1 The Production of Penicillin in Wartime China and Sino-American Definitions of “Normal” Microbiology” Mary Brazelton
[email protected] Department of History and Philosophy of Science, Cambridge University, Cambridge Abstract: This article discusses the history of domestic penicillin production in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War, focusing on the work of the National Epidemic Prevention Bureau (NEPB) to identify, isolate, cultivate, and extract the drug. This work took place just as the American Bureau for Medical Aid to China discussed plans to establish an American pilot plant for Chinese penicillin manufacture, which would directly transfer technologies and personnel from the United States to China. While American advisers saw the basic conditions of wartime China as actively obstructing the highly technical project of penicillin production, researchers at the NEPB relied crucially upon that same local environment to identify useful molds and find substitutions for key materials in successfully manufacturing penicillin in Kunming, capital of Yunnan Province in southwest China. Keywords: penicillin; antibiotic; medicine; World War II; American Bureau for Medical Aid to China; National Epidemic Prevention Bureau; Tong Cun; Tang Feifan On December 14, 1945, a one-year-old infant with the initials YTM was admitted to the Shanghai Public Hospital for Children. The boy had had a fever and cough for over two weeks, and initial treatment with sulfonamides—the first antibiotics and global wonder drugs of the 1940s—had resolved the former complaint, but not the latter. Upon his admission to hospital, physical examination revealed “a child, fairly well-developed, under-nourished, dyspneic [having difficulty breathing] and cyanotic [with skin tinged blue due to tissues near the skin surface having low oxygen saturation].” The child’s chest bulged on the left side, and examination with X-ray methods of fluoroscopy revealed that this was due to fluid in the tissues.