DOCSLIB.ORG

Detoxification of Deoxynivalenol by a Soil Bacterium Devosia Mutans 17-2-E-8

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Detoxification of Deoxynivalenol by a Soil Bacterium Devosia Mutans 17-2-E-8 Detoxification of Deoxynivalenol by a Soil Bacterium Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8 by Jian Wei He A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Sciences and Toxicology Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Jian Wei He, June 2015 ABSTRACT DETOXIFICATION OF DEOXYNIVALENOL BY A SOIL BACTERIUM DEVOSIA MUTANS 17-2-E-8 Jian Wei He Advisors: University of Guelph, 2015 Professor Greg J. Boland Professor Ting Zhou Professor Paul K. Sibley The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) remains an important challenge in many regions in the world. Microbial detoxification of DON represents a new approach to treating DON-contaminated grains. A bacterial isolate identified as Devosia mutans 17-2- E-8, which showed a high similarity in 16sRNA gene sequence to the Devosia genus, was isolated from an alfalfa soil sample that was enriched for six weeks with Fusarium graminearum-infested corn. D. mutans 17-2-E-8 was capable of reducing DON concentration in liquid corn meal medium up to 100% after incubation at temperatures ranging from 15-37 ºC, and pH levels ranging from 6-8 for 48-72 h under aerobic conditions. The major transformation product was purified by high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC), and characterized as 3-epi-DON by liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). A minor product, 3-keto-DON, was also detected in the bacterial incubation medium. The cytotoxicity IC50 values of 3-epi-DON and 3-keto-DON were, respectively, 357 and 3.03 times higher than that of DON based on an MTT bioassay assessing cell viability, and were, respectively, 1181 and 4.54 times higher than that of DON based on a BrdU bioassay assessing DNA synthesis. Toxicological effects of 14-day oral exposure of the B6C3F1 mouse to DON and 3-epi-DON were also investigated. Overall, there were no statistically significant differences between the control and the 25 mg/kg bw/day or 100 mg/kg bw/day 3-epi- DON treatments in body and organ weights, haematology and organ histopathology. However, in mice exposed to DON (2 mg/kg bw/day), white blood cell numbers and serum immunoglobulin levels were altered relative to controls, and lesions were observed in adrenals, thymus, stomach, spleen and colon. It was concluded that 3-epi-DON was at least 50 times less toxic than DON in the B6C3F1 mouse. The reduced toxicity was achieved through epimerization by the bacterial isolate, and provides a new DON detoxification pathway. Further investigation will assess practical applications for detoxification by epimerization in treating contaminated feed and food matrices. Keywords: Devosia, mutans, deoxynivalenol (DON), detoxification, epimerization, 3-epi- deoxynivalenol (3-epi-DON), high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC), cytotoxicity, B6C3F1 mouse ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my gratitude and appreciation to my Graduate Advisory Committee, Drs. Ting Zhou, Greg J. Boland, Genevieve S. Bondy, Peter M. Scott and Paul Sibley, Comprehensive Examination Committee, Drs. Christopher Young, Herman Boermans and J. Christopher Hall, and Final Examination Committee, Drs. Marc Habash, Mark Sumarah and Kari Dunfield for their trust, wisdom, friendship and patience in helping to guide me through this degree. I have had several large challenges in recent years and sometimes these challenges undermined my sense and self-confidence. Special and sincere thanks to Ting, Greg, Genevieve and Peter for comforting me and leading me through these difficult times. I am very lucky to have you as my professors and friends. Sincere gratitude and thanks go to my friends at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, University of Guelph and Health Canada for their tremendous support and encouragements. Special thanks go to Drs. Xianhua Yin, Yousef Hassan, Xiu-Zhen Li, Hai Yu, Rong Cao, Suqin Shao, Honghui Zhu, Ronghua Liu, Zhongying Liu, Jun Gu, Raymond Yang, Don Caldwell, Ms. Cheryl Armstrong and Ms. Laurie Coady. I learned from you that, in order to succeed in science, people have to be passionate about their work. It has been a privilege to learn from you and work with you. I would look back on the time doing this research as the best days of my life. Sparkling ideas always came out from lab meetings in restaurants, solutions to problems could always be found in the cafeteria, and the “fancy high-tech equipment parts” were always waiting for me to pick them up from the basement of the lab. HSCCC produced money. Bacterial colony counting was a game for the brain. Cells in a 96-well plastic culture plate made a nice piece of art. Little mice were cute pets. Thanks to my professors and friends for making the experience so enjoyable and memorable. Finally, a thank-you goes to my family for all their love and support. iv PREFACE Selected contents of the thesis have been previously published in a peer-reviewed journal and patent applications: Chapter 1 He, J., Zhou, T., Young, J.C., Boland, G.J., and Scott, P.M. (2010). Chemical and biological transformations for detoxification of trichothecene mycotoxins in human and animal food chains: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 21: 67-76. Chapters 2, 3, 4 and 5 Zhou, T. and He, J. (2009). Bacterial isolate, methods of isolating bacterial isolates and methods for detoxification of trichothecene mycotoxins. United States Provisional Patent Application No. 61/249,023. Filed October 6, 2009. Zhou, T. and He, J. (2010). Bacterial isolate, methods of isolating bacterial isolates and methods for detoxification of trichothecene mycotoxins. Patent Cooperation Treaty Application No. 61/249,023. Filed October 6, 2010 (international). v Table of Contents ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ iv PREFACE .......................................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ xii CHAPTER 1 ...................................................................................................................... 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 General overview .................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Occurrence and current management of DON ........................................................ 4 1.3.1 Occurrence of DON ...................................................................................... 5 1.3.2 Current management of DON ....................................................................... 6 1.3.3 DON transformation reactions reported to date ............................................ 7 1.4 Microbial transformation of DON ........................................................................ 10 1.4.1 DON-transforming microorganisms ........................................................... 10 1.4.2 Isolation of DON-transforming microorganisms ........................................ 13 1.5 Chemical analysis and separation of DON and its derivatives ............................. 14 1.5.1 DON and its derivatives .............................................................................. 14 1.5.2 Analytical methods ..................................................................................... 15 1.5.3 Purification methods ................................................................................... 16 1.5.4 Characterization of DON and its derivatives .............................................. 17 1.6 Toxicology of DON and its derivatives ................................................................ 18 1.6.1 Toxicokinetics ............................................................................................. 18 1.6.2 Toxicology of DON .................................................................................... 20 1.6.3 Mechanism of DON toxicity ....................................................................... 23 1.6.4 Toxicology of DON derivatives.................................................................. 25 1.7 Effects of culture conditions and environmental factors that influence DON transformation by microorganisms ....................................................................... 26 1.8 Summary ............................................................................................................... 29 1.9 Thesis objectives ................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................... 31 ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF A NOVEL DEOXYNIVALENOL- TRANSFORMING BACTERIUM DEVOSIA MUTANS 17-2-E-8 ........................... 31 2.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Deep Microbial Community Profiling Along the Fermentation Process of Pulque, a Major Biocultural Resource of Mexico
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/718999; this version posted July 31, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Deep microbial community profiling along the fermentation process of pulque, a major biocultural resource of Mexico. 1 1 2 Carolina Rocha-Arriaga ,​ Annie Espinal-Centeno ,​ Shamayim Martinez-Sanchez ,​ Juan ​ ​ 1 2 ​ 1,3 ​ Caballero-Pérez ,​ Luis D. Alcaraz *​ & Alfredo Cruz-Ramirez *.​ ​ ​ ​ 1 Molecular​ & Developmental Complexity Group, Unit of Advanced Genomics, LANGEBIO-CINVESTAV, Irapuato, México. 2 Laboratorio​ de Genómica Ambiental, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Cd. Universitaria, 04510 Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico. 3 Escuela​ de Agronomía, Universidad de La Salle Bajío, León, Gto, Mexico. *Corresponding authors: [email protected], [email protected] ​ ​ ​ ● ​Our approach allowed the identification of a broader microbial diversity in Pulque ● We increased 4.4 times bacteria genera and 40 times fungal species detected in mead. ● Newly reported bacteria genera and fungal species associated to Pulque fermentation Abstract Some of the biggest non-three plants endemic to Mexico were called metl in the Nahua culture. ​ During colonial times they were renamed with the antillan word maguey. This was changed ​ ​ again by Carl von Linné who called them Agave (a greco-latin voice for admirable). For several ​ Mexican prehispanic cultures, Agave species were not only considered as crops, but also part ​ of their biocultural resources and cosmovision. Among the major products obtained from some Agave spp since pre-hispanic times is the alcoholic beverage called pulque or octli.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation Implementing Organic Amendments To
    DISSERTATION IMPLEMENTING ORGANIC AMENDMENTS TO ENHANCE MAIZE YIELD, SOIL MOISTURE, AND MICROBIAL NUTRIENT CYCLING IN TEMPERATE AGRICULTURE Submitted by Erika J. Foster Graduate Degree Program in Ecology In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Summer 2018 Doctoral Committee: Advisor: M. Francesca Cotrufo Louise Comas Charles Rhoades Matthew D. Wallenstein Copyright by Erika J. Foster 2018 All Rights Reserved i ABSTRACT IMPLEMENTING ORGANIC AMENDMENTS TO ENHANCE MAIZE YIELD, SOIL MOISTURE, AND MICROBIAL NUTRIENT CYCLING IN TEMPERATE AGRICULTURE To sustain agricultural production into the future, management should enhance natural biogeochemical cycling within the soil. Strategies to increase yield while reducing chemical fertilizer inputs and irrigation require robust research and development before widespread implementation. Current innovations in crop production use amendments such as manure and biochar charcoal to increase soil organic matter and improve soil structure, water, and nutrient content. Organic amendments also provide substrate and habitat for soil microorganisms that can play a key role cycling nutrients, improving nutrient availability for crops. Additional plant growth promoting bacteria can be incorporated into the soil as inocula to enhance soil nutrient cycling through mechanisms like phosphorus solubilization. Since microbial inoculation is highly effective under drought conditions, this technique pairs well in agricultural systems using limited irrigation to save water, particularly in semi-arid regions where climate change and population growth exacerbate water scarcity. The research in this dissertation examines synergistic techniques to reduce irrigation inputs, while building soil organic matter, and promoting natural microbial function to increase crop available nutrients. The research was conducted on conventional irrigated maize systems at the Agricultural Research Development and Education Center north of Fort Collins, CO.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Collection
    Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Development and application of molecular tools to investigate microbial alkaline phosphatase genes in soil Author(s): Ragot, Sabine A. Publication Date: 2016 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010630685 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library DISS. ETH NO.23284 DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF MOLECULAR TOOLS TO INVESTIGATE MICROBIAL ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE GENES IN SOIL A thesis submitted to attain the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES of ETH ZURICH (Dr. sc. ETH Zurich) presented by SABINE ANNE RAGOT Master of Science UZH in Biology born on 25.02.1987 citizen of Fribourg, FR accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Emmanuel Frossard, examiner PD Dr. Else Katrin Bünemann-König, co-examiner Prof. Dr. Michael Kertesz, co-examiner Dr. Claude Plassard, co-examiner 2016 Sabine Anne Ragot: Development and application of molecular tools to investigate microbial alkaline phosphatase genes in soil, c 2016 ⃝ ABSTRACT Phosphatase enzymes play an important role in soil phosphorus cycling by hydrolyzing organic phosphorus to orthophosphate, which can be taken up by plants and microorgan- isms. PhoD and PhoX alkaline phosphatases and AcpA acid phosphatase are produced by microorganisms in response to phosphorus limitation in the environment. In this thesis, the current knowledge of the prevalence of phoD and phoX in the environment and of their taxonomic distribution was assessed, and new molecular tools were developed to target the phoD and phoX alkaline phosphatase genes in soil microorganisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Metaproteomics Characterization of the Alphaproteobacteria
    Avian Pathology ISSN: 0307-9457 (Print) 1465-3338 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cavp20 Metaproteomics characterization of the alphaproteobacteria microbiome in different developmental and feeding stages of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778) José Francisco Lima-Barbero, Sandra Díaz-Sanchez, Olivier Sparagano, Robert D. Finn, José de la Fuente & Margarita Villar To cite this article: José Francisco Lima-Barbero, Sandra Díaz-Sanchez, Olivier Sparagano, Robert D. Finn, José de la Fuente & Margarita Villar (2019) Metaproteomics characterization of the alphaproteobacteria microbiome in different developmental and feeding stages of the poultry red mite Dermanyssusgallinae (De Geer, 1778), Avian Pathology, 48:sup1, S52-S59, DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1635679 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2019.1635679 © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa View supplementary material UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Accepted author version posted online: 03 Submit your article to this journal Jul 2019. Published online: 02 Aug 2019. Article views: 694 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 3 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=cavp20 AVIAN PATHOLOGY 2019, VOL. 48, NO. S1, S52–S59 https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2019.1635679 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Metaproteomics characterization of the alphaproteobacteria microbiome in different developmental and feeding stages of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778) José Francisco Lima-Barbero a,b, Sandra Díaz-Sanchez a, Olivier Sparagano c, Robert D. Finn d, José de la Fuente a,e and Margarita Villar a aSaBio.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Environmental Heterogeneity Determines Young Biofilm
    fmicb-10-01665 August 8, 2019 Time: 16:47 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 09 August 2019 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01665 Spatial Environmental Heterogeneity Determines Young Biofilm Assemblages on Microplastics in Baltic Sea Mesocosms Katharina Kesy1, Sonja Oberbeckmann1, Bernd Kreikemeyer2 and Matthias Labrenz1* 1 Biological Oceanography, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Rostock, Germany, 2 Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany Microplastics in aquatic environments provide novel habitats for surface-colonizing microorganisms. Given the continuing debate on whether substrate-specific properties or environmental factors prevail in shaping biofilm assemblages on microplastics, we examined the influence of substrate vs. spatial factors in the development of bacterial assemblages on polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), wood, and seston and in the free-living fraction. Further, the selective colonization of microplastics by potential pathogens was investigated because among the bacterial species found in microplastic- Edited by: associated biofilms are potentially pathogenic Vibrio spp. Due to their persistence Marcelino T. Suzuki, and great dispersal potential, microplastics could act as vectors for these potential Sorbonne Universités, France pathogens and for biofilm assemblages in general. Incubation experiments with these Reviewed by: Sandi Orlic, substrates were conducted for 7 days during a summer cruise along the eastern Institut Ruder¯ Boškovic,´ Croatia Baltic Sea coastline in waters covering a salinity gradient of 4.5–9 PSU. Bacterial Anne-Leila Meistertzheim, UMR 7621 Laboratoire assemblages were analyzed using 16S rRNA-gene amplicon sequencing, distance- d’Océanographie Microbienne based redundancy analyses, and the linear discriminant analysis effect size method to (LOMIC), France identify taxa that were significantly more abundant on the plastics.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Rhizobial Nodulation in Legumes
    Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Review Vol. 2 (2), pp. 049-057, June 2007 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/BMBR ISSN 1538-2273 © 2007 Academic Journals Mini Review Non-rhizobial nodulation in legumes D. Balachandar*, P. Raja, K. Kumar and SP. Sundaram Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 003, India Accepted 27 February, 2007 Legume - Rhizobium associations are undoubtedly form the most important N2-fixing symbiosis and play a subtle role in contributing nitrogen and maintaining/improving soil fertility. A great diversity in the rhizobial species nodulating legumes has been recognized, which belongs to α subgroup of proteobacteria covering the genera, Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium (renamed as Ensifer), Mesorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium and Azorhizobium. Recently, several non-rhizobial species, belonging to α and β subgroup of Proteobacteria such as Methylobacterium, Blastobacter, Devosia, Phyllobacterium, Ochro- bactrum, Agrobacterium, Cupriavidus, Herbaspirillum, Burkholderia and some γ-Proteobacteria have been reported to form nodules and fix nitrogen in legume roots. The phylogenetic relationship of these non-rhizobial species with the recognized rhizobial species and the diversity of their hosts are discussed in this review. Key words: Legumes, Nodulation, Proteobacteria, Rhizobium Table of content 1. Introduction 2. Non-rhizobial nodulation 2.1. ∝-Proteobacteria 2.1.1. Methylobacterium 2.1.2. Blastobacter 2.1.3. Devosia 2.1.4. Phyllobacterium 2.1.5. Ochrobactrum 2.1.6. Agrobacterium 2.2. β-Proteobacteria 2.2.1. Cupriavidus 2.2.2. Herbaspirillum 2.2.3. Burkholderia 2.3. γ-Proteobacteria 3. Conclusion 4. References INTRODUCTION Members of the leguminosae form the largest plant family tance since they are responsible for most of the atmos- on earth with around 19,000 species (Polhill et al., 1981).
    [Show full text]
  • Symbiont Replacement Between Bacteria of Different Classes Reveals Additional Layers of Complexity in the Evolution of Symbiosis
    Protist, Vol. 169, 43–52, xx 2018 http://www.elsevier.de/protis Published online date 20 December 2017 ORIGINAL PAPER Symbiont replacement between bacteria of different classes reveals additional layers of complexity in the evolution of symbiosis in the ciliate Euplotes a,b a,c a Vittorio Boscaro , Sergei I. Fokin , Giulio Petroni , a b a,1 Franco Verni , Patrick J. Keeling , and Claudia Vannini a University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Italy b University of British Columbia, Department of Botany, Canada c St.-Petersburg State University, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Russia Submitted July 5, 2017; Accepted December 12, 2017 Monitoring Editor: Genoveva F. Esteban Symbiosis is a diverse and complex phenomenon requiring diverse model systems. The obligate rela- tionship between a monophyletic group of Euplotes species (“clade B”) and the betaproteobacteria Polynucleobacter and “Candidatus Protistobacter” is among the best-studied in ciliates, and provides a framework to investigate symbiont replacements. Several other Euplotes-bacteria relationships exist but are less understood, such as the co-dependent symbiosis between Euplotes magnicirratus (which belongs to “clade A”) and the alphaproteobacterium “Candidatus Devosia euplotis”. Here we describe a new Devosia inhabiting the cytoplasm of a strain of Euplotes harpa, a clade B species that usually depends on Polynucleobacter for survival. The novel bacterial species, “Candidatus Devosia symbi- otica”, is closely related to the symbiont of E. magnicirratus, casting a different light on the history of bacteria colonizing ciliates of this genus. The two Devosia species may have become symbionts independently or as the result of a symbiont exchange between hosts, in either case replacing a pre- vious essential bacterium in E.
    [Show full text]
  • Choosing Source of Microorganisms and Processing Technology for Next
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Choosing source of microorganisms and processing technology for next generation beet bioinoculant Sonia Szymańska1, Marcin Sikora2, Katarzyna Hrynkiewicz1*, Jarosław Tyburski2,3, Andrzej Tretyn2,3 & Marcin Gołębiewski2,3* The increase of human population and associated increasing demand for agricultural products lead to soil over-exploitation. Biofertilizers based on lyophilized plant material containing living plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) could be an alternative to conventional fertilizers that fts into sustainable agricultural technologies ideas. We aimed to: (1) assess the diversity of endophytic bacteria in sugar and sea beet roots and (2) determine the infuence of osmoprotectants (trehalose and ectoine) addition during lyophilization on bacterial density, viability and salt tolerance. Microbiome diversity was assessed based on 16S rRNA amplicons sequencing, bacterial density and salt tolerance was evaluated in cultures, while bacterial viability was calculated by using fuorescence microscopy and fow cytometry. Here we show that plant genotype shapes its endophytic microbiome diversity and determines rhizosphere soil properties. Sea beet endophytic microbiome, consisting of genera characteristic for extreme environments, is more diverse and salt resistant than its crop relative. Supplementing osmoprotectants during root tissue lyophilization exerts a positive efect on bacterial community salt stress tolerance, viability and density. Trehalose improves the above-mentioned parameters more efectively than ectoine, moreover its use is economically advantageous, thus it may be used to formulate improved biofertilizers. Conventional agriculture practices negatively afect environment, e.g. by decreasing microbial diversity, soil quality, water supply and plant productivity1,2. Wide adoption of sustainable agricultural technologies, e.g. biofer- tilizers, may signifcantly decrease the use of chemical fertilizers, reducing negative consequences of agriculture on the environment2,3.
    [Show full text]
  • Horizontal Transfer of Symbiosis Genes Within and Between Rhizobial Genera : Occurrence and Importance
    This is a repository copy of Horizontal Transfer of Symbiosis Genes within and Between Rhizobial Genera : Occurrence and Importance. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/132864/ Version: Published Version Article: Andrews, Mitchell, Meyer, Sofie, James, Euan K. et al. (4 more authors) (2018) Horizontal Transfer of Symbiosis Genes within and Between Rhizobial Genera : Occurrence and Importance. Genes. ISSN 2073-4425 https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9070321 Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence. This licence allows you to distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the work, even commercially, as long as you credit the authors for the original work. More information and the full terms of the licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Review Horizontal Transfer of Symbiosis Genes within and Between Rhizobial Genera: Occurrence and Importance Mitchell Andrews 1,*, Sofie De Meyer 2,3 ID , Euan K. James 4 ID , Tomasz St˛epkowski 5, Simon Hodge 1 ID , Marcelo F. Simon 6 ID and J. Peter W. Young 7 ID 1 Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 84, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; [email protected] 2 Centre for
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenomic Analyses of Bradyrhizobium Reveal Uneven Distribution of the Lateral and Subpolar Flagellar Systems, Which Extends to Rhizobiales
    microorganisms Article Phylogenomic Analyses of Bradyrhizobium Reveal Uneven Distribution of the Lateral and Subpolar Flagellar Systems, Which Extends to Rhizobiales Daniel Garrido-Sanz 1 , Miguel Redondo-Nieto 1, Elías Mongiardini 2, Esther Blanco-Romero 1, David Durán 1, Juan I. Quelas 2, Marta Martin 1, Rafael Rivilla 1 , Aníbal R. Lodeiro 2 and M. Julia Althabegoiti 2,* 1 Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (D.G.-S.); [email protected] (M.R.-N.); [email protected] (E.B.-R.); [email protected] (D.D.); [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (R.R.) 2 Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP y CCT-La Plata-CONICET, La Plata B1900, Argentina; [email protected] (E.M.); [email protected] (J.I.Q.); [email protected] (A.R.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 19 December 2018; Accepted: 11 February 2019; Published: 13 February 2019 Abstract: Dual flagellar systems have been described in several bacterial genera, but the extent of their prevalence has not been fully explored. Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110T possesses two flagellar systems, the subpolar and the lateral flagella. The lateral flagellum of Bradyrhizobium displays no obvious role, since its performance is explained by cooperation with the subpolar flagellum. In contrast, the lateral flagellum is the only type of flagella present in the related Rhizobiaceae family. In this work, we have analyzed the phylogeny of the Bradyrhizobium genus by means of Genome-to-Genome Blast Distance Phylogeny (GBDP) and Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) comparisons of 128 genomes and divided it into 13 phylogenomic groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Hiv and Its Vaccine
    Journal of Current Perspectives in Applied Microbiology ISSN: 2278-1250 ©2012 Vol.1 (1) pp.1-5 JOURNAL OF CURRENT PERSPECTIVES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY JULY 2012 VOLUME 1 NUMBER 1 ISSN: 2278-1250 CONTENTS S. Page Particulars No. No. 1 Viral Crusaders and Vaccine for HIV 3 P. Rajendran ………………………………………………………….. 2 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria for Biocontrol of 8 phytopathogens and Yield Enhancement of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Pankaj Kumar and R.C. Dubey…………..…………………………..... 3 Microbial Diversity in Coastal Mangrove Ecosystems 40 K. Kathiresan and R. Balagurunathan ………………………………... 4 Studies on Cadmium Biosorption by Cadmium Resistant 48 Bacterial Strains from Uppanar estuary, Cuddalore, Southeast Coast of India K. Mathivanan and R. Rajaram ……………………………………… 5 Isolation and Characterization of Plant Growth Promoting 54 Rhizobacteria (PGPR) from Vermistabilized Organic Substrates and their Effect on Plant Growth M. Prakash, V. Sathishkumar, T. Sivakami and N. Karmegam ……… 6 Isolation of Thermo Tolerant Escherichia coli from Drinking 63 Water of Namakkal District and Their Multiple Drug Resistance K. Srinivasan, C. Mohanasundari and K. Rasna .................................... 7 Isolation and Screening of Extremophilic Actinomycetes from 68 Alkaline Soil for the Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Vidhya and R. Balagurunathan ………………………………………. 8 BCL-2 Expression in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Cases in 71 Chennai, Tamil Nadu M. Karthikeyan, P. Rajendran, S. Anandan, G. Ashok, S. Anbalagan, R. Nivedha,S. Melani Rajendran and Porkodi ………………………... 1 Journal of Current Perspectives in Applied Microbiology ISSN: 2278-1250 ©2012 Vol.1 (1) pp.1-5 July 2012, Volume 1, Number 1 ISSN: 2278-1250 Copy Right © JCPAM-2012 Vol. 1 No. 1 All rights reserved. No part of material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission from the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • Supporting Online Information
    Supplementary Table 1 Initial PyOM and corn stover properties Property (units) Value PyOM Stover Total C (%) 61.0 41.9 Total N (%) 2.7 1.96 C:N (by mass) 22 21 C isotope signature (δ13C, ‰) +37.5 +1.7 Total H (%) 3.9 Total O (%) 15 pHDIW (1:20 w/v) 10.0 Feedstock Corn Particle size (mm) < 2 Heating rate (°C min-1) 5 Final temp (°C) 350 Residence time (min) 45 Surface area (m2 g-1) 92.8 ASTM Ash (%) 17 ASTM Volatiles (%) 35 ASTM Fixed C (%) 48 Supplementary Table 2 Initial soil properties Property (units) Value Texture (Channery) silt loam Bulk density (g cm-3) pHDIW 6.0 % sand 28.1 % silt 54.7 % clay 17.2 Total C (%) 1.48 Total N (%) 0.16 C:N (mass) 9.39 C isotope signature (δ13C, ‰) -25.5 Microbial biomass N* (mg kg-1 dry soil) (Vance et 8.5 al., 1987) *Microbial biomass C data were compromised, but based on a measured C:N ratio of 10.2 in the DOM, we predict roughly 87 mg MB-C kg-1 dry soil. Supplementary Table 3 Forward primer (full) sequences (adapterbarcodepad&link16Sfwdprimer) AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACATCGTACGAATGTTTTAATGGTG YCAGCMGCMGCGGTRA AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACACTATCTGAATGTTTTAATGGTG YCAGCMGCMGCGGTRA AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACTAGCGAGTAATGTTTTAATGGTG YCAGCMGCMGCGGTRA AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACCTGCGTGTAATGTTTTAATGGTG YCAGCMGCMGCGGTRA AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACTCATCGAGAATGTTTTAATGGTG YCAGCMGCMGCGGTRA AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACCGTGAGTGAATGTTTTAATGGTG YCAGCMGCMGCGGTRA AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACGGATATCTAATGTTTTAATGGTG YCAGCMGCMGCGGTRA AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACGACACCGTAATGTTTTAATGGTG YCAGCMGCMGCGGTRA Supplementary
    [Show full text]