CRUISE SHIP PRIMER: HISTORY & OPERATIONS PDF, EPUB, EBOOK

Craig A. Munsart | 256 pages | 31 Aug 2015 | Schiffer Publishing Ltd | 9780870336386 | English | Atglen, A Primer: History & Operations - $ : Schiffer Publishing

Harry Potter. Popular Features. Home Learning. Cruise Ship Primer: History and Operations. Description Cruise ships, the largest moving man- made objects, can be almost a quarter-mile long, as tall as a twenty-five-story building, and largely self-contained cities of 8, people. With photographs and illustrations, the cruise ship is examined: its planning, construction, behind-the-scenes operation, and ultimate fate. More than ships are highlighted as the cruise ship's history is traced from its origins to its future projections. This book is a great resource for designers, architects, shipbuilders, and cruise ship passengers. Read it before you board and take it along when you sail. Product details Format Paperback pages Dimensions x x About Craig A. Munsart Craig A. Munsart has Bachelor and Master degrees in Architecture and Geology, as well as his Colorado teacher certification. He has had long careers in petroleum exploration and public school education. He is retired and lives in Colorado. Let's start with the environmental criticism first. As you may expect, cruise ships generate several forms of pollution as they lumber through the seas. An average cruise ship creates an estimated 90, gallons to , gallons , liters to , liters of gray water, 30, gallons , liters of black water and 37, gallons , liters of bilge water daily [source: Herz ]. Loose environmental requirements allow cruise ships to dump everything overboard except untreated and solid waste. Bilge water, gray water, as well as treated sewage and incinerated solid waste can be, and regularly is, dumped directly into the sea, so long as it is not within 3 miles 4. Ballast water taken on to stabilize the ship can also disrupt ecosystems. Ships inevitably fill their ballast tanks in one location and purge them in a different area, thus introducing new species of marine organisms into different environments. Much like kudzu when it was introduced to the U. From a public health perspective, disease outbreaks on ships are also a concern. Centers for Disease Control. Other cruise lines soon launched ships with similar attributes, such as the Fantasy -class , leading up to the Panamax - type Vista -class , designed such that two-thirds of the oceanview staterooms have verandas. As the veranda suites were particularly lucrative for cruise lines, something which was lacking in older ocean liners, recent cruise ships have been designed to maximize such amenities and have been described as "balcony-laden floating condominiums". Until —, cruises offered shuffleboard , deck chairs, "drinks with umbrellas and little else for a few hundred passengers". After , they offered increasing amenities. As of , city-sized ships have dozens of amenities. The only comparable to be completed in recent years has been 's Queen Mary 2 in Following the retirement of her running mate Queen Elizabeth 2 in November , Queen Mary 2 is the only liner operating on transatlantic routes, though she also sees significant service on cruise routes. Queen Mary 2 was for a time the largest passenger ship before being surpassed by Royal Caribbean International 's Freedom -class vessels in The Freedom -class ships were in turn overtaken by RCI's own Oasis -class vessels which entered service in and In two short decades — , the largest class cruise ships have grown a third longer m to m , almost doubled their widths Also, the "megaships" went from a single deck with verandas to all decks with verandas. Operators of cruise ships are known as cruise lines , which are companies that sell cruises to the public. Among cruise lines, some are direct descendants of the traditional passenger shipping lines such as Cunard , while others were founded from the s specifically for cruising. Historically, the cruise ship business has been volatile. The ships are large capital investments with high operating costs. A persistent decrease in bookings can put a company in financial jeopardy. Cruise lines have sold, renovated, or renamed their ships to keep up with trends. Cruise lines operate their ships almost constantly. If the maintenance is unscheduled, it can result, potentially, in thousands of dissatisfied customers. A wave of failures and consolidations in the s led to many cruise lines being bought by much larger holding companies and continue to operate as "brands" or subsidiaries of the holding company. Brands continue to be maintained partly because of the expectation of repeat customer loyalty, and also to offer different levels of quality and service. In , Carnival had merged Cunard's headquarters with that of in Santa Clarita, California so that administrative, financial and technology services could be combined, ending Cunard's history where it had operated as a standalone company subsidiary regardless of parent ownership. The common practice in the cruise industry in listing cruise ship transfers [29] and orders [30] is to list the smaller operating company, not the larger holding corporation, as the recipient cruise line of the sale, transfer, or new order. This industry practice of using the smaller operating company, not the larger holding corporation, is also followed in the list of cruise lines and in member-based reviews of cruise lines. Some cruise lines have specialties; for example, only allows passengers over 50 years old aboard their ships, and Star Clippers and formerly Windjammer Barefoot Cruises and only operate tall ships. Regent Seven Seas Cruises operates medium-sized vessels—smaller than the "megaships" of Carnival and Royal Caribbean—designed such that virtually all of their suites are balconies. John W. Brown , which formerly operated as part of the United States Merchant Marine during World War II before being converted to a museum ship, still gets underway several times a year for six-hour "Living History Cruises" that take the ship through Baltimore Harbor, down the Patapsco River , and into the Chesapeake Bay, and she is also the largest cruise ship operating under the American flag on the United States East Coast. Cruise ships are organized much like floating , with a complete hospitality staff in addition to the usual ship's crew. It is not uncommon for the most luxurious ships to have more crew and staff than passengers. Traditionally, the ships' organize two dinner services per day, early dining and late dining, and passengers are allocated a set dining time for the entire cruise; a recent trend is to allow diners to dine whenever they want. Having two dinner times allows the ship to have enough time and space to accommodate all of their guests. Having two different dinner services can cause some conflicts with some of the ship's events such as shows and performances for the late diners, but this problem is usually fixed by having a shorter version of the event take place before late dinner. Cunard Line ships maintain the class tradition of ocean liners and have separate dining rooms for different types of suites, while and Princess Cruises have a standard dining room and "upgrade" specialty restaurants that require pre-booking and cover charges. Many cruises schedule one or more "formal dining" nights. Guests dress "formally", however that is defined for the ship, often suits and ties or even tuxedos for men, and formal dresses for women. The menu is more upscale than usual. Besides the dining room, modern cruise ships often contain one or more casual buffet-style eateries, which may be open 24 hours and with menus that vary throughout the day to provide meals ranging from breakfast to late-night snacks. In recent years, cruise lines have started to include a diverse range of ethnically themed restaurants aboard each ship. Most cruise lines also prohibit passengers from bringing aboard and consuming their own beverages, including alcohol, while aboard. Alcohol purchased duty-free is sealed and returned to passengers when they disembark. There is often a central galley responsible for serving all major restaurants aboard the ship, though specialty restaurants may have their own separate galleys. As with any vessel, adequate provisioning is crucial, especially on a cruise ship serving several thousand meals at each seating. For example, a quasi "military operation" is required to load and unload passengers and eight tons of food at the beginning and end of each cruise, for the Royal Princess. Cruise ships require electrical power, normally provided by diesel generators, [37] although an increasing number of new ships are fueled by Liquified Natural Gas LNG. Polluting emissions from the diesel engines can be equivalent to trucks running their engines, and is harmful where ships dock in populated areas. Some cruise ships already support the use of shorepower , while others are being adapted to do so. Some ships have bowling alleys, ice skating rinks, rock climbing walls, sky-diving simulators, miniature golf courses, video arcades, ziplines, surfing simulators, basketball courts, tennis courts, chain restaurants, ropes obstacle courses, and even roller coasters. H2OZone aboard Freedom of the Seas. Promenade on the Allure of the Seas. Golf course on Brilliance of the Seas. Molecular Bar aboard the Celebrity Equinox before Christmas. Formal brunch aboard the Celebrity Equinox. Surf simulator on Oasis of the Seas. A junior suite on Radiance of the Seas. A luxury suite aboard the Celebrity Equinox. Crew are usually hired on three to eleven month contracts which may then be renewed as mutually agreed, depending on service ratings from passengers as well as the cyclical nature of the cruise line operator. Most [ citation needed ] staff work hour work weeks for 10 months continuously followed by two months of vacation. There are no paid vacations or pensions for service, non-management crew, depending on the level of the position and the type of the contract. Non-service and management crew members get paid vacation, medical, retirement options, and can participate in the company's group insurance plan. The direct salary is low by North American standards, [43] though staff have considerable earning potential from passenger tips. Crew members do not have any expenses while on board, because food and accommodation, medical care, and transportation for most employees, are included. Oyogoa states that "Crewing agencies often exploit the desperation of potential employees. Living arrangements vary by cruise line, but mostly by shipboard position. In general two employees share a cabin with a shower, commode and a desk with a television set, while senior officers are assigned single cabins. All crew members are required to bring their certificates for the Standard of training, certification and watchkeeping or completing the training while being on board. Crew members need to consider to complete this certification prior embarking since it is time - consuming and needs to be accomplished at the same time they perform their daily work activities while being on board. For the largest cruise operators, most " staff" are hired from less industrialized countries in Asia, Eastern Europe, the Caribbean, and Central America. While several cruise lines are headquartered in the United States, like most international shipping companies, ships are registered in countries such as the , the UK, the Bahamas, and Panama. The International Labour Organization 's Maritime Labour Convention, [46] also known as the "Seafarers' Bill of Rights," [47] provides comprehensive rights and protections for all crew members. The ILO sets rigorous standards regarding hours of work and rest, health and safety, and living conditions for crew members, and requires governments to ensure that ships comply. For cruise routes around Hawaii , operators are required to register their ships in the United States and the crew is unionized, so these cruises are typically much more expensive than in the Caribbean or the Mediterranean. However, there are extra charges for alcohol and soft drinks, official cruise photos, Internet and wi-fi access, and specialty restaurants; it has been reported [ by whom? Facilitating this practice are modern cruise terminals with establishments of duty-free shops inside a perimeter accessible only by passengers and not by locals. In one case, Icy Strait Point in Alaska, the entire destination was created explicitly and solely for cruise ship visitors. Travel to and from the port of departure is usually the passengers' responsibility, although purchasing a transfer pass from the cruise line for the trip between the airport and cruise terminal will guarantee that the ship will not leave until the passenger is aboard. Similarly, if the passenger books a shore excursion with the cruise line and the tour runs late, the ship is obliged to remain until the passenger returns. Older cruise ships have often had multiple owners. It is usual for the transfer of ownership to entail a refitting and a name change. Some ships have had a dozen or more identities. Many cruise lines have a common naming scheme they use for their ships. Some lines use their name as a prefix or suffix in the ship name such as the prefixes " Carnival ", " AIDA ", " Disney ", and " Norwegian " and the suffix " Princess ". The addition of these prefixes and suffixes allows multiple cruise lines to use the same popular ship names while maintaining a unique identifier for each ship. Due to slower speed and reduced seaworthiness, as well as being largely introduced after several major wars, cruise ships have never been used as troop transport vessels. Cruise ships and former liners often find employment in applications other than those for which they were built. A shortage of hotel accommodation for the Summer Olympics led to a plan to moor a number of cruise ships in Athens to provide tourist accommodation. On 1 September , the U. The ship departed from Southampton for Bilbao on 21 April, and returned on 23 April. In , cruise ships were used to help transport residents from some Caribbean islands destroyed by Hurricane Irma , [56] as well as Puerto Rico residents displaced by Hurricane Maria. Most cruise ships sail the Caribbean or the Mediterranean. A cruise ship that is moving from one of these regions to another will commonly operate a repositioning cruise while doing so. Petersburg, Tallinn, Stockholm and Helsinki. Petersburg, the main Baltic port of call, received , passengers during the cruise season. According to CEMAR [61] statistics the Mediterranean cruise market is going through a fast and fundamental change; has won prime position as a destination for European cruises, and destination for the whole of the Mediterranean basin. There are also smaller cruise lines that cater to a more intimate feeling among their guests. Many American cruise lines to the Caribbean depart out of the Port of Miami , with "nearly one-third of the cruises sailing out of Miami in recent years". Some UK cruise lines base their ships out of Barbados for the Caribbean season, operating direct charter flights out of the UK. The busiest ports of call in the Caribbean for cruising in the year are listed below [65]. Between October and September Alaska had about 2. That 2. Visitors generally spend money when travelling, and this is measured in two distinct areas: the cruising companies themselves and the visitors. There are no current numbers for cruise specific passenger spending ashore, but the overall visitor expenditure can be measured. The second main area of economic growth comes from what the cruising companies and their crews spend themselves. This money is paid to the service providers by the cruise line company. These jobs were scattered across all of Alaska. Labor income is shown in the graph below. The construction market for cruise ships is dominated by three European companies and one Asian company:. A large number of cruise ships have been built by other shipyards, but no other individual yard has reached the large numbers of built ships achieved by the four above. As most of the passengers on a cruise are affluent and have considerable ransom potential, not to mention a considerable amount of cash and jewelry on board for example in casinos and shops , there have been several high-profile pirate attacks on cruise ships, such as on Seabourn Spirit and MSC Melody. As a result, cruise ships have implemented various security measures. While most merchant shipping firms have generally avoided arming crew or security guards for reasons of safety, liability and conformity with the laws of the countries where they dock, cruise ships have small arms usually semi-automatic pistols stored in a safe accessible only by the captain who distributes them to authorized personnel such as security or the master- at-arms. The ship's high-pressure fire hoses can be used to keep boarders at bay, and often the vessel itself can be maneuvered to ram pirate craft. A recent technology to deter pirates has been the LRAD or sonic cannon which was used in the successful defense of Seabourn Spirit. A related risk is that of terrorism, the most notable incident being that of the hijacking of Achille Lauro , an Italian cruise ship. Passengers entering the cruise ship are screened by metal detectors. Explosive detection machines used include X-ray machines and explosives trace-detection portal machines a. Security has been considerably tightened since 11 September , such that these measures are similar to airport security. In addition to security checkpoints, passengers are often given a ship-specific identification card , which must be shown in order to get on or off the ship. This prevents people boarding who are not entitled to do so, and also ensures the ship's crew are aware of who is on the ship. CCTV cameras are mounted frequently throughout the ship. In , the United States Congress passed the Cruise Vessel Security and Safety Act [74] after numerous incidents of sexual violence, passenger disappearances, physical assault, and other serious crimes. The Congress said:. A Cruise Ship Primer: History & Operations - Pilothouse Nautical Books And Charts

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. October Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: Piracy. See also: Ship stability. This section contains overly lengthy quotations for an encyclopedic entry. Please help improve the article by presenting facts as a neutrally worded summary with appropriate citations. Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote. February Main article: Environmental impact of shipping. Oceans portal Transport portal. Retrieved 2 November A two-night, three-day cruise to nowhere can offer a quick vacation for a very reasonable price. Ships depart from their home port and sail in a loop to and from the same port, without any other stops. Santa Cruz Galapagos Cruise. Retrieved 11 June Retrieved 1 May Cruise Market Watch. Bristol: Channel View Publications. Retrieved 21 June The first known effort to advertise cruising with all of the imagery associated with leisure cruising surfaced in , when the Francesco I , a Sicilian vessel, advertised a three-month Mediterranean cruise to Taormina, Catania, Syracuse, Malta, Corfu, Patras, Delphi, Zante, Athens, Smyrna and Constantinople. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing Limited. It has been claimed that Francesco I was the first cruise ship, as in she sailed from Naples with nobility from all over Europe. Retrieved 9 January Cruise: Identity, Design and Culture. Laurence King Publishing. Hamburg Cruise Days. Archived from the original on 9 January London: Chatham. Patrick Stephens Limited. Retrieved 13 January Archived from the original on 7 October Archived from the original on 4 October The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 30 September Retrieved 26 September Melbourne, Florida: Florida Today. Archived from the original on 5 September Retrieved 18 March Seaforth Publishing. Travel industry dictionary. Archived from the original on 24 April Retrieved 26 June New York Times. Retrieved 27 August Cruise industry news. Cruise Industry News. Cruise Critic. Business Insider. Retrieved 25 February The business and management of ocean cruises. October Journal of History. Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 August Marine Insight. Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide. Retrieved 26 March The Guardian. Retrieved 17 May Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 6 February Klein 13 April The Vancouver Observer. Retrieved 22 April International Transport Workers Federation. Archived from the original on 16 August Frommer's Cruises and Ports of Call. Monterey Herald. Archived from the original on 8 March Retrieved 9 December Retrieved 31 October Regent Seven Seas Cruises. Archived from the original PDF on 27 February Retrieved 5 February Archived from the original on 21 February Retrieved 3 July Petersburg Times". Retrieved 6 October Archived from the original on 1 June Retrieved 12 May Archived from the original on 22 February Retrieved 14 February Monthly Review Press. Caribbean Tourism Organization. Retrieved 1 October Retrieved 26 April Retrieved 24 March Cruise Law News. Retrieved 8 October United States Congress. Retrieved 16 March Civic Impluse, LLC. Coroners Court of New South Wales. International Cruise Victims. Can anything be done to stop it? Retrieved 28 September Since , people have fallen off cruise ships—and another 41 from large ferries—an average of about 1. : Special Broadcasting Service. Beyond Ships. Retrieved 7 June New Scientist. Retrieved 14 November Rick Spilman. Most of the time, but beware of what can go wrong". Washington Post. August Lancet Infect Dis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 9 May Annual Review of Food Science and Technology. BBC News. Retrieved 30 April Coli Infections". Congressional Research Service Updated 6 February This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Retrieved 21 August Archived from the original on 22 May Retrieved 30 March Teknisk Ukeblad. Berger, Arthur Asa All rights reserved. Join our mailing list. Other Books You May Enjoy! Sherman Tank, Vol. Munsart Available Now. Free delivery worldwide. Bestselling Series. Harry Potter. Popular Features. Home Learning. Cruise Ship Primer: History and Operations. Description Cruise ships, the largest moving man-made objects, can be almost a quarter-mile long, as tall as a twenty-five-story building, and largely self-contained cities of 8, people. With photographs and illustrations, the cruise ship is examined: its planning, construction, behind-the-scenes operation, and ultimate fate. More than ships are highlighted as the cruise ship's history is traced from its origins to its future projections. This book is a great resource for designers, architects, shipbuilders, and cruise ship passengers. Read it before you board and take it along when you sail. Product details Format Paperback pages Dimensions x x About Craig A. Munsart Craig A. Munsart has Bachelor and Master degrees in Architecture and Geology, as well as his Colorado teacher certification. A Cruise Ship Primer: History & Operations (Paperback) | Copperfield’s Books Inc.

The Britannic was the lesser known, but largest and most extravagant, of the three Olympic Class ocean liners built by White Star for trans- Atlantic voyages. However, just months after its completion, the British government enlisted the liner for use as a hospital ship during World War I. The British government retrofitted the liner for its new role in the war effort -- ferrying wounded from Italy to England -- and sent it on its maiden voyage on Dec. In just 55 minutes, faster than the sinking of the Titanic, the Britannic sank in the Mediterranean. Of the more than 1, people onboard, 30 people died. It remains the largest sunken ocean liner, having never carried a paying passenger. Prev NEXT. History of Cruise Ships. The Oceanic, the largest liner in the world when it was built by White Star Lines and launched in , became beached in Scotland due to poor navigation. Getty Images. Cruise ships, the largest moving man-made objects, can be almost a quarter-mile long, as tall as a story building, and can be largely self-contained cities of perhaps 8, people. With photographs and illustrations, the cruise ship is examined; its planning, construction, operation, and ultimate fate. This behind-the-scenes look examines the concept, development, and construction of vessels, what makes them work, and how, as well as ship operations. This book is a great resource for designers, architects, shipbuilders, and the cruise ship passenger. Read it before you board and take it along when you sail. Laurence King Publishing. Hamburg Cruise Days. Archived from the original on 9 January London: Chatham. Patrick Stephens Limited. Retrieved 13 January Archived from the original on 7 October Archived from the original on 4 October The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 30 September Retrieved 26 September Melbourne, Florida: Florida Today. Archived from the original on 5 September Retrieved 18 March Seaforth Publishing. Travel industry dictionary. Archived from the original on 24 April Retrieved 26 June New York Times. Retrieved 27 August Cruise industry news. Cruise Industry News. Cruise Critic. Business Insider. Retrieved 25 February The business and management of ocean cruises. October Journal of Tourism History. Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 August Marine Insight. Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide. Retrieved 26 March The Guardian. Retrieved 17 May Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 6 February Klein 13 April The Vancouver Observer. Retrieved 22 April International Transport Workers Federation. Archived from the original on 16 August Frommer's Cruises and Ports of Call. Monterey Herald. Archived from the original on 8 March Retrieved 9 December Retrieved 31 October Regent Seven Seas Cruises. Archived from the original PDF on 27 February Retrieved 5 February Archived from the original on 21 February Retrieved 3 July Petersburg Times". Retrieved 6 October Archived from the original on 1 June Retrieved 12 May Archived from the original on 22 February Retrieved 14 February Monthly Review Press. Caribbean Tourism Organization. Retrieved 1 October Retrieved 26 April Retrieved 24 March Cruise Law News. Retrieved 8 October United States Congress. Retrieved 16 March Civic Impluse, LLC. Coroners Court of New South Wales. International Cruise Victims. Can anything be done to stop it? Retrieved 28 September Since , people have fallen off cruise ships—and another 41 from large ferries—an average of about 1. Australia: Special Broadcasting Service. Beyond Ships. Retrieved 7 June New Scientist. Retrieved 14 November Rick Spilman. Most of the time, but beware of what can go wrong". Washington Post. August Lancet Infect Dis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 9 May Annual Review of Food Science and Technology. BBC News. Retrieved 30 April Coli Infections". Congressional Research Service Updated 6 February This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Retrieved 21 August Archived from the original on 22 May Retrieved 30 March Teknisk Ukeblad. Berger, Arthur Asa New York: Haworth Hospitality Press. Butler, Manuel Cruise Tourism: Current Situation and Trends. Madrid: World Tourism Organization. Cartwright, Roger; Baird, Carolyn The Development and Growth of the Cruise Industry. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Cudahy, Brian J. Dawson, Philip Cruise Ships: An Evolution in Design. London: Conway Maritime Press. Dickinson, Robert H. Douglas, Norman; Douglas, Ngaire Dowling, Ross K. Cruise Ship Tourism. Wallingford: CAB International. Klein, Ross A. Garin, Kristoffer A. Devils on the Deep Blue Sea: the dreams, schemes, and showdowns that built America's cruise-ship empires. New York: Viking. Middlemiss, Norman L. Munsart, Craig Peter, Bruce Cruise Ships: A Design Voyage. Ramsey, Isle of Man: Ferry Publications. Quartermaine, Peter; Peter, Bruce

Cruise ship - Wikipedia

Among cruise lines, some are direct descendants of the traditional passenger shipping lines such as Cunard , while others were founded from the s specifically for cruising. Historically, the cruise ship business has been volatile. The ships are large capital investments with high operating costs. A persistent decrease in bookings can put a company in financial jeopardy. Cruise lines have sold, renovated, or renamed their ships to keep up with travel trends. Cruise lines operate their ships almost constantly. If the maintenance is unscheduled, it can result, potentially, in thousands of dissatisfied customers. A wave of failures and consolidations in the s led to many cruise lines being bought by much larger holding companies and continue to operate as "brands" or subsidiaries of the holding company. Brands continue to be maintained partly because of the expectation of repeat customer loyalty, and also to offer different levels of quality and service. In , Carnival had merged Cunard's headquarters with that of Princess Cruises in Santa Clarita, California so that administrative, financial and technology services could be combined, ending Cunard's history where it had operated as a standalone company subsidiary regardless of parent ownership. The common practice in the cruise industry in listing cruise ship transfers [29] and orders [30] is to list the smaller operating company, not the larger holding corporation, as the recipient cruise line of the sale, transfer, or new order. This industry practice of using the smaller operating company, not the larger holding corporation, is also followed in the list of cruise lines and in member-based reviews of cruise lines. Some cruise lines have specialties; for example, Saga Cruises only allows passengers over 50 years old aboard their ships, and Star Clippers and formerly Windjammer Barefoot Cruises and Windstar Cruises only operate tall ships. Regent Seven Seas Cruises operates medium-sized vessels—smaller than the "megaships" of Carnival and Royal Caribbean—designed such that virtually all of their suites are balconies. John W. Brown , which formerly operated as part of the United States Merchant Marine during World War II before being converted to a museum ship, still gets underway several times a year for six-hour "Living History Cruises" that take the ship through Baltimore Harbor, down the Patapsco River , and into the Chesapeake Bay, and she is also the largest cruise ship operating under the American flag on the United States East Coast. Cruise ships are organized much like floating hotels, with a complete hospitality staff in addition to the usual ship's crew. It is not uncommon for the most luxurious ships to have more crew and staff than passengers. Traditionally, the ships' restaurants organize two dinner services per day, early dining and late dining, and passengers are allocated a set dining time for the entire cruise; a recent trend is to allow diners to dine whenever they want. Having two dinner times allows the ship to have enough time and space to accommodate all of their guests. Having two different dinner services can cause some conflicts with some of the ship's events such as shows and performances for the late diners, but this problem is usually fixed by having a shorter version of the event take place before late dinner. Cunard Line ships maintain the class tradition of ocean liners and have separate dining rooms for different types of suites, while Celebrity Cruises and Princess Cruises have a standard dining room and "upgrade" specialty restaurants that require pre-booking and cover charges. Many cruises schedule one or more "formal dining" nights. Guests dress "formally", however that is defined for the ship, often suits and ties or even tuxedos for men, and formal dresses for women. The menu is more upscale than usual. Besides the dining room, modern cruise ships often contain one or more casual buffet-style eateries, which may be open 24 hours and with menus that vary throughout the day to provide meals ranging from breakfast to late-night snacks. In recent years, cruise lines have started to include a diverse range of ethnically themed restaurants aboard each ship. Most cruise lines also prohibit passengers from bringing aboard and consuming their own beverages, including alcohol, while aboard. Alcohol purchased duty-free is sealed and returned to passengers when they disembark. There is often a central galley responsible for serving all major restaurants aboard the ship, though specialty restaurants may have their own separate galleys. As with any vessel, adequate provisioning is crucial, especially on a cruise ship serving several thousand meals at each seating. For example, a quasi "military operation" is required to load and unload passengers and eight tons of food at the beginning and end of each cruise, for the Royal Princess. Cruise ships require electrical power, normally provided by diesel generators, [37] although an increasing number of new ships are fueled by Liquified Natural Gas LNG. Polluting emissions from the diesel engines can be equivalent to trucks running their engines, and is harmful where ships dock in populated areas. Some cruise ships already support the use of shorepower , while others are being adapted to do so. Some ships have bowling alleys, ice skating rinks, rock climbing walls, sky-diving simulators, miniature golf courses, video arcades, ziplines, surfing simulators, basketball courts, tennis courts, chain restaurants, ropes obstacle courses, and even roller coasters. H2OZone aboard Freedom of the Seas. Promenade on the Allure of the Seas. Golf course on Brilliance of the Seas. Molecular Bar aboard the Celebrity Equinox before Christmas. Formal brunch aboard the Celebrity Equinox. Surf simulator on Oasis of the Seas. A junior suite on Radiance of the Seas. A luxury suite aboard the Celebrity Equinox. Crew are usually hired on three to eleven month contracts which may then be renewed as mutually agreed, depending on service ratings from passengers as well as the cyclical nature of the cruise line operator. Most [ citation needed ] staff work hour work weeks for 10 months continuously followed by two months of vacation. There are no paid vacations or pensions for service, non-management crew, depending on the level of the position and the type of the contract. Non-service and management crew members get paid vacation, medical, retirement options, and can participate in the company's group insurance plan. The direct salary is low by North American standards, [43] though restaurant staff have considerable earning potential from passenger tips. Crew members do not have any expenses while on board, because food and accommodation, medical care, and transportation for most employees, are included. Oyogoa states that "Crewing agencies often exploit the desperation of potential employees. Living arrangements vary by cruise line, but mostly by shipboard position. In general two employees share a cabin with a shower, commode and a desk with a television set, while senior officers are assigned single cabins. All crew members are required to bring their certificates for the Standard of training, certification and watchkeeping or completing the training while being on board. Crew members need to consider to complete this certification prior embarking since it is time - consuming and needs to be accomplished at the same time they perform their daily work activities while being on board. For the largest cruise operators, most "hotel staff" are hired from less industrialized countries in Asia, Eastern Europe, the Caribbean, and Central America. While several cruise lines are headquartered in the United States, like most international shipping companies, ships are registered in countries such as the Netherlands, the UK, the Bahamas, and Panama. The International Labour Organization 's Maritime Labour Convention, [46] also known as the "Seafarers' Bill of Rights," [47] provides comprehensive rights and protections for all crew members. The ILO sets rigorous standards regarding hours of work and rest, health and safety, and living conditions for crew members, and requires governments to ensure that ships comply. For cruise routes around Hawaii , operators are required to register their ships in the United States and the crew is unionized, so these cruises are typically much more expensive than in the Caribbean or the Mediterranean. However, there are extra charges for alcohol and soft drinks, official cruise photos, Internet and wi-fi access, and specialty restaurants; it has been reported [ by whom? Facilitating this practice are modern cruise terminals with establishments of duty-free shops inside a perimeter accessible only by passengers and not by locals. In one case, Icy Strait Point in Alaska, the entire destination was created explicitly and solely for cruise ship visitors. Travel to and from the port of departure is usually the passengers' responsibility, although purchasing a transfer pass from the cruise line for the trip between the airport and cruise terminal will guarantee that the ship will not leave until the passenger is aboard. Similarly, if the passenger books a shore excursion with the cruise line and the tour runs late, the ship is obliged to remain until the passenger returns. Older cruise ships have often had multiple owners. It is usual for the transfer of ownership to entail a refitting and a name change. Some ships have had a dozen or more identities. Many cruise lines have a common naming scheme they use for their ships. Some lines use their name as a prefix or suffix in the ship name such as the prefixes " Carnival ", " AIDA ", " Disney ", and " Norwegian " and the suffix " Princess ". The addition of these prefixes and suffixes allows multiple cruise lines to use the same popular ship names while maintaining a unique identifier for each ship. Due to slower speed and reduced seaworthiness, as well as being largely introduced after several major wars, cruise ships have never been used as troop transport vessels. Cruise ships and former liners often find employment in applications other than those for which they were built. A shortage of hotel accommodation for the Summer Olympics led to a plan to moor a number of cruise ships in Athens to provide tourist accommodation. On 1 September , the U. The ship departed from Southampton for Bilbao on 21 April, and returned on 23 April. In , cruise ships were used to help transport residents from some Caribbean islands destroyed by Hurricane Irma , [56] as well as Puerto Rico residents displaced by Hurricane Maria. Most cruise ships sail the Caribbean or the Mediterranean. A cruise ship that is moving from one of these regions to another will commonly operate a repositioning cruise while doing so. Petersburg, Tallinn, Stockholm and Helsinki. Petersburg, the main Baltic port of call, received , passengers during the cruise season. According to CEMAR [61] statistics the Mediterranean cruise market is going through a fast and fundamental change; Italy has won prime position as a destination for European cruises, and destination for the whole of the Mediterranean basin. There are also smaller cruise lines that cater to a more intimate feeling among their guests. Many American cruise lines to the Caribbean depart out of the Port of Miami , with "nearly one-third of the cruises sailing out of Miami in recent years". Some UK cruise lines base their ships out of Barbados for the Caribbean season, operating direct charter flights out of the UK. The busiest ports of call in the Caribbean for cruising in the year are listed below [65]. Between October and September Alaska had about 2. That 2. Visitors generally spend money when travelling, and this is measured in two distinct areas: the cruising companies themselves and the visitors. There are no current numbers for cruise specific passenger spending ashore, but the overall visitor expenditure can be measured. The second main area of economic growth comes from what the cruising companies and their crews spend themselves. This money is paid to the service providers by the cruise line company. These jobs were scattered across all of Alaska. Labor income is shown in the graph below. The construction market for cruise ships is dominated by three European companies and one Asian company:. A large number of cruise ships have been built by other shipyards, but no other individual yard has reached the large numbers of built ships achieved by the four above. As most of the passengers on a cruise are affluent and have considerable ransom potential, not to mention a considerable amount of cash and jewelry on board for example in casinos and shops , there have been several high-profile pirate attacks on cruise ships, such as on Seabourn Spirit and MSC Melody. As a result, cruise ships have implemented various security measures. While most merchant shipping firms have generally avoided arming crew or security guards for reasons of safety, liability and conformity with the laws of the countries where they dock, cruise ships have small arms usually semi-automatic pistols stored in a safe accessible only by the captain who distributes them to authorized personnel such as security or the master-at-arms. The ship's high-pressure fire hoses can be used to keep boarders at bay, and often the vessel itself can be maneuvered to ram pirate craft. A recent technology to deter pirates has been the LRAD or sonic cannon which was used in the successful defense of Seabourn Spirit. A related risk is that of terrorism, the most notable incident being that of the hijacking of Achille Lauro , an Italian cruise ship. Passengers entering the cruise ship are screened by metal detectors. Explosive detection machines used include X-ray machines and explosives trace-detection portal machines a. Security has been considerably tightened since 11 September , such that these measures are similar to airport security. In addition to security checkpoints, passengers are often given a ship-specific identification card , which must be shown in order to get on or off the ship. This prevents people boarding who are not entitled to do so, and also ensures the ship's crew are aware of who is on the ship. CCTV cameras are mounted frequently throughout the ship. In , the United States Congress passed the Cruise Vessel Security and Safety Act [74] after numerous incidents of sexual violence, passenger disappearances, physical assault, and other serious crimes. The Congress said:. Passengers on cruise vessels have an inadequate appreciation of their potential vulnerability to crime while on ocean voyages, and those who may be victimized lack the information they need to understand their legal rights or to know whom to contact for help in the immediate aftermath of the crime. The Congress said both passengers and crew committed crimes. It said data on the problem was lacking because cruise lines did not make it publicly available, multiple countries were involved in investigating incidents on international waters, and crime scenes could not be secured quickly by police. It recommended that owners of cruise vessels:. After investigating the death of Dianne Brimble in , a coroner in Australia recommended:. The lobby group International Cruise Victims Association, based in Arizona, pushes for more regulation of the cruise industry, and supports victims of crimes committed on cruise ships. Passengers and crew sometimes drown after going overboard in what the industry calls man-overboard incidents MOBs. Since , more than people have fallen off cruise ships or large ferries, which is an average of about 1. Of those, only about 17 to 25 per cent were rescued. Critics of the industry blame alcohol promotion for many passenger deaths, and poor labour conditions for crew suicides. They also point to underinvestment in the latest MOB sensors, a lack of regulation and consumer protection, and a lack of on-board counselling services for crew. The industry blames irresponsible behaviour by passengers, and says overboard sensors are unreliable and generate false alarms. Lines to participate in the onboard attractions keep growing as ships like the Genesis hit the water. These mobs of passengers can also overwhelm a port call destination. But cruise ship companies show no signs of stopping their quest to build the biggest ship. Prev NEXT. Cruise Ship Criticism. The Monterey, Calif. Monterey banned the cruise ship Crystal Harmony from the area after it discharged 35, gallons of wastewater into the area's marine sanctuary. Black water : Wastewater comprising human waste. Gray water : Wastewater that comes from showers, dishwashers, sinks and other cleaning activities onboard a ship. Bilge water : Water from the ship's bilge tank that contains engine oil and sludge. Read it before you board and take it along when you sail. Product details Format Paperback pages Dimensions x x About Craig A. Munsart Craig A. Munsart has Bachelor and Master degrees in Architecture and Geology, as well as his Colorado teacher certification. He has had long careers in petroleum exploration and public school education. He is retired and lives in Colorado. Rating details. Book ratings by Goodreads. Goodreads is the world's largest site for readers with over 50 million reviews. We're featuring millions of their reader ratings on our book pages to help you find your new favourite book. Close X. Learn about new offers and get more deals by joining our newsletter. Sign up now. Follow us.

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