Those areas are served by the West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (WC/ATWC) in Palmer, Alaska. PTWC is also the warning center for Hawaïi’s local and regional tsunamis. http://www.prh.noaa.gov/pr/ptwc → Volume 1, p. 374
Pan-American Engineering Association for the Public Health and Environment (Asociación Interamericana de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Ambiental (AIDIS) The mission of AIDIS-Canada is to further the goals of AIDIS Interamericana through programs and services that promote sound environmental practices, policies, management, and education to improve the quality of life throughout the Americas. http://www.aidis.org.br/ → Volume 1, p. 339
Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) of Natural Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich The Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) conducts basic research, mostly financed by Swiss tax moneys. http://www.psi.ch/index_e.shtml → Volume 1, p. 270
Philippines Commission on Higher Education (CHED) CHED is mandated to undertake the following tasks: promote quality education; take appropriate steps to ensure that education shall be accessible to all, and insure and protect academic freedom for the continuing intellectual growth, the advancement of learning and research, the development of responsible and effective leadership, the education of high level professionals, and the enrichment of historical and cultural heritage. → Volume 1, p. 250
Philippines Institute for Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), Quezon City The principal goal of PHIVOLCS is to formulate up-to-date and comprehensive disaster preparedness and loss reduction action plans for volcanic eruption, earthquake occurrences and related geotectonic processes/phenomena which imprint significant impacts on man and his environment. PHIVOLCS undertakes activities geared towards making people aware of volcanoes and volcanology, earthquakes and seismology, and to understand why, where and how natural disasters of volcanic and seismic origins occur in the Philippines. http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph → Volume 1, p. 250
Phnom Penh Regional Platform on Sustainable Development for Asia and the Pacific, Phnom Pehn, Cambodia The High-level Regional Meeting for the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) reviewed the progress in the implementation of Agenda 21 in the region and identifies key policy issues, priorities, goals, constraints and actions in preparation for the WSSD. → Volume 1, p. 30
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PLANAT (Swiss National Platform for Natural Hazards), Bern, Switzerland The Federal Council aims to improve prevention in the field of natural hazards. To this end, it created the national PLANAT. This consultative body of the confederation is organized as an extra parliamentary commission. Whilst taking care to avoid a duplication of efforts, it also ensures a better use of the existing structures. http://www.planat.ch → Volume 1, p. 111, 268
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany The founding of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in 1992 arose out of the growing need among political decision-makers to be informed about the consequences of Global Change. In this respect the question of increasing concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere and the effect this would have on climate, the environment and society was of particular importance. Since then PIK has been involved in investigating the ecological, geophysical and socioeconomic aspects of worldwide climatic change, and climate-impact research has become part of a comprehensive earth system analysis. http://www.pik- potsdam.de
ProVention Consortium (Disaster Management Facility, World Bank) Its mission is “to help developing countries build sustainable and successful economies and to reduce the human suffering that too often results from natural and technological catastrophes”. The ProVention Consortium is a global coalition of governments, international organizations, academic institutions, the private sector, and civil society organizations aimed at reducing disaster impacts in developing countries. The Consortium functions as a network to share knowledge and to connect and leverage resources to reduce disaster risk. http://www.proventionconsortium.org → Volume 1, p. 223, 224, 225, 254, 256, 259, 260, 261, 304, 357, 396
Public Entity Risk Institute (PERI) Its mission is to serve public, private, and non-profit organizations as a dynamic, forward thinking resource for the practical enhancement of risk management. http://www.riskinstitute.org/about.asp
Regional Consultative Committee (RCC) in Disaster Management, Bangkok, Thailand R Within the framework of the Advisory Council, an ADPC Consultative Committee on Regional Cooperation in Disaster Management has been established. The Committee comprises members of the ADPC Board of Trustees/Advisory Council who are working in key Government positions in the National Disaster Management systems of countries of the Asian region. The role of RCC is to provide an informal consultative mechanism for development of action strategies for disaster reduction in the region and promotion of cooperative programs on a regional and sub-regional basis, so as to guide ADPC’s work. http://www.adpc.net → Volume 1, p. 158
Russian Academy of Sciences The country’s leading scientific institution is a self-governing organization entitled to manage its affairs and property. Its activities are regulated by the laws of Russian Federation and its own Charter. The Academy network comprises 440 research institutions and 12 major scientific centers located all over the country. http://www.ihst.ru/jubilee/academy_jubilee-e.htm → Volume 1, p. 114
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SAHEL Institute (INSAH), Bamako, Mali S INSAH, a specialized institution of CILSS, provides food security in a balanced ecological environment; coordinates, harmonizes and promotes scientific and technical research and training and disseminates scientific and technical information on issues related to drought control, desertification management and population. http://www.insah.org/index.html → Volume 1, p. 157
Save the Children Fund, United Kingdom (SCF-UK) SCF-UK is the leading United Kingdom charity working to create a better world for children. http://www.oneworld.org/scf
Secretaría General de Planificación (SEGEPLAN), Guatemala (Planning Secretariat) SEGEPLAN supports decision-making, within the presidency and other centres of public policy formulation in the executive branch, by providing specific social-economic information that facilitates informed decisions related to the country’s development. http://www.segeplan.gob.gt
Seismic Safety Association (USSA), Uganda USSA is a non-profit professional organization some of whose members are affiliated to the Uganda Institution of Professional Engineers, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Government Ministries, NGOs, insurance industry, community leaders, and members from the general public. http://www.ehc.arch.vuw.ac.nz/newsletters/jan99/page8.htm → Volume 1, p. 330
Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) SEWA’s main goals are to organise women workers for full employment. Full employment means employment whereby workers obtain work security, income security, food security and social security (at least health care, child care and shelter). SEWA organises women to ensure that every family obtains full employment. http://www.sewa.org/ → Volume 1, p. 228
Simon Fraser University Telematics Research Lab (TRL), Canada The convergence of computers and communications, and the accelerating growth of global information networking is beginning to have profound impact on the organization of disaster mitigation, planning and response at all levels of society. During the past decade, the Centre for Policy Research on Science and Technology and its associated Telematics Research Laboratory (TRL) have been participating in these developments through applied disaster communication research in Canada and abroad in collaboration with civil emergency organizations at all levels of government and with the United Nations and international disaster relief organizations. http://www.hazard.net/trl → Volume 1, p. 376
Sistema de Integración Centroamericana (SICA) SICA, and its secretariat, is a regional organization created by the Central American Presidents in the Declaration of Tegucigalpa with the purpose of offering its technical services as well as political expertise to the initiatives of regional integration, and particularly to the development of the Central America Union. http://www.sicanet.org → Volume 1, p. 146
Sistema Nacional de Protección Civil (SINAPROC), Panama (National Civil Protection System) SINAPROC is an infrastructure of programmes, institutional relationships, methodologies
58 Annex Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations 2 and processes, which coordinates the common efforts of the institutions of the three governmental hierarchies, as well as the public and private social agencies, to protect society against the dangers of natural risks and disasters. http://www.sinaproc.gob.pa
Sistema Nacional para la Prevención, Mitigación y Atención de Desastres (SNPMAD), Nicaragua (National System for Disaster Prevention, Mitigation and Attention) In March, 2000, legislation was approved for the establishment of the National System for the Prevention, Mitigation of, and Attention to Disasters. The National Committee is the administrative entity of the system, whose role is to define the policies and plans of the system, as well as to assist the President of the Republic with the declaration of a state of emergency and approve the annual budget directed to the national fund for disasters. The system has established commissions for sectorial initiatives for the execution of the plans adopted by the system. The legislation stipulates that the commissions shall be organized and coordinated at the ministerial level. http://www.sinapred.gob.ni → Volume 1, p. 92
South African Qualifications Authorities (SAQA) The South African Qualifications Authority is a body of 29 members appointed by the Ministers of Education and Labour. The members are nominated by identified national stakeholders in education and training. Its National Qualifications Framework is the set of principles and guidelines by which records of learner achievement are registered to enable national recognition of acquired skills and knowledge, thereby ensuring an integrated system that encourages life-long learning. http://www.saqa.org.za → Volume 1, p. 248
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), Kathmandu, Nepal SAARC was established when its charter was formally adopted on 8 December, 1985 by the heads of state of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. SAARC provides a platform for the peoples of South Asia to work together in a spirit of friendship, trust and understanding. It aims to accelerate the process of economic and social development in member states. http://www.saarc-sec.org → Volume 1, p. 159, 160, 161
South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC), Fiji Its mission is to improve the well being of the peoples of Pacific Island developing states through the application of geoscience to the management and sustainable development of their non-living resources. SOPAC member countries include Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia (Associate), Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, New Caledonia (Associate), Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu. http://www.sopac.org.fj → Volume 1, p. 108, 109, 159, 163, 164, 165, 176, 205, 256, 311, 370
Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), Gaborone, Botswana The primary role of SADC is to help define regional priorities, facilitate integration, assist in mobilizing resources and to maximize the regional impact of projects. The approach is to address national priorities through regional action. The SADC Programme of Action is made up of all the programmes and projects approved by the Council of Ministers. http://www.sadc.int → Volume 1, p. 31, 58, 102, 150, 153, 154, 155, 156, 176, 200, 201, 246, 362, 370
- Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources (FANR) – Development Unit, Harare, Zimbabwe The Southern African Development Community (SADC) is promoting regional Cooperation in economic development. It has adopted a Programme of Action covering
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cooperation in various sectors, including food security and natural resources management. In order to enhance food security for all in the region, SADC established a Food Security Programme. Its secretariat is formed by the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources (FANR) Development Unit. http://www.sadc-fanr.org.zw → Volume 1, p. 154
- SADC Water Resources Coordination Unit In view of the importance of the role that water plays in ensuring the well-being of the peoples of SADC, a distinct Water Sector was established by the community in 1996. The day-to-day coordination activities of the sector are undertaken by a dedicated unit known as the SADC Water Sector Coordinating Unit (SADC WSCU), located in the Ministry of Natural Resources, in Lesotho. The vision of the SADC Water Sector is, “to attain the sustainable, integrated planning, development, utilization and management of water resources that contribute to the attainment of SADC’s overall objectives of an integrated regional economy on the basis of balance, equity and mutual benefit for all member States”. http://www.sadcwscu.org.ls
- Regional Early Warning Unit (REWU), SADC, Harare, Zimbabwe The SADC Regional Early Warning Unit is an institution of the Southern African Development Community financially supported through contributions from Member States. The SADC Regional Early Warning System operates as an integrated project, comprising a Regional Early Warning Unit (REWU), based in Harare, and autonomous National Early Warning Units in each of the ten original SADC member states. http://www.sadc-fanr.org.zw/rewu/rewu.htm
- Regional Remote Sensing Unit (RRSU), SADC, Harare, Zimbabwe The main objective is to strengthen national and regional capabilities in the area of remote sensing and GIS for use of early warning for food security and natural resources management. http://www.sadc-fanr.org.zw/rrsu/rrsu.htm
Southern African Research and Documentation Center (SARDC), Harare, Zimbabwe SARDC’s objective is to improve the base of knowledge about economic, political, cultural and social developments, and their implications, by making information accessible to governments and policy makers, non-governmental organizations, the private sector, regional and international organizations, development agencies, parliaments, and the media. http://www.sardc.net → Volume 1, p. 201
Southern Alliance for Indigenous Resources (SAFIRE), Harare, Zimbabwe SAFIRE was founded in October 1994 and since then it has steadily evolved to become one of the larger environmental NGOs in Southern Africa, and is associated particularly with natural products development, forestry-related issues on communal land, and with participatory approaches to community based natural resource management. http://www.safireweb.org → Volume 1, p. 183
State Agency for Civil Protection, Bulgaria The State Agency for Civil Protection is a legal entity funded by the state budget with headquarters in Sofia. The Agency implements the state policy in the area of the protection in crisis situations caused by natural factors and by technical activities. It is a working body of the Standing Committee on the Protection of the Population in the Cases of Disasters and Accidents at the Council of Ministers. http://www.cp.government.bg/about-en.php → Volume 1, p. 174
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Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Sweden SEI’s mission is to support decision-making and induce change towards sustainable development around the world by providing integrative knowledge that bridges science and policy in the field of environment and development. http://www.sei.se/ → Volume 1, p. 299
StormCenter Communications, Maryland, United States of America StormCenter Communications provides leading-edge monitoring and visuals to help the media, government agencies and emergency managers better understand environmental issues to enable the media and educators to increase public awareness. http://www.stormcenter.com/ → Volume 1, p. 213
Sustainable Environment and Ecological Development Society (SEEDS), New Delhi, India SEEDS, a non-profit voluntary organization, is a collective endeavour of young professionals drawn from development related fields. It originated as an informal group of like-minded people, getting together for the purpose of creative research projects of academic interest. The group was later formalized in early 1994 and has been active in the field ever since. It is involved in research activities in community development, disaster management, environmental planning, transport planning, and urban and regional planning. Activities are carried out on behalf of government, semi-government and international development agencies. http://www.gdrc.org/uem/seeds.html → Volume 1, p. 332
Swayam Shikshan Prayog (SSP), India SSP began in 1989 as a self-education network facilitated by the Society for Promotion of Area Resource Centres, in rural Maharashtra and neighbouring states. At this time, the collectives and NGOs in the learning network came together to evolve alternate strategies that sought to empower women’s collectives around issues of livelihoods, credit, access to and management of resources in rural communities. SSP began working directly with women’s groups and communities in the under-developed districts of Latur and Osmanabad in 1994. http://www.indiatogether.org/women/profiles/ssprayog.htm → Volume 1, p. 178
Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) SIDA is a government agency that reports to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. SIDA is responsible for most of Sweden’s contributions to international development cooperation. The goal of SIDA’s work is to improve the standard of living of poor people and, in the long term, to eradicate poverty. SIDA is also responsible for cooperation with countries in Central and Eastern Europe.http://www.sida.org
SWISSAID Motor and motivation of Swissaid’s work is the vision of an equitable, peaceful and many- faceted world, of a worthy future for children and grandchildren on a planet free from hunger, poverty, violence and war. SWISSAID is a small, decentralised multinational organisation with offices in 10 countries. The Head Office is in Switzerland. http://www.swissaid.ch/index_e.html → Volume 1, p. 278
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) SDC is part of the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. Its mandate is based on the Federal Law on International Development Cooperation and Humanitarian Aid enacted
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on 19 March 1976, and on a federal decree of 24 March 1995 on cooperation with the countries of Eastern Europe. In order to make the greatest contribution, SDC concentrates its long-term efforts on cooperating in development in specific sectors and with a limited number of countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe. In Latin America, the Swiss Cooperation has chosen to focus its efforts on Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador and Central America, particularly Nicaragua. http://www.sdc.admin.ch → Volume 1, p. 24, 319
Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG) EAWAG’s task as the national research center for water pollution control is to ensure that concepts and technologies pertaining to the use of natural waters are continuously improved. Ecological, economical and social water interests are brought into line. Multidisciplinary teams of specialists in the fields of environmental engineering, natural and social sciences jointly develop solutions to environmental problems. The acquired knowledge and know-how are transmitted nationally and internationally by publications, lectures, teaching, and consulting to the private and public sector. http://www.eawag.ch/ → Volume 1, p. 270
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) WSL is a federal research institute within the domain of the Federal Institutes of Technology. WSL conducts research into the environment and sustainability. Its key areas are the “use, management and protection of near-natural terrestrial habitats” and the “management of natural hazards”. These provide a basis for the sustainable use of the landscape. http://www.wsl.ch/welcome-en.ehtml → Volume 1, p. 269
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich is a science and technology university with an outstanding research record. Excellent research conditions, state-of-the-art infrastructure and an attractive urban environment add up to the ideal setting for creative personalities. ETH earned its excellent national and international reputation through major achievements in research as well as through first-rate teaching and services. http://www.ethz.ch/ → Volume 1, p. 269, 270
- Center for Security Studies, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology The Center for Security Studies specializes in the field of national and international security studies. Activities include research, teaching, and information services. The center has developed and maintains two electronic information services - the International Relations and Security Network (ISN) and the Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA). The Center also runs the Comprehensive Risk Analysis and Management Network (CRN), the Swiss Foreign and Security Policy Network (SSN), and the Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact (PHP).http://www.fsk.ethz.ch/about/ → Volume 1, p. 270
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zurich The Division of Geotechnics IGT collects some information, which may be of general interest to other researchers and geotechnical engineers. http://www.igt.ethz.ch/ → Volume 1, p. 269
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- Laboratory of Hydraulics and Glaciology, ETH Zurich It is one of Europe’s leading institutes in hydraulics, hydrology and glaciology. The 70 collaborators are organized in three sections which deal with research, teaching and applied research work, an administrative group and the chair of hydraulic structures. http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/ → Volume 1, p. 269
Swiss National Alarm Centre On average, the National Alarm Office in Zurich gets around 400 calls a year for assessment by duty personnel. Certain calls need to be referred to partner organisations in Switzerland or even abroad. As a result of this, the National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOC) relies on efficient communication channels for example, with the local police deployment centres. Direct links are also set up with other important Swiss partners such as nuclear power stations and the regulatory authorities like the Department for Safety at Nuclear Installations. These communication links need to be maintained and accessed regularly as speed and trouble-free data input are essential. https://www.naz.ch/home.html → Volume 1, p. 111
Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South, University of Bern, Switzerland The NCCR North-South focuses on international research cooperation and promotes high- quality disciplinary, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research with the aim of contributing to an improved understanding of the status of different syndromes of global change, the pressures these syndromes and their causes exert on different resources (human, natural, economic), and the responses of different social groups and society as a whole. It enables Swiss research institutions to enhance partnerships with institutions in developing and transition countries, thereby building the competence and capacity of research on both sides to develop socially robust knowledge for mitigation action. It is co-funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). http://www.nccr-north- south.unibe.ch → Volume 1, p. 111, 275
Swiss Reinsurance Company (Swiss Re), Zurich, Switzerland Swiss Re, the global reinsurer, has more than 70 offices in 30 countries. The Financial Services Business Group brings together world-class capital management expertise and risk- taking capabilities. Swiss Re’s success in business is attributable to intelligent risk management and an in-depth analysis of the nature of risk. http://www.swissre.com → Volume 1, p. 196
Tearfund T As part of its strategy Tearfund has identified the following key areas: development and capacity building; public health, including HIV/AIDS, children at risk, disaster preparedness and mitigation. http://www.tearfund.org → Volume 1, p. 347
Technicon, University of Technology, Free State, South Africa The research mission of the Technikon Free State, a South African university of technology is in line with the higher education mission of teaching, research and community service: to advance, transfer and sustain knowledge and understanding, through the conduct of career teaching, research and scholarship, as well as community capacity building and services, at the highest international standards, for the benefit of national and international communities and that of the Free State Province in particular. http://www.tfs.ac.za/
63 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS), Italy TWAS is an autonomous international organization, founded in Trieste, Italy, in 1983 by a distinguished group of scientists under the leadership of the late Nobel laureate Abdus Salam of Pakistan. It was officially launched by the then Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1985. Since 1986, TWAS has been supporting research work of scientific merit in 100 countries in the South through a variety of programmes. In addition, joint activities have been developed with UNESCO, the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), ICSU, International Foundation for Science (IFS) and the International Science Programme (ISP).
Tropical Cyclone Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres (RSMC), WMO RSMC is a network of five centres designated by WMO and located in: La Réunion, Miami, Nadi, New Delhi and Tokyo. There are a further six specialized tropical cyclone warning centres with regional responsibility to carry out activities coordinated at the global and regional levels by WMO through its World Weather Watch and Tropical Cyclone Programmes. They are located in Brisbane, Darwin, Perth, Wellington, Port Moresby and Honolulu. → Volume 1, p. 215
Tshwane Metropolitan Council, South Africa Its mission is to enhance the quality of life of all the people in the City of Tshwane through a developmental system of local government and the rendering of efficient, effective and affordable services. http://www.tshwane.gov.za/ → Volume 1, p. 290
Turkana Drought Contingency Planning Unit (TDCPU), Kenya The Early Warning System of Turkana was set up in 1987. It operates at the sub-national level, for the district of Turkana in the northern part of Kenya. It is run by local government, by the TDCPU. It provides information on how early warning data can be translated and communicated to decision makers.
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom The Tyndall Centre is a national United Kingdom centre for trans-disciplinary research on climate change. It is dedicated to advancing the science of integration, to seeking, evaluating and facilitating sustainable solutions to climate change and to motivate society through promoting informed and effective dialogue. The Centre was constituted in October 2000 and launched officially on 9 November 2000. Its purpose is to research, assess and communicate from a distinct trans-disciplinary perspective the options to mitigate, and the necessities to adapt to climate change, and to integrate these into the global, national and local contexts of sustainable development. http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/ → Volume 1, p. 241, 275
Ukuvuka – Operation Firestop, South Africa U Operating within the scope of the authority of the local municipal authorities and the Cape Peninsula National Park, the Ukuvuka Campaign intends to accomplish the work identified by a public awareness campaign, through management support, funding, communication, monitoring and facilitation. http://www.ukuvuka.org.za → Volume 1, p. 290
Unidad regional de assistencia técnica (RUTA), Costa Rica, (Regional Unit for Technical Assistance) RUTA is the collaboration between governments and international development agencies in
64 Annex Directory of international, regional, national and specialized organizations 2
the sustainable development of rural areas in Central America. Its mission is to contribute to sustainable rural growth in order to reduce rural poverty in the Central American region by means of national and regional development agendas – a common effort between governments, civil societies and social agencies. http://www.ruta.org → Volume 1, p. 146
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Washington DC, United States of America USAID is an independent federal government agency that receives overall foreign policy guidance from the Secretary of State. The agency works to support long-term and equitable economic growth and advancing US foreign policy objectives by supporting economic growth, agriculture and trade, global health, democracy, conflict prevention and humanitarian assistance. http://www.usaid.gov → Volume 1, p. 83, 121
United States Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Washington DC, United States of America FEMA is an independent agency of the federal government, reporting to the President. Its mission is to reduce loss of life and property and to protect the nation’s critical infrastructure from all types of hazards through a comprehensive, risk-based, emergency management program of mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. http://www.fema.gov → Volume 1, p. 138, 217, 230, 284
United States Geological Survey (USGS), United States of America The USGS provides reliable scientific information to describe and understand the earth; minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters; manage water, biological, energy and mineral resources and enhance and protect the quality of life. http://www.usgs.gov → Volume 1, p. 152, 156, 174, 212, 217, 232
United States Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) USTDA advances economic development and US commercial interests in developing and middle income countries. The agency funds various forms of technical assistance, feasibility studies, training, orientation visits and business workshops that support the development of a modern infrastructure and a fair and open trading environment. http://www.tda.gov/ → Volume 1, p. 173
Urban Geoscience Division of Geoscience Australia Geoscience Australia is the national agency for geoscience research and geospatial information. It is located within the Industry, Tourism and Resources portfolio. As part of its extensive work on urban centres, Geoscience Australia watches and assesses earth-surface processes that pose a risk to Australia. It gathers data and develops tools that governments and other authorities may use to make the nation as safe as possible from natural and human-induced hazards. http://www.ga.gov.au/ → Volume 1, p. 210
Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) V The Alaska Aviation Weather Unit performs two roles as part of its mission to provide timely, accurate forecasts and warnings to the aviation community: Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), Meteorological Watch Office (MWO). The goal of the international volcanic ash program is to provide worldwide warnings and advisories to aviation interests regarding volcanic ash hazards. Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers are responsible for
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providing ash movement and dispersion guidance to Meteorological Watch Offices and neighbouring VAACs. There are nine VAACs worldwide. Each one is named for the city in which it is located. Warning responsability is passed from office to office as the ash cloud crosses the borders of the VAAC areas. http://aawu.arh.noaa.gov/vaac.php → Volume 1, p. 218
Warton School, Risk Management and Decision Processes Center, University of W Pennsylvania, United States of America The mission of the Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center is to carry out a program of basic and applied research to promote effective policies and programs for low-probability events with potentially catastrophic consequences. The Center is especially concerned with natural and technological hazards and with the integration of industrial risk management policies with insurance. The Center is also concerned with promoting a dialogue among industry, government, interest groups and academics through its research and policy publications and through sponsored workshops, roundtables and forums. http://grace.wharton.upenn.edu/risk/ → Volume 1, p. 259
West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU)/Union Economique et Monétaire de l’ouest Africain (UEMOA) Formerly known as the West African Monetary Union (WAMU/UMOA), the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) was founded on 10 January 1994 in response to the devaluation of the common currency, the CFA Franc, on 11 January 1994. The Treaty establishing UEMOA (the Dakar Treaty of 10 January 1994) theoretically came into effect on 1 August 1994 after ratification by the seven member countries, thereby also replacing the since then dissolved West African Economic Union (WAEU/CEAO). http://www.dfa.gov.za/for-relations/multilateral/waemu.htm → Volume 1, p. 306
Wetlands International Wetlands International is a leading global non-profit organization dedicated solely to the crucial work of wetland conservation and sustainable management. Well-established networks of experts and close partnerships with key organizations provide Wetlands International with the essential tools for conducting conservation activities worldwide. Activities are based on sound science and have been carried out in over 120 countries. Its mission is to sustain and restore wetlands, their resources and biodiversity for future generations through research, information exchange and conservation activities worldwide. http://www.wetlands.org → Volume 1, p. (annex 4, 101)
World Conservation Union (IUCN), Switzerland IUCN’s mission is to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. http://www.iucn.org → Volume 1, p. 83, 145, 299, 300, 303, 304, 309, (annex 4, 101, 102)
World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) WOVO was established as the result of a meeting of representatives from worldwide volcano observatories, held in Guadeloupe in 1981. WOVO became the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior Commission in the following year. http://www.wovo.org → Volume 1, p. 218
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World Trade Organization (WTO) WTO is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. http://www.wto.org/ → Volume 1, p. 302
World Vision (WV) World Vision is an international Christian relief and development organisation working to promote the well being of all people - especially children. In 2002, World Vision offered material, emotional, social and spiritual support to 85 million people in 96 countries. http://www.wvi.org/home.shtml → Volume 1, p. 183
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by conserving the world’s biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. Since it was founded in 1961, WWF has become one of the world’s largest and most effective independent organizations dedicated to the conservation of nature. http://www.panda.org → Volume 1, p. 173, (annex 4, 101)
Zambesi River Authority (ZRA) Z ZRA was established through an agreement between Zambia and Zimbabwe. ZRA now has the responsibility for operation and maintenance of the Kariba Dam. → Volume 1, p. 156
Zentrum für Naturrisiken und Entwicklung (ZENEB), Germany (Center for Natural Risks and Development) The objective of ZENEB is the creation of a culture of prevention for the advancement of sustainable development. Accordingly, initiatives in the reduction of vulnerability of natural hazards are being made in cooperation with issues of science and policy. http://www.giub.uni-bonn.de/zeneb → Volume 1, p. 267
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68 Annex 3 United Nations system: An outline of activities dedicated to disaster risk reduction
69 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
United Nations system: An outline of activities dedicated to disaster risk reduction
The United Nations (UN) system is a mosaic that reflects the complexity of activities necessary to fulfil the objectives and principles of the UN Charter. It is composed of principal bodies and operational programmes as well as a number of specialized agencies and other autonomous entities carrying out specific mandates.
Reducing the impacts of natural disasters is work that cuts across numerous competencies of the UN so it has become relevant to a growing number of departments, programmes and agencies. Moreover, the recognition of disaster reduction as a building block of sustainable development has turned disaster reduction into a core function of the UN family.
This was a fundamental point when the international community decided to establish the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction under the auspices of the UN when the IDNDR ended in December 1999. The need for a coordinated approach to disaster risk reduction by the UN system has gained impetus as more countries recognize their increased vulnerability and experience more conspicuous damage each year.
A number of UN system entities carry out active programmes in support of disaster reduction and many of them have strengthened their disaster reduction capacity in their respective areas of competency during recent years. All work with regional, national or local authorities and in many cases with civil society organizations and groups.
This section outlines the various interests and activities within the UN system related to disaster risk reduction. It is a general overview, intentionally limited to programmes and initiatives pertaining to the prior identification and management of disaster risks. Therefore, it does not include emergency relief activities.
General Assembly ...... 71 Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) ...... 72 United Nations Secretariat ...... 72 Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) ...... 72 Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) ...... 73 United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD) ...... 73 United Nations regional economic and social commissions ...... 74 Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) ...... 74 Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) ...... 74 Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) ...... 75 Office for Outer Space Affairs (OOSA) ...... 75 Inter-agency mechanisms and common initiatives within the United Nations system ...... 76 Inter-Agency Task Force on Disaster Reduction (IATF/DR) ...... 76 Disaster Management Training Programme (DMTP) ...... 77 Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) ...... 77 United Nations System Chief Executive Board for Coordination (CEB) ...... 77 United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) ...... 78 United Nations Development Group (UNDG) ...... 78 United Nations agencies and programmes ...... 78 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) ...... 78 International Labour Organization (ILO) ...... 79 International Telecommunication Union (ITU) ...... 80 United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) ...... 81 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) ...... 81 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) ...... 83 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) ...... 84 United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) ...... 85 United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) ...... 86 United Nations University (UNU) ...... 87 The World Bank Group ...... 87 World Food Programme (WFP) ...... 88 World Health Organization (WHO) ...... 89 World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ...... 90
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Box A.1 Graphic overview of the United Nations system in relation to disaster reduction
Principal organs of the United Nations
General Assembly Economic and Social United Nations Secretariat Council (ECOSOC) • Office for the Coordination of • Functional commissions Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) - Commission on - Inter-Agency Secretariat of Sustainable development the International Strategy for Programmes and funds • Regional commissions Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR) • United Nations Children's • Department of Economic and Fund (UNICEF) Social Affairs (DESA) • United Nations Development Specialized agencies - United Nations Centre for Programme (UNDP) Regional Development • United Nations Environment • Food and Agriculture (UNCRD) Programme (UNEP) Organization (FAO) • Office for Outer Space Affairs • United Nations Human • International Fund for (OOSA) Settlements Programme Agricultural Development (IFAD) (UN-HABITAT) • International Labour • World Food Programme Organization (ILO) (WFP) • International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Other entities • United Nations Educational, • United Nations Institute for Scientific and Cultural Training and Research Organization (UNESCO) (UNITAR) • World Bank • United Nations Office for • World Health Organization Project Services (UNOPS) (WHO) • United Nations University • World Meteorological (UNU) Organization (WMO)
This overview is not intended to illustrate a comprehensive explanation of the complete United Nations system or hierarchy. Only United Nations entities relevant to disaster reduction are mentioned.
General Assembly “assistance in cases of natural disaster and other disaster situations”, including disaster mitigation. While the decisions taken by countries in the General Assembly and expressed in resolutions In 1991, the Assembly endorsed the establishment have no legally binding force for individual states, of a Disaster Management Training Programme they carry the moral authority of the world (DMTP) launched a year earlier by UNDP and community. They are, importantly, expressions of UNDRO (resolution 46/182), aimed at political will of the governments sitting in the upgrading professional skills in disaster Assembly. management through inter-agency training programmes under the joint management of both The Assembly is also the sounding board of world entities. Following UN reform in the 1990s, the opinion on issues such as human rights, peace and DMTP was fully divested to UNDP in March security and many global issues of universal 1998 and now sits within the Bureau for Crisis relevance. In 1971, the General Assembly acted Prevention and Recovery. on the universal need to counter the impact of disasters when it adopted a resolution to create the The Assembly recognized the further need to Office of the UN Disaster Relief Coordinator focus on disaster reduction as an activity in itself (UNDRO) for the improved coordination of in 1987 and then launched the IDNDR in 1989.
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The subject was explicitly recognized as an relevant to their respective mandates. However, the international strategy by the creation of the ISDR ISDR Secretariat is the only entity of the UN in 2000. Resolutions were also passed on the need Secretariat entirely dedicated to the subject, and is for cooperation on early warning capacities of the placed under the direct authority of the Under- UN system with regard to natural disasters from Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs. 1994, as well as to reduce the impact of the El Comprehensive information on the International Niño phenomenon from 1997. Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) Secretariat can be found in Chapter 1. Each year when disaster reduction is considered
United Nations Secretariat Desk officers based in Geneva monitor weather conditions, earthquake bulletins and news services in The UN Secretariat, headed by the Secretary- every part of the world for potential natural disasters General of the UN, services the General as well as environmental and technological Assembly and the Economic and Social Council emergencies. Working with the UN resident among other organs. It administers a number of coordinators, the UN country teams and through its departments, offices and programmes and regional disaster response advisers, OCHA maintains oversees the policies established by them. close contacts with countries prone to natural disasters both before and during crises. Within the UN Secretariat, OCHA, DESA and the regional economic and social commissions deal OCHA’s Regional Disaster Response Advisers with certain aspects of disaster reduction that are provide technical, strategic and training assistance to
72 Annex United Nations system: An outline of activities dedicated to disaster risk reduction 3 governments, UN agencies and regional Declaration on Environment and Development, the organizations in order to improve natural disaster commonly referred Forest Principles, the Global planning, response and post-emergency Programme of Action for Sustainable Development reconstruction efforts. of Small Island Developing States and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation. At Headquarters level, OCHA, UNDP and the ISDR Secretariat share information and engage in The division provides supporting technical services common plans and activities related to disaster to the Economic and Social Council Commission on reduction.
DESA’s multidimensional programme promotes United Nations Centre for Regional broad-based sustainable development through an Development (UNCRD) integrated approach to economic, social, environmental, demographic and gender-related UNCR was created in 1971. Through its head aspects of development. office in Nagoya, Japan it supports training and research in regional development as well as The functions of DESA include coordination and information dissemination. The Centre reports to policy advisory services supplemented by research DESA. and training. DESA activities are guided by the programmes and platforms of action adopted by Regional offices in Nairobi, Kenya (for Africa) and major UN conferences, as well as the Economic Bogotá, Colombia (Latin America and the and Social Council. Caribbean) conduct a range of activities including
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United Nations regional economic forecasting, tropical cyclones and disaster reduction. commissions Similarly, the Commission has provided advisory services to the Secretariat of the Mekong River The regional economic commissions were founded Commission on the formulation of the regional by the Economic and Social Council for the strategy for flood management and mitigation. purposes of promoting greater economic cooperation within and between regions and for In 2002, ESCAP prepared Guidelines on generally contributing to the economic and social Participatory Planning and Management for Flood development of a region. They also work to Mitigation and Preparedness to promote community coordinate actions directed towards these participation in water-related disaster reduction. objectives and to reinforce productive economic These Guidelines have since been disseminated to relationships among countries. developing countries in the region.
There are five commissions: the Economic and ESCAP has commenced implementation of a Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific project to build capacity in disaster management (ESCAP); the Economic Commission for Latin in Asia and the Pacific. With support from America and the Caribbean (ECLAC); the France, the project focuses on enabling countries Economic Commission for Europe (ECE); the to organize their own resources in a manner that Economic Commission for Africa (ECA); and will use space technology for natural disaster the Economic and Social Commission for reduction, in particular for floods and drought. Western Asia (ESCWA). The secretariats of these This includes their ability to receive efficient regional commissions are part of the UN support from regional/international space-based Secretariat and perform similar functions initiatives. China, India, and the European Space including disaster reduction activities with Agency will provide additional support to ESCAP particular attention given to the needs and in this field. priorities of the region. The immediate objectives of the project are to promote the operational use of space technology Economic and Social Commission for Asia applications for providing timely information and and the Pacific (ESCAP) supporting informed decision-making to reduce damage from natural hazards and to establish Headed by the Executive Secretary at the level of regional cooperative mechanisms for strengthening Under-Secretary-General of the UN, ESCAP is national disaster management capabilities. located in Bangkok, Thailand. Comprising 52
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In this respect, ECLAC organized a series of In the framework of water-related disasters prevention, inter-agency assessment studies on the ECE has prepared, together with the IDNDR, macroeconomic impact of natural disasters in the WMO and WHO’s Regional Office for Europe region since the 1972 earthquake in Managua, strategic guidelines on sustainable flood prevention Nicaragua. They include 1997-1998 El Niño and good practices for flood prevention and events, 1998 hurricanes Georges and Mitch, protection. These have been an important to foster 1999 floods in Venezuela and earthquake in transboundary cooperation, coordination of sectoral Colombia, 2000 hurricane Keith, the 2001 policies, land use and structural measures, early earthquake in El Salvador and the severe warning and forecast systems, exchange of drought that affected Central America. information, public awareness, education and training. These guidelines resulted from a seminar on flood Over the years, ECLAC has developed a useful prevention and protection held in 1999 and their use methodology to assess the impact of disasters on will be evaluated at a meeting in Germany in 2004. development. It includes an environmental impact analysis, a gender perspective and a Furthermore, ECE makes a significant contribution comprehensive analysis of the macroeconomic to the ISDR through its team of specialists on forest impact of disasters and takes account of their fires, which works with the Global Fire Monitoring effect on reconstruction plans. This methodology Centre (GFMC) based in Freiburg, Germany. In is being disseminated and training is provided in partnership with many other national and multilateral its use with the support of organizations such as agencies, the team and the GFMC collect and the Inter-American Development Bank, PAHO disseminate information, share experiences, and and the World Bank provide technical assistance and advice on request. The GFMC website provides real time information ECLAC promotes the development of on major wildland fires. The International Forest vulnerability and risk indicators to measure the Fire News, published twice a year by ECE, is the economic, social and environmental impacts of leading forum for exchange of information among extreme natural phenomena. In addition to these the community of wildland fire experts. activities, the Commission has implemented
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Space technologies can play important roles in the Inter-agency mechanisms and common reduction of disasters. Their use can be particularly initiatives within the United Nations system useful in risk assessment, mitigation and preparedness aspects of disaster risk management. The inter-agency UN platforms and tools Space technologies are also vital to the early warning mentioned below, while each having their own of hazards and the management of crisis situations. mandates, complement add to the promotion and In order to incorporate the routine use of space efficient implementation of disaster reduction technology in developing countries there is a need to activities by virtue of their coordination functions. increase awareness, build national capacity and also develop solutions that are appropriate to their needs. Inter-Agency Task Force on Disaster Reduction (IATF/DR) Within the framework of its Programme on Space Applications, OOSA is focusing on the definition The Inter-Agency Task Force on Disaster and successful transfer of such solutions. It has Reduction is the only platform within the UN conducted a series of regional workshops on the use system entirely dedicated to the disaster reduction of space technology for disaster management, in coordination and policy setting of disaster collaboration with the ISDR Secretariat. These reduction. Comprehensive information on the workshops defined regional action plans and the Inter-Agency Secretariat of the International implementation of pilot projects that incorporate Strategy for Disaster Reduction and the Inter- and refine the use of space technology for disaster Agency Task Force on Disaster Reduction can be risk management. found in the section on ISDR in chapter one.
In 2001, OOSA convened an action team for Current members include: disaster management. Composed under the leadership of Canada, China and France, the team’s African Union secretariat (AU) directive is to implement an integrated, global Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) system to manage natural disaster mitigation, relief Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) and prevention efforts through Earth observation, Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of communications and other space-related services, Disasters - Catholic University of Louvain, making maximum use of existing capabilities and Belgium (CRED) filling gaps in world-wide satellite coverage. Its Council of Europe (CoE) membership currently consists of 40 states and 15 Drought Monitoring Centre - Nairobi (DMCN) international organizations and entities, including European Commission: Directorate-General Joint the ISDR Secretariat. Research Centre (EC/JRC) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) OOSA’s action team conducted five regional Global Fire Monitoring Centre workshops on disaster management and prevention, Iberoamerican Association of Civil Defence and paving the way to the implementation of the Civil Protection recommendations of the Third UN Conference on Interstate CIS Council the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space International Federation of Red Cross and Red (UNISPACE-III). The first workshop was held in Crescent Societies (IFRC) 2001 in La Serena, Chile for the benefit of International Telecommunication Union (ITU) countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. The Munich Reinsurance second workshop was held in Addis Ababa, New Partnership for Africa's Development Ethiopia in July 2001 for African countries. (NEPAD) secretariat, Another was held in Bangkok, Thailand in Organization of American States: Inter-American November 2002 to address the interests of Asia and Committee for Natural Disaster Reduction the Pacific. In May 2003 a workshop was (OAS-IACNDR) conducted near Brasov, Romania for Europe. The South Pacific Applied Geosciences Commission final workshop targeted at Middle Eastern (SOPAC) countries will be held in Iran in May 2004. UN Programme for Human Settlements
76 Annex United Nations system: An outline of activities dedicated to disaster risk reduction 3
UN Centre for Regional Development Non-UN organizations (UNCRD) - Hyogo office International Committee of the Red Cross, UN Development Programme (UNDP) International Council of Voluntary Agencies, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural International Federation of Red Cross and Red Organization (UNESCO) Crescent Societies, National Refugee UN Environment Programme (UNEP) Commission, Steering Committee for UN Institute for Training and Research Humanitarian Response. (UNITAR)
While the spirit of DMT is to promote medium The previous ACC and the current CEB and long-term disaster reduction concerns in subsequently have included disaster reduction in development planning, the teams are more active their agendas and have issued statements on the in the aftermath of disasters and serve as importance of inter-agency coordination in this coordinators to provide assistance for relief and field. CEB is regularly updated on the activities recovery. of ISDR through summary reports of the meetings of the Inter-Agency Task Force on Membership: Disaster Reduction. Several members of CEB UN organizations are permanent members of the Inter-Agency FAO, IBRD, ILO, IOM, OCHA, ISDR, Task Force on Disaster Reduction. This provides OHCHR, UNCHS, UNCTAD, UNDP, a unique opportunity for ensuring coordination UNEP, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, among agencies and organizations active in UNICEF, UNITAR, UNOPS, UNSC, UNV, disaster reduction, humanitarian assistance and WFP, WHO, WMO. related development and environmental issues.
77 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
Membership: UNDG activity and supports the implementation UN Secretariat, ILO, FAO, UNESCO, ICAO, of the Millennium Declaration and the Secretary- WHO, World Bank, IMF, UPU, ITU, WMO, General’s reform programme. IMO, WIPO, IFAD, UNIDO, WTO (World Tourism Organization), IAEA, WTO (World Membership: Trade Organization), UNCTAD, UNDP, DESA, UNDCP, UN-HABITAT, UNOPS, UNEP, UNHCR, UNRWA, UNICEF, UNIFEM, UNAIDS, UNCTAD, WHO, UNFPA, WFP, UNDCP, UN-HABITAT. IFAD, UNESCO, FAO, OHCHR, the regional
78 Annex United Nations system: An outline of activities dedicated to disaster risk reduction 3
In order to reduce disruption of agricultural and resources service of the sustainable development food systems, this strategic objective focuses on: department integrates remote sensing and geographic information systems for sustainable • strengthening disaster preparedness and development planning, including disaster impact mitigation against the impact of emergencies assessments and mapping risk and conditions of that affect food security and the productive vulnerability. capacities of rural populations; • forecasting and providing early warning of FAO assists countries in the adoption of adverse conditions in the food and agricultural sustainable agricultural practices and land-use sectors and of impending food emergencies; systems. The FAO land and water development • strengthening programmes for agricultural relief division plays an important role in reversing and rehabilitation and facilitating the transition degradation and reducing vulnerability to from emergency relief to reconstruction and hazards. It does this by promoting the development in food and agriculture; and development of resilient agro-ecosystems and the • strengthening local capacities and coping sound use of land and water resources. mechanisms by guiding the choice of agricultural practices, technologies and support A special programme for food security assists low- services to reduce vulnerability and enhance income food-deficient countries improve food resilience. security at national and household levels, through rapid increases in food production. It does this by The FAO Emergency Coordination Group is the reducing annual variability in production and by organizational mechanism for the overall improving people’s access to food. coordination of emergency and disaster reduction
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• building capacity to respond effectively to crises • identification of requirements and applications of including the wide dissemination of emergency telecommunication users; and information, training programmes and advisory • identification of types and modes of services; telecommunications for emergencies. • advocating activities to promote national, regional and international recognition of the ITU member countries recognize the importance of importance of employment in crisis situations telecommunication resources for early warning and the contribution of employment in effective services, disaster mitigation and relief operations. crisis management planning; and Significant work in these areas is carried out in each · mobilizing resources for timely interventions. of the three ITU sectors: development, radiocommunication, and telecommunication
80 Annex United Nations system: An outline of activities dedicated to disaster risk reduction 3 development of robust, flexible and independent both analysis and capacity-building nationally and amateur service and amateur-satellite service in the empowerment of communities. Selected networks capable of providing communications programmes in disaster-prone countries enhance during disasters and relief operations. abilities to mitigate the effects of hazards and to
Following the recommendation of the Yokohama The overarching mission of UNDP is to help its Strategy and Plan of Action for a Safer World to programme countries build national capacity to include disaster reduction into national achieve sustainable human development. UNDP is development plans, UNICEF programme and giving top priority to the elimination of poverty and policy guidance incorporate disaster reduction building equity by providing development advice, elements into country programmes in disaster- advocacy and grant support. As the primary prone countries. Vulnerability and capacity substantive UN programme promoting and assessments in relation to natural hazards are supporting the implementation of risk and being introduced as integral to the situation vulnerability reduction in developing countries, analysis process at the country level. UNDP is involved in a range of activities which contribute to disaster and risk management. UNICEF cooperates with UNDP as part of UN country teams in support of disaster preparedness With headquarters in New York and operational activities in national development plans. functions in Geneva, UNDP provides most of its UNICEF is playing an important role in tackling services through its 132 country offices, supported
81 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives by regional bureaus, specialized programmes and The UNDP Drylands Development Centre, trust funds. In each country where it works the formerly the Office to Combat Desertification and UNDP resident representative generally also Drought, moved to Nairobi in early 2002. The serves as the resident coordinator for the UN Centre is responsible for promoting sound dryland system as a whole. management and development as well as drought preparedness and mitigation as part of sustainable In 1997, a General Assembly decision transferred human development. It also has been an advocate the responsibilities of the UN Emergency Relief of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification Coordinator for operational activities for natural (UNCCD) and provides technical and catalytic disaster mitigation, prevention and preparedness financial support to affected countries for the from OCHA to UNDP. OCHA retained its implementation of the Convention. coordination function for international relief < http://www.undp.org/drylands/> operations. Capacity 21 is a trust fund launched by UNDP UNDP’s Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery after the Earth Summit of 1992. It works with (BCPR) was formerly known as the Emergency countries to build skills and a knowledge base to Response Division. It is the in-house mechanism implement the principles of sustainable set up to provide a quicker and more effective development as outlined in Agenda 21. Capacity response in countries in special development 21 promotes a partnership for increased coping situations through the provision of services. capacity to deal with natural disasters in small island developing states in the framework of the BCPR’s Disaster Reduction Unit (DRU) works to World Summit on Sustainable Development and achieve a sustainable reduction in disaster risk and the Barbados Plan of Action. sustainable recovery from disaster in programme
82 Annex United Nations system: An outline of activities dedicated to disaster risk reduction 3 meeting on the roles of regional organisations and developing local risk reduction planning. It networks in strengthening capacities for disaster continues to create platforms for integrating local reduction was convened, with representatives from level risk management into development planning 11 organizations participating. Finally, UNDP is and training within local committees. Five years currently supporting the development of after hurricanes Mitch and Georges, UNDP has subregional knowledge networking initiatives in supported the creation and training of 150 local the Caribbean such as the Caribbean Risk risk reduction committees in the hurricane- Management Initiative which is focused on affected countries of Central America such as linking climate change adaptation and disaster Honduras and Nicaragua by improving their local reduction, other subregional networks have been planning in disaster prevention and preparedness. developed in Central America and Central and UNDP has engaged in similar local activities in South-West Asia. other countries, such as Albania, Madagascar, Malawi and Viet Nam where more than 100 local UNDP has achieved results in disaster reduction committees have benefited from this support. in over 30 countries worldwide, including early These efforts represent a major contribution to warning systems, strengthening of national the objectives of the ISDR in enabling disaster offices, risk mapping, and supporting communities to become more resilient to the legislative systems among other activities. In some effects of hazards. cases, risk reduction strategies and platforms have
83 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
UNESCO programmes on natural and social Middle East, South-East Asia and Latin America. sciences provide scientific and technical benefits UNESCO has provided assistance for enhancing for disaster reduction. These include among disaster preparedness plans for urban areas in others, the following international programmes: several countries of Latin America, the Caribbean the International Geological Correlation and Asia, in collaboration with the ISDR Programme, the International Hydrological Secretariat. It also proposed to associate this Programme, the Man and Biosphere initiative with the ICLEI-led partnership on Programme, the Intergovernmental Resilient Communities to provide advice and help Oceanographic Commission, UN World Water build the capacity of decision makers. Another Assessment Programme and the Management of project coordinated by UNESCO concentrated Social Transformations Programme. on reducing earthquake losses in the Eastern UNESCO’s strategy for 2002-2007 and current Mediterranean through seismic monitoring and budget include provisions for programmes the improved exchange of technical data. related to natural disaster reduction. During the International Year of Mountains The GOOS hosted in the Intergovernmental (2002) UNESCO advocated disaster reduction Oceanographic Commission continued to during the culminating event, the Global coordinate the systematic observation of the Mountains Summit in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, world’s oceans. This framework encompasses all promoting partnerships with FAO and other ocean observing satellites which measure ocean partners to promote sciences and to enhance surface temperatures, winds, waves and currents. related abilities pertinent to the preservation of One of the elements of GOOS is the El Niño mountains. UNESCO also co-organized a Southern Oscillation forecasting system for the seminar in Chambéry, France on reducing losses timing, extent and magnitude of El Niño and La and preserving cultural and natural heritage in Niña events in the tropical Pacific Ocean. This mountain cities system provided several months advanced warning of the 2002-2003 El Niño. It also UNESCO has also invested efforts in compiling produced high resolution maps and forecasts materials on information, education and public relating to numerous ocean and associated awareness on disasters, including the development weather and climate conditions, including alerts and promotion of educational structures able to for hurricanes, typhoons, and storm surges. withstand disaster forces, offering practical advice on how to build disaster-resilient schools. UNESCO has enhanced many of its scientific
84 Annex United Nations system: An outline of activities dedicated to disaster risk reduction 3 organization plays globally in the areas of technological accidents and emergencies, emergency prevention, preparedness, assessment, particularly in developing countries, resulting mitigation and response. from human activity or as the consequence of natural disasters. UNEP has developed a strategic framework in
UNEP’s Global Resource Information Database UN-HABITAT promotes the development of (GRID) is composed of a global network of socially and environmentally sustainable human environmental information centres. It aims to settlements, good urban governance and the facilitate access and provide environmental data achievement of adequate shelter for all. It is based in and information for decision-making and the Nairobi, Kenya, and has three regional offices determination of policies. It underpins the UNEP located in Brazil, Japan and Kenya as well as several review of the state of the world’s environment and liaison and information offices worldwide. The provides early warning on environmental hazards. Programme has been a member of the Inter-Agency Task Force on Disaster Reduction since 2002. The UNEP.net partnership, a global information network, offers remote access databases from The establishment of ISDR coincided with the different institutions enabling the development of restructuring of UN-HABITAT. A key comprehensive and local solutions. Often these component of this process was the consolidation of rely on best practices from various regions and the risk and disaster management programme in countries of the world. the newly established Disaster, Post-Conflict and Safety Section (DPCSS). DPCSS caters for the The UNEP programme Awareness and increasing demands from countries for technical Preparedness for Emergencies at a Local Level support, policy tools and field operational capacity (APELL) is based at the Industry and in disaster prevention, mitigation and Environment Office in Paris. It serves as a tool rehabilitation of human settlements and issues for disaster prevention and preparedness and related to urban safety. raises public awareness of the need to reduce environmental emergencies and damage. It seeks The risk and disaster management programme to minimize the occurrence and harmful effects of was established to strengthen UN-HABITAT’s
85 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives abilities to deliver technical cooperation and In September 2002 UN-HABITAT and the capacity-building services. The focus is on ISDR organized a productive regional meeting in direct country support with the objective of Cuba on local management and disaster reduction helping human settlements reduce their in the wider Caribbean region, involving local vulnerability and manage the effects of disasters authorities, organizations and agencies related to and conflict better. disaster reduction issues in eight Central American-Caribbean countries. The goal was to It provides support to national governments, initiate the process of developing disaster local authorities and communities in close mitigation and management capacity for local cooperation with technical cooperation units governments at municipal level. The objective is and other specialized programmes. Specific being achieved through a process of dialogue and programme activities deliver direct support to the exchange of tools and experience in disaster national and local partners through: reduction. Participants agreed on the need to take urgent action to strengthen the capacity of local • technical advisory missions responding to and urban authorities in the subregion to reduce requests by governments and external support their vulnerability to disasters. agencies;
UN-HABITAT disaster-related activities focus UNITAR provides training and project services on the physical and management aspects of for policy and institutional development. These shelter, infrastructure and public service, with activities address risk issues in the areas of priority given to local activities. Emphasis is chemical and waste management, climate change, given to the development of training and biodiversity, land degradation, environmental law, technical support programmes to increase the environmental negotiations, national capacities of local authorities and communities reconstruction, the use of information systems and for improving disaster risk management and the involvement of local authorities. human settlements in the context of good local governance. UNITAR conducted a programme in disaster risk reduction collaboration with several UN UN-HABITAT is an active partner of ISDR, organizations, local authorities, NGOs, especially in the areas of land and urban universities and the private sector. This consisted management, impact assessment and capacity- of launching an international training centre for building. Organizational commitments such as local actors (CIFEL) in Divonne-les-Bains, the global campaigns on urban governance and France. It provided a service structure, an for secure tenure constitute important international meeting location and an exchange of opportunities to promote disaster reduction in experiences open to all actors involved with urban areas and to strengthen collaboration sustainable development and international with local authorities. cooperation at the local level.
86 Annex United Nations system: An outline of activities dedicated to disaster risk reduction 3
Recognizing the utility of geographic UNU, the ISDR Secretariat, UNEP, WMO and information systems and other modern the US National Center for Atmospheric Research. information and communication technologies for This activity, which included the work of advancing disaster reduction, UNITAR has multidisciplinary teams in 16 countries, led to been organizing training sessions in these fields findings that have been crucial to improving since 1986. It has also conducted several training preparedness for future occurrences of El Niño, activities related to disaster reduction, including and other climate-related hazards. training sessions for African civil servants working in the field of land degradation, and As a follow-up to the El Niño project, UNU has workshops for local authorities in Crimea and developed a new climate affairs programme which Lebanon. Additional workshops have been will encompass a broad spectrum of issues ranging organized for national decision makers in the from ethics and policy formulation to the impact of Democratic Republic of the Congo and climatic phenomena. An important contribution of countries of the Southern Caucasus on the use of this initiative is the development of a information systems for disaster reduction. multidisciplinary programme to build capacities in
United Nations University (UNU) Together with universities in Geneva and Lausanne, Switzerland, UNU provides postgraduate The overall mission of the United Nations fellowships for students from developing countries University (UNU) is to contribute to efforts to to study geological risk management. resolve the pressing global problems that are the
87 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives helps the world’s poorest countries reduce poverty impact of disasters on long-term development. It by providing “credits” which are loans at zero seeks to develop methodologies and standards for interest with a 10-year grace period and maturities conducting damage and needs assessments of 35 to 40 years. following a disaster, to strengthen community resilience, and to identify innovations in risk The World Bank considers disaster reduction as transfer and financing. The Consortium is currently an element in the fight against poverty, linked to hosted by IFRC in Geneva, Switzerland. environmental management. In order to advance
Reconstruction projects, such as those carried out In 1999, the WFP key strategy document, in the aftermath of the Izmit earthquake in Turkey, Enabling Development, identified disaster Hurricane Mitch in Central America and the mitigation as one of five priority areas of action, January 2001 earthquake in Gujarat, India, have expressing a focus on reduction of the impact of been designed to go beyond simply rebuilding and natural hazards on food security for vulnerable to focus on reconstruction measures that populations. A steering committee for disaster strengthen resilience to future disasters. mitigation was established to assist country and regional offices to integrate disaster mitigation Along the same lines, pilot efforts promoted by the activities into their development programmes. HMU are gradually being incorporated into Bank operations. A good example of this approach is in WFP’s dual mandates for development and Mexico where, following a case study that emergencies result in development activities evaluated the capacity of the country to manage designed to facilitate any necessary emergency disaster risk, the government requested the Bank responses related to food security. Guidelines on to prepare a project to reduce future disaster losses. disaster mitigation have been prepared and tested in pilot projects in selected country offices.
ProVention Consortium The formalization of the WFP role in disaster mitigation is reflected in a new generation of The Bank works closely with partners through the programming documents. In 2000, nine of the 11 ProVention Consortium, which it initiated in 2000. country strategy outlines and country programmes This Consortium encourages productive approved by the executive board included disaster institutional relationships that can combine efforts mitigation activities. For example, WFP is to generate evidence of the economic and financial supporting water harvesting in Sudan to decrease
88 Annex United Nations system: An outline of activities dedicated to disaster risk reduction 3 the impact of drought on rural livelihoods. In guidelines on applying best public health practices in Tanzania, WFP’s country programme is using preparing for and assessing the impact of disasters. food-for-work activities to create assets such as grain stores and access roads in order to improve WHO’s early health assessment and health long-term food security and decrease the intelligence web site provides situational information vulnerability of households to drought. including baseline statistics, health situation reports and epidemiological surveillance data. The WFP emphasis on early warning and contingency planning includes collaboration with a WHO collaborates with academic centres around framework team based in New York and a the world, working in the field of disaster vulnerability and analysis mapping unit. The reduction. These include the Centre for Research Office of the Humanitarian Adviser is responsible on the Epidemiology of Disasters at the University for coordinating the overall contingency planning of Louvain in Belgium; the School of Public process, while an augmented logistics intervention Health at the University of Antioquia in Colombia; team for emergencies collates specific logistics- and the Faculty of Engineering of the University of based contingency planning information such as Chile. operational capacity assessments.
89 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives political support for vulnerability assessments and PAHO/WHO represents the Inter-American system disaster mitigation for water systems and health as a member of the Inter-Agency Task Force on services have been developed over the past decade. Disaster Reduction. The ISDR and PAHO/WHO share a joint office in Costa Rica and work in a very PAHO and the ISDR Secretariat have agreed on a close relationship for disaster mitigation in the number of measures to strengthen cooperation in Americas. PAHO/WHO leads a working group and priority areas for the region. These measures participates in the elaboration of the Inter-American include publishing studies, conducting joint Strategic Plan for risk management and disaster exercises and strengthening the Regional Disaster response endorsed by the Organization of American Information Centre (CRID). CRID is a regional States member countries. consortium which includes PAHO, the ISDR Secretariat, the Coordinating Centre for the The Economic Commission for Latin America and Prevention of Natural Disasters in Central America, the Caribbean (ECLAC) finished the manual for Costa Rica’s National Risk Prevention and socio-economic impact assessment, whose chapters Emergency Response Commission, the on health and potable water were reviewed in depth International Federation of Red Cross and Red by PAHO/WHO. The recent creation of the Crescent Societies (IFRC) and Doctors without CIIFEN (International Research Centre on El Borders. Niño) in Ecuador has been a key step toward international joint observation and research on the PAHO/WHO has provided strong support to effects of and successful measures for extreme water sub-regional organizations such as CDERA in related events. PAHO/WHO is a stakeholder of the Caribbean, CEPREDENAC in Central this crucial initiative. America and CAPRADE in the Andean Region.
90 Annex United Nations system: An outline of activities dedicated to disaster risk reduction 3 number of regional specialized meteorological preparedness and mitigation programme to centres worldwide. promote the use of climate information at individual farmer’s level of decision-making is The WMO World Weather Watch programme being implemented in collaboration with NOAA coordinates the preparation and distribution of and other national and regional partners. weather, climate and hydrological data, analyses and forecast products to all nations. The establishment of the International Research Centre for El Niño (CIIFEN) in collaboration The WMO Tropical Cyclone Programme promotes with the government of Ecuador and WMO is a the establishment of national and regionally response to the UN General Assembly resolution coordinated systems to ensure effective preparedness 52/200 on international co-operation to reduce the so that the loss of life and damage caused by impacts of El Niño phenomenon. tropical cyclones and associated phenomena are reduced to a minimum. A memorandum of understanding has been signed between WMO and the International Consortium The WMO Public Weather Services programme on Landslides addressing issues of common interest. supports national meteorological and hydrological This joint expression gives particular regard to the services in disaster reduction planning by providing promotion of sciences pertaining to the safety of routine forecasts and information to enhance the human life and property, protection of the social and economic well-being of nations. environment, sustainable economic and social development, and associated education and training. The World Climate Programme provides an authoritative international scientific voice on climate, Another WMO project addresses natural disaster climate variations and climate change. It has reduction in coastal lowlands by responding to the provided advanced climate database management requests of the Johannesburg Plan of systems to many countries, with applications in Implementation. This commitment was several areas of disaster mitigation, especially subsequently approved by the Fourteenth World drought. Meteorological Congress in May 2003.
The WMO World Weather Research Programme In order to ensure integration and synergy of aims to develop improved and cost-effective relevant activities being carried out under the techniques for forecasting high-impact weather and various WMO programmes in the area of disaster promote their applications among countries. prevention and mitigation, the Fourteenth World Meteorological Congress established a new The Hydrology and Water Resources Programme crosscutting major programme on natural disaster assists the national hydrological services of member prevention and mitigation, geared to ensure that countries to assess risk and forecast water-related WMO’s progamme activities and results are fully hazards, in particular major floods and droughts. reflected in WMO’s participation and support to the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. WMO continues to assist its members in the This overarching programme will also provide the development of techniques to assess and combat basis for effective coordination of the pertinent drought, desertification and other extreme events WMO activities with related activities of through its agricultural meteorology programme. international, regional and national organizations Through its leadership of the ISDR working group involved. on climate and disaster reduction, WMO contributes to the review of sectoral systems within and outside Several new initiatives from the different major the UN that monitors climate sensitive emergencies. WMO programmes have been planned and The monitoring and prediction of climate-related included in the Sixth WMO long-term plan (2004- natural disasters associated with the El Niño and La 2011), which likewise responds to the different Niña phenomena are of particular interest. recommendations and principles for disaster reduction related to sustainable development in the Regular El Niño monitoring and dissemination of Johannesburg Plan of Implementation. related outlooks are tangible results of WMO
91 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
92 Annex 4 Selected international development agendas and commitments relevant to disaster risk reduction
93 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
Selected international development agendas and commitments
The international community has adopted several significant development declarations, agendas and conventions over the past three decades. These have covered, among other things, the environment, freshwater management, climate change, desertification, social development, habitat and food security. All contain commitments related to disaster reduction and are often referred to in this review.
The following section provides a short overview of some of the most relevant instruments for disaster risk reduction. In many cases the visions contained in many of them are yet to be fully realized.
This section outlines major agreements in the following areas:
• Millennium Development Goals; • sustainable development agenda; • climate change; • desertification and drought; • wetlands; • freshwater agenda; • gender agenda; • habitat agenda; • health; • Small Island Developing States; and • Least Developed Countries.
Millennium Development Goals Regarding protection of the environment, the declaration resolves “to adopt in all our environmental The UN Millennium Summit was held in New action a new ethic of conservation and stewardship York in September 2000. A total of 189 world and, as first steps, resolves...to intensify cooperation to leaders met and adopted the UN Millennium reduce the number and effects of natural and man- Declaration. made disasters”.
Targets, known as the Millennium Development Within the context of the ISDR, strategies for Goals were established, setting a new milestone achieving the millennium goals and described in the and providing guiding principles for the road map leading to the implementation of the United international community, national governments and Nations Millennium Declaration (A/56/326) include: the UN. • Developing early warning systems, vulnerability Many of these targets reflect areas which are mapping, technological transfer and training. closely linked to vulnerability to natural hazards. • Supporting interdisciplinary and intersectoral These include eradicating extreme poverty and partnerships, improved scientific research on the hunger, achieving universal primary education, causes of natural disasters and better international promoting gender equality, ensuring environmental cooperation to reduce the impact of climate stability and using partnerships for development. variables, such as El Niño and La Niña. • Encouraging governments to address the problems For example, the goal of improving the lives of created by mega-cities, the location of settlements in thousands of slum dwellers around the world living high-risk areas and other human determinants of in high-risk areas by 2020, involves poverty disasters. eradication, proper land use planning and the • Encouraging governments to incorporate disaster improved understanding of vulnerability to risk reduction into national planning processes, disasters in densely populated areas. including building codes.
94 Annex Selected international development agendas and commitments relevant to disaster risk reduction 4
Recognizing the need for regular in April 2003. It was decided that work in “Can sustainable assessment on the status of achievement of support of the Programme for the Further development, along with the Millennium Development Goals, the Implementation of Agenda 21 and the the international UN Secretary-General will issue a Johannesburg Plan of Implementation strategies and instruments comprehensive progress report every five would be organized in two-year aiming at poverty years, complemented by inputs from implementation cycles. These would reduction and countries. The review of the Yokohama include a review session and a policy environmental protection, Strategy and Plan of Action will address session, with the subject of disaster be successful without progress in disaster risk reduction management and vulnerability to be taking into account the contributing towards the Millennium reviewed in the course of the fifth cycle risk of natural hazards Development Goals, and will also be (2014-2015). In light of the cross-cutting and their impacts? Can incorporated in the Secretary-General’s nature of the issues, risk management and the planet afford the reports. vulnerability will also be examined in the increasing costs and losses context of other thematic Commission on due to so-called natural Sustainable Development (CSD) clusters. disasters? The short Sustainable development agenda Water, sanitation and human settlements answer is, no. will be reviewed in 2004-2005, and The World Summit on Sustainable drought and desertification in 2006-2007. Disaster reduction policies Development (WSSD) was held in and measures need to be Johannesburg, South Africa, in August- A decision on reporting was taken implemented to build September 2002, 10 years after the UN emphasizing the importance for reviewing, disaster resilient societies Conference on Environment and evaluating and monitoring progress in and communities, with a Development, also known as the Rio implementation. It was envisioned that this two-fold aim: to reduce Earth Summit. should include sharing lessons learned and the level of risk in good practices, identifying actions taken as societies, while ensuring, The WSSD provided a timely reminder to well as opportunities and obstacles in on the other hand, that the international community that faulty relation to implementation. Further work development efforts do not development and inappropriate use of was supported to identify indicators at the increase the vulnerability resources contribute to natural disasters. national level. to hazards but instead The political statement adopted by Heads consciously reduce such of States clearly states that natural To further support this work, the Inter- vulnerability. Disaster disasters are a global challenge as they are Agency Task Force on Disaster Reduction and risk reduction is “more frequent and more devastating and identified development planning and the therefore emerging as an developing countries are more vulnerable”. allocation of adequate resources to reduce important requisite for Natural disasters were also recognized as vulnerability as main areas of concern in sustainable development.” posing a severe threat to sustainable coming years. The ISDR Secretariat will development and therefore needed priority continue to collaborate closely with the UN/ISDR, 2002. attention. UN Department of Social and Economic Affairs to support the CSD’s work in this The resulting Johannesburg Plan of field. Particular attention will be focused Implementation (see annex 5) includes on reviewing accomplishments to reduce commitments related to disaster and the negative impacts of natural hazards on vulnerability reduction, and improved communities and development processes early warning. Reference is made in the faced by countries around the world. sections of protecting and managing the natural resource base of economic and social development, Africa, Small Island Road for a sustainable development Developing States and under the agenda subsequent means of implementation. The journey toward achieving sustainable The follow-up to WSSD decisions was development is ongoing. In the last 30 discussed at the 11th session of the years a series of summits, meetings and Commission for Sustainable Development agreements have led to the wide ranging
95 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
Table A.1 Milestones for the sustainable development agenda
UN sustainable development process
1972 UN Conference on Human Environment (Stockholm), UNEP established 1983 World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission) established 1989 Brundtland report, Our Common Future 1989 Launch of IDNDR (1990-1999) 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development, Earth Summit (Rio de Janeiro)
UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) established
1997 Rio+5 Summit review (critical because of slow implementation) 1999 End of IDNDR 2000 Launch of ISDR WSSD (Rio+10) process 2001 Defining modalities of process National, sub regional and regional preparatory meetings 2002 Global Prep Com. 2 (New York): Substantive review of implementation of Agenda 21 Global Prep Com. 3 (New York): Review and finalize elements for programme of action Global Prep Com. 4 (Bali): Identification of priority issues, programme of action and elements for political statement World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg): Adoption of Johannesburg Plan of Implementation - defining national, regional and global commitments Other Key events
1982 UNEP’s first high level meeting 1991 Children’s Summit (New York) 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change and Convention on Biological Diversity agreed and signed at Earth Summit 1993 Human Rights Summit (Vienna) 1994 First World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction For a Safer World (Yokohama) Small Island Development States (Barbados) Global Conference on Sustainable Development 1995 Social Summit in Copenhagen Women’s Summit (Beijing) World Trade Organization (WTO) established 1996 Human Settlements (Istanbul) Food Summit (Rome) 1997 Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change adopted 1998 Convention on Prior Informed Consent adopted 1999 IDNDR Programme Forum (Geneva) 2000 Millennium Summit (New York) World Youth Forum (Dakar) Biosafety Protocol adopted (Cartagena) 2001 UN Third Conference on Least Developed countries (Brussels) International Conference on Freshwater in Bonn WTO negotiations, including GATS and agriculture 2002 Financing for Development (Mexico) World Food Summit (Rome) interpretation of sustainable development that Disaster reduction was not dealt with explicitly in exists today. Today, the essential need for the Rio conference agenda even though it was environmental strategies to achieve sustainable included in the discussion on human settlements, development is widely understood and accepted, mountain development, freshwater management even if implementation is not yet realized fully. and land degradation. Nonetheless, the main
96 Annex Selected international development agendas and commitments relevant to disaster risk reduction 4
Box A.1 The four broad areas of action in Agenda 21
Elements Issues Social and economic dimensions to development Poverty, production and consumption, health, human settlement, integrated decision-making Conservation and management of natural resources Atmosphere, oceans and seas, land, forests, mountains, biological diversity, ecosystems, biotechnology, freshwater resources, toxic chemicals, hazardous radioactive and solid waste
Strengthening role of major groups Youth, women, indigenous people, NGOs, local authorities, trade unions, businesses, scientific and technical communities, farmers Means of implementation Finance, technology transfer, information, public awareness, capacity building, education, legal instruments, institutional frameworks outputs of the Earth Summit provided an building for participation and development, important foundation on which to build a growing institutional coordination, and expressed a need to recognition of risks related to sustainable reduce excessive levels of production and development. consumption.
These included the Rio Declaration on The review meeting called for the ratification and Environment and Development (Rio declaration) implementation of the growing number of and Agenda 21, a 40-chapter programme of international agreements and conventions which action. UNCED also led to agreement on two refer to environment and development. The same legally binding conventions; the United Nations concerns regarding implementation were raised in Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the preparation to the WSSD. During this the United Nations Framework Convention on process, natural disaster was identified as a serious Climate Change (UNFCCC). It produced a constraint to sustainable development. Statement of Forest Principles, and began the process of developing the United Nations During the preparatory phase of WSSD and at Convention to Combat Desertification the Johannesburg meeting itself, a number of (UNCCD), eventually adopted in 1994. activities were organized to promote integration of disaster reduction within the sustainable During the IDNDR, the connection between development agenda. In addition to parallel and disaster reduction and sustainable development side events, a background paper on the links was emphasized and promoted. UN multilateral between development, environment and natural conventions further emphasized the connection disasters was developed through a wide with the agreements on climate change, consultative process, Disaster Reduction and desertification and biodiversity signed between Sustainable Development: Understanding the links 1992 and 1994. These joined the long-standing between vulnerability and risk to disasters related to 1971 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands development.
97 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
“The impacts of extreme A protocol, known as the Kyoto Protocol important in elaborating the convention’s weather events across the was adopted in 1997 and added to the rules on issues of particular concern to globe are Convention. Negotiations relating to its developing countries. enormous…..Climate operational details were completed in change remains highly November 2001 and are compiled in the Industrialized countries, believed to have relevant to disasters and Marrakech Accords. The protocol contributed more to climate change, are their reduction for several contains legally binding commitments for requested by the Convention to submit important reasons. Firstly, developed countries Party to the regular reports, known as national the existing trends evident convention. With the notable exception of communications, detailing their climate in weather parameters, the United States, most OECD countries change policies and measures. These though quite small, may agreed to decrease their anthropogenic countries are termed Annex 1 Parties of already be exacerbating the greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5 per which there are currently 40 plus those of impacts of some hazard cent below 1990 levels in the first the European Union. events, especially where commitment period from 2008-2012. social and environmental Some countries with high emission rates All remaining countries, mostly stresses are already high. have not yet ratified the Kyoto Protocol. developing countries, make up the group Secondly, the IPCC The protocol is therefore not yet in force. of non-Annex I Parties, currently [Intergovernmental Panel By the end of 2003, the Convention numbering 147. These countries are on Climate Change] has counts 188 Parties, while 120 countries invited to provide national consistently projected the have ratified the Kyoto Protocol. communications in more general terms on likelihood of increased their actions to address climate change and frequency and intensity of Since the convention’s entry into force, measures taken to adapt to its effects. hazards in future. When Parties have met annually at sessions of the They also are encouraged to report on and where these changes Conference of the Parties (COP), the their needs to implement the Convention. will become manifest is Convention’s supreme decision-making very uncertain, so body, to review and monitor its Even though the guidelines for national precautionary preparations implementation and continue talks on how communications do not include any specific are essential. best to address climate change. The reference to disaster reduction or Convention’s two subsidiary bodies – the preparedness, much of the information Steps that enhance our Subsidiary Body for Scientific and requested from countries will be of ability to cope with the Technological Advice (SBSTA) and the relevance for disaster reduction strategies. existing climate will be Subsidiary Body for Implementation Information on policy frameworks for especially desirable and (SBI) – carry out preparatory work for the implementing adaptation measures and cost effective. Thirdly, the COP. As their names suggest, the SBSTA response strategies in the context of disaster experience of countries in is responsible for providing advice to the preparedness will be beneficial to any managing current climate COP on scientific, technological and national disaster risk management policies, fluctuations and extremes, methodological issues, as well as especially in the context of integrating for example, multi-year cooperation with the IPCC and other climate change impact information into droughts, can provide relevant international organizations. The national planning processes. valuable lessons for dealing SBI helps with the assessment and review with projected longer-term of the convention’s implementation, liaison Specific needs with regard to financial changes. Fourthly, disaster with the Global Environment Facility, and assistance and technology transfer, along reduction provides a solid, financial and administrative issues. A with support for capacity building of meaningful, no-regrets set permanent secretariat is based in Bonn, particularly vulnerable developing of activities in support of Germany. countries, are taken into account under the climate change adaptation climate regime. plans.” The decisions taken by the COP now make up a detailed rule book for the Some developing countries such as low- UN Secretary-General’s effective implementation of the lying island states or those with areas prone report on the Convention. The landmark Marrakesh to natural hazards face high risks from the Implementation of ISDR Accords adopted at the seventh session of adverse effects of climate change itself. (A/58/277) the COP in 2001 were especially Others, such as oil exporting states, feel
98 Annex Selected international development agendas and commitments relevant to disaster risk reduction 4
Box A.2 The Global Environment Facility
The Global Environment Facility (GEF) is entrusted with the operation of the financial mechanism of the climate change convention on an interim basis. It is an international partnership of UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank. It fundamentally provides additional grant and concessional funding to meet the incremental costs of measures to achieve agreed global environmental benefits in climate change. In doing so, it also addresses matters of biological diversity; international waters, ozone layer depletion and persistent organic pollutants. The agreed incremental cost of activities concerning land degradation, primarily desertification and deforestation also are eligible for funding, as they relate to the four focus areas.
Activities financed by the GEF are consistent with the policies and programme priorities established by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention. Between July 2001 and May 2002, total climate change financing was about US$ 900 million, of which US$ 136.64 million was GEF financing.
GEF activities related to adaptation include the preparation of vulnerability and adaptation assessments within the context of national communications, national adaptation strategies and the assessment of adaptation options. In this context, the operational guidelines for expedited funding for the preparation of national adaptation programmes of action by LDCs are now available. The Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change and the Pacific Islands Climate Change Assistance Programme are both funded by GEF. Adaptation activities also include multidisciplinary projects that focus on biodiversity, land degradation and international waters. more threatened by the potential economic The Marrakech Accords established two new repercussions of climate change response measures. Convention funds, to be managed by the Global The Protocol requests Parties to minimize the Environmental Facility (GEF). Operating as the adverse effects of their climate change policies and financial mechanism of the Convention, GEF measures, including social, environmental and will administer the special climate fund and the economic impacts on other Parties. Least Developed Countries fund. The scope of activities eligible for funding under the Climate change legislation and financing Convention was extended, notably in the area of mechanisms will have positive benefits for coping adaptation to climate change and capacity with climate- and water-related hazards, which building. These include the integration of climate constitute more than two-thirds of all disasters. change considerations in sustainable development The time is ripe for forging links between climate planning; the development of systematic change and disaster risks as adaptation is now observation and monitoring networks; use of gaining momentum after years of focusing on early warning for extreme weather events and greenhouse gas abatement. The Marrakesh disease outbreaks; the assessment of vulnerability Accords took important steps in this direction, and and adaptation options, as well as the set out a programme of continuing analysis on the implementation of adaptation activities where impacts of climate change, including consideration appropriate. of the potential roles for insurance measures to counter them. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) established under the additional Protocol also The Accords also established a separate work represents a potential for financing projects programme to assist Least Developed Countries providing disaster reduction services. This (LDC) in the preparation of national adaptation mechanism is meant to ease emission target programmes of action. It is intended that these compliance for developed countries through the programmes will enable LDCs to identify urgent financing of energy projects in developing actions to expand their current coping capabilities countries. In the first commitment period and enhance resilience to future climate variability reforestation projects will also be eligible. A later and extremes. This process can help LDCs possibility exists to add land-use projects for the identify and address some of the underlying second commitment period. CDM projects will causes of vulnerability, including such actions as finance an adaptation fund to help vulnerable those to reduce the impact of the next hazardous developing countries adapt to the adverse effects season or the use of land-use zoning that could of climate change. facilitate future disaster response.
99 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
Box A.3 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
The IPCC, established by UNEP and WMO in 1988, provides important scientific input to the climate change process. The current structure of the IPCC consists of three working groups: working group I addresses the science of climate change; working group II deals with impacts, vulnerability and adaptation; and working group III with mitigation of greenhouse gases. In addition to the three working groups, the IPCC also includes a Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas inventories.
The IPCC is best known for its comprehensive assessment reports, incorporating findings from all three working groups, which are recognised as the most credible source of information on climate change. The latest, Third Assessment Report released in 2001, stated that "there is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities and human interference will continue to change atmospheric composition throughout the 21st century".
The IPCC has projected the following alarming chain reaction of events by 2010:
• Largest greenhouse gas emissions would increase from today's level of about 365 ppmv (parts per million by volume) to between 550 and 1000 ppmv. • Global mean surface temperatures will increase by about 1.5 to six degrees Celsius. • Incidence of some extreme events will increase including the frequency and magnitude of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon.
These projections directly affect the very existence of some low-lying states and are likely to have a profound impact on the planet in terms of the likelihood of large-scale disasters.
The IPCC states that there is little evidence that efficient and effective adaptations to climate change risks will be undertaken autonomously. It says that in most developing countries local governments are weak and ineffective at environmental management and have little capacity to integrate disaster preparedness into current tasks and responsibilities.
More information can be found on www.ipcc.ch, see also Chapter 2
Finally, the Convention has a provision to concern at the Earth Summit. The summit encourage the coordination of activities carried out supported a new, integrated approach to the under relevant international agreements, in problem emphasizing action to promote particular the UN Convention to Combat sustainable development at the community level. Desertification and the Convention on Biological UNCCD was adopted in 1994 and entered into Diversity. Such activities include early warning force in 1996. Over 179 countries are now parties systems and disaster preparedness and to the Convention. management.
Unfortunately, despite this and other efforts, Countries affected by desertification are UNEP concluded in 1991 that the problem of implementing the Convention by developing and land degradation had intensified, although there carrying out national, sub-regional, and regional were some examples of success. action programmes. Drawing on past lessons, the Convention states that these programmes should: As a result, the question of how to address desertification more effectively was still a major • adopt a participatory, bottom-up approach;
100 Annex Selected international development agendas and commitments relevant to disaster risk reduction 4
• emphasize popular participation designed to not been a priority until very recently. However, allow local people to help themselves to reverse the subject is included in the strategic work plan land degradation; for 2003-2004. The eighth session of the • make politically-sensitive changes, such as Conference of the Parties (Valencia, November decentralizing authority, improving land-tenure 2002) recognized the potential role of wetland systems, and empowering women, farmers, and restoration in mitigating the effects of floods and pastoralists; drought, adopting guidelines to this effect. • allow NGOs to play a strong role; Another resolution requested parties to monitor • be fully integrated into other national policies and assess impacts of drought and other natural for sustainable development; and hazards on the livelihoods of local communities • be flexible and modified as circumstances change. and indigenous peoples dependent on Ramsar sites.
Wetlands The Ramsar convention bodies are the Conference of the Contracting Parties, the The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands Standing Committee (representatives from Preservation was adopted in 1971 in the Iranian Ramsar’s six regions), the Scientific and city of Ramsar. It came into force in 1975 and 131 Technical Review Panel and the Ramsar Bureau. countries are party to the Convention. The The main partners for the implementation of Ramsar Convention is the only global policies are the World Conservation Union environmental treaty dealing with a specific (IUCN), Wetlands International, the World ecosystem. Its mission concerns the conservation Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and Birdlife and wise use of wetlands by national action and International. The Ramsar Convention has a international cooperation as a means to achieving joint work plan with the Convention on sustainable development throughout the world. Biological Diversity and a memorandum of understanding with, among others, the UNCCD Some of the main activities of the Convention are and the World Heritage Programme of the development of national wetlands policies and UNESCO. maintaining inventories of wetlands. It deals with
Box A.4 The Ramsar Convention on Wetland Preservation and disaster reduction
Among the many values and functions of wetlands some of the most important involve flood reduction, coastal protection, mitigation of climate change and desertification effects. These considerations are at the heart of the Convention's guidance on management planning for wetlands. In addition to the revised management planning guidelines currently under development for adoption by the Conference of the Parties, additional guidance is also being developed on integrated coastal zone management which stresses these values very strongly.
Ramsar, the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), and the Niger Basin Authority are presently working on a project financed by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) to designate wetlands throughout the Niger River Basin as Ramsar sites and develop management plans for them which will help to mitigate the effects of seasonal climate variations. A similar initiative also financed by GEF is currently underway with Ramsar, WWF, and the Lake Chad Basin Commission to bring the entire basin under a cooperative management plan following Ramsar guidelines.
Similarly, Ramsar staff is working with local officials and NGOs on a number of projects in Europe to develop sound management regimes for transboundary wetlands such as the Neretva River delta, the trilateral Prespa Park, the Danube Delta and the Dyje Morava floodplain. Although the main purpose of these activities is sustainable use of resources, all have a component that is relevant to disaster prevention.
Source: Ramsar Secretariat, and G. Bergkamp, B.Orlando, IUCN RAMSAR secretariat and G. Bergkamp, B.t Orlando, IUCN, 1999
101 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives designated wetlands around the globe in order to The assessment and reduction of vulnerability to promote their conservation. such extremes additionally require decisions about
102 Annex Selected international development agendas and commitments relevant to disaster risk reduction 4
The reduction of vulnerability to floods and Gender agenda droughts will have to be included in many facets of the freshwater agenda. These include the The Beijing Platform for Action, adopted at the involvement of all stakeholders in river basin Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995 management, an institutional framework to recognized that many women are particularly manage water demand more effectively and affected by environmental disasters, disease and international trade arrangements which respect violence. national water regulations. Such water management processes need to be accompanied It requested governments to “promote knowledge of by an increased delegation of responsibility and and sponsor research on the role of women, developed capacities to local authorities. particularly rural and indigenous women, in food gathering and production, soil conservation, In October 2002 the UN-WATER committee irrigation, watershed management, sanitation, was launched, with its secretariat supported by coastal zone and marine resource management, DESA. It is composed of representatives of UN integrated pest management, land-use planning, agencies and programmes with activities in the forest conservation and community forestry, field of freshwater, as defined broadly by chapter fisheries, natural disaster prevention, and new and 18 of Agenda 21. The principal objective of renewable sources of energy, focusing particularly UN-WATER is to coordinate policies, strategic on indigenous women’s knowledge and experience.” approaches and actions among the agencies and programmes of the United Nations system In 2000, a review of the implementation of the within the area of freshwater. This seeks to Beijing platform identified natural disasters and ensure the most effective support to countries in epidemics as emerging issues which deserved their effort to assess, develop and manage their greater attention. The social and economic impacts freshwater resources in a sustainable manner, to of natural disasters and epidemics were noted as reduce the impact of water-related hazards and remaining relatively invisible as policy issues, in to protect the integrity of the natural particular their impact on the status of women and environment. The flagship initiative the achievement of gender equality. implemented by UN-WATER is the World Water Assessment Programme/World Water In responding to a questionnaire, several states in Development Report. Africa and Asia cited poverty as an obstacle to
103 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
Several articles of the Convention on the The Commission called for the integration of Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination gender perspectives in the implementation of all Against Women of 1979 explore the violations of policy documents and treaties related to women’s human rights in the case of natural sustainable development and in the review of the disasters. A number of general recommendations, implementation of the Yokohama Strategy and adopted by the Committee on the Elimination of Plan of Action for a Safer World. Discrimination Against Women, interpret articles
The necessity to introduce a gender perspective The health sector does not exist in isolation and into ongoing research on the relationships between must cooperate with other groups involved in the climate, natural hazards, disaster and related overall framework for emergency preparedness environmental vulnerability also was highlighted. and establish priorities in accordance with the The group stressed the need to use gender-sensitive overall disaster response plan. The responsibility indices and indicators, further emphasising the of health agencies in disaster reduction includes need to develop instruments that foster gender assisting in developing national disaster response analysis in local disaster risk management. plans, implementing mass casualty management
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Box A.5 Kobe - a city adapting and recovering
The Habitat-agenda aims to build capacities for sustainable human settlements issues. A window of opportunity for change is after a disaster. In the case of Kobe, Japan, disaster and risk reduction acquired a new meaning after 1995.
The Kobe earthquake, with a magnitude of 7.2 in the Richter scale, hit the city and its surrounding areas on 17 January 1995 at 5:46. There were over 6,400 casualties and more than 200,000 people (Hyogo Prefecture Government) were forced to find temporary shelter due to the destruction of buildings and infrastructure.
Public facilities such as offices, schools and hospitals were damaged extensively, paralysing services for several days. Utilities were also interrupted - electricity was unavailable in 25 per cent of the city and telephone, gas and water was disrupted in the entire city. Many severe fires broke out, resulting in more than 800,000 square metres of burnt land. The economic damage to the city was estimated at 7 trillion Japanese yen (approx. US$60 billion).
The earthquake showed the need for a multidisciplinary approach of disaster management with appropriate incorporation of the socio-economic context. A massive reconstruction plan was undertaken following the earthquake both at the city and provincial levels. The basic ideas of the reconstruction plan were:
• balance between the urban conveniences and safety precautions • raising awareness of both benefits and hazards of nature • more emphasis on human interaction
Key issues for creating community safety were incorporated in the reconstruction planning and emphasised the following:
• Security. Creation of a community where people can live and work with a sense of safety. • Vitality. Creation of a community and built environment full of creativity. • Appeal. Creation of a community consistent with its unique nature and appeal. • Cooperation. Creation of a community that will work together in mutual trust.
The goal of the reconstruction plan was to create a safer city while respecting the necessity to live a normal, everyday life. Many evaluations were conducted during Kobe's reconstruction period. Following are some of the findings found useful in improving earthquake countermeasures:
• Promoting integrated risk management • Enhancing community involvement in the formulation of earthquake countermeasures and developing cooperation between administrative organizations and residents • Continued efforts toward the creation of safe and disaster resistant towns • Passing results to future generations and establishing a framework for international cooperation concerning earthquake countermeasures.
Source: Kenji Okazaki, 2001 exercises, conducting health services assessments • Reducing the vulnerability of communities to including hospital vulnerability assessments, as hazards and increasing their ability to withstand well as ensuring continuation of epidemiological disruption and to recover rapidly. surveillance and disease control. • Strengthening routine services so that the potential health effects of emergencies and Emergencies and disasters can occur anywhere in disasters are minimized. the world, affecting human health, people’s lives • Responding to emergencies and disasters with and the infrastructure built to support them. appropriate environmental health activities (water Environmental health problems arising from supply and sanitation, vector control, etc.). emergencies and disasters are connected to their • Protection of hospitals and health care centres, effects on the physical, biological and social with the ultimate goal of protecting the lives of environment that pose a threat to human health, patients, staff and other occupants and ensuring well-being and survival: shelter, water, sanitation, that these facilities can continue to function disease vectors, pollution, etc. Management of during and after a disaster strikes. environmental health responsibilities before, during and after emergencies and disasters must Among risk reduction measures, vulnerability take into consideration the following: studies in hospitals serve as a base to adjust
105 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives methodologies for rules and regulations for Mechanisms were adopted to promote the improving construction security of existing and integration of comprehensive hazard and risk new hospitals. Risk mapping in communities management approaches into sustainable helps communities identify risk areas and development planning. They include development mitigate against the health consequences of the and implementation of measures of vulnerability, disaster. Simulation exercises for mass casualty hazard identification and assessment, disaster management, involving both the community as prevention, mitigation and preparedness, as well as well as all disaster response organizations, the strengthening of disaster response and recovery increases the response capacities of the local programmes. population. The Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) is pursuing the collective interests of SIDS even Small Island Developing States though not all SIDS are members of the alliance. As a follow-up to the Barbados programme, an internet In total, there are 43 small island developing network was established to facilitate information states (SIDS) in the Caribbean, Pacific and exchange, supported by DESA. In a similar vein, Indian Ocean regions. Their special UNESCO is also supporting an initiative called circumstances have gained global attention over Small Islands Voice. the years. The Rio Declaration and Agenda 21
106 Annex Selected international development agendas and commitments relevant to disaster risk reduction 4 disasters on LDCs. The programmes of action which can strengthen institutions and increase stemming from the first two conferences focussed ownership for local stakeholders in formulating on the need to improve disaster response sustainable development policies. capacities, with some references to the need for effective early warning capabilities. However, It encourages LDCs and their development during the third conference, held in 2001, the partners to involve the private sector in the areas of focus shifted to the importance of reducing disaster mitigation and disaster preparedness. It also vulnerability and for developing disaster encourages more participation by local communities mitigation programmes. and NGOs in disaster mitigation, early warning systems and relief efforts. The international donor The programme of action for LDCs for the community has been encouraged regularly to give decade 2001-2010 aims to forge strong priority attention to LDCs. partnerships between LDCs and industrialized nations to significantly improve the human and The United Nations Conference on Trade and economic conditions in the poorest countries of Development (UNCTAD) plays a leading role the world. The programme of action also includes supporting efforts to implement the LDC a commitment for reducing vulnerability and programme of action. protecting the environment. It suggests actions
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108 Annex 5 Extracts from the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPoI) of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (A/CONF.199/20)
Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August-4 September 2002
The following extracts highlight sections of the JPoI relevant to disaster risk reduction, compiled by the ISDR Secretariat.
109 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
Chapter II. Poverty eradication
7. (l) Combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought and floods through such measures as improved use of climate and weather information and forecasts, early warning systems, land and natural resource management, agricultural practices and ecosystem conservation in order to reverse current trends and minimize degradation of land and water resources, including through the provision of adequate and predictable financial resources to implement the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa, as one of the tools for poverty eradication;
11. (b) Use low-cost and sustainable materials and appropriate technologies for the construction of adequate and secure housing for the poor, with financial and technological assistance to developing countries, taking into account their culture, climate, specific social conditions and vulnerability to natural disasters;
* * *
Chapter IV. Protecting and managing the natural resource base of economic and social development
24. Human activities are having an increasing impact on the integrity of ecosystems that provide essential resources and services for human well-being and economic activities. Managing the natural resources base in a sustainable and integrated manner is essential for sustainable development. In this regard, to reverse the current trend in natural resource degradation as soon as possible, it is necessary to implement strategies which should include targets adopted at the national and, where appropriate, regional levels to protect ecosystems and to achieve integrated management of land, water and living resources, while strengthening regional, national and local capacities.
* * *
26. Develop integrated water resources management and water efficiency plans by 2005, with support to developing countries, through actions at all levels to:
(d) Develop programmes for mitigating the effects of extreme water-related events.
* * *
37. An integrated, multi-hazard, inclusive approach to address vulnerability, risk assessment and disaster management, including prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery, is an essential element of a safer world in the 21st century. Actions are required at all levels to:
(a) Strengthen the role of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) and encourage the international community to provide the necessary financial resources to its Trust Fund; (b) Support the establishment of effective regional, sub-regional and national strategies and scientific and technical institutional support for disaster management; (c) Strengthen the institutional capacities of countries and promote international joint observation and research, through improved surface based monitoring and increased use of satellite data, dissemination of technical and scientific knowledge and the provision of assistance to vulnerable countries; (d) Reduce the risks of flooding and drought in vulnerable countries by, inter alia, promoting wetland and watershed protection and restoration, improved land-use planning, improving and applying more widely techniques and methodologies for assessing the potential adverse effects of climate change on wetlands and, as appropriate, assisting countries that are particularly vulnerable to these effects;
110 Annex Extracts from the text of the United Nations Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development 5
(e) Improve techniques and methodologies for assessing effects of climate change and encourage the continuing assessment of these adverse effects by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; (f) Encourage the dissemination and use of traditional and indigenous knowledge to mitigate the impact of disasters, and promote community-based disaster management planning by local authorities, including through training activities and raising public awareness; (g) Support the on-going voluntary contribution of, as appropriate, NGOs, the scientific community, and other partners in the management of natural disasters according to agreed, relevant guidelines; (h) Develop and strengthen early warning systems and information networks in disaster management, consistent with the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction; (i) Develop and strengthen capacity at all levels to collect and disseminate scientific and technical information, including the improvement of early warning systems for prediction of extreme weather events, especially El Niño/La Niña, through the provisions of assistance to institutions devoted to addressing such events, including the International Centre for the Study of the El Niño phenomenon; (j) Promote cooperation for the prevention and mitigation of, preparedness for, response to and recovery from major technological and other disasters with an adverse impact on the environment in order to enhance the capabilities of affected countries to cope with such situations.
* * *
38. Change in the Earth’s climate and its adverse effects are a common concern of humankind. We remain deeply concerned that all countries, particularly developing countries, including the least developed countries and small island developing States, face increased risks of negative impacts of climate change and recognize that, in this context, the problems of poverty, land degradation, access to water and food and human health remain in the centre of global attention…
* * * 41. Strengthen the implementation of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa to address causes of desertification and land degradation in order to maintain and restore land, and to address poverty resulting from land degradation. This would include actions at all levels to:
(d) Integrate measures to prevent and combat desertification as well as to mitigate the effects of drought through relevant policies and programmes, such as land, water and forest management, agriculture, rural development, early warning systems, environment, energy, natural resources, health and education, and poverty eradication and sustainable development strategies; (e) Provide affordable local access to information to improve monitoring and early warning related to desertification and drought;
* * *
42. Mountain ecosystems support particular livelihoods, and include significant watershed resources, biological diversity and unique flora and fauna. Many are particularly fragile and vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change and need specific protection. Actions at all levels are required to…
* * *
VII. Sustainable development of small island developing States
58. (h) Extend assistance to small island developing States in support of local communities and appropriate national and regional organizations of small island developing States for comprehensive hazard and risk management, disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness, and help relieve the consequences of disasters, extreme weather events and other emergencies;
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(i) Support the finalization and subsequent early operationalization, on agreed terms, of economic, social and environmental vulnerability indices and related indicators as tools for the achievement of the sustainable development of the small island developing States; (j) Assist small island developing States in mobilizing adequate resources and partnerships for their adaptation needs relating to the adverse effects of climate change, sea level rise and climate variability, consistent with commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, where applicable;
* * *
VIII. Sustainable Development for Africa
65. Deal effectively with natural disasters and conflicts, including their humanitarian and environmental impacts, recognizing that conflicts in Africa have hindered, and in many cases, obliterated both the gains and efforts aimed at sustainable development, with the most vulnerable members of society, particularly women and children, being the most impacted victims, through efforts and initiatives, at all levels, to:
(a) Provide financial and technical assistance to strengthen the capacities of African countries, including institutional and human capacity, including at the local level, for effective disaster management, including observation and early warning systems, assessments, prevention, preparedness, response and recovery; (b) Provide support to African countries to enable them to better deal with the displacement of people as a result of natural disasters and conflicts and put in place rapid response mechanisms; (c) Support Africa’s efforts for the prevention and resolution, management and mitigation of conflicts and its early response to emerging conflict situations to avert tragic humanitarian consequences; (d) Provide support to refugee host countries in rehabilitating infrastructure and environment, including ecosystems and habitats, that were damaged in the process of receiving and resettling refugees.
* * *
X. Means of implementation
89. Reduce unsustainable debt burden through actions as debt relief and, as appropriate, debt cancellation and other innovative mechanisms geared to comprehensively address the debt problems of developing countries, in particular the poorest and most heavily indebted ones... a) Implement speedily, effectively and fully the enhanced heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) initiative, which should be fully financed through additional resources, taking into consideration, as appropriate, measures to address any fundamental changes in the economic circumstances of those developing countries with unsustainable debt burden caused by natural catastrophes, severe terms-of- trade shocks or affected by conflict, taking into account initiatives which have been undertaken to reduce outstanding indebtedness;
* * *
105. Promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate, access to and development, transfer and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies and corresponding know-how, in particular in developing countries and countries with economies in transition on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed, as set out in Chapter 34 of Agenda 21, including through urgent actions at all levels to:
(e) Promote the access and transfer of technology related to early warning systems and to mitigation programmes to developing countries affected by natural disasters.
* * * 112 Annex Extracts from the text of the United Nations Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development 5
109. Improve policy and decision-making at all levels through, inter alia, improved collaboration between natural and social scienticies, and between scientists and policy makers, including actions at all levels to:
(a) indigenous knowledge in a manner respectful of the holders of that knowledge and consistent with national law; (b) Make greater use of integrated scientific assessments, risk assessments and interdisciplinary and intersectoral approaches;
* * *
130. Encourage further work on indicators for sustainable development by countries at the national level, including integration of gender aspects, on a voluntary basis, in line with conditions and priorities.
134. Support efforts to prevent and mitigate the impacts of natural disasters, including through actions at all levels to:
(a) Provide affordable access to disaster-related information for early warning purposes; (b) Translate available data, particularly from global meteorological observation systems, into timely and useful products.
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126 The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) aims at building disaster resilient communities by promoting increased awareness of the importance of disaster reduction as an integral component of sustainable development, with the goal of reducing human, social, economic and environmental losses due to natural haz- ards and related technological and environmental disasters.
Established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2000, the ISDR is a global framework for action to reduce vulnerability and risks of natural hazards and related technological and environmental disasters.
As an inter-agency effort, its main purpose is to facilitate governments and communities to integrate risk manage- ment into development policies and programmes, enabling communities to become resilient to disasters and sav- ing lives as well as social, economic, and environmental assets.
By working through a network of international organizations, scientific and expert institutions, civil society, private sector interests and government officials, the ISDR's objectives include increasing public awareness about disas- ter reduction, motivating commitment from public authorities, and stimulating inter-disciplinary and inter-sectoral partnerships to improve scientific knowledge on natural hazards and the causes of disasters.
The ISDR comprises two mechanisms for its implementation:
• Inter-Agency Task Force on Disaster Reduction, chaired by the Under-Secretary General for Humanitarian Affairs and comprising the following members: African Union Asian Disaster Preparedness Center Asian Disaster Reduction Center Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, Catholic University of Louvain (Belgium) Council of Europe Drought Monitoring Centre (Kenya) European Commission: Directorate-General Joint Research Centre Food and Agriculture Organization Global Fire Monitoring Centre Iberoamerican Association of Civil Defence and Civil Protection International CIS Council International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies International Telecommunication Union Munich Reinsurance New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) secretariat Organization of American States: Inter-American Committee for Natural Disaster Reduction South Pacific Geosciences Commission UN Centre for Human Settlements UN Centre for Regional Development UN Development Programme UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UN Environment Programme UN Institute for Training and Research UN University World Bank World Food Programme World Health Organization World Meteorological Organization • Inter-Agency Secretariat based in Geneva, Switzerland.
Further information about ISDR is available at http://www.unisdr.org