Constitutional Responsibility of the Government of Bangladesh for Implementing Compulsory Primary Education: Issues and Challenges
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Constitutional Responsibility of the Government of Bangladesh for Implementing Compulsory Primary Education: Issues and Challenges Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Education Submitted by Farhana Helal Mehtab Reg No: 01/2012-2013 Institute of Education and Research (IER) University of Dhaka September, 2017 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Constitutional Responsibility of the Government of Bangladesh for Implementing Compulsory Primary Education: Issues and Challenges” submitted by Farhana Helal Mehtab, Registration No. 01/2012-2013, for the award of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Education to the University of Dhaka, is a record of research work under my guidance and supervision during the period of her study, in the Institute of Education and Research (IER), University of Dhaka. This thesis has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, fellowship, associateship or any other similar title. Place: Dhaka, Bangladesh (Professor Dr. Md. Abdul Maleque) Date: Research Supervisor i DECLARATION I, Farhana Helal Mehtab, declare that this thesis and the work presented in it are my own and has been prepared by me as the result of my own original research based on different documents review and in-depth interviews of experts. Title of the Thesis: Constitutional Responsibility of the Government of Bangladesh for Implementing Compulsory Primary Education: Issues and Challenges I confirm that 1. This work was done entirely while in candidature for a PhD research degree at the Institute of Education and Research (IER), University of Dhaka under the supervision of Dr. Md. Abdul Maleque, Professor, Institute of Education and Research (IER), University of Dhaka; 2. Where I have consulted the published work of others, this is always clearly attributed; 3. Where I have quoted from the work of others, the source is always given; 4. I have acknowledged all main sources of help; 5. Neither of this work has been published before submission, nor have parts of this work been published anywhere. Farhana Helal Mehtab Registration No. 01/2012-13 University of Dhaka ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I offer my gratefulness to the Creator for providing me the ability to do the entire research work efficiently. I am thankful to my alma mater, University of Dhaka that bestowed upon me the opportunity to work on the topic “Constitutional Responsibilities of the Government of Bangladesh for Implementing Compulsory Primary Education: Issues and Challenges”. My sincere acknowledgment to the Institute of Education and Research (IER), University of Dhaka, for enrolling me in the PhD program and enabling me to complete this work. I would like to express my humble gratitude and sincere thanks to my PhD supervisor, Dr. Md. Abdul Maleque, Professor, Institute of Education and Research (IER), and Founder Chairman of the Social Science Education Department, IER, University of Dhaka, for his valuable guidance and constructive suggestions for conducting the research and preparing this thesis. It is he who inspired me to undertake such a unique work based on “Law & Education” which was my dream and desire. I would like to thank him for encouraging me in doing this research and for allowing me to grow as a researcher. In fact, it has been an honor to be his Ph.D. student. He reliably allowed this paper to be my own work, but steered me in the right direction whenever he thought I needed it. My heartfelt gratitude to the founder Vice Chancellor and Professor Emeritus of Daffodil International University, Dr. Aminul Islam, for his immense faith on my ability for conducting such a PhD research. My indebtedness goes to Mr. Md. Sabur Khan, Chairman, Board of Trustees, Daffodil International University and Professor Dr. Yousuf M Islam, Vice Chancellor, Daffodil International University. Their positive attitude towards my aptitude motivated me to do the work assertively. These two great personalities communicated with me often for knowing the updates on my work, even during my long study leave from Daffodil International University. I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my teachers, Dr. Mizanur Rahman, Professor, Department of Law, University of Dhaka and former Chairman, National Human Rights Commission, Bangladesh; Dr. Golam Rahman, Chief Information Commissioner, Information Commission, Bangladesh, and former Professor, Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Dhaka; Md Sohul Hossain, former Election Commissioner, Election Commission of Bangladesh and former Law Secretary, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Government of People’s Republic of Bangladesh; for their accurate guidance, suggestions and encouragement. I would also like to thank the honorable fifteen personalities, i.e. legal experts, educationists and policy administrators who positively participated in the in-depth interviews of this research. Without their passionate and perfect participation and input, this research could not have been conducted so competently. iii Words are perhaps inadequate to express my thankfulness to my classmate and friend Sheikh Hafizur Rahman Karzon, Associate Professor, Department of Law, University of Dhaka for helping me at different points of time for the last four years of my PhD research period. His immense support brought my work towards completion. I am grateful to Dr. Leo James Pereira, former Principal, St. Joseph Higher Secondary School, Dhaka and Shah Shamim Ahmed, Associate Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of Dhaka for helping me in shaping the basic structure of my research paper. My gratefulness to Dr Md Abdus Salam, Associate Professor for his valuable suggestions before my first seminar of this PhD research. I always consider my workplace as my second home. I value the enthusiasm that was shown by my esteemed colleagues, especially by Md Riaduzzaman, Acting Head, Department of Law, Daffodil International University, till the completion of the work. I acknowledge my deep appreciation to both my colleagues, Abdullah Al Arif, a PhD candidate at Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia, and Md Abu Saleh, an outstanding alumnus of South Asian University, New Delhi, India, who worked as the resource persons throughout my research. Besides my colleagues, S. M. Rayhanul Islam, an independent researcher, was a source of support and cooperation at the final stage of my PhD. Last but not least, I would like to convey a very special thanks to my family. Words cannot express how grateful I am to both my parents, Helaluddin Ahmed and Farida Begum, former teachers, for all of the care that they took on my behalf. My beloved husband, Ali Mohammad’s prayers sustained me this far. I cannot thank him enough for providing a peaceful environment to complete my research. The spontaneous support of my daughter Rabeya Bashree and my sons Ali Mahtab and Ali Mashraf during the final stage of this Ph.D. is much cherished. I appreciate the contributions of my son Ali Mashraf, who is pursuing his LLB (Honors) degree from the Department of Law, University of Dhaka, in dedicating his precious time and editorial knowledge behind this work. My one and only younger brother, Dr. Sayeed Uddin Helal, Head, Medical Wing, Center for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed (CRP), Dhaka, himself, was a great inspiration during my research. The keenness he has for study and research was contagious and motivational during the tough times of my PhD. And I would like to extend my sincerest thanks and appreciation to my childhood classmate-friends for their soulful prayers. I recognize every single deed of the above mentioned names throughout the long journey and experience of my research work. Finally, I acknowledge all the persons who in one way or another contributed to the completion of this thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). Farhana Helal Mehtab September 30, 2017 iv ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank APEID Asia and the Pacific Program of Educational Innovation for Development ASK Ain O Salish Kendra AUEO Assistant Upazila Education Officer BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation BKSP Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protishtan BLAST Bangladesh Legal Aid and Services Trust BNWLA Bangladesh National Women Lawyers' Association BRAC Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee CA Content Analysis CADE Convention Against Discrimination in Education CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women CP Rights Civil and Political Rights CPEIMU Compulsory Primary Education Implementation Monitoring Unit CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child DFA Dakar Framework for Action DPE Directorate of Primary Education DPSP Directive Principles of State Policy DSB District School Board EDI Education Development Index EFA Education for All ESC Rights Economic, Social and Cultural Rights FDI Foreign Direct Investment v FFYP First Five Year Plan FPSP Fundamental Principles of State Policy FRs Fundamental Rights GDP Gross Domestic Product GEP General Education Project HRBAD Human Rights-Based Approach to Education HSC Higher Secondary Certificate ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICT Information and Communication Technology IER Institute of Education & Research ILO International Labour Organization ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights IDIs In-depth Interviews JSC Junior School Certificate MCQ Multiple-Choice