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A First Study on Growth, Mortality and Survivorship of the Eared Horse Mussel, Modiolus Auriculatus (Krauss, 1848) from India

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A First Study on Growth, Mortality and Survivorship of the Eared Horse Mussel, Modiolus Auriculatus (Krauss, 1848) from India Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences Vol. 45(2), February 2016, pp. 323-332 A first study on growth, mortality and survivorship of the eared horse mussel, Modiolus auriculatus (Krauss, 1848) from India S. Y. Tenjing 1,2,*, S. Thippeswamy 1& N. Narasimhaiah3 1Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri 574 199, India 2Conservation of Coastal and Marine Resources Division, National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Chennai 600 025, India 3Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri 574 199, India *[E-mail: [email protected]] Received 09 July 2014; revised 19 December 2014 Present study is the population dynamics of the eared horse mussel, Modiolus auriculatus carried out from a rocky intertidal beach located in Byndoor beach along Karnataka coast, south west coast of India. M. auriculatus were collected from June 2010 to May 2011 for length-frequency distribution analysis. A total of 1205 mussels ranging in size from 2.64 to 25.91 mm were measured. Asymptotic length (L∞) of the von Bertalanffy growth function was 27.77 mm and the growth −1 coefficient (K) was 0.62 year . The value of to for M. auriculatus was -0.267 year in the present study. Growth performance index (ϕ′) was 2.68. Average growth rates of 4 years were 1.26 mm, 0.49 mm, 0.26 mm and 0.14 mm in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th years of age, respectively. The life span of this species was 4.1 years based in our study. The total mortality (Z) was calculated as 2.31 year -1. Two major peaks of monthly mortality rate were found in August (4.6586, primary) and January (2.9402, secondary). The values of survival level ranged from 0.3651 (August) to 0.9330 (March). The shape of the survivorship curve is sigmoidal in the study. [Keywords: Eared horse mussel, growth, mortality, survivorship] Introduction Modiolus species have been reported by Mussels belong to family Mytilidae and Boominathan10 from mangrove regions of Uttara they are among the most common habitat Kannada District, Karnataka (India). Modiolid forming organisms on shallow subtidal areas bivalves are also common inhabitants of and on rocky intertidal habitats and estuarine mangrove systems in flats1,2. These species are fouling organisms South East Asia where they attach to the along east west coast of India3. Some few dead and living roots of mangrove plants11. species of mussel can be considered as Distribution of Modiolus spp. in the intertidal bioengineers4, as they extensively modify their rocky shore regions of Pudhumadam coast, Gulf ecosystem function and habitat, both as a result of Mannar have been studied recently12. In of their own biological activity and by the Panguil Bay, southern Phillippines, the related physical structure they create. Biological species, M. metcalfei is found in sandy and activity occurred by the mussels, mainly those muddy subtidal sediments away from the fringes associated with feeding and waste production. of the mangroves where they are harvested by Effects can include alteration of sediment grain local fisherman13. size and nutrient fluxes as a result of The eared horse mussel, Modiolus biodeposition5,6 and filtration of planktonic auriculatus can occur locally in high larvae7. The formation of physical structures abundances leading to the formation biogenic provides a variety of organisms a complex reef structures. These structures have a rich habitat that includes the interstitial space on the associated fauna, in particular epifauna such as surfaces of mussel shells and in the mussel bed sponges, anemones, urchins, barnacles, crabs, matrix8. etc. commonly occur in elevated abundance on Marine eared horse mussels, Modiolus Modiolus bed at our study area. The above auriculatus are abundant along the Karnataka statement is in accordance with the observation coast9. The eared horse mussel is not of Holt et al.14. Clusters of young adults and commercially important in Karnataka. Recently juveniles of M. auriculatus are found attached to 324 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 45, NO.2 FEBRUARY 2016 rock, whereas large adults appeared rare dynamics of M. auriculatus from Byndoor, separately away from these clusters. This Karnataka. species appeared in the intertidal region of Materials and Methods Byndoor. Three mytilid species (Modiolus sp., Karnataka is one of the maritime states M. auriculatus and Perna viridis) co-occurred in located along the south west coast of India, Byndoor waters because of their general overlap which comprises three coastal districts, namely in bathymetric range and shared habitual Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Uttara Kannada. requirements. P. viridis is available rarely Sampling site (13o52'N and 74o36'E), near to the among the above three species. In a similar case, Someshwara Temple at Byndoor located in three species of mytilid have been expected to Udupi district is a surf beaten rocky intertidal co-occur in Faroese waters15. zone (Fig. 1). Byndoor is moderately populated Growth rate represents an integrated being free from pollution as there has been no indicator of physiological conditions in bivalve major industrial set up. The environmental molluscs16,17. One of the characteristic features parameters of aquatic biotope along Karnataka of mussel growth is the variations of its growth coast fluctuate periodically dependable on the rate between localities and also with similar size three conspicuous seasons, pre-monsoon and age groups in the same population18. Several (February-May), southwest monsoon (June- methods for determining the age and growth rate September) and post-monsoon (October- of bivalves have been reported, e.g. length January). frequency analysis19, surface growth rings20,21, Pre monsoon season is identified by high growth lines in shell sections22 and stable temperature and salinity, the south west oxygen isotopes23,24. Analysis of length monsoon season is characterized by heavy frequency distribution has been carried out for rainfall, and greater riverine discharge and land determining population growth rates of run off17. Post-monsoon season is known for Modiolus species13,25. Calcein marking and stable environmental conditions and a high transplanting of M. barbatus has been applied biological productivity rate2,28. for analyzing individual growth rates and seasonal differences in growth rates, while the analysis of pallial line scars and growth lines in the middle nacreous layer were applied for individual age and growth determination recently25. Mortality is an important aspect in the population dynamics of mussels26 and could vary depending on environmental conditions for bivalves27,28. Survival and mortality rates of the population of mytilid, Mytilus edulis and Perna viridis in the Quoddy region of the Bay of Fundy and Someshwar of Karnataka have been Fig. 1−Study area, Byndoor (Karnataka) studied by Gardner and Thomas29 and Thippeswamy2 respectively. From Panambur Water temperature was noted using a simple beach (Karnataka), Thippeswamy and Joseph28 thermometer at monthly intervals. Afterwards, reported survival level of wedge clam, Donax Modiolus auriculatus were collected from the incarnatus. Survival rates of bearded horse intertidal rocky zone of the sampling site from mussel, M. barbatus in Mersin Bay (Turkey) June 2010 to May 2011. These bivalves attached was calculated recently30. A recent research to a particular rock bed, but they were not found article on allometry of Modiolus auriculatus at other neighbouring rocks during the study from Karnataka coast has been studied by Singh period. A few samples were collected in July et al.9. From Visakhapatnam, north eastern coast when sea was rough due to south west monsoon of India this species has been reported31. There season. After the collection of samples, they is no data available on population study of M. were cleaned using blade and forceps. A total of auriculatus live in Indian coastal waters. The 1205 mussels ranging in size from 2.64 to 25.91 aim of this study is to find out the population mm were measured. Shell length (maximum distance along the long axis of the valves) was determined using a digital calliper (Mitutoyo- TENJING et al.: GROWTH, MORTALITY AND SURVIVORSHIP OF MODIOLUS AURICULATUS 325 Digimatic calliper: CD-8"esx) to the nearest of individuals born roughly at the same time for 0.01 mm. Mussels were grouped into various one year was drawn by plotting survivors per size classes and subjected to length-frequency 100 born, lx, against age (month)42. The analysis. recruitment pattern was obtained by projecting The FiSAT software package was used to the length-frequency data backwards on the time perform the growth analysis32. The von axis using growth parameters43. Bertalanffy growth parameters (L∞ and K) were estimated by means of ELEFAN-133 and growth Results was described by the von Bertalanffy growth During the study period, the water 34 -K(t- to) o function (VBGF) , Lt = L∞ [1- e ], where temperature ranged from 28.0 C (June 2010) to o Lt is the length at time t, L∞ is the asymptotic 33.5 C (February 2011) (Fig. 2). Minimum and length, e is the base of the natural logarithm, K maximum values of water temperature occurred the coefficient of catabolism, t the time of in monsoon and pre monsoon periods observation and to the age at which the mussels respectively. Asymptotic length (L∞) of the belong to 0 mm in size. The estimates of L∞ and VBGF was 27.77 mm and the growth coefficient K were used to calculate the growth (K) was 0.62 year−1 based on monthly length- performance index (ϕ′)35 using the equation, ϕ′ = frequency distribution of Modiolus auriculatus 2log10 L∞ + log10 K. The parameter to of the collected from June 2010 to May 2011 (Fig. 3). growth equation was estimated using the 36 following equation : log (− to) = − 0.3922 − 0.2752 log (L∞) − 1.038 log K. The instantaneous rate of total mortality was estimated by means of the length converted 37 catch curve of Pauly given as: ln (Ni / ∆ti) = a + b.ti where N = number of specimens in length class i; ∆ti = time needed for the clam to grow through length class i; t = relative age corresponding to the midlength of class i; b = estimate of Z with the sign changed.
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