ANNALS OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE, vol. 8, no. 2, 2010 ИЗВЕСТИЯ АГРАРНОЙ НАУКИ, Том 8, Ном. 2, 2010
FORESTRY ЛЕСОВОДСТВО
DENDROFLORA OF ADJARA (AJARA FFLORISTICLORISTIC REGION)
Z.K. Manvelidze*, N.V. Memiadze*, D.Sh. Kharazishvili*, N. I.VarshanidzeI.Varshanidze******** * Batumi Botanical Garden Makhindjaur, Batumi, 6015, Georgia; [email protected]; ninovaja @gmail.com; [email protected] ****** Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University 13 Ninoshvili str., Batumi, 6010, Georgia; [email protected] Received: 15.12.09; accepted: 07.02.10
In the area under review, 185 taxa belonging to 104 genera and 58 families were identified. Spermatophytes contained 11 Gymnospermae and 174 Angiospermae taxa. The richest families are Rosaceae with 39 taxa, Leguminosae and Ericaceae with 9 taxa; Fagaceae with 8 taxa; Aceraceae, Oleaceae and Corylaceae with 6 taxa; Salicaceae and Betulacaeae with 5 taxa. The richest genera are Rubus (12 taxa); Sorbus (7 taxa); Acer, Quercus, Rosa and Rhododendron (6 taxa). The rates of taxa included in certain phytogeographical regions were as follows: Euxinian element 49 taxa – 26,5%; Asian element 31 taxa 16,8 %; Euro Siberian 28 taxa 15,0%; Mediterranean 17 taxa 9,4%; European element 12 taxa 6,5 %; N. America 6 taxa 3,1 % and 42 taxa 22,7% multiregional or of unknown phytogeographic origin. The life form spectrum of the taxa was as follows: Trees 65 taxa 33%; Shrubs 120 (with 6 lianas 67%. The alian flora is presented by 35 taxa 19 % (adventive 3, invasive 3, subspontaneous 22, naturalized 7). The endemic flora is presented by 25 taxa 13,5 % (Caucasian 6, Georgian 4, Colchetian 8, Adjara Lazetian 6, Ajarian 1) 23 taxa included in Red List of Georgia; 3 taxa included in IUCN Red List.
INTRODUCTION The floristic region of Adjara is located within the administrative borders of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara , in the south western part of Georgia, and covers an area of 3,000 km 2, with altitudes ranging from 0 to 2993 m above sea level [1,2].
In view of its topography, the territory of Adjara can be divided into four parts: lowlands, hilly zone, mountain gorges and high mountains [3] . Considerably dissected terrain, widely ranging altitudes and deep ravines are characteristic for the mountainous part of Ajara. Over 80% of the area is slopes inclined at ≥ 20 degrees. Further towards the tops of the ridfes, the topography is simpler . Geological structure is mainly formed by volcanic sediments of the Tertiary age .
Adjara is distinguished by special vertical distribution of Forest vegetation types conforming to the following pattern [4]:
Littoral and lowland vegetation (0 25 m.a.s.l.) Forests (from 0 25 m to 2100 2200 m a.s.l.) Hygrophilous, thermophilous mixed deciduous forest belt (from 0 25 m to 400 500 m a.s.l.) Sub belt of broad leaved – chestnut forests ( Castanea sativa ) (from 400 500m – to 1000 1100 (1200) m a.s.l.) covers northern and western slopes of the hilly coastal part of Ajara. Sub belt of broad leaved oak forests ( Quercus dshorochensis; Q. hartwissiana ) (300 800 m a.s.l.) Sub belt of mixed forests (((polydominant ( communities of dark coniferous species: Picea orientalis, Pinus sosnovskyi ; deciduous species: Fagus orientalis, Carpinus caucasica, Acer campestre, A. platanoides, etc. ) covers the intermountain part of Ajara ( from 300 to 1500 1600 m a.s.l. on north facing slopes and from 800 to 1500 1600 m a.s.l. on south facing slopes ). Sub belt of beech forests ( Fagus orientalis ) covers hilly zone of the Adjara’s coast (from 1100 to 1900 1950 m above sea level). Sub belt of spruce and abies forests (Picea orientalis, Abies nordmanniana ) (from 1500 1600 to 2100 2200 m a.s.l.) Subalpine forest meadow vegetation belt (from 2000 2100 to 2350 2370 m a.s.l.) Alpine vegetation belt (from 2350 (2400) to 2993 m a.s.l.)
Several climate types are distinguished in Ajara that correspond to the vertical arrangement of the vegetation belts [5]:
Climate of the coastal plain and hygrophilous thermophilous mixed deciduous forest zone: average annual temperature is12°C; average temperature of the coldest month (January) is over2°C. Absolute minimum temperature rarely drops below 10°C, and accumulated temperatures above 10°C amount to 3900 4700°C. Climate of the chestnut forest zone of coastal region of Adjara is distinguished by moderately cold winter with deep but unsteady snow cover; warm, long lasting summer with abundant precipitation (> 2500 mm); average annual temperature is 10 11°C; absolute minimum temperature drops to –10 12°C (rarely to –16°C ); duration of the growing season is 6,5 7,5 months. Climate of the beech forest zone of coastal region of Adjara is characterized by high annual air humidity (80 81%) and abundant precipitation – 3500 3800 mm; average annual temperature is 8,5 9°C; average temperature of the warmest month (August) – 15 15,5°C;
2 average temperature of the coldest month (January) – 0,5°C; absolute minimum rarely drops below –16 17°C. Climate of the oak forest zone of intermountain region of Adjara is distinguished by moderately humid and cold winter; average annual precipitation is 720 900 mm; average temperature of the warmest month (August) – 19,2 20,3°C, and highest temperature is 38 39°C; average temperature of the coldest month (January) – 0,8 1,2°C; average minimum temperature is 1,5 2,5°C, absolute minimum –14 16°C; duration of the growing season is 6 7 months. Climate of the beech forest zone of intermountain region of Adjara is characterized by moderately humid and comparatively cold winter, thick and steady snow cover, cool summer; duration of a growing season – 5 6,5 months. Climate of the spruce and abies forest zone is distinguished by humid, comparatively cold winter and deeper and steadier snow cover than the previous climate types;, and cool and short summer; maximum temperature is 28°C; average temperature of the coldest month (January) – 6,4°C; absolute minimum temperature is –20°C; duration of the growing season is 4,5 5,5 months. Climate of the subalpine forest zone includes climatic characteristics of spruce and pine forest zone and reaches to 2400 m a.s.l.); the zone is characterized by cold winter and steady snow cover, cold and short summer; duration of the growing season is3,5 4,5 months.
T. Urushadze and other authors suggest the following scheme of vertical distribution of soil zones on the territory of Ajara (FAO legend [6,7]):
Littoral vegetation zone soils: lllitoral l and riparian detritus rubbish (Haplic Arenosols ) and alluvial meadow soils ( Distric Fluvisols ); Hygrophilous thermophilous mixed deciduous forest zone soils: characterized by two kinds of red soils: red shallow ( Haplic Ferralsols ) and red true or podzolic (Haplic Histosols or Rodic Acrisols ).).). Beech forest zone soils: represented by Brown forest true (Umbric Cambisols) and rusty brown soil brown forest shallow ( Distric Cambisols ). Chestnut forest zone soils: mainly represented by yellow brown forest soils (Ocsic Cambisols ). Spruce abies forest zone soils: characterized by brown forest podzolic soils (Gleic Cambisols ). Soils subalpine and alpine zone of Adjara represented by mountain meadow sward soils (District Regosols ) and mountain meadow sward peat soils (Folists Histosols ).
Based on specific composition of floristic complexes, history and taxonomic structure of the flora, Ajara (Ajara floristic region) is considered as a province (Colchic or Eastern Euxinian) of the ancient Mediterranean region. Indigenous flora that originated from the Tertiary Mediterranean flora is basis of the region’s floristic diversity [8].
3 Certain scientific data on Ajara’s dendroflora can be found in works dated by the beginning of the XX century; many Georgian and foreign researchers have visited and collected plant specimens from Ajara [9,10, et all.].
Recent data about species of dendroflora and diversity of eco systems are also provided in teh further publications [11 18].
OBJECTIVES AND METHODS A major method of investigation is a traditional route expedition excursion method. Plant specimens for herbarium and cameral processing between 1990 and 2008 collected by us were used to create the species list, as well as samples enumerated in Batumi Botanical Garden (BAT) and N. Ketskhoveli Tbilisi Institute of Botany Herbarium Fund in 1960 1990; some samples of herbarium and digital pictures are kept as well as at M. Lomonosow State University.
We identified plants according to the plant indexes of Georgia and Turkey; Variety taxonomy is specified according to the temporary nomenclature [13,14,19 23].
In the Table 1 of everyone wood taxa Adjara (Ajara floristic region) the version is presented with following details: endemism, life forms and phytogeographical areas have been estimated according to Davis 1965 1982; Ketskhoveli, Kharadze, Gagnidze 1971 2007 [23,24]. Conservation status are given according Red List of Georgia and IUCN Red list [25,26]. The terminology of alien status presented below hes been adapted from Weber (1999), Richardson et al. (2000) and Kikodze et al (2009) [27 29]. The abbreviations used in the text and in the floristic list are as follows: Euro Sib: Euro Siberian element; Eux: Euxine element; Hyrc Eux: Hyrcano Euxine element; Ir Tur: Irano Turanian element; Medit: Mediterranean element; E: East; mt: mountain; Endemism: K Caucasian; G Georgian; COLH Colchetian; A L Adjara Lazetian, A Ajarian.
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS The dendroflora of the floristic region of Adjara is represented 185 taxa belonging to 104 genera and 58 families were identified. Spermatophytes contained 11 Gymnospermae and 174 Angiospermae taxa.The list of the woody taxa that were defined in the study area is shown in Table 1.
The richest families are Rosaceae with 39 taxa, Leguminosae and Ericaceae with 9 taxa; Fagaceae with 8 taxa; Aceraceae, Oleaceae and Corylaceae with 6 taxa; Salicaceae and Betulacaeae with 5 taxa. The richest genera are Rubus (12 taxa); Sorbus (7 taxa); Acer, Quercus, Rosa and Rhododendron (6 taxa).
4 The life form spectrum of the taxa was as follows: Trees 65 taxa 33%; Shrubs 120 (with 6 lianas 67%.
The area is a very important relictual refuge for many plant species that are remnants of an ancient Mediterranean flora such as Periploca graeca L. var. graeca (Asclepidaceae), Cistus creticus L., C. salviifolius L. (Cistaceae), Jasminum officinale L. (Oleaceae) and Rhus coriaria L. (Anacardiaceae ) [16].
The uniqueness of the presence of many relict plant species in the region is largely due to the fact that the Caucasus was spared from the severe effects glacial retreats during the last Ice Age. The region is also unique with respect to the fact that one of the characteristic features of the south Colchic is endemic endemism. The main kernel of mesophilic dendroflora formation of which is conditioned with positive balance of warm and humid atmosphere is mainly presented by relict endems that form peculiar “Shkeriani”. The following species belong to this group first: Betula medwediewii Regel (Betulaceae), Quercus pontica C.Koch (Fagaceae), Epigaea gaultherioides (Boiss. & Ball) Takht., Rhododendron ungernii Trautv., R. smirnovii Trautv. (Ericaceae) and Osmanthus decorus (Boiss. & Ball) Kasaplıgil (Oleaceae) .The main factor of existance of these spacies is high precipitation the least annual amount of that is not less than 1300 mm [30].
The rates of taxa included in certain phytogeographical regions were as follows: Euxinian element 49 taxa – 26,5%; Asien element 31 taxa 16,8 %; Euro Siberian 28 taxa 15,0%; Mediterranean 17 taxa 9,4%; European element 12 taxa 6,5 %; N. America 6 taxa 3,1 % and 42 taxa 22,7% multiregional or of unknown phytogeographic origin.
5 Table . The list of the woody taxa Adjara floristic region
IUCN ALIEN GENUS SPECIES FAMILY LIFE FORM ORIGIN ALTITUDE(m) ENDEMISM STATUS STATUS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Abies nordmanniana Pinaceae Tree Eux. 800 - 19 50 Acacia dealbata Leguminosae Tree Australia 0-1600 Subspontaneus Acer campestre Aceraceae Tree Euro-Sib. 150 - 550 Acer laetum Aceraceae Tree Eux.-Hyrc. 50 -1800 Acer palmatum Aceraceae Tree East Asia 50 -70 adventive Acer platan oides Aceraceae Tree Central Europe 50 -1600 Acer pseudoplatanus Aceraceae Tree Europe 50 Acer trautveterii Aceraceae Tree Eux. 1950 - 2550 K Ailanthus altissima Simaroubaceae Tree East Asia 450 -700 adventive Akebia quinata Lardizab alaceae Shrub East Asia 20 -50 subspontaneous Alnus barbata Betulaceae Tree Eux. 0-800 Alnus glutinosa Betulaceae Tree Eux. 400 - 1800 Alnus incana Betulaceae Tree Europe 50 -100 Amorpha fruticosa Leguminosae Shrub North America 20 -50 naturalized Arbutus andrachne Ericaceae Tree No identificed 420 -480 EN Astragalus sommieri . Leguminosae Shrub Eux. 350 -600 A-L VU Baccharis halimifolia Compositae Shrub North America 20 -50 naturalized Berberis vulgaris Berberidaceae Shrub Eux. 1970 -2000 Betula litwinowii Betulaceae Tree Eux. 1950 - 2200 Betula medwedewii Betulaceae Shrub Eux. 1300 - 1900 COLH VU Buddleja davidii Budd lejaceae Shrub East Asia 20 -50 subspontaneous Buxus colchica Buxaceae Shrub Eux. 50 -1000 VU Caluna vulgaris Ericaceae Shrub Euro-Sib. 50 Carpinus caucasicus Corylaceae Tree Euro-Sib. 50 -1200 Carpinus orientalis Corylaceae Shrub Medit. 150 -400 Castanea sativa Fagaceae Tree Euro-Sib. 50 -1100 VU Catalpa speciosa Bignoniaceae Tree North America 0-600 subspontaneous Celtis australis Celtidaceae Tree unknown 50 VU Cerasus avium Rosaceae Tree Europe 50 -800 Cercis siliquastrum Leguminosae Tree West Asia 20 -100 subspontaneous Chamaecytisus hirsutissimus Fabaceae Tree unknown 350-600 Cinnam omum glanduliferum Lauraceae Tree East Asia 20 -100 subspontaneous
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cistus creticus Cistaceae Shrub Medit. 70 -700 VU Cistus salviifolius Cistaceae Shrub Medit. 150 -500 Clematis vitalba Ranunculaceae Liana Medit. 350 -600 Corylus avellana Corylaceae Shrub Euro-Sib. 50 -2000 Corylus maxima Corylaceae Shrub unknown 50-350 Corylus pontica Corylaceae Shrub Eux. 50 -600 VU Cotoneaster integerrimus Rosaceae Shrub Europe 2000 -2400 Crataegus microphylla Rosaceae Shrub Hyrc-Eux. 400 -800 Crataegus pentagyna Rosaceae Shrub Euro-Sib. 400 -800 Crataegu s curvisepala Rosaceae Shrub Central Europe 1800 -2000 Cryptomeria japonica Taxaceae Tree East Asia 20 -500 subspontaneous Cupressus lusitanica Cupressaceae Tree North America 20 -50 subspontaneous Cydonia oblonga Rosaceae Shrub Asia 450 -550 Daphne albowiana Thymelaeaceae Shrub Eux. 2000 -2400 EN Daphne glomerata Thymelaeaceae Shrub Eux. 2000 -2400 Cryptomeria japonica Taxaceae Tree East Asia 20 -500 subspontaneous Daphne mezereum Thymelaeaceae Shrub Euro-Sib. 1800 -2400 Daphne pontica Thymelaeaceae Shrub Medit. 50 -1000 Deutzia scabra Hydrangeaceae Shrub East Asia 20 -250 subspontaneous Diospyros lotus Ebenaceae Tree Eux. 50 -1500 Empetrum caucasicum Empetraceae Shrub Eux. 2000 -2400 Epigaea gaultherioides Ericaceae Shrub Eux. 800 -900 A-L VU Eucalyptus cinerea Myrtaceae Tree Australia 10 -300 naturalized Eucalyptus viminalis Myrtacea e Tree Australia 10 -300 naturalized Euonymus europaea Celastraceae Shrub Euro-Sib. 50 -1300 Euonymus latifolia Celastraceae Shrub Euro-Sib. 50 -2000 Euonymus leiophloea Celastraceae Shrub Eux. 50 -500 K Fagus ori entalis Fagaceae Tree Euro-Sib. 50 -2000 Ficus carica Moraceae Tree Eux. 10 -600 COLH Frangula alnus Rhamnaceae Shrub Euro-Sib. 10 -1800 Fraxinus oxycarpa Oleaceae Tree Euro-Sib. 900 - 1650 Fraxinus excelsior Oleaceae Tree Euro-Sib. 50 -1400
7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gomphocarpus fruticosus Asclepiadaceae Shrub Africa 20 -50 adventive Hedera helix Araceae Liana Euro-Medit. 50 -750 Hedera colchica Araceae Liana Eux. 30 -2000 Hibiscus syriacus Malvaceae Shrub East Asia 20 -150 subspontaneous Hippophae rhamnoides Elaeagnaceae Shrub Euro-Sib. 10 -100 Hydrangea macrophylla Hydrangeaceae Shrub East Asia 10 -300 subspontaneous Hypericum androsaemu m Hypericaceae Shrub Euro-Sib. 10 -1200 Hypericum xylosteifolium Hypericaceae Shrub Medit. 10 -800 Ilex colchica Aquifoliaceae Shrub Eux. 10 -1800 Jasminum officinale Oleaceae Shrub Medit. 10 Juglans regia Juglandaceae Tree Medit. 100 -1400 VU Juniperus oxycedrus Cupressaceae Tree Medit. 400 -550 Juniperus pygmaea Cupressaceae Shrub Asia 2000 -2400 Juniperus sabina Cupressaceae Shrub Euro-Sib. 2000 -2400 Laurocerasus officinalis Rosaceae Shrub Eux.-Iran. 50 -2300 Laurus nobilis Lauraceae Shrub Medit. 10 -300 VU Lespedeza bicolor Leguminosae Shrub East Asia 10 -100 subspontaneous Lespedeza juncea Leguminosae Shrub East Asia 10 -100 naturalized Lespedeza sericea Leguminosae Shru b East Asia 10 -100 subspontaneous Ligustrum japonicum Oleaceae Shrub East Asia 10 -100 subspontaneous Ligustrum vulgare Oleaceae Shrub Euro-Medit. 30 -400 Lonicera caprifolium Caprifoliaceae Shrub unknown 50-500 Lonicera caucasica Caprifoliaceae Shrub Eux.-Iran. 1350 -2000 Lonicera japonica Caprifoliaceae Shrub East Asia 10 -300 subspontaneous Lycium barbarum Solanaceae Shrub East Asia 10 -150 naturalized Mallotus japonicus Euphorbiaceae Tree East Asia subspontaneous Malus orientalis Rosaceae Tree Eux.-Iran. 100 -1400 Mespilus germanica Rosaceae Shrub Hyrc-Eux. 200 - 1550 Morus alba Moraceae Tree unknown 30-500 Morus nigra Moraceae Tree East Asia 30 -500 Myricaria bracteata Tamaricaceae Shrub unknown 500-700 Osmanthus decorus Oleaceae Shrub Eux. 100 -500 A-L VU
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ostrya carpinifolia Corylaceae Tree Medit. 600 -10 00 VU Paliurus spina-christi Rhamnaceae Shrub unknown 0-50 Paulownia tomentosa Bignoniaceae Tree East Asia 20 -200 subspontaneous Periploca graeca Asclepiadaceae Liana East Medit. 0-100 Picea orientali s Pinaceae Tree Eux. 400 -2000 Pinus kochiana Pinaceae Tree Asia minor- Iran 2000 -2400 Pinus sosnowskyi Pinaceae Tree Asia minor 300 -100 Populus tremula Salicaceae Tree Euro-Sib. 400 -2400 Caucas.-Asia Prunus divaricata Rosaceae Tree minor 20-800 Pterocaria pterocarpa Juglandaceae Tree Caucas.-Iran 0-50 VU Europ.-Caucas.- Punica granatum Punicaceae Shrub Iran 0-100 Caucas.- Asia Pyracantha coccinea Rosaceae Shrub min. 0-500 Pyrus balansae Rosaceae Tree unknown 200-600 Pyrus caucasica Rosaceae Tree Eux. 1800 -2000 K Quercus acutissima Fagaceae Tree East Asia 50 -100 subspontaneous Quercus dschorochensis Fagaceae Tree Eux. 100 -1200 A-L Quercus hartwissiana Fagaceae Tree Eux. 50 -1500 VU Quercus imeretina Fagaceae Tree Eux. 50 -100 G VU Quercus myrsinaefolia Fagaceae Tree East Asia 50 -100 subspontaneous Quercus pontica Fagaceae Tree Eux. 900 -2300 COLH VU Rhamnus imeretina Rhamnaceae Shrub Eux. 1800 -2400 COLH Rhamnus mi crocarpa Rhamnaceae Shrub Eux. 2200 -2600 Rhododendron caucasicum Ericaceae Shrub Eux. 1600 -2400 Rhododendron luteum Ericaceae Shrub Eux. 200 -2400 Rhododendron ponticum Ericaceae Shrub Eux. 50 -1200 Rhododendron smirnowii Ericaceae Shrub Eux. 900 -1600 A-L VU Rhododendron ungernii Ericaceae Shrub Eux. 900 -1200 A-L VU Rhododendron x sochadzeae Ericaceae Shrub Eux. 900 -1200 Rhus coriaria Anacardiaceae Shrub Medit.-Asia 50 -1200 Rhus javanica Anacardiaceae Tree East Asia 20 -100 invasive Ribes alpinum Ribesiaceae Shrub Europe 1500 -2000
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ribes biebersteinii Ribesiaceae Shrub Eux. 1500 -2200 Robinia pseudoacacia Leguminosae Tree North America 20 -1200 invasive Asia minor- Rosa boissieri Rosaceae Shrub Caucas. 150-800 Rosa canina Rosaceae Shrub Europe 50 -2000 Rosa corymbifera Rosaceae Shrub Europe 200 -2000 Rosa micrantha Rosaceae Shrub Europe-Medit. 150 -800 Rosa tomentosa Rosaceae Shrub Europe 700 -120 0 Rosa woronowii Rosaceae Shrub Asia minor 1800 -2400 Rubus adzharicus Rosaceae Shrub Eux. 0-50 A Rubus anatolicus Rosaceae Shrub Medit. 0-50 Rubus buschi Rosaceae Shrub Caucasus 1500 -2400 Rubus caesius Rosaceae Shrub Europe 50-800 Rubus candicans Rosaceae Shrub Europe 50 -1500 Rubus canescens Rosaceae Shrub Medit. 800 -1500 Rubus caucasicus Rosaceae Shrub Eux. 50 -2200 Rubus hirtus Rosaceae Shrub Europ-Caucas. 50 -2000 Rubus moschus Rosaceae Shrub unknown 800 G Rubus saxatilis Rosaceae Shrub unknown 1800-2000 Rubus serpens Rosaceae Shrub Europe 10 -100 Rubus woronowii Rosaceae Shrub Eux. 300 G Salix alba Salicaceae Tree Euro-Sib. 20 -1800 Salix caprea Salicaceae Tree Euro-Sib. 50 -2000 Salix caucasica Salicaceae Shrub Eux. 800 -2400 K Salix kikodseae Salicaceae Shrub Eux. 2200 -2400 COLH EN Sambucus nigra Sambucaceae Shrub Euro-Sib. 50 -1800 Smilax excelsa Smilacaceae Liana Eux. 50 -1500 Solanum pseu docapsicum Solanaceae Shrub South America 20 -250 subspontaneous Sorbus aucuparia Rosaceae Tree Euro-Sib. 500 -2000 Sorbus colchica Rosaceae Shrub Eux. 2000 COLH Sorbus fedorovii Rosaceae Shrub unknown 1800 K
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sor bus graeca Rosaceae Shrub Medit. 1800 -2400 Sorbus migarica Rosaceae Shrub Eux. 2400 -2600 G Sorbus subfusca Rosaceae Shrub Eux. 2400 -2600 K Sorbus torminalis Rosaceae Tree Euro-Sib. 300 -700 Spartium junceum Leguminosae Shrub Medit erranean 20 -150 naturalized Spiraea japonica Rosaceae Shrub East Asia 20 -500 invasive Staphylea colchica Staphyleaceae Shrub Eux. 100 -150 COLH VU Europ.-Asia Staphylea pinnata Staphyleaceae Shrub minor 50-900 Swida australis Cornaceae Shrub Asia minor 50 -800 Swida koenigii Cornaceae Shrub Eux. 300 -1700 COLH Tamarix ramosissima Tamaricaceae Shrub Medit.-Iran 0-100 Tamarix tetrandra Tamaricaceae Shrub Medit. 0-500 Taxus baccata Taxaceae Tree Europe 50 -1500 VU Tilia caucasica Tiliaceae Tree Eux. 100 -1600 Trachycarpus fortunei Palmae Tree East Asia 30 -500 subspontaneous Ulmus glabra Ulmaceae Tree Euro-Sib. 50 -1500 Ulmus minor Ulmaceae Tree Euro-Sib. 50 -700 Ulmus scarba Ulmaceae Tree Euro-Sib. 50 -1600 Vaccinium arctostaphylos Vaccinaceae Shrub Eux. 50 -1900 Vaccinium myrtillus Vaccinaceae Shrub Euro-Sib. 2400 -2600 Vaccinium uliginosum Vaccinaceae Shrub unknown 2400-2600 Vaccinium vitis-ideae Vaccinaceae Shrub unknown 2400-2600 Viburnum lantana Viburnaceae Shrub Euro-Sib. 1800 -2200 Viburnum opulus Viburnaceae Shrub Euro-Sib. 50 -1500 Viburnum orientale Viburnaceae Shrub Eux. 50 -1800 Viscum album Loranthaceae Shrub unknown 5-1500 Vitex agnus -castus Verbenaceae Shrub Medit. 0-20 Vitis labrusca Vitaceae Shrub North America 50 -500 subspontaneous Vitis vinifera Vitaceae Liana unknown 100-700
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On the research area euxine elements are more spread than other phytogeographic elements of the region. Domination of euxine and the Mediterranean elements not surprising as taking into account its species composition of florist complexes, historical past and systematic structure of flora Ajara belongs to antic Mediterranean world, Mediterranean region, colchic or east Euxine province; Its floristic diversity is based on auto tectonic flora developed from the kernel of Mediterranean flora in tertiary period [4].
There are 25 species in the dendroflora of Adjara which belong to 9 families and 12 genus, including Caucasian 6 taxa (Acer trautwetteri; Euonymus leiophloea; Pyrus caucasica; Salix caucasica; Sorbus fedorovii; S. subfusca ) Georgian 4 taxa (Quercus imeretina; Rubus moschus; Rubus woromowii; Sorbus migarica ) Colchetian 8 taxa (Betula medwedewii; Quercus pontica; Salix kikodzea; Sorbus colchica; Rhamnus imeretina ; Staphylea colchica; Swida koenigii; Ficus carica; ); Adjara Lazetian 6 taxa (Astragalus sommieri; Epigaea gaultherioides; Quercus dzhorochensis; Rhododendron ungernii; Rh. smirnowii; Osmanthus decorus ); and Ajarian 1 taxa (Rubus adzharicus ).
Nowadays there are non local species listed in the dendroflora of Adjara except autochthonic element The alian flora is presented by 35 taxa 19 % (adventive 3, invasive 3, subspontaneous 22, naturalized 7) which belong to 24 families and 31 genus. According to living forms there are 17 trees, 18 bushes included. According to origin the majority is East Asian taxa (19); comparatively less is northern American (7) and Australian taxa (4); The most widely spread is 11 non local taxa (((Robinia pseudoacacia; Spirea japonica; Ulex europae; Pueraria japonica; Lonicera japonica; Cryptomeria japonica; Cupressus lusitanica; Buddleja davidi; Clerodendron bungei; Ecaliptus cinerea; E. globules; Aleurites fordii. ).).).
23 taxa included in Red List of Georgia ( Arbutus andrachne; Astragalus sommieri; Betula medwedewii; Buxus colchica; Castanea sativa; Celtis australis; Daphne albowiana; Epigaea gaultherioides; Juglans regia; Laurus nobilis; Osmanthus decorus; Ostrya carpinifolia; Pterocarya pterocarpa; Quercus hartwissiana; Quercus imeretina; Quercus pontica; Rhododendron smirnowii; Rhododendron ungernii; Salix kikodseae; Staphylea colchica; Taxus baccata; Ulmus glabra ); 3 taxa included in IUCN Red List ( Abies nordmanniana, Buxus colchica, Taxus baccata ); 5 taxa are recommended for the “Red List” of Caucasia: Betula medwedewii , Rhododendron ungerni, Swida koenigii, Quercus pontica, Rhamnus imeretina [31].
Nowadays gene pool of all these critical species is in correspondence to ex situ conservation requirements in the humid subtropics floristic department of Batumi Botanic Garden; Kintrishi reserve, Kintrishi protected landscape, KObuleti reserve and Mtirala National Park if total area 30137.75 ha is in correspondence to iiinin situ conservation requirements; e.i. 15.70 % of total area of Forest Fund of Ajara Autonomous Republic is managed by management tolls stipulated by the Low of Georgia on “System of the Protected Territories” [32].
REFERENCES 1. Gamkrelidze M. Geological Structure of Ajara – Trialeti Fold System // The Monog raph № 2. Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Science Academy of Georgian SSR, Tbilisi,1949, pp. 50 58 (in Russian). 2. Nijaradze N.I. Soviet Ajara (the Economic Geographical Characteristic) // “State Publishing House”, Batumi, 1961, 260 pp, 1961 (in Russian). 3. Maruashvili L. I . Physical Geography of Georgia .// “AS Publishing House”, Tbilisi, 1964, 342 pp. (in Georgian). 4. Manvelidze Z.K. Botanical Geographical Division into Districts and a Variety of Wood Vegetation of Ajara. // Annals of Agrarian Science, vol. 3, No 4б, 2005, pp. 146 163 (in Russian). 5. Manjavidze D.V. Relict Forests of Adjara and their Economic Importance // “Metsniereba”, Tbilisi, 1982, 262 pp. (in Russian). 6. Urushadze T., Tarasashvili N., Urushadze T. Diversity of Georgian Soils. In Biological and Landscape Diversity of Georgia // Tbilisi, 2000 , pp. 135 150. 7. FAO Soil Classification: http://www.economicexpert.com/a/FAO:soil:classification.html 8. Gagnidze R. Situation Phytogeographique de la Georgica. La Geographie en Georgie (Ed.: J.F. Richard et N.L. Berutchachvili ) // ’’Orstom’’, Paris, 1998, pp.95 102. 9. Golitsin S.V. Shkeriani – Shrub Phytocenoses of Humid Mountain Forests of Adjara // Coll. of Voronezh State University, Botanical Dept., vol. XI,. Issue. 2, 1939, pp. 13 31 (in Russian). 10. Kolakovski A.A. Vegetation of the World of Colchis // “Publishing House of the MSU, Moscow, 1961, 460 pp. (in Russian). 11. Scientific Reports Departments of Botany (1971 1975, 1986 1990), the Local Flora and Nature Protection (1991 1995, 1996 2000, 2001 2008), Plant Introduction and Conservation (2009). Batumi Botanical Garden, (in Georgian). 12. Gagnidze R., Davitadze M. Local Flora // “Ajara”, Batumi, 200, 271 pp. (in Georgian). 13 . Dmitrieva A.A. Determinate of Adjarian Flora, vol. I // “Metzniereba”, Tbilisi, 1990a, 327 pp. (in Russian). 14. Dmitrieva A.A., Determinate of Adjarian floravol. II // “Metzniereba”, Tbilisi, 1990b , 278 pp. (in Russian). 15. Memiadze V.M. Flora and Vegetation of Gorge Kintrishi // Authorefer. . . . . cand. boil. dissert., Tbilisi, 1971, 32 pp. (in Russian).
13 16. Doluchanov G, überarbeitet von Giorgi NachucriŠvili. Hygrophile thermophytische Laubmischwälder // Karte der natÜrlichen Vegetation Europas, 2000, pp.384 388. 17 . Manvelidze Z. K., Memiadze N.M., Kharazishvili D.Sh., Varshanidze N. I. Diversity of Floral Area of Adjara (List of wild grown plants species) // Annals of Agrarian Science, vol.6, No 2, 2008, pp. 93 164. 18. Manvelidze Z., Eminagaoglu O., Memiadze N., Kharazishvili D. Conservation End emic Plant Species of Georgian Turkish Tran boundary Area // WWF Caucasus Office, Tbilisi, 2009, 54 pp. 19. Determinate of Georgian Vegetations, vol. I ,// “Metzniereba”,Tbilisi, 1964, 458 pp. (in Georgian). 20. Determinate of Georgian vegetations, vol. II //“Metzniereba”,Tbilisi, 1969, 508 pp. (in Georgian). 21 . Gagnidze, R. Vascular Plants of Georgia a Nomenclatural Checklist // ,,Universal Press’’, 2000, 248 pp. 22. Czerepanov, S.K . Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (the former USSR) // “Cambridge University Press”, Cambridge, 1995, 516 pp 23 . Davis P.H. Flora of Turkey. vol. I IX // Edinburg, 1965 1982. 24. Ketskhoveli N., Kharadze A., Gagnidze R ., Georgian Flora, vol. 1 15 // “Metzniereba”, Tbilisi, 1971 2007, (in Georgian). 25. IUCN Red list, www.iucn.org/redlist 26.Red List of Georgia, 2006 http://www.garemo.itdc.ge ) 27. Weber E. Switzerland and the Invasive Plant Issue //Bot. Helv.,110, 1999, pp.11 24. 28. Richardson D.M., Pysek P., Rejmanek M., Barbour M.G., Panetta F.D. and West C.J. Naturalization and Invasion Alien Plants: Concepts and Definitions.// Diversity and Distributions, 6, 2000, pp. 93 107. 29. Kikodze D., Memiadze N., Kharazishvili D., Manvelidze Z. and Heinz Mueler Shcaerer. The alean flora of Georgia // Tbilisi, 2009. 36 p. 30. Zazanashvili N, Sanadiradze G & Bukhnikashvili A . Caucasus. In: Mittermeier RA, Meyers N, Robles P and Mittermeier CG: Hotspots: Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions // CEMEX, Mexico, 1999, pp. 268 277. 31. The Project: The Caucasus Coordination and Development of Plant List Assessments for the Caucasian Biodiversity Hotspot, http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/caucasus/. 32 Law of Georgia On the System of Protected Areas // Parliamentary Bulletin, N#003; 1996, http://www.parliament.ge
14 ДЕНДРОФЛОРА АДЖАРИИ (ФЛОРИСТИЧЕСКИЙ РАЙОН АДЖАРИИ)
З. К. Манвелидзе, Н. В. Мемиадзе, Д. Ш. Харазишвили, Н. И. Варшанидзе
В рассматриваемой области (флористический район Аджарии) идентифицировано 185 дикорастущих древесных видов растений, которые объединены в 58 семьях 104 рода. 11 видов растений принадлежат к голосемянным и 174 таксона к покрытосемянным. Самые богатые семьи Rosaceae с 39 таксонами, Leguminosae и Ericaceae с 9 таксонами; Fagaceae с 8 таксонами; Aceraceae, Oleaceae и Corylaceae с 6 таксонами; Salicaceae и Betulacaeae с 5 таксонами. Самые богатые рода Rubus (12 таксонов); Sorbus (7 таксонов); Acer, Quercus, Rosa и Rhododendron (6 таксонов). Количество таксонов, включенных в определенные ботанико географические области, было следующее: эуксиновий элемент 49 таксонов 26,5 %; азиатский элемент 31 таксон 16,8 %; Евро сибирский 28 таксонов 15,0 %; средиземноморские 17 таксонов 9,4 %; Европейский элемент 12 таксонов 6,5 %; Сев. Америка 6 таксонов 3,1 % и 42 таксона мультирегионального 22,7 % или неизвестного ботанико географического происхождения. Спектр форм жизни таксонов был следующим: деревья 65 таксонов 33 %; кусты 120 (с 6 лианами 67 %. Иноземная флора представлена 35 таксонами 19 % (случайные 3, агрессивные 3, субспонтанные 22, натурализованные 7). Эндемическая флора представлена 25 таксонами 13,5 % (Кавказский 6, Грузинский 4, Колхидский 8, Aджарско Лазский 6, Аджарский 1). 23 таксона, включены в Красный Список Грузии; 3 таксона включены в Красный Список МСОП.
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