Définition D'une Infrastructure De Sécurité Et De Mobilité Pour Les Réseaux Pair-À-Pair Recouvrants

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Définition D'une Infrastructure De Sécurité Et De Mobilité Pour Les Réseaux Pair-À-Pair Recouvrants THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE À UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX COLLÈGE SCIENCES & TECHNOLOGIES ÉCOLE DOCTORALE DE MATHÉMATIQUES ET D’INFORMATIQUE LABORATOIRE BORDELAIS DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE (LaBRI) par DAOUDA AHMAT MAHAMAT POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE : DOCTEUR SPÉCIALITÉ : INFORMATIQUE F Définition d’une Infrastructure de Sécurité et de Mobilité pour les Réseaux Pair-à-Pair Recouvrants Soutenue publiquement le : 29 septembre 2014 Après avis des rapporteurs : Anne Fladenmuller, UPMC - LIP6, Maître de Conférences HDR Philippe Owezarski, CNRS - LAAS, Directeur de Recherche HDR Devant la commission d’examen composée de : Présidente du jury : Francine Krief, ENSEIRB - LaBRI, Professeur des Universités Directeur de thèse : Damien Magoni, UB - LaBRI, Professeur des Universités Examinateur : Gwendal Simon, Telecom Bretagne - IRISA, Maître de Conférences ii Abstract — Securing communications in distributed dynamic environments, that lack a central coordination point and whose topology changes constantly, is a major challenge. We tackle this challenge of today’s P2P systems. In this thesis, we propose to define a security infrastructure that is suitable to the constraints and issues of P2P systems. The first part of this document presents the design of SEMOS, our middleware solution for managing and securing mobile sessions. SEMOS ensures that communication sessions are secure and remain active despite the possible disconnections that can occur when network configurations change or a malfunction arises. This roaming capability is implemented via the definition of a new addressing space in order to split up addresses for network entities with their names ; the new naming space is then based on distributed hash tables (DHT). The second part of the document presents a generic and distributed mechanism for a key exchange method befitting to P2P architectures. Building on disjoint paths and end-to-end exchange, the proposed key management protocol consists of a combination of the Diffie-Hellman algorithm and the Shamir’s (k, n) threshold scheme. On the one hand, the use of disjoint paths to route subkeys offsets the absence of the third party’s certified consubstantial to Diffie-Hellman and reduces, at the same time, its vulnerability to interception attacks. On the other hand, the extension of the Diffie-Hellman algorithm by adding the threshold (k, n) scheme substantially increases its robustness, in particular in key splitting and / or in the case of accidental or intentional subkeys routing failures. Finally, we rely on a virtual mobile network to assess the setup of secure mobile sessions. The key management mechanism is then evaluated in an environment with randomly generated P2P topologies. Index terms— P2P, DHT, mobile VPN, disjoint paths, Diffie-Hellman, (k, n) threshold scheme Résumé — La sécurisation inhérente aux échanges dans les environnements dynamiques et distribués, dépourvus d’une coordination centrale et dont la topologie change perpétuel- lement, est un défi majeur. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, on se propose en effet de définir une infrastructure de sécurité adaptée aux contraintes des systèmes P2P actuels. Le premier volet de nos travaux consiste à proposer un intergiciel, appelé SEMOS, qui gère des sessions sécurisées et mobiles. SEMOS permet en effet de maintenir les sessions sécurisées actives et ce, même lorsque la configuration réseau change ou un dysfonctionnement se produit. Cette faculté d’itinérance est rendue possible par la définition d’un nouveau mécanisme de découplage afin de cloisonner l’espace d’adressage de l’espace de nommage ; le nouvel espace de nommage repose alors sur les tables de hachage distribuées (DHT). Le deuxième volet définit un mécanisme distribué et générique d’échange de clés adapté à l’architecture P2P. Basé sur les chemins disjoints et l’échange de bout en bout, le procédé de gestion des clés proposé est constitué d’une combinaison du protocole Diffie-Hellman et du schéma à seuil (k, n) de Shamir. D’une part, l’utilisation des chemins disjoints dans le routage des sous-clés compense l’absence de l’authentification certifiée, par une tierce partie, consubstantielle au protocole Diffie-Hellman et réduit, dans la foulée, sa vulnérabilité aux attaques par interception. D’autre part, l’extension de l’algorithme Diffie-Hellman par ajout du schéma à seuil (k, n) renforce substantiellement sa robustesse notamment dans la segmentation des clés et/ou en cas de défaillances accidentelles ou délibérées dans le routage des sous-clés. Enfin, les sessions sécurisées mobiles sont évaluées dans un réseau virtuel et mobile et la gestion des clés est simulée dans un environnement générant des topologies P2P aléatoires. Mots-clés— P2P, DHT, VPN mobile, chemins disjoints, Diffie-Hellman, schéma à seuil (k, n) iii iv Dédicace Je dédie cette thèse à ma défunte mère Mariam Haroun Moustapha et à mon défunt père Ahmat Mahamat Koulibaly pour l’amour parental qu’ils nous ont procuré et pour les immenses sacrifices qu’ils ont consentis pour l’éducation et la réussite de leurs enfants. Puisse Allah les accueillir en son Paradis Éternel ! Amine. v vi Remerciements Je remercie chaleureusement les rapporteurs, Anne Fladenmuller et Philippe Owezarski, qui ont accepté de relire ma thèse et qui, subséquemment, ont émis un avis favorable au déroulement de ma soutenance. J’adresse également mes remerciements appuyés à Francine Krief et Pierre Simon qui ont aimablement accepté de faire partie du jury. Je tiens à adresser mes vifs remerciements à mon directeur de thèse Damien Magoni avec qui j’ai travaillé sur quatre différents projets depuis 2010. Ces travaux m’ont en effet permis non seulement d’acquérir plus de rigueur mais aussi d’enrichir considérablement mes connaissances techniques et scientifiques ; ce serait un euphémisme de dire que j’ai beaucoup bénéficié de ces encadrements respectifs. Aussi, je ne peux perdre de vue les qualités humaines manifestes de Damien ni faire abstraction de la bonne humeur qu’il répand à profusion au cours de nos différentes entrevues ; nos réunions sont toujours ponctuées par des échanges cordiaux. Le dernier encadrement en date, sous sa direction, se traduit donc par l’aboutissement de cette thèse dont le déroulement s’était inscrit naturellement dans la même dynamique que des projets précédemment encadrés. Je n’aurais jamais fait des études en Informatique sans les conseils affectueux et bienveillants du Dr Mahamat Barka. En effet, mon baccalauréat en poche et alors que je me destinais à des études de Mathématiques ou de Physique pour lesquelles j’avais une certaine prédisposition inhérente à mon cursus scolaire et à ma série, le début de mon parcours universitaire avait soudainement pris une tout autre tournure lorsque j’avais décidé de me placer, volontairement mais irrésistiblement, sous le parrainage du Dr Mahamat Barka. Ce dernier a ainsi eu la perspicacité de m’orienter. Tout au long de mon parcours universitaire, Dr Mahamat Barka n’a eu de cesse de suivre mon évolution avec intérêt et de m’apporter, dans la foulée, un soutien tout aussi ininterrompu que précieux. Je ne vous remercierai jamais assez d’être aussi présent à mes côtés ! Je vous dis seulement merci car parmi les mots qui peuplent mon vocabulaire aucun d’eux ne pourrait exprimer avec exactitude toute ma gratitude pour vous. Aussi, me faudrait-il des pages entières pour décrire tout ce que je vous dois. Mes remerciements s’adressent également à mes frères et sœurs Adoum, Moussa, Adamou, Hissein, Khadidja, Amina, Hadjé Fatimé, Zamzam, Hadjé Mariam et Mahboub (décédé en 2013) pour leur soutien et leurs encouragements qui ne se sont jamais essouflés durant toute la durée de ma thèse. Je n’oublie pas également, dans cette page où le cœur s’exprime, tous les proches, amis et connaissances qui ne se privent pas d’occasion pour m’encourager dans mes études. Je remercie ma fiancée Haoua Brahim pour sa grande patience et son soutien qui l’est tout autant ; elle comprendra un jour que le temps et l’énergie consacrés aux études n’étaient pas vains. Je tiens à remercier Serge Chaumette, Arnaud Casteigts et Colette Johnen de m’avoir adopté dans leur thème MUSE (Mobility Ubiquity SEcurity), en m’associant à leurs différentes activités. Je remercie vivement Sébastien Bindel et Dramane Ouattara avec qui j’échange régulièrement sur nos travaux respectifs et sur divers autres sujets. Comment mettre fin aux remerciements sans pour autant avoir une pensée pour les anciens et actuels membres de l’environnement, appelé la CVT, dans lequel j’avais préparé ma thèse. Je les remercie tous ! Il s’agit, dans un ordre qui ne suit aucune logique, de : Sébastien Bindel, Hugo Balacey, Telesphore Tiendrebeogo, Tegawendé Bissyandé, Cyril Cassagnes, Jonathan Ouoba, Vincent Autefage, Rémi Laplace, Damien Dubernet, Jigar Solanki, Matthieu Barjon, Mohammed Y. Neggaz et Jonathan Saludas. vii viii Symboles utilisés ix x tableau 1 – Liste de symboles utilisés Symbole Description ⊥ Valeur vide ou nulle d’une variable f l Polynôme utilisé dans l’interpolation de Lagrange fb Point d’interpolation équivalent à (x, f l(x)) V Liste de nœuds parcourus dans la recherche des chemins disjoints Vb Liste de nœuds parcourus stockée localement P Chemin p Nombre premier de valeur supérieure ou égale à 2048 bits s / t Nœud source / nœud destination dans une transmission hi Saut constituant un chemin à l’étape i H Espace hyperbolique ⊕ Opérateur appliqué sur les sous-clés dans la reconstitution d’une clé S/Σ Secret / clé secrète τ Taille d’un secret Σ ∆ Donnée / secret ∆i Sous-donnée / sous-secret ∆t Variation du temps g Générateur
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