DOCSLIB.ORG

Panama Secretarla Permanente Del Tratado General De Integraci6n Econ6mica Centroamericana Lnstituto Centroamericano De Investigaci6n Y Tecnologia Industrial

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Panama Secretarla Permanente Del Tratado General De Integraci6n Econ6mica Centroamericana Lnstituto Centroamericano De Investigaci6n Y Tecnologia Industrial .I Los Alamos National Laboratory is operated by the University of California for the United States Department of Energy under contract W-7405-ENG 36 The Energy Situation in Five Central American Countries Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos,New Mexico 87545 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. This work was supported by the U.S.Agency for International Development. DISCLAIMER This repon was prepared as an account ofwork sponsored by an agency of the United Slates Government Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any oftheir employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness ofany information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infnnge pnvately owned nghts Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessanly constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favonng by the United States Government or any agency thereof The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessanly slate or reflect those ofthe United States Government or any agency thereof DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of dork sponsored by an agency of the United States LA-10988-MS Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsi- bility for the accuracy, -completeness, or usefulness of any informatioil, apparatus, product, or UC-98 process disclosed, or represents that its use .would not infringe privately owned rights. Refer- I Issued: June 1987 ence herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recom- mendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. The Energy Situation in Five Central American Countries LA--1 09 8 8-MS ~~87012708 Principal Investigators Linda Trocki Steven R. Booth Alvaro UmaAa Q.* Collaborators Patricia C. Aragon Annette Youngblood Turpin Robert H. Drake Donald W. Morris Fred Roach Guillermo Selva T.* Work Performed in Cooperation with Direccibn Sectorial de Energia, Costa Rica Comisi6n Ejecutiva Hidroelbctrica del RFo Lempa, El Salvador Ministerio de Energia y Minas, Guatemala Consejo Superior de Planificaci6n Econ6mica, Honduras Comisi6n Nacional de Energia, Panama Secretarla Permanente del Tratado General de Integraci6n Econ6mica Centroamericana lnstituto Centroamericano de Investigaci6n y Tecnologia Industrial 'Instituto Centroarnericano de Adrninistraci6n de Ernpresas, Apartado 960, 4050, Alajuela, COSTA RICA. Los Alamos National Laboratory mos Los Alamos,New Mexico 87545 CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................... viii PART I OVERVIEW FOR FIVE COUNTRIES OVE RVIE W Linda Trocki, Steven R. Booth, and Alvaro UmaAa Q. ........................... 3 PART II ENERGY SITUATION REPORTS FOR FIVE COUNTRIES COSTA RlCA Linda Trocki and Alvaro UmaAa Q. .................... ......... .. 65 EL SALVADOR Donald W. Morris, Linda Trocki, and Guillermo Selva T. ........ .......... 133 GUATEMALA Fred Roach and Steven R. Booth. .......................................... 179 HONDURAS Steven R.Booth ........................................................ 237 PANAMA Annette Youngblood Turpin. ............................................... 289 V ABSTRACT This study describes the energy resources and the changes that have taken place in energy supply and demand in five Central American countries between 1970 and 1984. Economic changes are also reviewed because they influence and are affected by changes in the energy sector. The work was performed under the auspices of the US Agency for International Development. The Central American countries of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Panama are highly dependent on fuel wood as a source of energy, particularly in the residential sector. They also rely upon imported oil products to supply a growing modern sector. Most countries have significant hydroelectric and geothermal resources, and most countries produce a large portion of their electricity from hydroelectric projects. Demand for electricity has grown rapidly. Relative shares of primary versus secondary energy in the five countries vary significantly and strongly correlate with average per capita income. Consumption of secondary energy has declined during the recent economic recession suffered by the region. vii ABSTRACT This study describes the energy resources and the changes that have taken place in energy supply and demand in five Central American countries between 1970 and 1984. Economic changes are also reviewed because they influence and are affected by changes in the energy sector. The work was performed under the auspices of the US Agency for International Development. The Central American countries of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Panama are highly dependent on fuel wood as a source of energy, particularly in the residential sector. They also rely upon imported oil products to supply a growing modern sector. Most countries have significant hydroelectric and geothermal resources, and most countries produce a large portion of their electricity from hydroelectric projects. Demand for electricity has grown rapidly. Relative shares of primary versus secondary energy in the five countries vary significantly and strongly correlate with average per capita income. Consumption of secondary energy has declined during the recent economic recession suffered by the region. vii - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work owes a great deal to the energy planners in each country who so graciously received us, shared their views with us, and provided the information contained in this report. Scientists and engineers who contributed include members of the energy directorate or ministry in each country, the national utilities, the forestry ministries, and the central banks. We are especially indebted to the following people and their staffs for their extensive cooperation and their comprehensive review of the draft document: Jorge Blanco Roldan of the Energy Sector Directorate of Costa Rica, Oscar Melgar of the Rio Lempa Hydroelectric Commission in El Salvador, Rolando Yon Siu of the Ministry of Energy and Mines in Guatemala, Rafael Ochoa of the Economic Planning Council of Honduras, Ramon Argote of the National Energy Commission of Panama, and Julio Obiols Gomez of the Permanent Secretariat for Central American Economic Integration. Thanks are also owed the officers of the US Agency for International Development (AID): Heriberto Rodriguez, Costa Rica; Peter Deinken, El Salvador; Lawrence "Doc" Odle, Guatemala; Lynn Sheldon, Honduras; Jose Sanchez, Panama; Carl Duisberg and Ronald Bloom, Regional Office for Central America and Panama; and James Hestor and Albert0 Sabadell, Washington. Without their support, this work could not have been accomplished. Our efforts have benefited significantly from the strong support that we have received from our managers, Verne W. Loose, Joseph A. Frank, and Ronald K. Lo h rding . Wilma J. Bunker provided many helpful suggestions for organization of the document and contributed much of her time to editing it. This report was typed by Petrita Montano, Hazel Kutac, E. Corine Ortiz, and Kay Grady. Special thanks are owed Myrle Johnson and Flavio Gurule, who supervised the preparation of the figures done by Loyola C. Martinez, Donna S. Williams, Dixie E. Hanks, and Janice L. Gorlitz. viii AC KNOW LE DGMENTS This work owes a great deal to the energy planners in each country who so graciously received us, shared their views with us, and provided the information contained in this report. Scientists and engineers who contributed include members of the energy directorate or ministry in each country, the national utilities, the forestry ministries, and the central banks. We are especially indebted to the following people and their staffs for their extensive cooperation and their comprehensive review of the draft document: Jorge Blanco Roldan of the Energy Sector Directorate of Costa Rica, Oscar Melgar of the Rio Lempa Hydroelectric Commission
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Infrastructure Investments and Private Investment Catalyzation: the Case of the Panama Canal Expansion
    Development through TN the Private Sector Series No. 9 Infrastructure Investments and Private Investment Catalyzation: The Case of the Panama Canal Expansion Authors: Maria Laura Lanzalot Alessandro Maoli Rodolfo Stucchi Patricia Yañez-Pagans November 2018 Infrastructure Investments and Private Investment Catalyzation: The Case of the Panama Canal Expansion Copyright © 2018 Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons IGO 3.0 Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC-IGO BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/legal- code) and may be reproduced with attribution to the IIC and for any non-commercial pur- pose. No derivative work is allowed. Any dispute related to the use of the works of the IIC that cannot be settled amicably shall be submitted to arbitration pursuant to the UNCITRAL rules. The use of the IIC’s name for any purpose other than for attribution, and the use of IIC’s logo shall be subject to a sepa- rate written license agreement between the IIC and the user and is not authorized as part of this CC-IGO license. Following a peer review process, and with previous written consent by the Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC), a revised version of this work may also be reproduced in any academic journal, including those indexed by the American Economic Association's Econ- Lit, provided that the IIC is credited and that the author(s) receive no income from the pub- lication. Therefore, the restriction to receive income from such publication shall only extend to the publication's author(s).
    [Show full text]
  • División Territorial Electoral Que Regirá Para Las Elecciones Del 6 De Febrero De 2022
    DIVISIÓN TERRITORIAL ELECTORAL QUE REGIRÁ PARA LAS ELECCIONES DEL 6 DE FEBRERO DE 2022 DECRETO n.º 2-2021 Aprobado en sesión ordinaria del TSE n.º42-2021 de 20 de mayo de 2021 Publicado en el Alcance n.°114 a La Gaceta n.º107 de 04 de junio de 2021 ____________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Decreto 2-2021: División territorial electoral que regirá para las elecciones del 6 de febrero de 2022 1 N.° 2-2021 EL TRIBUNAL SUPREMO DE ELECCIONES De conformidad con los artículos 99 de la Constitución Política, 12 incisos a) y k) y 143 del Código Electoral, el Decreto n.° 07-2020, publicado en el Alcance n.° 2 a La Gaceta n.º 4 del 7 de enero de 2021 y el Decreto Ejecutivo n.º 42838-MGP, publicado en La Gaceta n.° 25, Alcance Digital n.° 26 del 5 de febrero de 2021. DECRETA La siguiente DIVISION TERRITORIAL ELECTORAL Artículo 1.- La División Territorial Electoral que regirá para las elecciones del 6 de febrero del 2022 en los siguientes términos: 1 SAN JOSE 01 CANTON SAN JOSE Mapa I DISTRITO CARMEN 069 Hs 011 CARMEN*/. POBLADOS: AMON*, ATLANTICO, CUESTA DE MORAS (PARTE NORTE), CUESTA DE NUÑEZ, FABRICA DE LICORES, LAIZA, MORAZAN*, OTOYA. 069 Ht 015 ARANJUEZ*D. POBLADOS: CALIFORNIA (PARTE NORTE)*, CALLE LOS NEGRITOS (PARTE OESTE), EMPALME, ESCALANTE*, JARDIN, LOMAS ESCALANTE, LUZ, ROBERT, SANTA TERESITA/, SEGURO SOCIAL/. II DISTRITO MERCED 069 Hr 012 BARRIO MEXICO*D/. POBLADOS: BAJOS DE LA UNION, CASTRO, CLARET*, COCA COLA, FEOLI, IGLESIAS FLORES, JUAN RAFAEL MORA*, JUAREZ, NUEVO MEXICO, PARQUE, PASEO COLON (PARTE NORESTE), PASO DE LA VACA, URB.
    [Show full text]
  • Costa Rica, Panama, and Nicaragua: Explaining Economic Success Levels
    University of Central Florida STARS HIM 1990-2015 2013 Costa Rica, Panama, and Nicaragua: explaining economic success levels Kevin Negy University of Central Florida Part of the Political Science Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses1990-2015 University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in HIM 1990-2015 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Negy, Kevin, "Costa Rica, Panama, and Nicaragua: explaining economic success levels" (2013). HIM 1990-2015. 1442. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses1990-2015/1442 COSTA RICA, PANAMA, AND NICARAGUA: EXPLAINING ECONOMIC SUCCESS LEVELS by KEVIN NEGY A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors in the Major Program in International and Global Studies in the College of Sciences and in The Burnett Honors College at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2013 Thesis Chair: Dr. Houman Sadri © 2013 Kevin Negy ii Abstract Latin America is a region that has deep roots in Spanish colonialism. Since its independence, many countries in the region have heavily depended on agriculture exports to industrialized states to support their economies. This has led to political theorists to label Latin America as an area full of “periphery” countries that are exploited for resources by “core countries. Costa Rica, Panama, and Nicaragua were not the exception. In recent years, however, a noticeable difference between the economies of the countries has helped Costa Rica and Panama become more successful than Nicaragua, on the basis of GDP, GNI, and other similar measures.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Culture of Democracy in Costa Rica, 2004
    The Political Culture of Democracy in Costa Rica, 2004 Jorge Vargas-Cullell, CCP Luis Rosero-Bixby, CCP With the collaboration of Auria Villalta Ericka Méndez Mitchell A. Seligson Scientific Coordinator and Editor of the Series Vanderbilt University This publication was made possible through support provided by the USAID Missions in Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama. Support was also provided by the Office of Regional Sustainable Development, Democracy and Human Rights Division, Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as the Office of Democracy and Governance, Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance, U.S. Agency for International Development, under the terms of Task Order Contract No. AEP-I-12-99-00041-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development. Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... i List of Tables and Figures........................................................................................................... iii List of Tables...........................................................................................................................................iii List of Figures.......................................................................................................................................... iv Acronyms....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • DRAFT Environmental Profile the Republic Costa Rica Prepared By
    Draft Environmental Profile of The Republic of Costa Rica Item Type text; Book; Report Authors Silliman, James R.; University of Arizona. Arid Lands Information Center. Publisher U.S. Man and the Biosphere Secretariat, Department of State (Washington, D.C.) Download date 26/09/2021 22:54:13 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/228164 DRAFT Environmental Profile of The Republic of Costa Rica prepared by the Arid Lands Information Center Office of Arid Lands Studies University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 AID RSSA SA /TOA 77 -1 National Park Service Contract No. CX- 0001 -0 -0003 with U.S. Man and the Biosphere Secretariat Department of State Washington, D.C. July 1981 - Dr. James Silliman, Compiler - c /i THE UNITEDSTATES NATION)IL COMMITTEE FOR MAN AND THE BIOSPHERE art Department of State, IO /UCS ria WASHINGTON. O. C. 2052C An Introductory Note on Draft Environmental Profiles: The attached draft environmental report has been prepared under a contract between the U.S. Agency for International Development(A.I.D.), Office of Science and Technology (DS /ST) and the U.S. Man and the Bio- sphere (MAB) Program. It is a preliminary review of information avail- able in the United States on the status of the environment and the natural resources of the identified country and is one of a series of similar studies now underway on countries which receive U.S. bilateral assistance. This report is the first step in a process to develop better in- formation for the A.I.D. Mission, for host country officials, and others on the environmental situation in specific countries and begins to identify the most critical areas of concern.
    [Show full text]
  • Panama Evs Report Eng.Pdf
    Published by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2014 Copyright © UNEP 2014 Reproduction This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, DCPI, UNEP, P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi 00100, Kenya. The use of information from this document for publicity or advertising is not permitted. Disclaimers Mention of a commercial company or product in this document does not imply endorsement by UNEP. Trademark names and symbols are used in an editorial fashion with no intention on infringement on trademark or copyright laws. The designations employed and the presentation of mate- rial in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatso- ever on the part of UNEP concerning the legal status of any country, terri- tory or city or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. We regret any errors or omissions that may have been unwittingly made. Authors: Estelle Midler (BC3), Unai Pascual (BC3) and Silvio Simonit (IUCN) Project Coordinator: Estelle Midler Design and Layout: Printing: Acknowledgement The authors wish to acknowledge the important contributions made by the National Authority for the Environment (ANAM) of Panama, in par- ticular Eric Rodriguez.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence from the United Fruit Company in Costa Rica
    Multinationals and Development: Evidence from the United Fruit Company in Costa Rica Esteban M´endez-Chac´on∗ Diana Van Patteny Cornell University UCLA Preliminary draft. Please do not cite or distribute. Abstract We analyze the impact of large-scale FDI on economic development by considering an agricultural multinational with well-defined boundaries: the enclave of the United Fruit Company (UFCo) in Costa Rica from 1889 to 1984. We implement a geographic regression discontinuity design that exploits a quasi-random assignment of land, and the availability of restricted microdata georeferenced at the census block level for 1973, 1984, 2000 and 2011. The range covered by the censuses allow us to identify the company's effect during its tenure, and assess its short- and long-run impacts after it stopped production. We find a positive, large and persistent effect on key outcomes in areas where the company operated. Households located in former UFCo lands are less likely of being poor and have a better satisfaction of basic needs (housing, sanitation, education, and consumption capacity). Moreover, we validate our finding using nighttime lights data and conclude that the former UFCo areas are relatively brighter, suggesting a higher level of income and economic activity. We propose that the mechanisms behind our results are investments in physical and human capital carried out by the UFCo, such as sanitary and health programs, housing for its employees, and vocational training. ∗[email protected] [email protected] \It happened once that someone at the table complained about the ruin into which the town had sunk when the banana company had abandoned it, and Aureliano contradicted him with maturity and with the vision of a grown person.
    [Show full text]
  • Ficha Técnica Sector Productivo Avícola
    PRÁCTICAS EFECTIVAS PARA LA REDUCCIÓN DE IMPACTOS POR EVENTOS CLIMÁTICOS EN COSTA RICA “Como parte del estudio de prácticas efectivas para adaptación de sectores prioritarios para seguros, en Costa Rica” FICHA TÉCNICA SECTOR PRODUCTIVO AVÍCOLA Realizado con el aporte del Fondo de Adaptación Elaborado por: Armando Vargas Céspedes, Bsc1 Kiara Serrano Chaves, Bsc2 William Watler, MSc3 Mariela Morales, MSc4. Raffaele Vignola, PhD5 Enero, 2018 Para la realización de este estudio se reconoce el apoyo de funcionarios de la Universidad de Costa Rica- UCR y del Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería (MAG), quienes aportaron significativamente al desarrollo de la investigación. 1 Consultor CLADA, CATIE 2 Consultor CLADA, CATIE 3 Consultor CLADA, CATIE 4 Investigadora/Project Manager CATIE. 5 Director CLADA-CATIE 1 Tabla de contenido INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................. 4 METODOLOGÍA .................................................................................................................. 5 TIPIFICACIÓN DEL SISTEMA PRODUCTIVO AVÍCOLA ........................................................... 7 1. Especificaciones técnicas ................................................................................................................... 7 2. Fases productivas avícolas ................................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Descripción general de las fases productivas de engorde ........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • “Marimba Por Tí Me Muero”: Region and Nation in Costa Rica, 1824-1939
    “MARIMBA POR TÍ ME MUERO”: REGION AND NATION IN COSTA RICA, 1824-1939 by Soili Iiris Buska Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History Indiana University March 2006 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ______________________________________ Jeffrey L. Gould, Ph.D., Chairperson ______________________________________ Peter Guardino, Ph.D. Doctoral Committee _______________________________________ Daniel James, Ph.D. ______________________________________ Víctor Hugo Acuña Ortega, Ph.D. December 16, 2005 ii © (2005) Soili Iiris Buska ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii Acknowledgements Many people and institutions made this dissertation possible. The Department of History of Indiana University provided me with financial support and graduate appointments from the start of my studies in Bloomington. The pre-dissertation grant and research fellowship from the Office of International Programs and the University Graduate School of Indiana University respectively helped me to define my project and to begin the research. The Indiana University Bloomington Library staff and the History Department Staff in IU Bloomington were of greatest help. History Department Graduate Secretary Alexia Bock assisted in many ways and gave me crucial practical advice during my stay in Bloomington. The Center for Latin American Studies of the University of Pittsburgh's University Center for International Studies generously opened its doors to me in the summer of 2005. The Escuela de Historia, Centro de Investigaciones Históricas de America Central (CIHAC), and the Oficina de Asuntos Internacionales y Cooperación Externa (OAICE) of the Universidad de Costa Rica have all participated in making possible research and writing of this dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Oficina Subregional De Grecia
    Instituto de Desarrollo Rural de Costa Rica Oficina Subregional de Grecia Informe de Caracterización Básica Territorio Atenas-Palmares-Naranjo-San Ramón-Zarcero Costa Rica, 2016 Tabla de contenidos Lista de Cuadros ................................................................................................................................... i Lista de Ilustraciones ...........................................................................................................................iii Lista de Gráficos ................................................................................................................................. iv Glosario de acrónimos y siglas............................................................................................................ v Resumen .............................................................................................................................................. vi Introducción ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1. Contexto de los territorios Inder .................................................................................................. 5 1.1. Los Territorios Rurales ............................................................................................... 5 1.2. Caracterización del área de trabajo ........................................................................... 8 2. Objetivos ..................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Research Proposal
    Eindhoven University of Technology MASTER Assessment of impacts of hydro-project Balsa Superior on economic activities in the canton San Ramon de Alajuela, Costa Rica Vink, R.A.M. Award date: 2002 Link to publication Disclaimer This document contains a student thesis (bachelor's or master's), as authored by a student at Eindhoven University of Technology. Student theses are made available in the TU/e repository upon obtaining the required degree. The grade received is not published on the document as presented in the repository. The required complexity or quality of research of student theses may vary by program, and the required minimum study period may vary in duration. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain Eindhoven University of Technology Faculty Technology Management Technology and Development Studies The Netherlands Assessment of impacts of hydro-project Balsa Superior on economic activities in the canton San Ramón de Alajuela, Costa Rica. Main report Ing. R.A.M. Vink - July 2002 M. Sc. Thesis Student No. 477808 Supervisors Eindhoven University of Technology Ir. E.L.C. van Egmond – de Wilde de Ligny Drs.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    UNN-26 Public Disclosure Authorized SOME ASPECTS OF THE ECONOMY OF PANAMA Prepared by Romeo Dalla Chiesa Public Disclosure Authorized for the GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA Public Disclosure Authorized INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Washington, D. C. Public Disclosure Authorized May 1957 SOME ASPECTS OF THE ECONOMY CF PANA 1/ Table of Contents Page Economic History 1 International Trade and Payments 2 The Size, Age, and Skill of the Population 4 Capital and Capital Formation 8 National Income and Output 10 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 12 Industry and Commerce 14 1 This study was prepared in December 1956. The Economic History of Panama 1. The history of Panama has been influenced by trade across the Isthmus from the discovery of the Pacific by Balboa in 1513 to the present day. The first commercial route was the gold road from Panama City to Portobello which carried the wealth of the colonies to the Atlantic seaboard for shipment to Spain. Panama was a center of American trade for almost two centuries and came to ba amongst the wealthiest of the Snanish colonies. This prosperity was generated almost exclusively by commerce. There was some development of light manufacturing, which was, however, frustrated by Spanish taxes. Apart from this, productive acti-vity in Panama was confined to subsistence farming by indians and escaped slaves. Panamals importance as a trading center declined Twith the decline of Spain, and came to an abrupt end when Henry Morgan destroyed Panama City. 2. In the middle of the nineteenth century, the California gold fever spread through the South Sea.
    [Show full text]