Proto-Micronesian Reconstructions: 2 Author(S): Byron W

Proto-Micronesian Reconstructions: 2 Author(s): Byron W. Bender, Ward H. Goodenough, Frederick H. Jackson, Jeffrey C. Marck, Kenneth L. Rehg, Ho-min Sohn, Stephen Trussel, Judith W. Wang Source: Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Dec., 2003), pp. 271-358 Published by: University of Hawai'i Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3623243 Accessed: 05/10/2008 09:59

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http://www.jstor.org Proto-Micronesian Reconstructions-2

Byron W. Bender,Ward H. Goodenough,Frederick H. Jackson, JeffreyC. Marck,Kenneth L. Rehg, Ho-min Sohn, StephenTrussel, and JudithW. Wang

UNIVERSITYOF HAWAI'I AND UNIVERSITYOF PENNSYLVANIA

Part I (in volume 42 [I]) presents some 980 reconstructionsfor Proto-Micronesian, Proto-Central Micronesian, and Proto-Wester Micronesian. Part 2 in this issue gives reconstructionsfor two additionalsubgroups within Proto-Micronesian:Proto- Pohnpeic (PPON) and Proto-ChuukicPCK), and for the largergroup that they com- prise, Proto-Pohnpeic-Chuukic(PPC). A few putativeloans are also identified, and a finder list for all reconstructionsis provided.

PROTO-POHNPEIC-CHUUKIC (PPC)

PPC *adoola 'variety of sweet-husked coconut palm': CHK atoon, otoon; PUL yotool, y6todid-(n);CRL atod; WOLatoole; PCK *adoola; PON adol. Cf. YAPwaqthoel, waqtoel, waq- toi 'a type of tree'. PPC *-ali 'strand,thin piece (counting classifier)': PUL yaal 'necklace, belt', -el, -dl 's. or string (in counting)'; CRLddl, dli-(l) 's. of head hair, s. of', -ydl 'long thin object such as string, hair (in counting)'; WOLyaali, yan-(ni)- 'hair,thread, thin object, h. of', -yali, -yeli 'thin piece, sheet, or leaf (in counting)'; PuA yaani, yani- 's. of hair', -yani 'thin piece (in counting)'; PCK *yaali, yali-; PON -el 'garland(in counting)'. PPC *aiuri 'south': CHKeer, eeru-(n) 's., in the s., s. of', (notowa)-ar'southwest', (eetiwe)- er 'southeast',ewur 'spiritworld in the s. or southernsky (sourceof bountifulfruit and fish)'; MRTyeer; PUL eer, neer-n 'to be the southwind, be at the s., southwind, s. of', (lotow)yeer 'be west southwest', (ye'tiw) ygeR 'be east southeast'; CRL eer; STW yeer; WOL (i)-yaiur 's.', yauru-(lape) 's.', (letowa)-are 'west southwest', (gootuwa)-are'east southeast'; PuA (katiwa)- ala 'southeast'; PCK *yarui, -ar[ia]; PON (pali)-eyr;PNG (pali)-eyr,(pali)-eyr. KSR eir, glossed as 'north' in dictionary,is a probable loan (see PMc *afaqi 'north'). Marck (I994:323) recon- structsPMc *auru,including the KSRforms whose r is unexpected. PPC *awa, 'mouth': CHK aaw, awa-(n), awe-(n) 'm., his m., m. of'; MRT awa-(n); PUL yaawo(sic), yewd-(y) 'm., my m.';CRL aaw, awa-(l); STW yaaw, yewa-(n); WOL yaawe, yewa- (le); PuA yaawa, yawa-; PCK *aawa, awa-; PON aaw, EWe;MOK aw, owI; PNG aw, ewe. Cf. KsR Oai-(k) 'my m.'; SAA wawa 'm.'; BUG aa 'open m.' PPC *awa2'banyan tree (Ficus carolinensis)': CHK aaw; CRLaaw, ghili-aw 'b. t. (F. virens)'; STW aaw; WOL(gili)-yawe 'a t. (F prolixa)'; PCK *awa; PON (ay)-aw; MOKaw. Cf. PEO *qayaoa (Geraghty 1983) (FIJyayawa, yacawa 'kind of b. t.'); YAPqaaw 'type of b. t.' This may well be a loan from YAP.Cf. PCK *kawannu. PPC *ayita 'Parinariumtree': CHKayis, eyis; PULyddyih (sic); WOLyaise 'a tree with fra- grantfruit'; PCK *ayita;PON ays; MOKayj 'tree sp'. PPC *caiu-ni-lukui,luiki 'bird's nest fern': CHKnnuk, nnlai-(n) 'b. n. f., f. of'; MRT llk;

PUL andSTW Ree-l-luk; CRL she-l-luigh; CRN Reyti-l-lug; WOL shee-n-nugu; PCK *cai-ni- lukui,luki; PONtee-n-lik. Cf. KSR(ma)-liklik 'a kind of plant'. PPC*cee, ceecee 'movequickly': CHK che, chche 'be in motion',cheeche 'be in continuing motion,be movingfast', chee-(n6) 'run off, hurry',che-(kkdy) 'hurry'; WOL chchee 'to escape, flee';PCK *cee; PON teetee-(n likamwada) 'expression used when another attempts to coverup embarrassment(likamwada)'. Cf. PMc *cece,cecece 'shake,tremble', PCK *cecu 'continuouslywidespread', PCK *caka-i-, ccaka-i- 'chase, pursue'. PPC *cepe,cepe-ki 'kick':CHK chchep 'kicking with the feet, be kicked',chepe-ti 'k. it'; PULRepe-ti-(y), Ripe-ti-y 'k. it'; CRLshep, shepe-ti; CRN Rip, Ripi-ti; WOL shepe 'k. withthe feet',shepe-gi-(i) 'k. it'; PuA sepesepe'k.', sepe-ki 'k. it'; PCK *cepe, cepe-(kt)i-; PON tep, tepe-k. PPC*ci[ae] 'companion':CHK chiyechi 'c., friend,be companions',chiye-na-(n) 'his c., chiye-ne-(ni)'acquire as a c.';PUL Riye-nd- 'c.'; WOL shiye-la- 'c.', shiye-li-(i) 'accompany him'; PCK*ci[ael, ci[ae]-na, ci[ae]-ni; PON tie-(kepe) 'child of a chief(honorific) ("thigh c.")'. PPC? *[cd]iki'fragrant': PuA tikitiki'fragrance, f.'; PON pwo-tik 'f'. PPC*cip[ae] 'comforted, consoled': CHK chip, chipe-(n6);PUL Rip 'be c., consoled', Ripe-e-(y)'c. him/her';CRL (d)-shipaship, (d)-shipashipa. shipe-e-(y) 'act in an appeasingman- ner,appease or bribe(s.o.), comfort or console(s.o.); CRN Ripe-e-(y) 'comfort or console(s.o.)'; WOLshipe 'to recoverfrom crying or anger',(ga)-shipe-(e) 'comfort him/her', (ga)-shipeshipe 'comfort,console'; PuA ? sipe sipesipe'to beg, pray';PCK *cip[ae]; PON tip 'to be full after eating(honorific)'. Cf. KIRriba-na 'to till, cultivate (s.t.)'. PPC*coko, li-coko 'to cluck,clucking bird': CHK (6)-chokochok 'c. or call to chicks (by motherhen)', ni-chchk, -chchoe-(n), -chchcku-(n) 'a smallland bird (probably bush warbler)'; PUL(o)-coccok 'c.', li-cck, -cc(co-(n)'a smallbird (probably bush warbler)'; CRL (li) -tchogh 'sp. of bird';CRN (li)-tchog 'sp. of bird';WOL li-chchogi 'a kindof bird';PCK *ccoko, cokocoko, li- ccoko;PON li-tok 'hen'. Note that MRS teAlkwkkek 'clucking of a hen'has an initial t insteadof expectedd andis, therefore,an apparentloan from PON or CHK.Cf. MOK li-sok 'sp. of fish'. PPC*-de 'negativeimperative aspect marker, lest (purposeful future negative)': CHK -te; MRT -te;PUL -te; CRL -te WOL-te 'should not, won't, may not, ought not'; PCK *-de; PON dE 'lest'. PPC*dera-ina 'fishscales, be scaled':CHK tere-wun, tere-wuna-(n) 's. (of fish), its s.'; PULteraa-wtna (sic) 'to scale(a fish),pluck (feathers)', tera-wuna (sic) 'a fishthat has beens., pluckedbird'; CRL tera-yili, tera-ytili 'to scale(a fish)';WOL tera-ule 'to scalefish, be s.', tera- ula-(a)'to scaleit'; PCK *d(ea)ra-una; PON (ke)-der-win 'to scale, pluck', (ke)-der-wina 'to scale or pluck(s.t.)'. Cf. MRSkar-win 'to scalefish, be scaled'.See PMc *una,unauna, una-fi 'hair, feathers,scales, remove (hair or scales)'. PPC*die 'squeezed,pushed together': CHK ti 'be crowded,p. together',tiiti 'shove, push, shoving';WOL tiye 'be s., p., packed, jammed'; PCK *die; PON die 'topoke (s.t.), push or pull (s.t.) witha stickor the feet'. Cf. PPC *didi, di- 'fence,wall'. Cf. PMc *lsS]ixi,[sS]ixi-ri- 'push, shove'. PPC*didi, di- 'fence,wall': CHK ttiit, titti-(n) 'f., w.,house partition, hegde, pen, f. of', tti-i- (y), titti-i-(y)'f. or enclose(s.t.)', (e)-ti-(ip), (e)-ti-(ppa-n) 'w., partition of a house,room, his r.'; PULtitti-(n) 'barrier, enclosure, w. of', ti-i-(y)'build (a barrier,enclosure, wall), shut, close'; CRL tti 'shut,close, secure(s.t.)', ttii-(lo)'close, shut',ti-i-(y) 'to close, shut(s.t.)', ttit 'be closed, shut';WOL tti 'be closed,enclosed, shut', tti-i-(ye) 'close it, shutit', tti-(paape)'w. boardof a house',tiiti (sic) 'partition,house w.'; PuA titi(sic) 'w.,beam dividing floor of houseinto sec- tions';PCK *di-, ddi, diddi, didi, di-i-, ddi-i-; PON dii 'w.of a building',did 'builda w.',didi-i 'build(a w.)';MOK did 'w.,to makea w.'Cf. PEO*Iszli[szli, [szJidi, [szlin[szli (BUG hidi 'wall, stone wall') andcf. SAAtete 'stone fence'. Cf. also MRSkiyi- 'side of a house'.KIR (te)-riri 'grassskirt' is a loanfrom a PNsource (cf. FIJlili). PPC*diwa-ike 'ninety': CHK ttiwe 'n.', (e)-ttiwe-e-(n) 'ninetieth'; PUL ttiwe; CRL tiwe-igh; WOLtiwe-ige, PuA tio-iki;PCK *diwa-ike; PON duwe-ek. See PMc *Siwa'nine'. PPC *dowu 'stab,pierce, be stabbed,pierced': CHK ttu 'be sewn, stitched(of thatch),be thrown,hurled, jabbed, stabbed (of spearsonly)'; ttuu-(w) 'sew, stitch (thatch), s., jab, hurl(a spear)';MRT tt(wu 'to s. (s.o.)';PUL tto, ttJw 'to s., p., spear,vaccinate, inject', tt(7w-(p1ij) (sic) 'to s., to spear';CRL tt(W 'to spears.t., s. s.t.,give one an injection',touttcw 'to spearrepeatedly, PROTO-MICRONESIAN RECONSTRUCTIONS -2 2 273

engagein spearing,be thorny,thorns'; STw towutow'tO S.'; WOL tCW,U 'to spear,innoculate, s., p.', tiu-u-(we),ttcu-u-(we) 'to spearit, s. it, p. it', ttau'pick with fork, s.'; PuA tou'spear it, poke it, injectit', tautou'to spear,poke, inject'; PCK *dowu; PON dow-(y-ak) 'a typeof spearfishing donein mangroveswamp'. Cf. Fijisova4 sovu-ta 'break a holein thinthings'). Cf. alsoSAA Susu 'to prick,p., impale,sew'; KWAsusu 'jab,inject, injection'; ARO SUSU, SuM-'i 'to prick,p., impale;LAK SUSU 'to pushinto'; PKB *sudu 'to pushforward'; UAN *susuk'p.' Sec also PMc *[sS]owu,[sSJowu-ti- 'to dig'. PPC *edda,#eeda 'thenumber one, one (in serialcounting)': CHK eet 'one', egtt-(raaiw) 'one-two(in counting by twos)';MRT eet; PUL Y6gt; CRL ext, eet; STW yggt; WOL yte, yata(sic); PCK*edda, #eeda; PONEed; MOK od; POc *([eeil)-(n)sa,(Feil)-(n)sasa (Tonga taha [? < *nsasa];SAA ['el-ta taa; ULAta'e; BUG [keJ-ha; ARo ta; KWA[eJ-ta, tee, PLK*Sasa 'one'); UAN * (e)-sa,(i)-sa. Cf. KSRsie 'one';POc *sa(Ross i988). PPC *faa 'brave,strong': CHK.fr 'be b.,bold'; WoLfaa-(tagi), fia-(tagiteWji) 'be b., S.';PCK *faa;MOK pa 'be talented'. PPC *faco 'longobject' (counting classifier): CHK -fr6ch, fichti-(n) '1. o., 1. o. of'; PUL :f6R;CRL :f6Sh;-fishO; CRN .f6R; STW:f6R; WOL PuA -daso 'movingobject (counting classifier);PCK *-faco; PON -PwOt '1. o.' (countingclassifier). PPC*fadili 'anygrass, sedge, or fern':CHK.fetin, fefini-(n);- MRT firail; PULfritl,frihfli-(n); CRL.fitil,frill;STwfetin; WoLfritili; UL1.ffith11; PuA datini;-SNsfirltini; PCK *fadili; PON (ree)- padil 'sp.of grass(ischaomn chonlatwn)'.Cf. YAPlrxyi 'typeof grass'. PPC *fadi,fadi-ki- 'pinchor squeezewith the fingers':CHKjetti-k, jiyitti-k 'p. withthe f.', filf-ki-(i-y),ftyitti-ki-(i-y) 'p. it';PuL.fatiki-(y) 'to p.'; CRLjfidte-ghi.fti-ghi 'top. (s.t.);CRN.fiti- gi 'top. (s.t.)';WoL.fati-gi-(i) 'p. it, pluck it, nip it, pickit upwith finger tips'; PuA dati-ki'p. it'; PCK*fadi-ki-; PON peld 'be squeezedor pressed', padi-k 'to squeezeor press'. PPC *fadiila 'canoepaddle': CHK.f9trin,ftline-(n) 'c. p., p. of'; PUL.fatufiatai0-(n);CRL fatal; WOLfatile;-PuA dattina;PCK *fadffla; PON padil; MOK padil. PPC *fai[ae] 'fare,proceed': CHKftyiye- 'f., p., happen',feyiya-(,jaw),j?yiye-(pwutak) 'go badly,have bad luck', feyiy~-(&ch), feyiy6-(watdc) 'go well,have good luck', feyiye-w(mHmwefl) 'part- inggift of food';PuLftye-(q9aw) (sic) 'have bad luck, be in trouble',.f*ii-(fiR)(sic) 'be lucky, well off'; WOLfiiYa4-'fortune, luck', faiiye-( y e),,fari-(p"'uto)'have bad luck, be at a disadvantage', .faiye-(f,shi),faiye-(m"'aadi) 'be lucky,fortunate'; PuA (ka)-daie-(maii)(sic) 'be happy,blessed, lucky',(ka)-daie-(p"Yitelri) 'tobe cursed'; PCK *fai[aeI-; PON paiya-(mWaaw) 'luck, good fortune, be lucky',paxzye-(ntE)'luckily, fortunately'; MOK pay 'goodfortune, be fortunate'. PPC *fala,ka-falafala 'adzing, cut withan adze':CHKKfianafan 'adzing, adze work',fana 'c. or shapeit withan a', fr1ne-(e-y)'c. or shapeit withan a.',fane-(e-ya-) 'thing adzed by (s.o.)'; MRTafafil 'c.or carve with an a.'; P'UL.fal,fiall4d 'to carve, cut, hew'%,frde-y 'carve, adze, or cut it'; fiale-ya-'thing adzed by (s.o.)';CRLfiI,ffiale-e-y 'chop, split (wood)', fa1afal 'adzing, chopping, notchescut in a coconuttree'; STW ya-falafal 'c., carve with an a, stepscut in coconuttree'; WOL .fiifak 'toc. orhew with an a.',fda-(a) 'c., hew, or carve it withan a.', ge-frle-fale' steps on coconut tree,to makesuch steps'; PuA danadana'carving, to carve,chop wood', dana 'to chop it'; PCK *fala,falafala, fala-(a), (ka)-falafala; PON pal 'hackwith a knife',pelr 'hack it', peepElE--(n siklUiwi) 'notchesin coconuttree'; MOK pclpcl 'to chop', pol 'chop(s.t.)', ka-palapx 'steps cut in coconut trunk'.Cf. MRSyalyL 'to carve, to repaira boat,to fix or overhaul';KSR ye-ki 'to carveout'; KSR firl 'split,saw lengthwise' (a loan);KSR.falke 'c. stepsin a coconuttree' (a loan). PPC *fawo-ni-pei'name of PohnpeiIsland': CHKf6i6nupi; PULfi( 36nepeey; CRLj66opey; WoLbb6lopei;PON poLp6fxy; MOK poonpey; MRS frk1'9wnp9y;KSR palpe. The PON,MOK, and CHK formsappear to be cognate;the remainder are clearly loans from the PON or CHK forms. See PMc *fawo'surface, on', PMc *-ni 'of,pertaining to', PCMc *pei'stone structure'. PPC *fee 'engagein sexualintercourse, perform an action':CHKkt 'e. in s. i.',.ft*-(y)'have sex withhim/her'; PULJfr CRL.fefi-(y); WOLj.frf-(ye); PuA date(sic); SNS.je,' PCK*fee; PON(a)-pe 'perform or causesome actionor motion,have s. i.', (a)-pee-neP'have sex withhim! her'.Cf. CRLfaiU-li-aa-'lover'; ULI.fdds 'penis'; LAu.fai- 'performative pref.',j&i 'do with,help in';LAK vai-, Va-, vi- 'causativeor performative prefix'. 274 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

PPC *fele 'to peck': CHKffen,fwffe 'to p. (as a chicken)', .fee-e-(y) 'p. it'; CRL.fl, fle-e- (y), WOLfelefde file-e-(ye); PCK *fe[ln]e; PON peI, pali-i. PPC *fin[ei]'wrapped, bound up': CHK.finifin 'wrapping, bandage', fini-ti 'bandageit, wrapcloth or mattingaround it (end-pieceof a canoe)',fis-sop" (<*fini-s6pw) 'wrapping of coconutcloth and rope on theend-piece of a canoe',ffiit, fit-ti-(n), tiit-ti-(n) (*fini-ti-lnl) 'snarl, tangle,entwining', ffii it, iit 'be snarled,entangled, entwined',fit-tek (*fini-tek)'be twisted, writhe',fit-ti-i-(y) (*fini-ti-i-[yI) 'wind upon it, twine aboutit, wind it up (as a fishlineon a stick)';CRL fit-ti (*fili-ti) 'to wrap rope, string, or garland around (s.t.)', ()-fit-ti 'tobraid, coil, or entwine(s.t.)'; PCK *fi[lnli, fi[ln]i-di-; PON pinipin 'closely twisted or curled,kinky, tangled', pinpene'to wraparound (s.t.)'. Cf. UAN *bilirj'turn, twist', *bilit 'wind up, roll'. Cf. also PMc *fi- 'mutually',PMc *fira,fira-[kx]i 'to twist',PWMc *fiji-[sSli'to twist,twirl'. PPC*idi, idi-[g0]i- 'point, have direction': CHK iti- 'p., be toward,face (in a direction)', itiit'd. in whichs.t. points or faces',iti-ni 'p. towardit', (a)-yit'show, make demonstration, give instruction';PUL iti (sic) 'to lie (as a stick),to face(as a house),yitiiti-(n) 'd. facing',yitiit 'to p. at',yiti-yi-(y) 'p. (s.t.)out'; CRL itiit 'a p., pointingprojection', (a)-iti 'guide (s.o.), p. out (the way)';WOL itiiti 'destiny, doom, mortality'; PuA iti- 'go (in a d.)';PCK *idi, idiidi, idi-ii; PON idi- 'p.(in a d.)', idi-i'to p. at'. PPC*-ik[ae] 'counter for tens':CHK -0, -e-,-ik -ika-'c. fort.', riwe (e-ruiwe)-e-(n)'twenty, twentieth',nimen (e-nime)-e-(n) 'fifty, fiftieth', ini-ik, (e-ini)-ika-(n) 'thirty, thirtieth', wani-ik (a- wani)-ika-(n)'eighty, eightieth'; PUL -0, -e-,-ik, -ika-; CRL -igha- (as in la-ruwe]-igha-[ll'twentieth');WOL -ige (as in lsel-ige 'ten',lruwe]-ige 'twenty'); PuA -iki(as in [del-iki'ten'); PCK *-ik[ae];PON -ek (as in [sl-ek 'ten',/riel]-k 'twenty',[lirme-sk 'fifty', [welsl-ek 'sixty', [due]-ek 'ninety').See alsoPON -akan (as in lsili]-akan'thirty', [isil-akan 'seventy', [weliJ-akan 'eighty'). Cf. PCMc *-itaki'counter for tens', PMc *-rawulu'unit of ten(in counting)'. PPC *ila,ilaila 'carryin the mouth':CHK ine-e-(y), ine-yi 'to hold (s.t.) in one'steeth'; CRL ileil'to seize s.t.and mrn off withit in them. (as a dog)';PON ilayl 'to c. in them.', ila 'to c. (s.t.) in them.' PPC*iyu, iyua 'to grind,grate': CHK iiw, iwe-(n) 'grindstone,whetstone, g. of'; PUL yiiyuw,yiiyuwt-(n) (sic) 'whetstone,w. of'; CRLiyuw 'whetstone'; PON uu 'sharpeningstone'. Cf. KIRii 'to grate,grind', (te)-ii 'the process of gratingor grinding',ii-a 'to grate,grind (s.t.)'; KSRii 'rub,erase, wipe', i-l 'grind,grate, whet, rub (s.t.)', which appear to be cognatewith WOL iriiri'to rib, scrub'(PMc *iri,iriiri 'rub, scrub'). PPC ? *kaapi 'yam':CHK kdip, #kdppi-(n), #kddppi-(n) (eep, #eppi-(n) appear to be loans) 'yam,y. of; PONkeep, keepi-n; MOK koop. Cf. PMP *qubi (Blust I984-85). PPC? *kailu 'sing,song': CHK kkCen, kkLeen-(n) 'sing, song, s. of'; MRTkke,l; PUL keel, CRLkkeel, kkeelu-(l); CRN kkeel; STWkkeel; PON kowl, kowli-(n); MOK kowl. Cf. KSRon 'song, sing'.Cf. PWMc *kau,kakau, kau-ri, kakau-ri 'call, call to', PMc *alele'to reckon, sing'. PPC*kere 'happy':WOL kkere 'be h., glad,rejoice, be delightfil,pleasant', (ga)-kkere-(e) 'makehim h., delighthim'; PuA kkele'be h.,joyous, glad'; PCK *kkere; PON kere-(mW'E) 'h., joyful(honorific)'. PPC*-ki[tT][ai] 'little bit': CHK kis, kisikiis, -kkiis'l., small', (e)-kis 'a 1.,a bit(in counting); PUL (ye)-kuih,(ye)-kts; CRL (e)-ghuis;WOL (se)-kkute (se)-kkiite (archaic); PCK * (te)-ki[tTl[ai]; PON-kis 'counterfor smallobjects'; MOK kij 'bit,piece' kijkij'fraction'; PNG (e)-kis 'a small piece'.Cf. Tongasi'i '1.';SAM itiiti '1.' Cf. alsoPMc *kisi'small, little'. PPC ? *koyikoyi'piping or whistlingsound, piping bird': CHK koyikoy 'a pipingbird', (o)- koyikoy'a smallwhistle'; PON koykoy 'broadbill bird'. Cf. MRSkel 'semi-palmatesandpiper'; FIJkalu 'to whistle';BUG guigui 'to whistle';LAK (vialo) kdlukfou 'whistle up anddown on two notes'.Cf. alsoPON kdul 'golden plover'; KIR (kani)-mn()i 'to whistle;KSR kulld 'sandpiper'. PPC*-ki- 'backor napeof headand neck': CHK #kuuai, kuu-(n) 'b. or n. of h. andneck, b. of his h.', (epi-ni)-ku,(epi-n) kuu-(n) 'b. of the h., n. of the neck, b. of his h.'; PUL (ydpi-nu)-ku-(n)'b. of his h.'; CRL(api-lui)-gh/u-(l) and CRN(api-ni)-gui-(n) 'n. of his neck'; WOL(gapi-li)-gu 'b. the h.'; PCK *kiu; PON (kepi-npay)-ki 'lower partof the b. of his h.'; MOK(kopi-n pay)-k, (kopi-n pxy)-ki-(n)'b. of theh., b. of h. of'. Cf. PKB*kisu, kidu 'b. or n. of one'sneck'; ARO 'uu-(na) 'his PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS - 2 275 neck,throat'; PEO *keju- 'b. of theh.' (GeraghtyI983). There are problems with reconstruction here,since the form has been preserved only in compoundsoutside of CHKand reinterpreted along theway. Cf. alsoKSR (in)-kwewE, (in)-kwewe-(n), kwewe(n) 'neck, n. of'. Cf.PMc *ua3'neck'. PPC *kuiaili'kind of lizard':CHK kauween, kuween, kuuweeni-(n) 'kind of 1.,1. of'; PUL kuwed,kuweli-(n); CRN giyel 'smallgreen 1.'; WOL guweeli; PCK *kUeeli or *ktiaili;PON and MOKkieyl. Cf. MRS(man)-niwyaj; KSR knAul. PPC *kumwucui'fist, hand, and wrist': CHK kumwuch, kumw uchu-(n) 'f., hoof, foot, paw,f. of', -kwumuch'fistful, handful, hoof, foot, paw (counting classifier)'; MRT kumw'ushu-(n) 'hish.'; PULkumwaR 'w., h.'; CRLgumwush, gumwushu'-(1)' 'w. andh., w. andh. of'; CRNgumw'uR 'w. andh.'; STW kwnmuR 'h.'; WOL gumw'ushu 'w.', -gumuwshu 'wrist-length (from w. to fingertips) (countingclassifier); PuA knmusu'f.'; PCK *kumwucu; PON kumwnut, kumn'uti 'f., his f.'; MOK kunm'us,kwumusi-(n) 'w., his w.' Cf. SAA kumu,kumukumu 'to punch, to beat with the f.' PPC *kurupwu'small young coconut': CHK kurup", kurupWu-(n), #kuruwpp"'u-(n) 'tiny c. in firststage of growth';PUL kurupnq kurupwi-(n) 'immature fruit (of coconutsor limes)';CRL ghuru&and CRN guruw& 'small young c.'; WOL guruhu 'young c.'; PCK *kurupwu; PON kurupw 'immaturec.' PPC *kuTu 'squirtout, spitout, ejaculate': CHK kus 'squirtout, be squirtedout, flow (of blood);escape, get away',kkus 'spurt, be discharged,be spit,be squirted,be ejaculated(of sperm)', kusu-fikii-fi 'spit it out,spit on him',kkusi-(iti) 'be squirtedor ejaculatedupon (s.t)'; PULkuh 'to be discharged,poured or spilledout, drained, to spurtout', kuhu-fi-(y) 'to spitout (s.t)'; CRL ghus, ghusu-(wow)'to discharge suddenly, to leakout (as from a faucet)',ghusu-fi 'to spit out (fluid) from the mouth,to blow(chewed up medicine)onto an affectedarea', kkus 'to ejaculate'; CRN guh 'to dischargefluid, to drainout, to leakout (as froma facuet)',guhuu-fi 'to spitout (fluid)from the mouth';WOL kkusu 'sperm, to ejectsperm, spout, emit', kkutu 'spit, spittle, to spit',gusu-fi-(i) 'blow it out(with the mouth), spit it out',gutu-fi-(i) 'spit on it';PuA kutu-de'spittle, to spit';PCK *kuTu, kuTu-fi;PON kus 'to gush,to climax,to ejaculate';MOK kuj 'to gush',kuj, kuji-(n) 'semen, s. of'. Cf. KWA'usu 'have sexual intercourse'. Cf. alsoSAA PUSU 'to spurt out, squirt'. PPC *laawa 'haves.t. caughtin thethroat': MRT laaw 'c. in the t.';CRL laaw 'chokeon a bone c. in the t.';WOL laawe 'have s.t. stuckin the t.';PCK *laawa; PON (x) 'have s.t. stuckin one'st.' Cf. PEO*laqaRa 'choked' (Geraghty I990). Cf. alsoPCK *nnawa 'to cough'. PPC *lec[ae],lecelec[ae] 'to rap,strike sharply': CHK nech,nennech, nechenech 'be struck sharply,tapped, rapped, be rung(of a bell)',neche-e-(y) 'strike or tap(s.t. sharply)'; PUL IdR 'ring (as a bell),sound (as hammering or tapping)', leRe-(y) (sic) 'ringit'; PuA nnesa'ringing of a bell'; PCK*lec[ae]; PON let, letelet,lete-j 'to flick,f. it'; MOKles 'gamein whichshells are flicked betweenadjacent squares', lesles 'to knock, rap'. Cf. alsoPCK *llecfi 'make a loudnoise'. PPC *likarikari 'a fish': CHKnikeriker 'butterfly f.'; CRL lighdreghdrand CRN ligdregidr 'genericterm for bottom feeding f.'; WOL ligerigeri 'a f.';PCK *likarikari; MOK likerker 'sp. of f. (? harlequintusk f.)'. PPC *liia, lijaliaa, lliga 'becomevisible, be bright,shiny': CHK nig 'come into view, appear,become visible', nira-(fe) 'appear anew', nnir, nniga-(n) 'be pleasantor brightof hue, glorious,beautiful, pleasant hue, glory, beauty, its beauty';PUL lig, liye-(td)'to come intoview (as a ship),appear (as thenew moon)', llij 'bepretty, beautiful, beauty, fineness'; CRL llig 'to be beautiful,cute, pretty'; WOL lie 'appear,loom up', nnige'be beautiful,pretty'; PuA niye-(tcko) 'new moon';PCK *liia, llira;PON liga-(da) 'appear on the horizon(of land)',ligalig 'bright, clear,shiny', lioa-n 'beautiful, shiny', lige 'its beam of light';MOK lir 'beautiful(of things)'.Cf. PPN*NiNila 'shine, glitter'; UAN *linar'glitter, shine'. PPC *li-rjariijari'angry': CHK ni-yeriger 'exhibit one's dislike in one'sface'; PUL li-9ereger 'be verya.'; CRL li-yir, li-rireair 'be quietlyfurious, be extremelyfurious'; WOL li-gerieri 'to get a., buildup anger';PCK *li-arirari; PON li-geriger 'a.' PPC *lota'mat':CHK nxos, nosa-(n) 'mat, his m.';PUL loh (sic) 'sleepingmat'; PON loss 'mat'. PPC ? *ma 'if': WOLme 'that'(as in 'I wish that...'); PONma; MOKma; PNGma. It is unclearwhat to makeof this. 276 OCEANIC LINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

PPC*maal[iu] 'glare blindness': CHK mnw''n 'affliction of the eyes fromover-exposure to brightsun, resulting in partialblindness'; WOL maala 'to haveeye sicknessfrom staying too long in the sun';PON maal 'be excessivelybright, temporary blindness induced by excessive light',maalid 'eye condition caused by exposureto glare'. PPC *(ka)-maarek[aeI'any of severalspecies of fernwith alternating leaves': C HK dmddire;MRT amddrd, PUL yamia'a're; CRL addickre; WOL gemaarage; ULI hanmarakh(Bender et al. 1984); PCK *kamaarekIae];PON maarEk. PPC*mac[ae]-raki 'easy': CHK meche-res 'e., notdifficult', meche-resi-(iti) 'be e. for,go easily to', (e)-mwhe-NSi'make it e.'; MRTmtisha-rk,k; PUL meRe-rcdk;CRL meshe-rd gh and CRN meRee-rdig(sic) 'be e., simple';Siw merie-Rak(showing metathesis); WOL mashe-ragi 'e., free fromtrouble, not strict';ULI mece-rdg; PCK *maclae]-rali; PON matamat 'pliable, resilient', matE-rek'supple, limber,easily persuaded, lucky'; MOK mas-rec 'do wellin things'. PPC *madiiiiV'a lethrinidfish': CHK metiin; PUL metiin 'porgy (Lethrinus variegatus)'; PCK*madiin; PON mfW& 'a snapper (Lthrinus lkjan)'. PPC *mali, maluimalui 'to storm, wind storm, typhoon': CHK mrn 'blow, be windy', mnintimdn'severe s.,' (puu-nu)-nun't., hurricane'; MRT WhN"Wll; PUL mdlemxil, CRL maltimal,- STW Mdilimadl;WOL mahtimelti;PCK *malj, mal6mald; PON melimel;MoK melmel, PNG melimel.See also Marck (1994:31 1) PMC *malumalu'wind stomn'. PPC *maajarli'flying fish': CHK mnit m,Jeni-(n), meipe'f. f., f. f. Of';MRT meiyair; PUL m~yar;CRL mayLar meijar; WOL meiarii; PuA majalli; SNSmeialu'; PCK *mar]ar-6 PON meter,-MOK m.rpr. PPC *maiil 'the star Vega': CHK mnieen'the s. V., a sidereal month'; PUL MMzelV., a sidereal month';CRL tnM1; STW mMel; WOL nue'lti, PuA matuini'sidereal month equated with November';PCK *mafild; PON med (Bender et al. 1984). PPC *meafi'feel, sense':CHK meeji 'f. it, s. it, be awareof it', meefi,meefiy-(n) 'feeling, sensation, values, sentiments,his feeling'; PUL mji 'f., hear, see, appreciate,understand'; CRL meefi'to f. (s.t.through touching), to havea beliefor feelingabout (s.t.), feelings, state of health'; WOLmnyafi 'to f., perceiveby physicalsensation', mvqqfi-(i) 'f. it'; PCK*meafi; PoN peem (

PPC*mwoco, mwocomnoco 'short': CHK mwoch, mwochomwoch 's., abbreviated,temporary';MRT mw'osh; PUL mw'oRWnWoR; CRLmshOmnIhnwoosh; CRNmwoRCn'oR; WOL mwmwosho 'be s., brief',mwoshom('oaho 'be s., severed,cut s.; PuA m4'oso;PCK *mwoco, mwocomwoco; PONmwot(omHot 's.', mwot-(kdoy)'very s.'; MOKmwcwmw aV.Cf. KIRkimwototo 's.', kimhwotoitoi 'verys.'; KsRft0o 's.,brief, curt'. PPC *nekii,nekiinekii 'store,put away': CHK naka-(a-w) 'put it away,store it, put it in safeplace'; PUL 1kii 'putaway for safekeeping';CRL kgghdegh and CRN nle'ggrng 'keep s.t. of valuein a well-concealedplace'; PCK *nektinekU; PON nekinek, neki-d 'to store,put away'; MOKneki-d 'to save,keep (s.t.)'. Cf. SAAne'i andULA no'i 'to place,put'. Cf. MRSIlik 'put, deposit'.Cf. alsoPCK *nek(i, nnekW, nek-inekUi 'tight'. PPC*ijid[iiil 'congested,tightly packed': CHK fyit 'be c., stoppedup, stuffedup (of nose, pipe,hose)', tita-(chchar)'tightly stuffed or c.',(g)- iti 'causeto be tightlyfitted'; PUL f)tit 'be p. full', (ya)-atifti-(w)'pack it full', (ya)- iti-(k1)'pack completely frll'; CRLyit, ijafti-(16)'be c., blockedup (of nose)';WOL Ytii 'be full,p.' filledup, c.', iyJit'be compact,closely and firmly packed',Viti-i-(ye) 'compact it, fill it tightly';PCK *ljidFiiiI; PON jidiiid'adherent, cohesive, gummy,sticky'; MOK {yid 'crowded,jammed, stuffed'. Cf. MRS 7iyJ 'p. solid, firm, compacted'. Cf. alsoPCK *ti)dfi, iJridti 'strong, resistant' (perhaps same root) and PCK *1)1iTO, iyiTUi-, TJfi-T-i- 'to snort,blow one's nose'. PPC*gjniruiijdJndJ, mwa-dJtiniJijuin,i 'whisper': CHK Viinui'iyn, m"we'-ijaini an 'whisper, talk in a softvoice', 1)4ntio)inri-(00aw)'grumble, mutter, complain'; PUL (ma)- 'iniuVun'to w.'; CRL (mtW6j)-,yihzi'1)1andCRN (m6J)-VuinuItyuin 'to w.,speak softly'; WOL Y9Liayu'l1u, rn)iliVl1iu 'to w., talkunder one's breath';PCK *ijnin6jiind, mwa-iJ6nOiyin6; PON (mW')-yinijin 'to w.'; MOK (mtwe)-inin'to w.'; PEO *ijunu (LAU gjunu 'to murmur, w.'). Cf. KWAVJu1u 'to whisper',(kwai)- Vudu-fi'w. to one another'. PPC 'UiJ6gii,ijti-di 'chewand suck (as sugarcane)':CHK 5(titig <' DDijrJ6,i)61)I3i 'be chewing andsucking (as on sugarcane)',)il-ti 'c. ands. it', Wal-a-(n)'his thing to c. ands.'; PUL V)t-ti- (y) 'c. ands. it', Vii-ta-(n)'his thing to c. ands.'; CRL iliauy 'to c. (asbetel nut or sugarcane)', Vri- ti 'c. it', Vai-ta-(1)'his thingto chew';WOL OJli ji (sic) 'to c. (betel)',jyi-ti-i 'c. it'; PuA ytitiuj 'chew,bite', ,tihi-ta 'c. (sugarcane, ete.)'; PCK * 6rJiJl.i,ijt-di-, rjt-da-; PON (ka)-ji-d 'c. intofine particles';MOK Vidjid 'c. to extractjuice', Vi-d 'c. (s.t.)'.Cf. PWMP*1)utnJut 'suck, pull at with the lips' (Blust1982-4:88) and PAN ryit1it 'gnaw' (Blust i989:154). PPC *paa- 'conditionof being':CHK paa- 'condition,state of being'pa-(chchaw) 'be in a hurry';PUL paa-(chchaw 'be in a hurry';WOL paa- 'shape,condition, size', paa-(shig)'thin, thinness';PCK *paa-; PON paa-(tow) 'disappointed, sorrowful' (lit. 'heavy condition'). PPC ? *paar,para-, parata 'windy,windy season': MRT paras 'rainthat comes in due to thewind'; WO LXIpLCs 'tradewind'; PuA paxinada'be windy, blow'; PCK ? *parata;PON pKIar 'year', (nan)-par'trade wind season'. Cf. PEO*avaRa (Geraghty 1988) (PKB *avala); UAN *habaRat 'westwind, monsoon'. The PuA d insteadof t is unexpected,as is thep insteadof fin theChuukic fonms,so we may be dealingwith a chainof loanshere. See Marck(I 994:311) INDEXPMC *pari(ta). PPC *palia, 'navigator':CHK pMnti 'n., artof navigation',(c)-pgntiwa 'be a n. for (s.o.)'; MRTJialgw; PUL ppali 'n., learnnavigation'; CRL paILwV, pahiwa-; CRN pcdli; STW ppai; WOL pxahiweULI pehli; PuA pantia'trip' journey, to sail,navigate'; PCK *paljwa; PON pali 'naviga- tionalskill'. YAP piluw 'n., navigation' is presumablya loanfrom a Chuukicsource. PPC *palu'a,'opposite, answer': CHK ppe'nu', ppntuiwa-(n) 'o. number,opponent, dancing partner,his o. n.'ppgnii 'to a., reply',(9)-ppenu&wa 'a. him, pay him back', ppgntiwe-ni 'a. him'; MRTpatti 'a.', pahliwe-ne 'a. him'; PUL p[xdiiw 'fellow carrier (at opposite end of a canyingpole), opponent.antonym. to be o.. be opponents',ppahiwe-ni-(yl 'a. him': CRL Pahiwa-1 'a. a question. be a pair,be paired',pahiwe-li 'a. him'; CRN paliya-n 'a. a question,be a pair',Ixiye-ni 'a.him'; STWpaiwa-n 'a.';WOL paltiwe, paIawa-(le) 'price, value, its p.',pahtiwe-li-(i) 'a. him,reply to him', (ge)-pahtiwei-i-(ye),(ge)-ppahiwe-li-i-(ye) 'oppose, be against,object to it'; PuA panuiec-ni 'pay,buy, give in return,sell'; PCK *palWa, pakia-ni-; PON pEliE 'his counterpart, his opponent', pElia-n'compete with (s.o.), be matehedas apair with (s.o.)', pelia-li 'to match in compition,be on 278 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2 opposingsides, be a memberof a matchedpair'; MOK palla-li, poll 'partner,opponent, his p.' Cf. YAPpiluw 'its price, value, cost, pay, opposite, counterpart'. See alsoPMc *pa-'side'. PPC*pari, paripari 'be trimmed,shaped': CHK periper 'be s., dressed(of wood),shape or dress',peri-i-(y) 'shape or dressit'; WOLpariperi 'cut, slice', pari-(i) 'cut it, sliceit'; PCK *pari; PONpar, pEriper 'to cut, trim, sharpen with any large cutting tool'. PPC*pauidi 'abandon, let drop':CHK pewuti 'leave,a., discard';PUL payiti-16 'be lost, mislaid'; WOLpeti-i 'let it fall, 1.it d.'; PuA peiti 'throwit away, d. it, get rid of it'; PCK *paudi; PONpeyd-(la-kid) 'careless with physical possessions, likely to loose or misplacebelongings'; MOKpyd-(di) 'tod. (s.t.)',peyd-(la) 'throw (s.t) away'.See alsoPMc *pau'hand, arm, wing'. PPC*pede 'shallow':CHK ppet, petpet, (d)-peppeet.(d)-petpeet, MRT pet, petepe, petepeet; PULppet, petepet; CRL ppett; STWpet andpetepete-(t5d) 'become s.'; WOL pete; PuA pete, PCK *pede;PON p?deped; MOKpodp(X. Cf. MRSpe.jpj 's., superficial';KSR pasrpasr 's., without depth'.Cf. also KWAbala-a 'shallow'. Marck's (1994:315) reconstruction of PPC *pesebased on theMRS form is opento question. PPC*pini, pinipini 'twisted,entwined': CHK ppin, pippin 'be snarled,tangled', ppini-n 'snarlingof (s.t.)',(e)-ppini 'make (it) tangledor snarled';MRT pinipin 'braided, woven'; PUL ppin 'be tangled';CRL ppil 'be tangled',ppili-(lo) 'bebraided, plaited', pili 'tobraid, plait, make into a garland';STW ppin 'braided,tied, twisted (of hair,leis)'; WOL pilipili 'to tie, twist(as in makingrope), fold, lash',pili-i 'twistit, fold it, lash,make a garlandby tyingit'; PuA pini 'to twist,rotate, tur'; PCK*pini, pinipini; PON pinipin 'closely twisted or curled,kinky'. Cf. MOK piy 'tangled';KIR hincka 'strands of coconutfiber for makingtwine, engage in twistingstrands with the fingers', hinka-a 'twist (fibers)with the fingers to make twine'; KSRpirak 'braid,plait', piraki'to braid,plait (s.t.)'. PPC *pirafa 'to steal': MRTpuraf; CRLpurcaf piraf''to s.', putrafa,pirafa, purafa 'to s. (s.t.)';STW puraf, pirnif, WOL pirqfe 'to s., rob',pira-a 'to robs.o. of (s.t.)';PuA piladc 'to s.', pila 'to s. (s.t.)';SNS pilafa; PCK *pirafa; PON pirap, pirapa 'to s., s. (s.t.)';PNG pirap, pirapd 's., s. (s.t.)'.The transitiveforms in WOLand PuA areunexpected. Cf. KSRpisrapasr, pasr 'to s.',pisre 'to s. (s.t.)'.Cf. alsoBUG bilau 'to s.' PPC *poroto'a wrassefish': CHK poro; PUL poorow, poor(owu-(n) 'w. f., w. f. of'; CRN poro; WOLporaso 'a kind of f.'; PCK *poroto; PONporos 'f. sp.', pomra-nnmrer 'f. sp.' (mrerr 'wrasse'). The initialpo- is a problem here. Cf. MRSpew 'wrasse'. PPC *pWa-ki-da'because, why': CHK p'o-ki-ta-; PUL pê-ki-ta-, p"'a-gi-ta-; PON p"'e-l-da 'why?'Cf. PuA p"ame-ta 'why'. See alsoPMc *-Saa,mee-Saa 'interrogative suffix'. PPC *pw'aa'weak, tired': CHK (a)-p''aijap^'ai 'weakness,be weak, withoutstrength', (wuwo)-p^"'aLyap"'a'be listless, making no effort'; PUL (ya)-pW'ayapWa,'be weak, feeble, slack'; WOLhbxae 'to be unfit';PCK *pwaJa; PON pâC) 'tired, lazy', (ka)-p'aqi 'tiresome, boring'; MOK p"'oy'fumble, be a fumbler'.Cf. MRSf'an, f'anb'an 'unable,weak'; KIR bh'ana 'discouraged, emaciated',b'anaf'ana 'doings.t. in a perfunctorymanner'. PPC *pWara'pubic area': CHKpaar, p"ara- 'woman's pubic triangle'; PuA pW'aar;CRL bh'aar,^ 'ara-;WOL haare, hera-'triangular shaped tattoo on woman'spubic triangle';PCK *pwara;PON p"'ere 'her lower abdomen'; MOK(poo() pWor'pubic area'. Cf. MRSh"'aj 'lower abdomen,triangular area; loins; pubis. Cf. PONpwaar 'hole for plantingyams', AROb"'ara 'empty'.Cf. PMc *pwaro'box, hole'. PPC *pWariki 'kind of dance': CHKp'rnik, p"rnikui-'dance'; MRTp'aruk,' PUL pi'aruk; CRL b'artigh, bwarughtu;CRN hb'arg; WOL hartgu; PuA p'altukui;PON pwerik. Jackson (1986:229, fn. 4) reconstructsPCK *pwariku. PPC *pwiTi,pwiTi-ki- 'opening': PUL p"iih, p"'ihi-(n) 'hole (perforation),o. (as of nos- trils)';CRL b"'isi-ghi 'to drill,make a hole in (s.t.)';WOL hisihis 'to opens.t. with liquid inside', hisi-gi-i'open (s.t. with liquidinside)', hisi-ygi 'be opened(of s.t. with liquidinside)'; PCK *pWiTi,pwiTi-ki-; PON p"'isi-k 'to pry out, to pry off (a nail or bottle cap)'. Cf. KSRpat 'hole, perforation,aperture', pata 'perforate (s.t.), pierce, punch open (a can)'. PPC *pwuiu 'right, correct, as it should be': CHK pw'tiu, p"u'iu- 'what is agreed on as PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS - 2 279 right',pw'ur 'be right,correct, proper', pwu,Upâig 'determinewhat is right';PUL puUt (sic) 'be correct,right', puiu-puy (sic) 'to determine,plan, decide on'; CRL bf'uo 'be right,correct'; WOL bhug 'be right, correct'; PuA p'uaiu' be right, correct, fit'; PCK *pWUjiU;PON p"'uuj 'justice', p^'ui'be right,correct, just'; MOKpW'Uj 'correct', pWuy-ki 'to agreewith, to consentto (s.t.)'.Cf. MRSWiJW 'total a correctamount, come out even, complete, whole'. PPC *pwure'a tree(Cananga odorata)': CHK pwuur, pWure-(n); PON pwuur 't. sp.',pW'ure-n- way,seyri-n-way 'C. rocrata' (wai 'foreigners');MOK p'ur 't. sp.'The CHK form may be a loan fromPON. PPC *pwuro, pwuropwuro,pwuro-ti 'drill a hole': CHK p'uur, pW'ure-(n)'anchoring or mooringstake carried by a canoe',pûra, rpure-e-(y) 'to plant (s.t.)', pwpwur 'be planted', pwure-ni 'to anchoror moor(a boat)with a mooringstake'; PUL puroopur (sic) 'd. for makingholes in turtle shell'; CRL f'ura 'to bore holes in (wood), make holes in (the ground)'; WOLhurOnir 'to d., drilling',hum-(o) 'd. it'; PuA p'ulo 'tod., to d. a holein (s.t.)';PCK *pwur[ao], pwuropwur[ao]; PON p'uropWur'd. a hole', pwurE'd. a hole in (s.t.)'; MOKpWur 'to turn',p'urop4ur 'to spin, be dizzy', pWuro-j'to turn,spin (s.t.)'. Cf. POc *buro-s(ARO buro 'turn round and revolve from rightto left',hur-si 'to twist,roll (s.t.)'; KWA bulo, hllo-si-(a) 'to turn'; PKB *pulo 'twist, turn'). Cf. alsoFIJ vulo, vulo-ca 'twist a threadon theknee'; UAN *pules 'twist'. PPC*ramaki 'Scaevolatree': STW remak 'S. t.'; WOLremagi 'kind of strandt.'; PCK *r[ae]maki;PON remek 't. sp.';MOK romok 'S. t.' PPC *rata 'clearedland': CHK raas, rase-(n) 'trace, spoor, tracks, remains, mark of s.t. that passedby, t. of', rase-e-(y)'clear or prepareit (a site, as for house or garden)',(wii)-rase-(n mo6wun)'field of battle';MRT raas, rasa-(n)'c. 1.,c. 1.of'; PULraah, rahd-(n) 'site (as for houseor cult),site of'; STWraas 'c. 1.';WOL raate, reta-(li) 'field, a clearsection of 1.,f. of'; PCK *raata,rata-; PON raas 'placeof the earthoven, smallstones used for makingan earthoven'. Note also CRLraas. rase-(l) and CRN raah 'hole for preserved breadfruit'. Cf. FIJdrata 'grass- less (of ground)';BUG rata 'a grove,plantation of nuttrees'; UAN *DataR'flat, even'. Marck (1994:322)reconstructs PMc *rataby addingKIR ata 'broadas a mator cloth,width of land'to thisset of forms. PPC *ree- 'in regardto, on behalfof, at':CHK ree- 'on account of, on behalfof, athome of, becauseof, by,concering (withposs. pm.)'; PUL ree- 'with, to, about,concerning, because of, dueto'; CRLree- 'at, for, with, by, because of'; WOLree- 'at, in, with,for, to, upon,on'; ULI (i)- ree-'at'; PCK *ree-; PON ree- 'locationof (him/her,it)'. Cf. PuA (i)-ydo-'place, at, with'; KIR (i)-rou-'with, by'. PPC *riciia 'gate,door that may be openedor closed':CHK richiy 'gateway to the abode of the sky gods';WOL rishie 'wallof a house';PCK *ricira; PON ritii 'to openor close any- thinghinged or attached(as a dooror a window)'.Cf. PCK*riciIa 'a fish'. PPC *tafaija'a tree,Callophyllum inophyllum': CRL sqfay, se4Ci 'flower of Alexandrianlau- rel';STW sefao 'C. i.'; WOL sefaye 'mahogany tree, kamani tree'; PCK *tafa1a; PNG sqXai 'C. i.' PPC *taka, taka-ni 'stomach, have stomach for': CHK saa, saa-(n) 'abdomen, belly, her a.'; PUL haa-(n) 'his s., character,feelings'; WOLsaaga, sea-(le) 's., belly, his s.', se,a-li-(i) 'to rememberit (in the s.)'; PCK* [tTlaka,[tT]aka-ni-; PON saak 'food (honorific)',sak 'to eat', saka-n'to eat (s.t.)'.Cf. PCMc *taa,taa-ni 'to like,be fond',PMc *tia 'stomach,belly, abdomen',PCK *daa 'intestine'. PPC *talee-gii'to face':CHK snee- (withdir. suffixes) 'f. (in givendirection)', senee-y 'be bare,exposed, uncovered'; PUL helee-ij 'to lie or be face-up,top-side-up'; CRL selee-y 'be open, exposed';CRN halee-r 'be open,exposed' WOL selee-oi 'to f. up towardthe sky';PCK ? *talee-, talee-gi; PONsalee-I) 'to f. (s.t.)'. PPC*tare 'ended,finished': CHK sir, sdissdr'be over,e,, f.', sdri-(n)'his being f.'; CRL sdr 'to end(of a gathering,meeting, performance', sere-(I) 'e. of'; CRNhar; WOL tare 'to stop';PCK *tare;PON sara-(da) 'to cease'. PPC*tari-fi 'to rootand search': CHK scri-fi 'open(a box), lift (a lid), raise(a curtainor mosquitonet)'; PON senser 'to r. while looking for s.t.,to scratch,as chickens',seri-(di) 'to bury', sari-p'to r. (s.t) whilelooking', sari-pi-(di) 'to bury (s.t.)'; MOK jiojor 'to dig', jari-p 'todig (s.t.)'. 280 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

PPC*tawaa, ka-tawaa 'to break,crack, hatch an egg':MRT a-sewaa-(y) 'to c. (a coconut)';PUL ya-ssewa 'to h.' (Benderet al. 1984);CRL ssowa 'b., b. open(of waveson thereef or a soreon the skin)',a-ssowa 'to h. (anegg)', a-ssowaa-(16) 'be hatched';CRN ssawa 'b.,b. open (of waves on the reef or a sore on the skin)';WOL tewaa 'be broken,cracked (as an egg), smashed',ga-tewaa-li-(i) 'to h. (anegg)'; PuA ka-ttawa'to h.', PCK*ttawaa, ka-ttawaa; PON sawa 'to be broken(of anythingcontaining liquid, granular objects, or gas),to b. (of waves)',ka- sawa 'to h. (of anegg)'. Cf. KSRsam 'to h. (of anegg)', sawe 'to h. (anegg)'. PPC*tayi 'watertransportation, travel by sea':CHK sdciy 'transportation, journey, travel, depart,set out, set sail', seyi-n 'ship or vessel of (a place)', sey (itar) 'voyage, travel'(itag 'usage');PUL hddy, hcidy-n 'travel by sea,sea-going vessel, v. of'; CRLsady, seey 'to sail,make voyage',sddyi-ti 'voyage to (a place)';CRN heey, heeyi-ti; STW saidy 'trip, voyage'; WOL saai 'trip,tour, journey', sai 'takea trip';PCK *tayi; PON saay 'fleetof canoes,trip by sea', sey 'to paddle',sayy 'to paddle to'; MoKjey 'to paddle'. Cf. KIRka-ti 'setsail' (lit. 'makestand'). PPC*Tik(ea) 'be excessivein behavior':CHK sik 'beone who flauntsoneself, vain, lascivious', sikd-dsi-ni'be vainabout, inordinately proud of, flaunt',sike-(roj) 'flaunt one's special knowledge';PUL hik 'be lustful,lascivious', hikr-(pWpWaR) 'be lustfil, promiscuous'; WOL sige 'be mad,angry, hostile', sigesige 'get angry easily'; PCK *Tik(ea); PON sik 'to bounce,skip'. Cf. KIRikaika 'engage in punchingin theside'. PPC*lhku 'pound,knock': CHK ssuk 'k., beat,rap, strike, p.', suku-ni'bump against', suku-u-(w)'beat, k., strike,p. (s.t.)';PUL huku-ni-(y) 'to touch,jostle'; PuA dcuku 'hit with the fist';PCK *Tuku; PON suk 'to p.';MoKjuk 'to p., hit,ring a bell', uki'to p., etc. (s.t.)'.Cf. FIJ tuki,tuki-a 'strike at, k. at,hammer'; UAN *TukTuk.Note thatPUL suk (sic) 'steel(for striking flintand steel)', suku/-ui-(w) 'strike it (as flintand steel)' is probablya loanfrom CHK. Cf. PMc *suka,with which there seems to havebeen some semantic confusion. PPC*6fa 'garment,covering': CHK wuuf, wufa-(n) 'g. thatdrapes or coversthe upper part of thebody, his/her g.', wufe-wuf 'wear a g.';wuuf, wufa-(n) 'clothing, his c.';CRL u.f, u.fi-(l) 'clothing,cloth, his c.';WOL ruufe, u'fe-(li) 'leaves used for c. anearth oven, 1. of'; PuA iuida,ida- 'clothing,dress, shift'; PCK *66fa, 6fa-; PON ipe 'possessiveclassifier used for things to coverwith, such as sheets';MOK up 'c.,sheet, blanket, to coverwith a sheetor blanket'. Cf. F1Jibe 'mat'. PPC*6kui 'end': CHK wuk, wuku/-(tiw) 'to end, terminate,come to an end'; PULwlik, wuiki-(16)'finish, stop, be finished';CRL yigh, uigh andCRN rg 'stop,cease (of drippingliquids or rain)';WOL ugu' 'be finalized,finished, completed'; PCK *uiki; PON ik-(m"ir) 'to be lastin a sequence'.Cf. PMc *iku'tail', PCK *UikiUik, ukfi-fi 'cutoff, chopoff'. PPC*lla[t0]o 'butterflypea (Cleraoendroninerme)': MRT u6k; PUL wul; CRLul6 'a plant withbitter tasting leaves used in teato curefever'; STW uld, un6; PCK *ula[t0Jo; PON and MOK ilaw.Cf. MRSwilej 'C. i.'; KIR(te)-inoto 'a tree'.The MRS and KIR forms appear related to the othersbut pose problems as trueinherited cognates. PPC*uxo 'assembled,gathered': CHK iyoyi 'be a., assemble',iyo-(ffVen) 'be a. together', iyo-ni'assemble it, collectit, bringit together';MRT iyoi 'pileof coconuts';PUL yiyo-na-a-(1o) 'to pile (things)up', iyo-neki-(to)'bring together hither, assemble hither'; CRL yee-lagh 'assembly,meeting', yee-lu 'to gatheror collect(things) together'; CRN uye-neg 'assembly,meeting', yee-ni 'to gatheror collect (things)together, to pile (things)up'; WOLU/yeiye 'collect, get together,assemble', uye-li-(i) 'gather, collect, or assemblethem', uiye-lagi 'be a.',(tte)-uye 'meeting, gathering,conference, council, to collect,heap up, gather,bring together'; PuA tuyo-ni 'assembleit'; PCK*Uyo, uyotyo,uyo-ni, fyo-naki;PON uro-(do) 'gather palm fronds hither'. Cf. MRShayey 'gather, collect, pool'; KIR iko-ti 'a bringingtogether, engage in bringingtogether or adding',iko-ta, ikoiko-ta 'bring (s.t.) together, collect, gather' (a loanfrom SAM i'o, i'oi'o 'to windup or coil rope'?),uu 'to go in greatnumbers, to swarmabout'; KSR ik-to-(k) 'crowded, thronged,full', ik-to-(ki)'crowd, throng, pack, cram' (a loan fromKIR?); SAA si'o 'collect, gather';PEO *qiko. Cf. also MRSyejyej 'build up, erect,pile up, build';KSR etoat 'pile up stones',yt oe'pileup (stones)'. See alsoPMc *Toko'collect, pile up'. PPC *waa 'carryit, convey it, transportit': CHK waa- (with directional suffixes); CRL waa-;(with directional suffixes); PON wa; MOKwa. Cf. AROwa-i 'tobring, c., take(s.t.)'; KWA PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS - 2 28l

gwae,gwae-a 'c. in the arms'.Cf. also PMc ? *u[sS]a,u[sS]a-ni, u[sS]a-na 'cargo, load', PMc *u-Ti,u-Taki 'carry', PMc *wua, wuawua,wua-ti, wua-ta 'carry, convey, transport', PMc *waxa,'a frame'. PPC*wairaki 'difficult,agonizing': CHK weyires 'be d., hardto do, be jealous(with w66- n)' (d)-weyiresi'make it d.'; PULwdyerdh 'd.'; CRL wdires, weires 'be d. to finish';CRN weireh 'bed.'; WOL wairesi 'be hardto do, d.';PCK ? *wairaTi;PON weyrek 'painful, agonizing, tortur- ous';MOK weirok 'to be in agony'.Note the h ands in thePUL, CRN, CRL, and WOL forms may indicatethat they are loans from a CHKsource in which*ki has shiftedto si. PPC *waiya 'journey,be foreign':CRL weey 'to travel'; WOL waiye 'voyage, sailing trip, j.'; PuA waia 'trip,j.'; PCK*waiya; PON way 'bef., fromabroad'; MOK way 'f.' PPC *warawara'ditch': CHK warawar, waraware-(n) 'ditch, d. of', waraware-e-(y)'dig a d. in (s.t.)';MRT warawar; STW warawa warawarawara-(l);PCK*warawara; PON warawar 'd., trench,grove'; MOK warwar 'd., groove'; PNG (dey)-warewar 'to dig a d.' Cf. MRSwar 'lobster lair';KSR laf'd., trench,dike'. PPC *waTl 'be hurt,injured': CHK (e)-wesuwes 'a formof warmagic'; WOL wasu 'be h., i., wounded',(ge)-wasu-(u) 'h. him,i. him';PCK *wasu; PON was 'obnoxious,discomforting'. Cf. SAA(sae)-wasu 'be angry,sulk' (sae 'heart,mind'); ARO wasu 'to smell, stink', wa'u 'annoy',wa'uwa'u 'restless'. PPC *wau 'valley':CHK (ewu)-we 'stream, river' (lit. 'valleycurrent'); PON waaw, waw- 'valley'.Cf. KSRinfael 'river, stream, brook', infaclfcl 'valley'. Cf. Marck(1994:320) PMc *wao basedonly on thePON form. PPC *waya,waya-Ti: See PPC*wea, weaTi. PPC *wayi 'to sneak,do in secret':CHK weyi-(lgaw) 'to commitincest', weyi-(nee-y) 'do (s.t) in a hurry,hurry (reflexively)'; WOL wai-tegi 'to s. outhurriedly and secretly'; PCK *wayi; PONwayy 'to s., to prowl',way-(ne) 'to s. up to (s.o.)'. PPC *wea, wea-Ti or *waya,waya-Ti 'open':CHK wd 'be o., be opened', wdcdwa'be roomy,spacious', wai-si 'o., makeroom for, clear a way for (s.t.)';CRL wa'-si 'o. (theway), makeroom for (more people)'; CRN wai-hi 'o. (theway), make room for (morepeople)'; WOL waa-(ruu)'be wide o.', waawaa 'be uncovered,be large(of a hole), be o.'; PCK*wea; PON weewe,weewee 'opening, its o.' Cf. PPN *waa 'intervalof spaceor time';SAA waa, waawaa 'empty,hollow, have o. doors,have a hole in';BUG aa 'o., to o., o. mouth';LAU gwaa 'to be o. (of ears)';KWA kwaa 'o., perforated').Cf. PONwarawar 'ditch, trench, groove'; ARO waga, waga-si'to o., as themouth'. PPC *wolo 'maleperson': CHK wono- 'fellow (of malesonly)', wone-(ey)'this f.', wono- (we) 'that(out of sight)fellow'; PUL wolo- 'male (with demonstratives)', CRL olo- 'man,male, guy'.olo-(we) 'that m.'; PCK *wolo-; PON oo 'man,male', doc-(ny) 'goodman', do-(odi) 'wid- ower';MOK wol 'man'. PPC*wolo-faadi 'name of a sky god' (lit. 'stampingfellow'): CHK wono-fdt; WOL wlo- faati; PCK*wolo-faadi; PON (luuk) olo-paad (Hambrush 1926, 2:105). See PPC *wolo 'male person',PMc *faa,faa-[sSli 'apply the sole of thefoot'. PPC*wono-yik[ae] 'sixty': CHK wonm wonee-; PUL wone; CRL oleigh; WOL woloige; PuA onoki;PCK ? *wono-yik[ae];PON wene-ek. See PMc *wono-'six' andPPC *-ik[ae] 'counter for tens'. PPC *woro- 'throat,neck': CHK woro-mi 'to swallow(s.t.)'; PUL woro-mi-(y) 'to swallow (s.t.)',woro-n 'esophagus'; CRL oro-mi, uru-mi 'to swallow(s.t.)', oro-(md) 'illness from having eatenpoisoned fish', oro-y'throat'; WOL woro-mi-(i) 'to swallowit, gulp it down', woro-e, woro-ga-(1)'throat, neck, his t.';PCK *woro-, woro-mi-, woro-ja; PON were 'his neck', (kepi-n)- wer 'throat';MOK war, wora 'neck,his n.' Cf. KWAodo, odo-mi-(a) 'to swallow'. Cf. also PWMc *oro'be, exist', PWMc *Toro-mi'suck up (s.t.)'. PPC *wumWu'fruit cluster': CHK wumWu-(n) 'branching stalk of' (as stalk of bananas, coral,branching of vegetation',wumwuumw 'be manybranched, dense, thick (of f. or vegetation)';PUL wumWuumw 'be thick (as f. or forestgrowth), yield heavily', -wunw 'bunch or c. of f. (in counting)';CRL -Wn', -WUmw 'bunch or stalkof f. (in counting)';WOL um'Wuumwu 'be bushy, 282 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2 plentiful,have lots of f., have a lot of people', -um'u 'stalkor c. of f. (in counting)';PCK *wumWu,wumWuumWu; PON -um^' 'counterfor yams and bananas'. Cf. YAPthum 'classifier for bundleof anything'.See doubletPMc *wuru'fruit cluster'. PPC*wunut[ao] 'be whole,entire': CHK wunus, wunusa-(n), wunusu-(n) 'be w., e., full (of moon), w. of him', (mo)-wunusa-(n),(mo)-wunusu-(n) 'wholely, entirely, its entirety';PUL wunuh,wunuhd-(n) 'w., e., complete,total, w. of'; CRLulus, ulusu-(n) 'be complete,w., full (of moon),wholeness of'; PuA unuta-ni'entirety of'; PCK*wunut[aol; PON unse-k 'e., w., complete'. Cf. MRSwigW 'complete, w.' PPC *wuru,wuruuru 'to play':CHK wur, wuruur 'p., loaf, visit, take a stroll', wuru- (mWmWot)'p. about, have fun, fool around';MRT uruur; PUL wur; CRL ur 'engagein games, dances,or othertraditional forms of recreation';STW wuur, WOL uuru, uru- 'dance, p., game', uru'to dance,p.', uru-(mmatto)'sitting dance, do a s. d.';PON uruur 'laughter, happiness'; MOK uruur'to laugh'.

PROTO-POHNPEIC (PPoN)

PPON*cana-k, cana-ki 'be hungup, to hang(s.t.) up': PON tene-k, tene-ki; MOK sono-k, sona-ki.See also PCK *c[aej]aki, cc[ae]raki 'hang, be suspended'. PPON? *daari 'be quick,spin': PON daar 'to school(of fishswimming round and round)'; MOKdaar 'fast', (ka)-daar 'a wheel',(ka)-daari-(ek) 'sail across the wind'. PPON *dira 'be much, plentiful': PON dir 'be p., overcrowded, filled'; MOK dir 'be m., many'. Cf. KIRtia 'be completed, finished, done', with which these forms might be cognate. PPON*luurV 'smallsp. of shrimp':PON luur, MOK luur 'kind of s.' Cf. PEO *luRa'kind of s.' (Geraghty 1990), which seems to have problems, being based heavily on the PON and MOKforms. PPoN*mici-ki 'to kiss, makea suckingsound': PON meti-k, miti-k 'to k. (s.o.)';MOK misi- k 'tok. (s.o.)on cheekor hand'.Cf. PEO*midi (PPN *miti 'suck, lick'). See alsoPMc *misi. PPON *mWaaca'cleared land, garden': PON m"'aat'clearing, field, plantation,farm'; MOK m"'os-(wel)'vegetable garden'; PNG m'ese-(wel) 'garden, farm'. Cf. MRSjemwaden 'wasteland'. Cf. alsoPCK *maada 'a garden',PMc *maata,maataata 'cleared space'. PPON*nee, nee-ki 'be divided,divide (s.t.)': PON ne 'be d., distributed',nee-k 'to d., distribute(s.t.)'; MOK neee 'to d.',nee-k 'to d. (s.t.)'. PPoN*gala, jalaijala'dry (of s.t. normallymoist)': PON r)alagal; MOK galyal 'low tide'. Marck's(1994:3 14) reconstruction of PMc *rJalu'ocean swell, billow' from this MOK form and MRSyl is opento somequestion. PPoN*palia 'dayafter tomorrow': PON pali; MOK pali. Exceptas loansfrom some unde- terminedsource, these forms cannot be cognatewith Geraghty's (1990) PEO *wari[cz]a'two daysago/hence' (SAA wa'ite and ULA walita 'd. aftert.'; ARO (na) warita 'long ago, sometime ago';KWA kwalita 'three days ago'; LAK uaisa 'd. aftert.'). PPON *payipayi 'sea urchin': PONpeypy 'small black sp. of s.u.';MOK Oyp3y. PPoN *piici,pici-, pici-i 'to trick':PON piit 'cheat,lie', piti-i 'to t., lie to (s.o.)';MOK pis 'to t.',pisi, pisi-idi 'to t. (s.o.)'.Cf. PMP*pidi. PPON*piteki 'be free,idle': PON pisek 'be f., i., unconcerned,untroubled'; MOK pijek 'be f., available'. PPON*reeV, reV- 'grass':PON ree; MOK re, PEO *reqi 'g.' (GeraghtyI990). PPON*riirV, rirV- 'floatingdebris': PON riir; MOK rir. Cf. PEO *ruRu'disturb water' (GeraghtyI99o), evidence for which relies heavily on thesePON and MOK forms. PPoN*uutV 'to takeone's turnat': PON uud, iid; MOK wud. Geraghty (1990) sees thisas a reflexof his PEO*qu[cz]uRi 'to follow'. KIR in 'togo in company',which he alsoequates with this,is cognatewith CHK.fiti (PMc *fiSi)and does notbelong in thisset. PPON *wara 'neck': PONwere 'his n.'; MOKwar. PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS - 2 283

PROTO-CHUUKIC (PCK)

PCK*aduadu 'a plant(Wedelia biflora)': CHK etuwet; MRT etiyet; PUL ydtiydt; STW yat- iyat;ULI yadyed (given as adeudin Benderet al. 1984). PCK*afakuira 'child of maleclan member': CHK efekur, eifekure-(n) 'child of malemem- berof a matrilinealclan or lineage,c. of'; MRTyqfakera- 'child of malemember of a clan';PUL yaqfaakiira-(sic) 'be a descendentthrough one's father(of a place)';CRL qfaghur and CRN afagur'linkage to a father'smatrilineal clan'; STW afakur 'child of a malemember of a clan'. Thismay be anEast Chuukic innovation. PCK*aki 'food,goods': PUL ydkiydk, ydkiydki-(n) 'f., g., f. of'; CRLcghiydgh 'to wish for f. or g.';WOL yaagi, yagi- 'f. gatheredfor a funeralceremony'. PCK*aki-, akiaki,aki-i- 'think,ponder': CHK ddk, eki-(n) 'thought,idea, his t.', ekiyek 'thought,thinking', ekiyeki-i-(y) 't. (s.t.),have (s.t.) in mind';PUL ydkiydk, yekiyek 'thoughts, plans,t., suppose',yekiyeki-(y) 't. it'; CRLdghiydgh 'to t.';WOL yagi-(le) 'for thought of it, by reasonof it, becasueof it',yagiyegi 'to t., ponder,consider', yagi-i-(ye) 't. it,p. it, considerit'. Cf. PONaaki 'because of it'.. PCK*alaado 'nameof Elato(island and atoll) in CentralCarolines': C HK 6in6 t; PUL yeloot;WOL ydaato. PCK? *aliali 'walk':CHK eniyen 'walk quickly'; PUL ydliyel 'to retreat(of fightingchick- ens)'.See alsoYAP yaen 'to go, walk'. PCK*alle 'count,enumerate': CHK dnnd-(ya), dnne-(ya) 'reading, counting, to read,c., e.', dnni-(yaa-ni),dnne-(yaa-ni) 'c. it, readit'; PUL ydlle-(ya) 'read, c.', ydlle-(ya-ni)(sic) 'c. it, read it', ydlle-(y)'to thinkabout (s.t.)'; WOL yanne 'be wise,smart, think'. PCK *aloo 'speech': CHK(noo-(n) 's.t. said by (s.o.), s. of (s.o.)'; PULyaloo-(l) 's. of'; CRL alo, aloo-(l) 's., talk,words, conversation, s. of'; WOLyaloo 's., conversation,lecture'; PuA yano-(la)'habit, word, s., act'. PCK*alualfi 'thethree stars in Orion'sbelt': CHK enuiwn; PUL yeliyel; CRL eiwel; WOL yeldyelu;PuA yanuiyanu'a siderealmonth equated with October'. Cf. MRsjeljel 'a constellation comprisingdelta, epsilon, zeta, sigma Orionis and said to mean"stone axe" (jeljel, cf. CHKsene 'adze'). PCK*ama 'to know,be familiarwith s.t.': CHK amaam 'k. s.t.but not admit it'; WOL yame 'tok., get accustomedto s.t.,be familiarwith s.t.' PCK*amaama, li-amaama 'to pine,regret, feel sorrow':CHK amaam 'know s.t. but not admitit', ni-yamaam'regret, repent, be sorry';CRL li-amaam 'to havepity or feel sorryfor s.o.'; WOLli-yemaame 'to longfor s.t.,be love sick,pine with love, be lonely'. PCK*apa 'diaper':CHK Cap, apa-(n) 'd., cloth a babysleeps on, its c.'; MRT#eep, epa-(n) 'd.,his d.';PUL yaap 'clotha babysleeps on, d.';CRL aap, apa-(1) 'small, soft mat or clothused forbabies, d.'; STW #yeMp; WOL #yep, yepe-'a baby'smat'. Note our assumption that the MRT, STW,and WOL independent forms are secondary formations from the bound form with possessive suffix,which would be theone in mostcommon use. Cf. alsoPMc *kapa'bundle of s.t.'It is possibleto see a semanticconnection between rolled up mats,bundles, bundles of grassput betweenbabies' legs for wastemanagement, the rollingup of wovencloth on the loom-beam, andthe cloth itself, especially that of a kindused for babies' waste disposal. PCK*api 'carry,transport': CHK ep, ekkep'make more thanone carryingtrip', epi-i-(y) repeatedlyc. it, haulit', epi-i-(ya)-'large quantity of thingsneeding to be carriedin morethan one trip',(d)-ip 'c. things'(lit. 'causecarrying'), (kkd)-dp 'repeated carrying, hauling', (d)- dpiyep'c. repeatedlyin manytrips'; PUL dpi-(y) 'c. it', (d)-dp'to c.', dpiydp'to c.';WOL yaapi, yapi 'frequenttrip', yapiyepi 'to repeat, keep calling, reiterate', yapi-(weu) 'to go outonce again', (ga)-apiyepi'to c. repeatedlyor continually';PuA yapi 'to repeat'.Cf. PMc *afi,afi-Si- 'carry on thehip or underthe arm'. PCK*-ara 'south':See PCK*lodoa, lodoa-lapa, lodoa-ara, lodoa-afaui. See also Marck (1994:323) PMc *-ara. 284 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

PCK*aremauti 'star Arcturus': CHK oromW^oy 'a s. (probablyA.), name of a sidereal month';MRT aromoy; PUL yoromooy 'a s., a siderealmonth'; CRL aremoy 'A., a sidereal month';STW dremauv; WOL yarmoni; PuA yalamaidi'a siderealmonth equated with Febru- ary'; SNS delnad. PCK*ari, ariari 'stripe,be striped':CHK eri- 's., line' (in cpds.only), eri-i-(y) 'make lines or stripes on it', (d)-driyer'stripes, lines, be s. or lined'; PULyddr 's.', ydii-(y) 'put stripes on', ydriyer's., to havestripes'; WOL (ga)-ariyeri 'to be s., a s. wrap-aroundskirt', (ga)-ariyeri-i-(ye) 'makeit havestripes'. PCK*aro 'a tree(Premna integriflia)': CHK (ni)-y66r, #-y66re-(n), #-y66ru-(n); PUL y66r 'a commont. (possiblyP. corymba)'; CRL(li)-y66r, (li)-yar 'P. dtusifolia'; WOL yaarI, yaro 'P.t.'; ULI yaar 'kindof t.' Cf. YAPqaar 'kind of t.',said to be a loanfrom ULI. PCK? *au- 'k. of fish':CHK Cwti-(wd) 'sp. of snapperfish'; PUL yayewu-(we) (sic) 'snapperf.'; CRL ai-we 'sp. of whitef. similarto snapper';CRN ayu-(tor) 'mullet'; WOL yaCUya k. of f.' Cf. MRSyewahyey 'a snapperf.' PCK*caapaapa 'flattened': CHK chaapaap, pachchaach 'be crushed, f., be verylow'; CRL shaapaap'be veryflat'; CRN Raapaap 'be veryflat'; WOL shaapaape 'become flat, flat'. See PMP*da-. PCK*cai 'counterfor animates':MRT -shay 'counterfor humansand animates';PUL - Ray;CRL -shcy 'counterfor animateswhen fewer than four'; CRN -Ray 'counter for animates whenfewer than four'. Cf. PONtey 'other (functions like an ordinal numeral)'. PCK*caka-i-, ccaka-i- 'chase,pursue': CHK chee-(y), chche-(y) 'c. it'; CRLtche 'to be in pursuit',shee-(y), tchee-(y) 'c. it';CRN Ree-(y) 'c. it, p. it', Rg 'to rush,hurry (in a specificdirec- tion)';WOL shage-e-(ye) 'c. it', chchage'to c., p.' Cf. PCK*ceeri 'go andget (s.t.)'. PCK*caki 'just,only': CHK chelk; PUL Ra, Rak; CRL shag; CRN Rag; WOL shagu; PuA sakc.Cf. PON-t?; MRS dey. PCK*caiji 'to warmoneself': PUL RdgiRdiy 'to w. oneself(as at a fire)',Rdci-i-(y) 'to w. (oneself)'; WOLchchayi 'to get warmed up (as at a fire)'. Cf. PMc *rari, rariraii 'be warmed'. PCK*cao, cao-Ii 'pressdown': PUL Rdo6-i-(y) 'to massage,weigh, p. d.', R66R6-y(sic) 'beweighed or pressed d.; CRL slO66-Ji 'to weight (s.t.) d. so as to keepit frombeing lost or scattered',shoOshC 'weight that is placedon paperor otherlight material to holdit in place';CRN R6i-ii, R6oR6;WOL sho66-yi-(i) 'p. it, give him a massage',sho6-J-aggi 'be pressed,flattened, squeezed',shooshoo 'load, burden, be loaded,packed, p., givea massageto' sh66sh66-(a)'massage him'. PCK*cao-ni-imwa 'household member': CHK cho6-n imna-(n) 'm. of hish. or family';PUL Roonim"(sic) 'wife,husband, spouse'; CRL shdi-li-imw' 'spouse, wife, husband'; WOL shod-li- im"e'members of thehouse'. See PCMc *cao'group, group member', PMc *imWa'house'. PCK*cao-pwuda 'woman': CHK ch&o-p"'ut, -p"ute-(n) 'w., w. of'; MRTsh66-b"'ut; PUL Roo-p"ut'older w.'; CRL sh6d--bhut; CRN R6o-w'ut; STW Rd6-p'ut; WOL sh6o-buto 'w. fortyto fifty yearsof age'. See PCMc *cao 'group,group member', PCMc *pwusa,pwusa-ka 'bad, improper'. PCK *cappa 'be turnedface down': CHK chaap, chappa- 'f. d.'; PUL Rapp 'be upset, capszied, t. over'; CRLshapp 'to capsize', vsappe-(tiw) 'turnf. d.'; CRNRapp 'capsize', Rappe- (tiw) 'turnf. d.'; WOLsiappe 'capsized, t. upside down'. The PCk form is to be understood as froman older *ca-papa (see PCMc*ca- 'stateof being'). PCK*capwu 'make a loudnoise': CHK chop^ 'make a suddensharp sound', chopu"u-(nap) 'thunder,boom, loud detonation'; PUL Rop", Rop"'u- 'sound of explosion,explode, pop'; WOL chlchhu 'make a bang, a loud sudden noise'. Cf. PON tap'ur 'to roll (often of heavy objects)'; MOKsap'or 'roll'. PCK *ca-riwariwa 'be shiny, glossy, bright,glitter': See PCK *ma-riwariwa, ca-riwariwa 'glitter,sparkle'. PCK *calcal 'to massage (after a fall or bruise)': PUL RdeRd;CRL sheeshd 'm.', shde-gi 'to m. (s.o.)'; WOLshedshee; PuA salsau. Possibly refers to the application of leaves in massage (see PMc *cau 'leaf'). Cf. PMc ? *ma-caucau 'soft'. PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS - 2 285

PCK*ccaga 'to reachout': CRL tchag 'r.for s.t. andobtain it', tchagi-to'r. hither'; WOL chchage'r. out for withouttouching, be shortof, be greedyfor food', chchage-eti-(i)'r. out for (s.L)'. PCK*ccara, 'sea creature':CHK chchar 'starfish'; PUL chchaar 'a common edible sea urchin';WOL (li)-share 'a kindof sea creature'. PCK*ccara2 'exact, tight': CHK -chchar 'very, extremely', (wene)-chchar 'be straight,per- fectlystraight'; PUL ccar 'be taut,tight', (wene)-chchar 'be direct,exact'; WOL chchare 'be taut, straight'. PCK*ccinialo 'name of TinianIsland, Mariana Islands': CHK chchiniyon; PUL cciniy6l; CRLtchiliy6l; CRN tchiniy6l; WOL chchiliyalo. PCK? *ccii, ciiiciri 'a lightnoise': CRL tchig, tchigi-(l) 'snapping, cracking, or squeaking n., n. of'; WOLchchigi 'a lightkind of sound,a lightn.', shigishigi, shiyishirji-(li) 'n. (as of a type- writer),n. of'. PCK? *ccoki 'be wet':CRL tchogh 'be saturated,soaked, wet'; WOL chchogi 'be wet',(ga)- chchogi-(i)'make it wet'.Cf. SAAdcdo 'to sink,drown'. PCK*cee 'connectingbraces on outrigger':CHK chee-(nee-yamw') 'stringer from outrigger boomto outriggerstanchion on a canoe';WOL shee 'outrigger float braces of a canoe'.Cf. KIR (te)-rai'plank, board'. PCK*ceeri 'go andget (s.t.)':CHK cheeri 'go afterit, fetchit'; PULReer 'to fetchand get'; CRL sheeri'to chase,pursue and catch (s.t.), to runaway with or steal(s.t.)'; WOL sheeri-(i) 'attackit, assaultit, chargeit'. Cf. PONtaar 'attack in a hitand run fashion'. Cf. alsoPCK *caka- i-, ccaka-i-'chase, pursue'. PCK*c[ae]gaki, cc[ae]gaki 'hang, be suspended':CHK (d)-chchejes 'offering of goodsto a benignspirit' (the offering was hungup on a hangingshrine); CRL tcherig and CRN tchegeg 'to hangfrom s.t. (as basketson wallhooks)'; WOL chcheCagi 'to hang',chchechcheagi 'to be hanging',shegagi-li-(i) 'to hangit up, hookit up';PuA sagaki'to be hanging,to hangit'. See also PPON*cene-k, cene-ki 'be hungup, to hang(s.t.) up'; KIR regeroey 'long or extendingas a branch'. PCK*cejui, cceijui 'vibration': CHK chchug 'be shaken,jarred', (e)-chuguchugi 'cause a v.'; WOLchcheiu 'to grunt,breathe forcefully (as in deliveringa child)'. Cf. CHKchuggLaw (?<*chugu-grjaw)'mean practical joke'. PCK*ceei 'continuouslywidespread': CHK chew 'continuous,unintemlpted, featureless, unbroken,be w., be common(of knowledge)',chewui-(fdtdn) 'be well known,w.', chewi-(iti) 'spreadto it';PUL Reewu (sic), Reewui-16 'be well known,w., common, widely practiced'; WOL sheeu'spread, scatter all overan area'. See PMc *ca-. PCK*ciaa 'mangrovetree': CHK chiya; PUL Riiya; CRL shiiya; CRN Riiya; WOL shiyaa. PCK*cife, cife-di 'liftwith the hands,make erect': CHK chif, chchif chifichif'prod female genitalswith the penis', chifi-ti 'prod her'; CRL tchif 'erection of thepenis'; WOL shifeshife 'to 1. with the h., raise',shife-ti-(i) '1. it withthe h.', chchife'be straight,stiff, taut (of rope)',(ga)- chchifh-(a)'make it taut'.Note also PON tip 'befull aftereating (honorific)'. PCK*cii, cii-ri 'drip,sprinkle': CHK chiichi 'dripping, sprinkling (of rain)',(e)-chchii-(y) 's. it', -chchi'drop (in counting)';PUL RiiRii-(tiw) 'to s.', cii-(tiw)(sic) 'to d. (as rain)';CRL tchi 'd. down(of liquids)';WOL shiishii 'to wet,moisten, wash', (ga)-shii-shii 'to dip',shii-ri-(i) 'to put it in water',shii-ra-(gi) 'be wet, moistened';PuA sisi (sic) 'to washclothes', si-li (sic) 'to wash it'. Cf. KWAgui 'wet'.See alsoPCK *kacii 'palm toddy'. PCK*ciicii 'a fern(Polypodium)': CHK chiichi 'a f. (P or Phymotodes)';MRT shiishi; PUL RiiRi;CRL shiishi 'oak-leaf f. (P scdopendria)';CRN RiiRi; STW RiiRi; WOL shii-shii. PCK*cikara 'recovered,abated (of illness,weather)': CHK chikar, chikare- 'be clear (of weather),subside (of wind),recover (from illness), a cureor antidote',(e)-chikara 'wait for it to clear(of weather)';PUL Rikaar (sic) 'be clear(of weather),be cured(of illness)';CRL shighar andCRN Rigar 'be cool aftera hot day,recover from a difficultpregnancy, to havepassed the crisisof a seriousillness'; WOL shigare 'be calm,mild, abated, (ga)-shigera-(a) 'let it be calm, makeit peaceftil'. 286 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

PCK*cike 'weary,sleepy': CHK (e)-chikichik'be blinkingone's eyes in weariness,be sleepy', (e)-chiki'to blinkthem', (e)-chchik 'to wink';PUL (yd)-Rik, (yd)-RikdRik 'be tired, weak,bored', (yd)-rika-(a-16) 'to blinkthem, wink them, half close them(of eyes)';CRL (a)- schiga,(a)-shighishigh, (a)-shighi-(mas) and CRN (a)-Riga, (a)-RigiRig, (a)-Rigi-(mah) 'tire oneself out, be tiredor exhausted,to blink or wink one's eye'; WOLshigeshige 'be tired, exhausted',(ga)-shigeshige 'get tired, take trouble'. Cf. PONketiket 'be numb,asleep (of a leg)'. PCK*ciji 'be speedy,fast': CHK chchin 'be hurried,speedy, fast (normally in referenceto speech)',(e)-chchini 'to speedor hurry(one's speech)'; PUL RiyeRij 'to be fast(as speech),to do constantly';CRL shiyfshiy and CRN RigiRiy 'be exceptionally fast, quick, rapid (in doing work)'. PCK*cior[ao] 'choke, throat': CHK chiyor, chiyora-(n) 't., his t.; CRLshiyor 'to c.'; CRN Riyor'to c.';WOL shiyoro 'be stuckin thet.' PCK*ciwa-ni 'still, yet': CHK chchiwe-n, chchiwe-yi-; PUL Ruiwa-n,Ruwa-y, WOL chchuwe-li,shu'we-li ; PuA su',suwe-ni. PCK*colo 'to gossipabout sex': CHK chon, chochchon (<*chonch/on) 'g. aboutmembers of the oppositesex', chona'to g. abouthim/her' chona-(n) 'g. abouthim/her', chona-a-(n) 'g. abouts.o. by him/her';CRL shodi, tchoxl 'coversation among persons of samesex aboutpersons of theopposite sex'; CRNRoll; WOL sholo 'to talkabout girls', shdol-o-(e) 'to talkabout her'. PCK*coo, coo-fara 'maturecoconut': CHK choo), choo- 'very ripe c., copra', choo-for 'sproutingc.'; PULRO), Roo(-far (sic); CRL sshoo, shfiar; CRNRxo, Rox.filr; WOL shoo, shon- ffare,PuA soa;SNS soO. See alsoPCK *coo, (ka)-coocoo 'strong'. PCK*coo, (ka)-coocoo'strong': CHK cho 's.', (6)-choocho'strive, try hard';PUL (ya)- RoxRo'try hard, exert strength'; CRL sho 'be verys., powerfll,tough', WOL (ga)-shoxvshx) 'try desperately,try hard'. Cf. FIJcdo 'heartwoodof a tree';PPN t(o 'casuarinaor ironwoodtree'. Cf. alsoPCK *coo, coo-fara 'mature coconut'. PCK*coroiro 'noisy condition': CHK chorox, chc/horo 'be bothered by noise';CRL tchorW), tchoro(o-(l)'loud noise, 1. n. of, speakloudly'; WOL chchororo; PuA solaLa'be noisy'. See PMc *roro'hear, listen', PCMc *ca- 'stateof being'. PCK*cukul 'basket made of coconutleaves': CHK chu'uik, chiakui-; PUL Riu'k, Rtiku'-; CRL shuuigh;CRN RuUiig; WOL shiiugui, shugui-; ULI cuug (Bender et al. 1984);PuA sikui-(ni-kana) 'throat(basket of food)'. PCK*cull[ae] 'post, stake': CHK chuun, chunne-(n) 'p., paling, picket, p. of'; PULRtil 's. (as to supportside embankments of taroplots)'; WOL shuinne 'house wall'. PCK*ciUi- 'on, on topof (a canoe)':PUL Ruu-(n); CRL shiuu-(l); WOL shiuu-(li) 'topside of'; PuA (i)-suui-(ni)'on top of'. PCK*cuku 'mound,hill, mountain,name of Chuuk(Truk)': CHK chuuk, chuku-;MRT shuuk;PUL Ruuk; CRL shuugh, shugu-; CRN Ruug, Rugu-; STW RuukC, WOL shuugu, shugu-. PON ruk'Chuuk' is presumablya loan,as is MOKruk, MRS rikw, and KSR ruk. Cf. KIR(te)-riki 'land formedby thewashing up of sand'.See alsoMarck (I994:320) PCK *t'uku. PCK*cUyicCiyi 'yard, boom (of canoe)':CHK chuuichuu-(feefin) 'b. of sailing canoe', chiuuchuui-(m"cidn)'y. of a sailingcanoe'; PUL RiuuRui (ho6on) 'b.', RuiuR (m'ddin)'y.'; CRL shiuuishiuut-(m'ddl)'topmost section of verticalb. on a sailingcanoe', shuuishuui-(sh6o6b^ut) 'uppermostsection of horizontalb. on a sailingcanoe'; WOL shuiuishia 'y. (of a canoe).See PMc *cuyi-'bone'. PCK*ciiyi-falu 'nail (in carpentry)':CHK chuiui fn; PULRii:fal, ccii:-fl; CRL tchui-fll 'to hammerdown, nail tight,fasten with a sharpstick', tchui-fall-(w) 'to nailit'; WOLchchii-felu 'nail';PuA si-danu(sic) (cf. sii-tcap"u'needle of hibiscusused for weaving').See PMc *cuyi- 'bone',PWMc *falu2'prick, pointed object'. PCK*daa 'intestine':CHK taa, taa-(n) 'i., his i.';PUL taa; CRL taa; WOL taa. Cf. YAPt'aay 'its i., feces, guts,filth, remains, lrst'; PEO? * [szlaRa(SAA tala,ta'atala 'a row,string'; ARO tara'in a row,in succession';KWA tala 'ailment(hernia) in whichpart of intestineprotrudes'). Cf. PPC*taka, taka-ni 'stomach, have stomach for'. PCK*dadda[ln]i 'a pelagicfish': CHK tetten 'a kindof yellowtailpompano'; CRL tttdil 'sp.of ediblep. f.' Cf KSRal 'a kindof fish'.Cf. alsoPMc *mam[eil'a largefish'. PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS - 2 287

PCK? *[dt]afi[dt]afi'box for fishinggear': WOL tafitefi 'fishing kit'; PuA t aditadi'cov- eredbox of squareshape'. PCK*daiko 'turmeric':CHK teyuk, teyik teyuka-(n), teyika-(n) 't., cosmetic made from t, his t.';PUL tdyk (sic) 'preparedt.', tdyko-ni-(y) 'keep or acquiret.'; WOL taigo 't.' Cf. PONo0o, oya- (lap) 't' PCK*dake, dake-ri-: See PCK*deka, deka-ri or *dake,dake-ri- 'to move close alongor over'. PCK*daki-[ae]ta 'be high,height': CHK teki-ya 'height, greatness, high rank,be high, lofty,exalted in rank',teki-yaa-(td) 'get higher'; PUL tdki-ydh, -ydha-(n) 'be high, height, h. of'; CRLtdghe-yas, tighd-ds and CRN tdgi-yah 'be veryhigh, be extremelytall'; WOL tagi-yate 'be high,tall, great, lofty', tagi-yetaate 'high place, raised place'; PuA taki-eta'height, pride'. PCK? *dakka 'be finished':CHK tak; PUL takk; CRL takk 'be f.', (a)-takka,(a)-takka-(a-16) 'finishit, causeit to be f.' PCK*dakua 'yellow-fintuna': CHK toku, #tokuu-; PUL toku 'bonito'; CRL t6gu; 'kind of tuna';CRN togu 'kind of tuna';WOL taguwe, PuA takua. PCK? *d[ae]iarik[ai] 'largebasket': CHK tejerik, teyerike-n 'women's large fishing b., b. of'; WOLtaearigi 'huge round b.' PCK*dao, dao-fi- 'to rub,stroke': CHK t66-f'give an alcoholr.', t66-fe-e-(y) 'give an alco- hol r.to (s.o.)',t6oofi 'r. gently, pat, carees'; PUL t66-f'wipe, r. gently, caress', t66-fe-(y), t66-fi 'to r.(s.t.), wipe (dishes), braid (rope)'; CRL tooto 's., r. gently, caress', t66-fi 'pet, s., r.,caress (a person or animal)';WOL tootoo 'massage,rubbing or kneadingpart of the body', to66fi-(i)'r. it, massageit', too-f-agi'be rubbed, be massaged'. PCK*dappe 'category,kind': CHK tdppi-(n) 'his age-mate,age-mate of, generationof', - taip'age group(in counting);PUL tappe-(n) 'k. of, age of'; CRLtappa-(l) 'size, age,or kindof (personor thing)',tapatap 'be the sameage, be the samelevel or rank';CRN tappa-(n); WOL tappi'k., sort'-tap, -tep 'k. of thing(in counting)',tappe 'clan, clan member, tribe'. PCK*dapwa, dapwe-e- 'follow': CHK ttapw 'be next, be afterward,f.', tapWa-(to)'f., be next', tapwe-e-(y)'f. after (him), chase, pursue'; MRTtapwe (sic) 'to f.', tapwe-e-(y)'f. him'; PUL tapw'to chase, run after', tapwe-e-(y-l6)(sic) 'to accompany,go with'; CRLtabw 'accompany, f.', tabwe-e-(y)'accompany or f. (s.o.)'; STWtapwe-e-(y) 'f. him';WOL ttabwe 'to chase,run after, accompany,f.', tabwe-e-(ye)'f. or accompany(him)'; PuA tap^'e(sic) 'f. or imitateit'. Cf. KSR (e)-tawi'f., believein, conformto (s.t.)'. PCK*[dt]ara 'belt': WOL taare, tera-(i) 'b., my b.';PuA taala,tala- 'b., loin cloth'. PCK *d(ae)r(ae) 'torn, destroyed': CHK ter, teri-(no) 'be devastated, ruined, stripped', (n66)-ter'tidal wave'; PUL ttere-(y) 'to devastate(with waves)', tter 'crash high (of waveson a canoe)',(n6)-tter 'a veryhigh wave'; WOL tare 'be broken, ripped, tor, destroyed',(ga)-tera-(a) 'ripit, tearit, rend it, destroyit, breakit', (ga)-tettare'rip, tear, end, break, destroy, be breaking,be destroyed',tera-gi-(i) 'take it apart'.Cf. MRsjar 'split,torn off'. Thereare problems here with the CHKand PUL forms. PCK*dau, dau-ki 'go on all fours,crawl, climb': CHK te 'walk on the hands, creep or crawlon all fours',tee-(td) 'creep or crawlup, climbor clamberup, ascend,rise', tee-ki, tee-si (duoblet)'invade, infest, crawl upon (s.t.)'; PUL tee-(td) 'to climb,go up,rise', tee-ki-y 'climb up (a tree,as a personor vine)';CRL te 'crawl',tee-(td) 'climb', tee-ghi 'climb up s.t.';CRN tee-gi 'climbup s.t.';WOL tee 'climb,move', tee-(tage) 'climb up', tee-gi-(i) 'climb it'; PuA tauita 'to climbwith hands, arms, and legs', tau-(take)'ascend, climb up'. Cf. PONdow 'to climb',dau-r 'to climb(s.t.)'; MOK dow 'toclimb'; MRS te-(bal), te-(&albwal) 'to crawl, creep'. Cf. BUGhalu 'to go'. See alsoPCK *dai-llawa 'to creep, crawl on handsand knees'. PCK*dau-llawa 'to creep,crawl on handsand knees': CHK te-nnaw; PUL tee-law 'crawl (as a crab)'; CRLtte-ll6w; CRN te-llaw; WOLtee-nnawe. See also PCK *dau, daui-ki'go on all fours,crawl, climb'. PCK? *d[ao]wura'reef pass, channel': PUL t6wur, t6wure'-(mdm) (sic) 'p. in a reef, our p.';CRL t6wur 'channel in a reef';CRN taur 'channelin a reef';WOL ture, taure-(li)'channel, bed of a running stream,river, c. of'. 288 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

PCK*ddafteil, dafi-i- 'be open':CRL ttdf 'be wide o.', tafi 'to o. it wide'; WOLttafi 'be opened(of vagina),pulled apart', tcfitefi 'to o. (vagina),pull apart', tafi-i-(ye) (sic) 'to o. it with the fingers,to pull it apart'.Cf. SAAtaha 'be o., havea channel';ARO taha 'to o.', tahataha 'opening';KWA tqfa 'be o.'; Cf. alsoPMc *[sS]afi,PPC *dafa, dafa-ji, PMc *tafa,tafa-Si. PCK*ddari, li-ddari 'go aboutgathering or in searchof s.t.':CHK tter 'go aboutin s. of, lookfor, gather, collect', tteri 'look or s. for it', ni-tter'a lightbrown land bird' ('searcher'); CRL ttar,ttir 'to s. forand gather medicinal plants', tdri 'to pick (leaves) for medicine'; WOL (li)-tteri 'a kindof bird'. PCK*ddiri 'fast,speedy': CHK (m"i)-ttir, -ttiri-n 'f., s., quick,speed, s. of'; PUL(mu)-ttir 'f., s.' (saidto be loanfrom CHK); WOL ttiri 'be f., s., early,soon'. PCK*ddo 'havea hollow':CHK (m'mHm')-ot, (mW6)-tto- 'have a h., be cupped,'(m'di)-tto- (noij)'be dented,have a h., groove,concavity'; WOL tto 'to be deep(of water),extending far downwardfrom the top or topedges'. PCK*ddoko 'kindof clam':CHK tto, ttxoo(n) 'variety of smalltridachna c., c. of'; CRLtto 'tridachnac.'; WOL ttogo 'c., anyof hard-shelled,usually edible, bivalve mollusks'. PCK*ddupwo 'contribute to a communalundertaking": CHK ttup' 'be collected,gathered together,assembled (of things)',ttuphu-ni 'to c. (s.t.)';PUL ttup"' 'contribution (usually food, as to communalfeast)'; CRL ttel', ttuhto-(l)'contribution of foodor money,his c.';WOL ttube-(li- im"e)'contributed one's share of whateverhas been designated by a groupof elders,c. according to thenumber of houses'.Cf. SAAsupu-yi 'to offer,entreat'. PCK*deka, deka-ri or *dake,dake-ri- 'to moveclose alongor over':CH K td 'come close, skirt',tMd-ri 'to skirt,skim, sail close alongthe shore of, fly low along';PUL tid-(n6) 'to surf,body surf (as withhands or board)';CRL tidd-ri 'to passvery close by (a specificpoint)'; WOLtega-ri-(i) 'to makeone's way on (a path),walk on, take(a path)'. PCK*dik[ae] 'tilt,tip over': CRL tigh 'to tipover, capsize (of a drinkingglass, container, or boat)';WOL tige 'to slant,incline, lean, tilt, be slanted'.Cf. PONdikow 'to bendforward (of people),be tilted';MOK dk(A^ 'to somersault'. PCK*dikadika 'straight-edge adze': CHK tiketik; WOL tigetige 'chisel, sharp-edged tool for cuttingor shapingwood and stone'. Cf. MRsjekjek 'cut, hew, chop'. See alsoPCK *dika, dikka 'cutand lift off or out,peel'. PCK*dika, dikka 'cutand lift off or out,peel': CHK (e)-ttik 'be scrapedor peeled,be peeling (as in sunburn),be strippedinto strips (of bark)',(e)-ttika 'strip it, p. it, scrapeit'; PUL(yd)- tikk'cut out (as copra),p. (as a banana)',(d)-tikka 'c. it out,p. it'; CRL(()-tikk 'copra', (d)-tikka 'to remove(coconut meat) from the shell'; WOL (ga)-tikka 'c. s.t.(with a knife)and lift it up (as in cuttingcopra)'. Cf. PONked, kadi-g 'c. opento removecontents', MRS jekjk 'cut,hew, chop'. PCK*diki, ddiki 'sound,make sound': CHK ttik 'sound, whistle, song of birds,chirp, buzz, peep,squeal, trill, strum, ring', (d)-ttik 'act of makings.t. s., engagein causingto s., playa musi- cal instrument,whistle between the teeth',(c)-ttiki, (e)-ttiki 'play it, whistleto him, makehim squeal';PUL ttik, (yi)-ttik, (ydi)-ttiki-(y);CRL ttigh 'to ring(of a bell)', (c)-ttigh 'to whistle shrilly',(d)-ttighi 'to play(a musicalinstrument)', (d)-tittigh 'phonograph, tape recorder, radio'; CRNttig 'to ring(of a bell)';WOL ttigi, (ga)-tigitigi. Cf. PAN*sijgit 'shout,yell at s.o.' (Blust 1989:165). PCK*dikkaa 'coconutoil': CHKtikCk, tikkaa-(n) 'unscented c. o., u. c. o. of'; PULtiikka (sic) 'c. o. meltedon a fire';CRL tikka 'general term for bodyor hairoil, especiallyc. o.'; WOL tikkicl 'c. o.' PCK*dila, dila-gi- 'choplengthwise, split': CHK tin 'bechopped lengthwise, be separated, be split',tinetin 'c. 1.,separate, split', tine-ni 'c. (s.t.)1.', tine-(pH"u) 'cut in half(of a coconutshell)'; PULtile-yi-(y) 'to cut open,split'; CRL tili-gi 'to splitor separate(an object)into halves', tili- (/'u) 'splita wholecoconut shell in half';WOL tile-gi-(i) 'open it, splitit, crackit', tile-gagi'be opened, split,cracked'; PuA tina-iji'cut it intohalf, split it'. Cf. KIRrine 'to exceed,excel, be superior,pass beyond,project above'. See also PCK*dila-wupwa 'distance from outstretched finger-tipto mid-chest(cloth yard, lit. "breast split," a measurein counting)'. PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS - 2 289

PCK*dila-wupwa 'distance from outstretchedfinger-tip to mid-chest(cloth yard,lit. "breastsplit," a measurein counting)':CHK tine-wupw; CRL tilo-ubw; PuA tino-upwa.See also PCK*dila, dila-ji- 'chop lengthwise, split', PMc *wupwa'belly, abdomen, torso'. PCK*dili 'a smallfish': PUL tiil, tili-(n)'tiny growth stage of variousf., f. of'; tiil 'sp. of small ocean f., anchovy'; PuA tiini, tini- 'sardine'. Cf. PCK *dili-mWaulu'a fish', PWMc *sili 'louseegg, nit'. PCK*dili-mWauluf 'a fish': PUL tili-mwo, -mooli-(n) 'kind of f. caughtin scoopnets, f. of'; CRLtili-mweel 'sp. of edibledeep-sea f.'; WOLtili-mWeelu 'a kindof tinyf.' Cf. PCK*dili 'a smallfish', PMc *mwonu'squirrel fish'. PCK*dilo, diddilo 'talk,converse, a story':CHK Ito- 'expressor makeknown in speech', tuno-(fo56s)'be garrulousin a nastyway, gossip', tuno-(mmoj) 'to exaggerate',tuttun-(nap), #tuu- tun-(nap)'s. (toldfor entertainment)';CRL tittil-(lap) 's., tell a s.';CRN tuttul-(lap) 's., tell a s.'; WOLtittule 'to t. abouts.o.', tle-e-(y) 'tot. abouthim', tittin-(nape) 'to c., tellstories, chat'; PuA tino,tittino 's., tradition,word'. Cf. KIRrino-a 'to finishwell, to perfect',rinorino-a 'to makeor do withgreat care', (te)-rinorno 'particularity, preciseness, exactness'. PCK*dixjaro 'request, plea': CHK tigor tigyr, tugor 'make a r.or p., askfor s.t, a r.,p.', tigore- e-(y)'to ask (s.o. for s.t.)';MRT tugore-(y) 'desire, lust for (s.t.)'; PUL tigor, tigore-(y); CRL ti6or, tiore-e-(y);STW tior, titgre-e-(y);WOL tiarv, tioar)o-(we); PuA tildo (Benderet al. I984). PCK*dipWa, dipwa-i- 'lever, lift (s.t.)with a lever':CHK tiipw, tirpe-(n) 'auxiliaryrods used in complicatedweaving, a. r. of', tipw'prized, pried, lifted with a 1.',tipwetipw 'use the auxiliary rodson the loom', tipwe-e-(y)'prize it up, lift it witha 1.,use the auxiliaryrods on (theloom)'; PULtiip" 'auxiliary rods in complicatedweaving pattern'; WOL tiibe, tiba-(li) 'lever, sticks of the loom', tibetihe'use a forkor chopsticks',tibe-i-(y) 'lift it up witha forkor chopsticks'. PCK*diw[ao] 'change location': CHK tiw 'changeone's location', tiwe-(tiw) 'disembark', tiwe-(to)'move hither'; MRT tuwo-(log) 'come ashore'; PUL (yd)-tiwd-(tiw) 'to comedown from (as a canoe)',(yd)-tiwe-e-(y) 'bring it ashore',tiwo-(td) 'go up ashore';WOL tiwa-agi 'move around,walk about'. Note also KSR tA 'come, land'. See alsoPMc *siwo 'down,westward'. PCK*doo- 'to go': CHKtoo 'go, proceed',too-(nag) 'go in, enter',too-(wu) 'leave, go out'; PULtoo-(lqg) 'enter'; CRL too-(log) 'enter', too-(wow) 'leave, go out';WOL too- 'come, walk, move, migrate',too-(loo) 'enter, come in', too-(wai)'go out,move out'. Cf. LAK so- 'going,proceeding' (withdirectional suffixes); FIJ soo 'toassemble together (of people)';LAU too 'people, race'. PCK*doro 'to fall':CHK tur 'f., be fallen',ttur 'be fallen',turu-(tiw) 'f. down',turu-(no) 'f. over',(o)-turu 'let or cause(s.t.) to f.'; PULtoro-(16) 'f. over';CRL ttor 'jump, leap off of s.t.', ttoro-(td)'jump up'; WOL toro 'to f.' PCK*dowu-lapa 'be many,a crowd':CRL tou-lap 'assembly, c. of people';WOL toa-lape 'be a lot,m., much,numerous, abundant, plentiful'. PCK*duinui-yawa 'lips': CHK tuna-aw, tina-awa-(n), tunnaaw, tannaawa-(n) '1., his 1.'; PULtunawuwa-(n w6on) 'upper 1.'; CRL tulaaw; WOL tulu-yawe, tuhi-yawa-(l); PuA tuni-yawa. Cf. PONkili-n-aw, kili-n-ewE '1., his 1. PCK? *dupwu,'proceed, wade': CHK tupt 'go, proceed';PUL tupWu-(kl) 'to wade away', tupWu-(td)'to wadeeastward'. PCK? *dupwu2'be fooled,deceived': CHK tup"' 'be f., d.', tupwi-iti'be fooled by (s.o.)'; PUL Wtup'u-u-(w)'deceive, fool, joke with (s.o.)'; CRLtubw 'be d., cheated,f.' PCK *dupwu3 'set (of sun), go down': CHKtupW 'to s. (of the sun)', tupWu-(ni-y6n)'sunset', (soo)-tup 'departedperson, dead person'; PUL tupwu-(16),tupWu-(tiw) 'to s. (as the sun)', (hoo)- tup'worshipped soul of thedead'; CRL tU1i 'to sink,go d.', tul'u-l 'settingof'; WOLtubu 'to s., go d.', tubu-(li-yalo)'sunset'; PuA (tou)-tupWa(sic) 'spirit,god'. Cf. BUGhuu 'sink, dive, go d. (of sun)';LAU SUU 's. (of heavenlybodies), dive'; ARO suu 's. (of thesun), dive', suu-hi 's. on or over, dive for'; KWASUU 'dive, sink (of sun)', suu-fi-(a)'to dive for'. Cf. also PMc *Suu, SuuSuu,Suu-fi- 'dive, bathe'. PCK*emwa, emwa-ri 'be lookedat': CHK onw 'be inspected, investigated, looked at', emwe- i 'paya symptheticvisit to (s.o.)',(d)-aim'ddam 'watch, make ongoing or repeatedinspections, 290 OCEANIC LINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2 repeatedlyhave a look', (ci)-dm'la'pay a sympatheticvisit to (s.o. who is sick)'; PUL yemHeri-(y) 'to visit (a sickperson) with food gifts'; CRL (a)-am,, 'to look or face in a certain direction', am"wu-ri,dmH'u-ri 'to look for (s.o. or s.t.)', (alla)-amwa,-~amHd 'to observe, to look at (s.o.) in a secret or sneaky way'; WOLyamWe 'to peep' loom up, stretchone's neck tp or out to observe s.t., stickone's head out', yonH"aamw"e 'to visit, look at s.t.,watch', yemnlca-ri-(i) 'look at it, visithim, watch it'. Cf. MRS mih 'to crane one's neck to see'. PCK ? *6r6ra 'coconut blossom or spathe': CHK Trci ere6trre-(n)'coconut blossom or spathe from within which new clusterof nuts will form and from which palm toddy is extracted, c. b. of'; PULyerei ye're'rr-(n); WOLertLre. PCK ? *faa- 'go on foot': PUL.ffia(tap1')'to chase, follow, hunt',,f*ia-(tap1'ee-y)'to chase, follow, hunt (s.o. or s.t.)'; CRLfria-(,lis--y), fia-(tchee-y) and CRNfiaa-(Ree-y)'to give chase to, pursLie,hunt after (s.o.)', also CRL,1ba-(tabH),fi-(ttaf) 'to nin',.fra-(taf-r"e-e-y), fr-(ttofre-e-y) 'to nin after,chase (s.o.)'; WOL.fita-(shage) 'to chase,pursue' ,fiza-(shage-e-y) 'to chaseor pursue, rtinafter (s.o. or s.t.)',also WOL.fra-(ttabe)'to chase,run after' ,Jfia-(ttaifre-e-ye) 'chase him or it'. See also PCK*caka-i-, ccaka-i- 'chase, purste', PMc *faa,faa-I sSIJi 'apply the sole of the foot',PCK *dapwa, dapwe-e- 'follow'. PCK*fa[aelfa[ael 'footbracein the formof a stationaryblock of wood underthe warp beam of a loom': CHKfi!idfi, PULbafti; CRL.fata (sic); WOLfiafaa. Cf. PMc *faa- 'underside, tnder', PMc *faa, faa-[sSji 'apply the sole of the foot', PCK *faa.raki 'tse one's foot'. PCK *faalipw[aeI 'lee side': CHKffidnip11';0fidinpJP1, -pll'e-(n) '1. s., downwind s., 1. s. of'; STwjdi.1ipf; WoL.faalibe. PCK *f=njiyape 'mountain apple (Eugeniajavanica)': CHKKfjd riyap; MRTjTaniyap 'malay a.': PuLjfiddniy&ip; CRLjfid6lydp and CRNjfiddniydp: STwffiCidniyap 'malay a.'; WOL fialiyape.We cannotaccount for the r in the CHKforms exeept as a reinterpretationof flapped intervocalic n. Cf. PON apel 'motntain apple (Syzygium malaccense), clearly a loan from English or German. Cf. YAP qarfi'ath 'mountain apple'; PAL ke-aiil'Etigenia tree'. PCK *faa-rald 'use one's foot': CHK.faa-reS 'rub one's feet back and forth on the grotnd in anger or distress'; WOL.fia-ragi 'walk, go on f.' See also PCK *fa- ? 'go on foot', PMc *faa, faa-IsSIJi'apply the sole of the foot', PCK*falaelfa[ael 'footbrace in the formof a stationary blockof woodunder the warp beam of a loom'. PCK *facauilapa 'name of Faraulep (island and atoll), Central Carolines': CHKKfjchewU- nap; PuL.faRayidp; WOLJfrhaldalpe (<*fasha-yaid-lapa 'big-appearing-pandantis', perhaps a folk etymology). PCK *fadafada 'to roof a hotise': CRLfiftafiU 'to tie thatch to the roof frame'; WoL~fdtefrte 'to rali.',fa teft-(1i) 'roofing of',fia-(a) 'to r. it'; PuA datadata and SNs.fritfrita 'to r. a h.' PCK *fado 'look, observe': CHK.fijto- 'pertainingto scrutiny',fbto4(nayim11')'mariage of a manwith his patemalcross-cousin', (i):fita '1.at', (k6) frft 'have a 1.,watch, observe', (kk6):f6t 'betrothed';PUL.fi6te-e-(y) 'to stareat', fito-n 'to seem,be apparent',(ko):fit 'be betrothed'.Cf. WOLfintOgo 'betrothal'. PCK *fai- 'only, sole' (pref. to ntimbers): WOLrd-; PuA dai-. PCK ? *fa-ia 'file, nib, sharpen': W01-ia iye 'a file, to f., r., s.',%fi-yiya-a 'f., r., s. it'; PEO *qikuRa 'rub, scrape' (Geraghty 1990). CHKfiyiyan 'file' is an apparent loan from English, and the WOL form may be, too. Cf. PMc *iri, iniiri 'rub, scrub'. PCK ? *fafira 'to grate': CHKtKfiyiir'engage in grating, a grater',fityiira 'to g. it (banana, taro, arrowroot, manioc)'; WoL0fiiir? 'to rub hard',laira-(a) 'to rub it'. Cf. PMc *iij, inn 'rub, scrub'. PCK *faili 'go, proceed': CHK/feyin 'go, p., fare',.feyini-(wu), jeyin-(n6), fiyit-(to), feyit-(ti) go ott, go away, proceed hither, go tp'; PULfiiyil; WoLfinili. PCK*fainikia 'a kindof fish':CHKfyirnisi 'goatfish'; PUL.friayiniki 'a f.'; CRLffiilighi 'species of bottom dwelling f.'; CRNftmnisi 'sp. of bottom dwelling f.' (an evident loan from CHK); WOLfirdigiiye 'kind off.' Cf. PoN ilek 'sp. off.'; MOK Opil, opil illok/ 'sp. of goaffish'. PCK *fakafaka, fafaka 'coughing, to cough': CHK,fria/f ; WOLjfflge, ~ffage 'to c.', (ga)- /Jiga-(a) 'make him c.'; ULI1fi1gft1g;-PuA dakadaka; SNS.frkfialka.Cf. PCMc *pekopeko or *kopekope 'cotigh, to cotigh'. PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS - 2 29I

PCK*fakee 'to feel sympathy':CRL.faiye 'feel s., feel pity',faiyee-ti 'feel s. or pity for (s.o.)', (a)-ffaiye'be pitiful,pitiable'; WoL,fagee 'to love, like,pity',fagee-(we) 'loveit, like it, pityit'; PuA dakee andSNs.fakee 'be sad, sorrowful'. PCK*f[ae]kir[ae] 'tame': CHK fesir 't., honest,trustworthy, socialized, housebroken (of animals)',(e)-fesira 'educate, t., socialize,reform him/her'; PUL.fiakir; CRL.fighir; CRN figir; WoLfegire'be tamed,domesticated' (ga)-fegira-(a) 'domesticate, t. it'. PCK *fakola 'grow, be reared':CHKff6oon 'to g., be raised',fonnu-ni 'to raise, tend, herd'; MRTfo61,Jfi61o-ne; PULffl (sic),.f66le-ni,f661e-(y) (sic), and f66le-yd-(y) (sic) 'myupbringing'; CRLff661,ff66id--li,ff66la-a-(y); WoLfaigodlefagola-(a).Cf. KIR ako 'behave well', ako-a 'treat (s.o.)kindly'. Note alsoPCK *fako[ln]a 'longing', PCK ? *fano'pampered'. PCK *fako[ln]a 'longing': CHKff66n '1.,homesickness', Ji66ne-(yiti) 'be homesick for it'; WoLfagole 'romanticlove'. Note also PCK *fakola 'grow, be reared',PCK ? *fano'pampered'. PCK*falara 'ashes':CHK.fanay 'a., dust, fireplace, hearth, site of an earthoven, lineage's food preparingplace'; MRTfalaV 'cookhouse, earth oven'; PuL falay 'a., cinders';CRL.falay 'wood-burningstove, cooking fire, hibachi,a., charcoal,charred wood'; STw.felar;WOL felaye 'a., fireplace';PuA danayja;SNs.fanaya (Bender et al. I984:faray). Cf. PONpeleg, palag 'dryin the sun', MOKpoloj, palay 'dryin the sun'. Cf. also Marck's(I994:324) PPC *falaja. PCK*fa[ln]i 'defecate': CHKfeni-(toy) 'break wind, fart'; CRLfell, falli-(ghet) 'd., move one'sbowels'; WOL.fanni-(gate) 'waste materials, to d.' PCK*fanai 'lowlandor reef':CHK fan 'go aground(of shipor canoe)',fana-,fee- 'lowland or reef' (in place names);PUL.fddn, fdne-, fana- (in place names) 'island';WoLfala- 'island'(in place names). Cf. UAN *bena'lowland'. PCK*fana2 'look, gaze': CHKf ana-, fanafana- '1., stare, attend visually' (with directional suffixes);PULfan 'l.about';CRLfala-, fale- '1.,observe'; CRN.fina-; WoLfale '1.,gaze at, watch'. PCK*fana-anuti 'nameof an islandin the Hall Islands'(lit. 'spiritlowland or reef'): CHKfana-anu; PuLfana-anu;WoL fela-aluu. See PCK*fana, 'lowland or reef', PMc *anitu 'god,spirit'. PCK? *fano 'pampered':CHKf6n 'be p., coddled,cherished, spoiled', (a)-fona, (6)-f6na 'to pamperhim/her'; PvL.fon 'be p.', (ya)fi6ni-(y)(sic) 'to honor,respect'. Note also PCK *fakola'grow, be reared',PCK *fako[ln]a 'longing'. PCK*faofao 'a fish':PUL.fi6ofO 'a deepsea f.'; WoLf6oOf66 'a kindof f.' PCK*fare 'putover the shoulders(as a lei)': CHKjfiar,tfdr-(td) 'be conferred(of a chief- ship,the allusionbeing to the actof placinga cordaround the chief's neck)', fcri-si 'p. s.t. over his s. (aroundhis neck,like a wreath)';WoLfare-(n-nuu) 'to crown,be crowned',fare-(n-niuu- we) 'crownhim'. PCK*fari, 'already,just now':CHKfen 'really, indeed, already'; PUL fjr 'very,certainly, already';CRL.far,.fdr 'about to, rightnow'; STw.far'rather'; WoL fiari 'rather,unexpectedly'. We cannotaccount for then in the CHKform except as a reinterpretationderiving from sandhi phenomena.Cf. PCMc *fari-'less than...'. PCK*fari2 'carving along side of a canoe':PuLftddr, firi-n 'blacksides of sailingcanoe end-pieces,b. s. of'; CRLfdcir'carved lines extending the length of a sailingcanoe just above the waterline'; WOLfaari, fari-li 'a narrowc. alongside of a canoe,n. c. of',,fari-(i-y) 'makea c. alongside of it'. PCK*fata, fata-ra 'to sprout,grow, a sprout':CHK.fasa-r, -ra-(n) 'a s., shoot,its s.'; PUL fah 'to happen, be, occur'; CRLfas and CRN.fah 'to s. (of plants)'; WoLfase 'to grow (of plants)';PuA dadaand SNSfada 'be born,be alive'.Cf. YAPfJs 'alive,living',faseag 'enliven, makealive, raise crops, resurrect'. PCK*fata, ffata 'to laugh':CHK -ffis 'objectof laughter',(turu-nu)-ffds 'be mischievous, makesport of others';PUL.fah; CRLffas, fqffas; WOLffase 'to 1.,smile, chuckle', (ge)-fase 'to makea joke'. PCK*faui 'new': CHK fe; MRT. , (see)-te;PUL.e, (hee)-fe; CRL.#f 'be n.',ffg-(td) 'be 292 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

newlycomposed'; STW ffe; WOLfee, ffee; PuA (tai)-dai;SNS (tai)-fiau. PEO *faqoRu (PPN *foqou;SAA ha'alu; ULA ha'du KwAfoolu);UAN *baqu[h],baqeRu[h]. KIR ht'ou is a loan from a Polynesiansource. Cf. also PEO *faqaRu(Geraghty 1983) and *foqoRu(Geraghty gg1990).Cf. also KIRai 'rise(as themoon)'. PCK*faiuru-anitfi 'recite a spell':CHK feerui-wer, feera-yer 's., incantation,r. a s.', feeru-weruut-(w),feeri-yeriut-(w), ferui-yrui 'r.a s. uponit'; PULferi-yana 'do magicwith chantsand herbs'; CRL (a)-ffer 'to makean incantationor s.'; WOLf air-walusui (sic) 'utter magic',fani-waluisu-(u) (sic) 'uttermagic on it. Notethe shiftof n to r afterr in CHK.See PMc *fauru'do, make', PMc *anitu'god, spirit'. PCK? *fa[uu]naki'raised seat or platformon a sailingcanoe': CHKJfiXfW 'elevated sitting boardextending from lee platform across the body of a sailingcanoe (one on eachside of themast)'; PUL.fxtndk,fixi-(n) 'canoeplatform bench, b. of'; CRL fee. gh,fixKigh and CRN.fidkkc 'raised seaton leeplatform of a sailingcanoe'; WOL felagi 'raisedplatform on a bigcanoe'. PCK*feifei, fei-iji- 'to tearapart or off': CRL.fei-Yi'to pull(the hair or whiskers)in anger, to yank(the hair)'; WOL.fei-ti-(i) 't. it off, tatterit',fei-rgi 'to be tom,ragged'; PuA deidd'to t. apart',deidi 'to t. it apart,to putit in tatters';SNs.fifei,fei-ri. Cf. SAAhdi, hdihei 'to scratch(with thenails), dig (as for bait)';ARO hai, haihai 'scratch with the nails'; KWAJfii 'pull on, scratch', faii-a'scratch, scrape, pull up (s.t.)',.fti-li-(a) 'weed(s.t.)'; PEO *fai. PCK*ffada 'clear,transparent': CHKfaaCt, fate-(n) 'area of c. shallowwater, a. of',.fat 'be c., t.', (a)#fft 'be madec.', (a)-#afta'make it c. (of water,glass, thought)'; PuL.ffaat (sic) 'be c., certain',(ya)-ffjat 'to clarifyit, makeit c.';CRL.ffat 'be c., t. (of water)';STWffat 'c.'; WOLffate 'be c., pure,real'; PuA ddata'to be c.' Cf. CHK-ffat 'just, that's all, withoutapparent reason or purpose,exactly or precisely(with numerals)'; PUL -ffat 'without result, profit, pleasure'. PCK*ffi, fiffi 'tangled':CHK.ffiif; iffi-; WoL.fifi'get t.',ffi 'be t. up';'be cramped, snarled', 'tangleit, crampit' (ga)-ffi(i).Cf. PONpij 'confused,disordered, messy' and MOK pij 'tangled', possiblyfrom *pi-(Ia); KSR pip 'tangled,matted'. Cf. PMc *pini,pinipini 'twisted, tangled', PMc *fi-'mutually'. PCK*fia, fiya-ri- 'squeeze':CHK. fiyefi'squeeze, pinch, be squeezed,be pressed (of a but- ton),fiye-e-(y) 'to squeeze,pinch it'; MRTfiye-(y) 'squeeze it'; PuLfiye-(y)'squeeze, strangle'; CRLfei-yi (showingmetathesis of vowels) 'to squeeze(s.t.) with the hand';STW fiye-e-(y) 'squeezeit'; WoLfiyefiye'to squeeze,press, wring',fiya-(a) 'squeeze it',fiye-ji-(i) 'squeeze it, wringit',.fye-igi 'besqueezed, wrung'. Cf. PuA diyiti'to squeezeit, twist it, wring it', SNSfiyiti. PCK*fici, 'good,well': CHK -fich 'w., thoroughly',(ii)-fich 'be right-handed';MRT.fish; PuLfiir(sic) 'be g.';CRL fh, fish,-h,ish andCRN ,fiR,f '(v.)be nice,pleasant, (adv.) w., thoroughly,carefully'; STW.ffiR; WOL -fishi 'g., completely,perfectly'. PCK*fici2 'packet': CHK (e)-ffich, (e)-ffichi-(n) 'small leaf package (of food)'; WOL fishifishi'p. of betelnut, lime,and leaf'. PCK*fi-di- 'wrap,mix': MRT fi-ti 'to w.';CRLfi-t 'to m. together(of food)',fi-tii-(16)'w. it together';STWfi-ti 'to w.';WOLfi-ti-(i) 'tie it, tangleit'. See PMc *fi- 'mutually'.Cf. PPC *finleil'wrapped, bound up'. PCK? *fi[ln]aWre'surgeon fish': CHK findgi , findgjri-(n) 'species of s. f.'; CRLfilddj,. fildr 'stripeds. f.';WOL finaa (sic) 'a kindof f.' PCK*filefile, file-di 'blow(of wind)':CHK.finefn 'blowing (of windor breath),to b.';PUL file-ti-(y) 'to turnit (as a crank),b. on it (as the wind)'; CRL.filifil'be breezy (as in the tradewinds)'fili-ti 'to turnit (as a crank),to b. towardit'; WoLfile-ti-(i) 'turn it, stirit, b. it', file- tagi 'be tured, stirred';PuA dine-dine'be light(of wind),b. lightly',dine-ti 'b. on (s.t.)'. PCK*finee 'Alocasiataro': PULfine 'kind of dry-landt. withyellow-green stems'; CRL.file, f.deand CRN fine 'a t. (A.macrorrhiza)'; STW file 'giantfalse L'; WOLfilee 'a t. (A.mac)rrhiza)'. Cf. FIJvia 'A.and Cyrtosperma t.'; CHM piga' 'A.indica', piga palayi 'type of t. (Crinumasiati- cum)'; PEO *fiRa 'A. t.' (Geraghty 199o); PAN *biRaq 'A. t.' (Blust 1984-85). PCK*firi 'femalegenitalia': CHK,fiir, firi-(n)'labia minora'; PuLtfir (sic) 'vagina';CRLfiir, firi-(l)'clitoris';W Lfiiri, firi- 'vagina lips'. PCK *fiTi, fiTi-ki 'apply fire': CHKfii-si 'to transferfire to, to light'; WoL./fsfi.si 'to roast, PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS - 2 293

bur, broil,grill, bake',fisi-gi-(i) 'bum it, roastit, etc.';PuA didi-ki'to bur it, roastit, broilit, grillit'. Cf. PMc *fiti'flash (of light)'. PCk *futuu-te-mwakudu'North Star, Polaris (lit. star-not-move)':CHK fiuu-se-mwekuat; PULfiiau mwaket;CRL.fit-se-mw6ghut. Maybe a post-PCkinnovation confined to eastern portionof Chuukicarea. PCK*iata 'pickingpole': CHK iyas, iyase-(n) 'p. forp. breadfruit(with an obliquelycross- ing stickat top to makea forkedend), p. of'; PUL yiyaah'p. p.', yiye,yiye-e-(y) 'p. (breadfruit) witha p.';CRL iyas; CRN iyah; WOL iyate, iyeiye 'p. fruit with a p.' Cf. KIRieta 'to lift,raise (the coverof a basketor lid of a chest). PCK*ici 'a star':CHK iich, ichchi- 'a star';PUL yicc, yicci-(n) 'name for three unidentified stars';STW icc 's., month(=November)'; WOL ichchi 'a s. in Hydra';PuA isi (sic) 'month (=December). PCK*ifaluku 'name of Ifaluk(island and atoll), Central Carolines': CH K ifenuk; PUL yifeluik(sic); WOL ifalgui. PCK*iftae]-di 'scoop out': CHK ifet 'be scooped out (of a clamshell), be removedfrom inside (asby a knifeor pin)', ifeti-(i-y) 's. it out'; WOL ifeti 'go clam fishing', ifeti-(i-ye) 's. it out,dig it out'. PCK*iici, ici-, ici, ici-i- 'writing,to write':PUL yiiR 'w., especiallythe Faraulepwriting system'iRi-i-(y) to w. or mark(s.t)'; CRLiish 'w.,script', ish 'to w., w. letters',ishi 'to w. (s.t)'; CRNiiR 'w.',iR 'tow.', iRi 'to write(s.t.); WOL iishi, ishi- 'letter of thealphabet, numeral'. These couldbe a chainof loans.Writing was introducedin theCentral Carolines by a castawaymis- sionarylate in the nineteenthcentury. It was firstdone thereby carvingletters in wood. The sourceof theword remains unknown. PCK*ika-falifalu 'fishwith spines': CHK ike-ffnu,fen 'any f. with sharpstiff s. or thorny projections';CRL igha-falfail 'unicorn f.'; WOL ige-falefale 'a kindof f.' See PMc *ika,ika-na- 'fish',PWMc *falu2'prick, pointed object'. PCK*i-kenaa, i-kenaa-ye 'today': CHK i-kenod-y; PUL yi-kena; CRL i-ghila and CRN i- gina 't, nowadays';WOL i-gelaa 'now, t, atthis time'. PCK*i[n]iiln]i 'a smallplover bird': CHK iniin; WOL iliili. PCK? *imWa-nini-en'solar plexus': CHK imwe-ni-yuin 'navel' (lit. 'house of the soul'); WOLimwe-li-rdui 'center of thechest'. See PMc *inma 'house',PMc *Uenu'soul, spirit'. PCK*inedi 'divide,distribute': CHK inet, initi-(n) 'division into parts or shares',ineti-(i-y) 'divideit, distributeit, apportionit'; MRT inet; PUL yinet, yinei-(y); CRL ilet, iliti; STW ilet, ileti-i- (y);WOL ileti, ileti-(i-ye); PuA ineti.Cf. PPoN*nee, nee-ki 'be divided, divide (s.t.)'. PCK*ineki 'body,totality': CHK inis, inisi- 'b.', (me)-yinisi-(n) 'all of it';PUL yinek, yineki- 'b.,self'; CRL ilighi- 'b. (of a person)';CRN inigi- 'b. (of a person)';STw yinek-; WOL ilegi- 'all, very';PuA ? ineki'be old'. PCK*ir[ae] 'filled':CHK ir, ireyir 'be f. (as a hole)',ire-(e-y) 'bury it, interit, fill it up (as a hole)';PUL yire-(-e-16) 'bury it'; CRLire-e-(y) 'to fill up (a hole or grave)with dirt'; WOL ireire 'fillup, cover up', ire-e-(ye)'cover it (a hole)up, fill it'. Cf. PONiri-di 'to dig down'. PCK*irae 'tree,stick, timber, log': CHK ird, irdd-(n); MRT urci 'stick, branch'; PUL yird, yirdd-(n)'t., etc.' ira (h66n)'boom (on sailingcanoe)', ird (mw'cdn)'yard (on sailingcanoe)'; CRLurc, ird,trdci-l 'stick,piece of wood',urddi-(sh66p'ut) 'boom', uridi-(mWddl) 'yard'; STW yiri 't.,stick,pole, piece of wood';WOL iraa 't., etc.', iraa-(lape) 'main-plate or longitudinaltie- beamof a house';ULI ire 'stick'; PuA ilae 'drywood, stick, twig'. See alsoPMc *rae'branch'. PCK*itano 'deposited,put away': CHK #is6yis 'be d., stored,p. a.',#is6-ni 'deposit it, store it, p. it a.';PUL yihDn 'to keep,leave, put, place, save', ihal-(loy)'to put into (as coprainto a sack)';CRL isal, is6l-(loj),isala-(wow), isol-(16) 'to carryor placeobjects somewhere'; WOL isalo 'keepit!, retainit!'; PuA itano'keep it, hold it', SNSitaro 'put down, place'. The unex- pected6 in theCHK forms makes sense if we see theseforms as arisingfrom a reinterpretation of *is6n(<*isano) by analogywith CHK iseni, iseyis (see PMc *ita,itaita 'deposit, pile up').Cf. PAN*taNem 'earth, bury' (Wolff 1993). Cf. alsoPMc *tano'ground, low'. PCK*kaata, kaataata 'a tree(Terminalia catappa)': CHK aas, aasaas, aasse-(n)'T tree, 't. of'; CRLasass, asaas; WOLgcaasaC e 'a t. (edible nuts)'. 294 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

PCK*kaccika 'feel a lack':CHK dchchik '1. (of s.t.)',dchchika 'f. the1. of it, miss it'; PUL dccik'be sorry,regret spoiled or wastedobjects, grieve', accika 'regret it'; CRLdtchigh 'to be a waste,be a loss', dtchigha'to waste(an opportunity), damage (a reputation)';WOL gachchiga- (a) 'misshim, yearn for him, long for him'. Cf. PCK*kacika 'tired'. PCK*kaccui 'good, suitable, proper, appropriate, fitting': CHK eech, echchu-n;PUL kacc, kaccu;CRL ghatch 'g., well done,p., a.',ghatchu-(16) 'better'; WOL gachchu. Cf. KSRketo 'g., beautiful,well done'. PCK*kace 'to tack(in sailing)':CHK ich, dkkdch'shift sail fromone end of the canoeto theother (in goingon theopposite t.), change course' (with dir. suf.: dchd-no, dchd-td, ache-nog, dche-to,dchi-tiw, dchi-wu); WOL gashe. Cf. PCMc *kace'throw'. PCK *kacii 'palm toddy': CHK dchi; MRT yashi; PUL ydRi; CRL dshi; CRN aRi; WOL gashii;ULI gachi; PuA kasi(sic). Cf. YAPqachif. CHK d insteadof e suggeststhe possibility of a loanfrom WOL (palm toddy was knownbut not ordinarilymade in Chuuk).Toddy making was probablyintroduced from the Philippinesinto the WesternCarolinian atolls and thence spreadto Chuukand Yap. The MRS terms jedan and jekarew are loans from KIR te-ran ('liquid') andte-karewe ('sweet or unfermentedlcoconut sap]'), KIR having developed its own distinct vocabularyfor toddymaking (see Bender198I). See also PCK*cii, cii-ri 'drip,sprinkle', on whichroot this may be a causativeconstruction. PCK*kacika 'tired':CHK echik 'hungry', echike-(pin) 'fast, observe taboo against eating'; PULydRik 't., weak, bored'; CRL dshigh 't., weak from hunger', dshighishigh 'fatigued, very t.', kkdshigh,akkashigh 't., bored, exhausted'; WOL gashigeshige 't.' Cf. PCK *kaccika 'feel a lack'. PCK*kade 'boy,child': CHK Cddit, ite-, cit- 'b., male c., male person(with demonstratives)',(mci-ni)-kdt 'childish behavior', (enu)-kidt 'teen-aged b.'; MRT yddt, yate- 'b.';PUL yddt,ydte-; CRL ddt, cite-, itte- 'c.';STW ddt, dte-; WOL gaate 'c.' PCK *kadelu 'sleepy, drowsy': CHKatun 'sleep, be asleep'; PUL ydtel 'be s., sleep, go to bed';CRL atel, dtel 'be s.';WOL gatelu; PuA kattanu.See alsoPMc ? *mawa'yawn, be open mouthed'. PCK*kado 'basket':CHK 66t 'kindof hangingb.'; PUL y6ot 'coconut-leafb.'; CRL ghd6t 'kind of b.' (Bender et al. 1984); STWko6t 'b. with handle'; WOLgaato, gato- 'a kind of small food b.';PuA kaato,kato- 'round b. witha handle'.Cf. KIR-kora 'b.' (counting classifier), (te)- kaao'large bag or sackmade of coconuttwine'; PPN *kato 'b.' PCK *kae- or *kaya- 'speak, tell': CHKaC(-ni 'tell it, sing it', dd-yni 'tell to (s.o.)', dd-niini 'argue violently', dd-nii-maaw 'argue vigorously'; PULyad-igi-(fegymn) 'argue together';CRL d-eli, dd-geli'to tell (s.o. s.t.),d-giigi 'to argue';WOL gaa-gi-(masowe) 'insist, argue', gaa-gi- (yawe) 'to quarrel,argue'. Note also FIJkaya 'to say'. Cf. PuA ka-ggei'to argue',ka-gigi 'throat'.Cf. alsoPMc *kai2'to inform'. PCK*kae 'stick,pole': CHK da- 'stick(in cpds.only)', dd-(pees) 'purlin(of house)', id- (chip") 'tongs' (lit. 'bent stick'); PULydd-(peak) 'rafters';WOL gaagaa 'stalk, tree trunk',gaa- (pegagi)'purlin'; PuA kae'tree trunk'. PCK *kae-paiki 'purlin (of house)': CHKidd-peies; PUL ydd-peoak 'rafters'; WOLgaa- pejagi. See PCK *kae 'stick, pole', PCMc *paja, paraki 'crossways'. PCK *kaewa[ln]ui 'type of sailing canoe': CHKaCwen; WOL gaawalti 'chief's c.' The name seems to mean 'forest tree', cf. PCK *kae 'stick, pole', PMc *walu 'vegetation,forest'. PCK *kafaamaca 'a kind of vine': CHKafaamach 'a flowering v. (Operculumturpethum), white morning glory (Ipomoeaalba)'; PULyafaamaaR (sic) 'a tree-climbingv.'; CRLafaamash 'a v.'; CRN afaamaR 'a v.'; WOLgefaamashe 'white moring glory'. PCK*kafalafala, 'a plant':CHK afanafan 'rattle bean' (Crotolariamucronata), coffee senna(Cassia occidentalia)'; STW aqefele-(l keR) 'nettle (Laportea rderalis)'; WOL gefalefale 'coffee senna (Fleurya uderalis)';ULI haFrlfal'nettle'; SNS hafarefare. PCK *kafalafala2 'advise, give guidance': CHKafanafan 'formal talk before an audience, speech, sermon', afanafana 'deliver it (of a speech)'; PULyafalafal; CRLafal 'to guide, direct, lead the way', afila 'to guide or direct (s.o.)', afalafala 'teach or advise (s.o.)', afalqfal 'to teach, give advice, lead a dance group'; WOLgWefalea-(a) 'tell him off'. PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS - 2 295

PCK*ka-falli 'be carefulof, attendto': CHKdcfddnni, d-fdnni, d-fdnni-i-(y) 'pay close attentionto, beware,be c. of, carefor, attend to'; PULyd-fdlli-(y) 'care for or aboutit, be c. of it, be concernedabout it, heedit'; CRL fdilli,d-fdlli-i-(y), d-fdli and CRN a-falli 'watch out for, be c. of, guard';WOL ge-fanni-i-(ye) 'take care of him,look afterhim'; PuA ka-danni'to guardit, watch it, take care of it'. Cf. PWMc *-ali, -aliali,mwa-aliali 'circle, circling, dizzy', PCK *mWaali'confused, mistaken'. PCK*kaloia 'entirety':CRL alaja-(l) 'all of it', aloae-(er)'everyone of them';STW yologa-, kalo)a-'all, totality'; WOL galoei galoCja-(i)'body, shell, tree-trunk, my b.' PCK*ka-ma-ruperupe 'flicker, blink': CHK 6-mo-rupurup'f., b., flash';CRL mo-rupurup 'to f. (of light)';WOL ge-ma-rupe ge-ma-ruperupe 'to b., wink';PuA ka-ma-lupa'to b., wink (once slowly)'.Cf. PONma-rep 'to b.';KIR runberubenrbe 'to wink, throb' (presumably a loan froma Polynesiansource, cf. TONja-lupelupe 'to jog, spring,flop, or moveup anddown'). PCK? *kamawo 'boobybird': CHK 6m6, 6mo6-(n); PUL yomo; WOL gemoo. PCK *kamwee or *kamwai 'tridachnaclam': CHKamWe, kamwe; PUL yaaumWey(sic); CRL amne;CRN amWey; WOL gamWee. PCK*kamwmware 'carry with a shoulderpole': CHK dmWmWar'carrying pole', adm- mWdra,dmmwmera, amwmwara 'c. it on theshoulders'; PUL dmWar 'carrying pole, c. on the shoulders',ydmWare-(e-y) 'c. it on the shoulders';CRL amn'mWar 'to c. on the shoulderor back,pole carriedacross the shoulderused by two or morepeople to transportheavy objects', amwmwara '(of two or three men) to c. (s.t.) on the shoulderswith a pole'; WOLgonwmware 'carrying pole'. See PMc *mWare'shoulder garland'. PCK? *kaopeope'weave sword': CHK oopoop, 6poopu-(n),66poope-(n) 'w. s., w. s. of'; WOLg66poopo 'part of theloom'; PuA kaupeupe(sic) 'frontflat lath used to spreadthe thread of a loom' (probably'w. s.'). PCK*kapilipili 'elbow, heel': CHK epinipini-(n pewu-n) 'his e.', epinipini-(npechee-n) 'his h.';PUL ydpilipili-(n-pawu), -(n-peRe 'e., h.'; CRL pilipili-(lpaay) 'e.'; WOL gapilin-(ni-peu) 'e.', gapilipin-(ni-peshee)'h.', gapili-(feshalape) 'to e. smash';SNS gapiripin-(ni-pewu) 'e.' The derivationof thisis obscure.It could be a Chuukicinnovation from a comlptionof PMc *kapi'bottom,butt end' (cf. MOKkopi-n po 'e.';KSR kapi-n paco- 'hise.'; PMc *pau'hand, arm, wing'), butthen the apparent PCK *1 rather than *n is a problem. PCK*kappa, kappa-na 'neonate,newly born animal, newly hatched bird': CHK appa-n, appa-ne-(n);PUL yapp, yappa-(n); WOL gappe; PuA kappa-(ni)'smallness of', kappa-na'a smallone'. PCK *kapwata 'shout': CHKapWas, akkapwas 's. or cry "wehuhu"as an exclamation at falling downor narrowlyescaping an accident';PUL yapwah, yakkapwaha; CRL abwas, akkaf'as andCRN af'ah 'to s., callloudly'; STW apW6s, akkapj'asa; WOL gdebta 'to yell, s., bark';PuA ? kkap'ati'scream, s.' Cf. KIRkalfaa-(tauta) 'call (s.o.) or speakof (s.o.)as stingy(tauti)'. PCK*kapwpwaroko 'crouch, stoop (in deference)':CHK 6pWpW 6ro 'crouch forward in passingby anotheras a signof deference',6ppwprro-(mi) 'crouch to him';WOL gdebargo 'to walkwith one's body stooped, bow, stoop'. PCK? *kapwpwu-ta[ln]o'a grass(Hedyotis biflora)': CHK op'Wp'u-son; WOL gbbu-salo. PCK*kara 'sweet':CHK ar, araar; WOL (shalu)-gara 'sweet, sugary'; PuA kala. PCK*karafa 'a kindof fish':CHK arqCf; PUL yaraf; CRL araf 'mullet';WOL gerafe; PEO *kaRafa'k. of f. (Lizavaigiensis)' (Geraghty I990). Notethat KSR karaff'kind of f.' is an apparentloan from a Chuukicsource. PCK*karaka 'creepingvine (Triumfettaprocumbens)': PUL yara 'a creepingburr with tiny yellowflowers'; CRL ara; WOL gerage 'to creep,crawl, name of a c. v. (T proxumbns)',gerage- rage'to crawlaround'; ULI harokh. Cf. PEO*kaRaka 'climb, a kindof crab'(Geraghty I990) (SAA'ala'a 'up,upward'; LAU cala 'up';KWA (aga) 'ala'a'look up at').Cf. KSRkerask 'a kind of tree'. PCK? *karawa,karawarawa 'blue, green': CHK araw, arawaraw'b., g.'; MRTaraw, arawaraw; PULyeraw, yarawaraw 'shade of light g.'; CRLaraw, arawaraw 'b.'; WOL gaarawarawa(sic) 'g.,b.'; PuA kalawalawa'b.'; PEO *karawa, karakarawa Cf. PMc *ma-rawa 296 OCEANIC LINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

PCK *karee,kareeree 'if, when(future uncertain)': CHK are 'if, w.', dreere'be uncertain, suppose,take a chance';PUL ydre 'if, or, whether';CRL (ij)-dire (V)-dre,(y)-are (

PCK*kullu, da-kulu, da-kullu 'turn,rotate': CHK kkun 'turning, rotation, revolve, be turned,roll', kunnu-u-(w) 't. (s.t.)',to-kun 'revolve, spin, be spun',(o)-to-kunu 'cause to revolve, makespin'; PUL kutll 'to t. (as in walking),t. over(in sleep)',kullu-(w) 't. it over(as a paper)'; CRLto5-ghul 'rotate on anaxis, t. allthe way around'; CRN tu-gul; WOL ta-gulugulu 'to spin,r., t.', ta-gunnu'to t. (in walking),to return,to shift(of wind)';PuA ta-kunni'to revolve'. PCK*kulu 'Barringtoniatree': CHK kun, #kuune-(n),#kuunne-(n) 'a t. (B. asiatica,B. racemosa),t. of'; MRTkuul 'large t.'; PULkund, kulu-(n) 'B. t. (usedfor fishpoison)'; CRL ghuul, ghuunand CRN guun 'a t. (B. asiatica)';STW kuul 'B. t.';WOL guulu, gulu- 'B. t. (usedfor fish poison)';ULI hul (sic) 'B. t.' Cf. POc *kuluR'breadfruit tree and fruit' (Ross I988) (PPN*kulu 'breadfruit';PKB *kulu 'breadfruit'); PMP kuluR 'breadfniit' (Blust I984-85). PCK*kiinna 'hightide or be h. t.':CHK kuun, kkin, kunne-(n) 'h. t. or be h. t.,h. t. of'; PUL lain;CRN gun; WOL gunne. PCK *kiuji 'dark (of shade)': CHKkuY, kuiuj-kutr 'brown, be b.'; WOLkktuu 'dusk, dark- ness'.Cf. KIRkun 'black, blue'. PCK*kurukuru 'orange (tree, fruit, or wood)':CHK kurukur 'o., carved and decorated hardwoodstick used in traditionalstick dances'; PUL kurukur; CRN gurugur 'o., carvedand dec- oratedstick used in traditionalstick dances'; WOL guruguru 'o., citrusfruit'; PuA kulukulu 'lemon'.Cf. YAPgurguur 'o., citrusin general',from which the Chuukicwords may well be derivedas a loan,citrus not being native to theChuukic islands. PCK*kurupu 'joint':CHK kurup" 'j., node', kurup'p"u-(n paaw)' wrist'; PUL kurup"i-(n paawu)(sic) 'elbow';CRL ghlurub' and CRN gurub' 'ankle j., anklebone'; WOL guruhu-(l xuai) 'wristcap', guruhu-l peshee 'ankle'. PCK*kuu, 'be fed up':CHK ku 'be more than enough, be f. up';CRL ghu 'be f. up,annoyed'; CRNgu 'bef. up,annoyed'; WOL guu 'be tired of, havean aversion to'. Cf. KIRkua 'weary'. PCK*kuu2 'dull, not sharp':WOL guu 'd.', (ga)-guu-(we) 'make it d.';PuA kuu. PCK*kiuu 'be dense,thick': CHK ku 'forma denseschool (of fish)';WOL gau 'be closed, shut,clogged'. Cf. MRSkwit 'thick, dense (of shrubbery),crowded (of people),close together'; KIRkia 'tothrong about', kiakia 'to throng about, pour forth with fullness (as an odor),scatter in fright(as a schoolof fish)'. PCK*laamWaare 'hawkfish': CHK naamW'cr; PUL klamWcir; WOL laam"aare. PCK*laam"o 'longago, ancienttimes, the old days':CHK n(om"; PUL lo6(m";CRL lom",';WOL loonm"o. PCK*laar[iu] 'sea urchin': CHK raar, #raare-(n), rcitr, #rddri-(n) (showing assimilation of n to followingr); PUL laar, iri-(y) 'smalls. u. withmany spines, s. u. of'; CRLlaar; WOL aaru, lani- 'spiny s. u.' PCK*lake 'bracelet':CHK ndc-nd 'b., ring, eurring, wear a b.',ncoi-nc-(ni) 'acquirea b.'; PULldd-ld 'wear a b. or wristornament', ldi-(n) 'his b.';WOL laage, Iga-(le) 'b., wristornament',lage-lage 'use or weara b.',lega-(li-i) 'own (a b.)';PuA ncoka,naka- 'b., wrist ornmment, ring'.Cf. SAAIa'o 'cone shell, trochus,forehead ornament made of same';BUG logo 'cone shell,ornament of coneshell'; KWA l 'e-(ni)'trochus shell'; LAK lage (la-pagogo) 'to put on ear- ings(la-pagogo)'. PCK*larji-daa 'famine': CHK niji-ta; PULleji-ta; WOL lajii-taa; PuA naoi-ta(sic). Cf. PMc *laiji'sky, heaven, storm'. PCK*-lapa 'badly,contrarily': CHK -nap 'b.', 'c,' (roro)-nap 'disobedient, heedless'; PUL - lap; WOL-lape. PCK*-le (aspect marker) 'immediate future': CHK -ne, (-p'e)-ne, PUL -le, CRL-e, (-h"'e)-le; WOL-e, (-be)-le.Cf. PONpaan; MRS -namhj; KIR -na. PCK *[ln]ewa 'flee': CHKnew 'f., run away (of animals)', (dc)-new'chaser, shover, cause a fleeing, shoving', ((i)-newa 'shoo it, chase it, cause it to f.'; WOLlawe 'be scared,frightened, startled',(ga)-lewa-(a) 'make him scared, scare him away, chase it away'.Cf. KWAlakwa 'hurry, do quickly'. PCK*liapa, liapa-ni 'a catchof fish,to catch(fish)': CHK niyap 'a c. of f., to get a c. of f.', niyape-ni 'to take it (as a c. of f.)'; PUL liyap 'a c. of f., to c. (as f.)', liyd(pe-ni-(y)'to c. (f.)'; CRL PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS - 2 299 liyap'to c. moref. thanusual', liyape-li 'to c. more(f.) thanusual'; CRN liyap, liyape-ni; WOL liyape'a goodc. of f., to c. a lot of f.', liyepa-li-(i)'take it as one'sc.' PCK*li-cowu 'smart, clever': CHK ni-chuuchuu-(mataw) 'sea goddess who fishes with handnets'; CRL li-show 'smart or cleverperson' (lit. 'netter'or 'scooperwith a handnet'); WOL li-shcu 'to learn fast, have a quick memory'. See PMc *cowu, cowu-ki 'hand net'. PCK *[ln]ie, [ln]ie[ln]ie 'to pour, spill': CHKniini, niinii-(tiw)'to p.', nii-ni, nii-nd-(d-tiw)'p. it'; WOLliye 'to be spilled', (ga)-liyeliye'to p., s.', (ga)-liya-(a) 'p. it, s. it'. Cf. MRSlliw-tek 'p., overflow, slop out, s.' Cf. TONma-ligi 'be pouredout, spill'; SAA ligi, liji-si 'to p.', ma-liti 'to spill'. PCK *likaapi 'a bird': CHKnikidp 'a land b. (has a long tail)'; WOLligaapi-(aai) 'a b.' PCK*li-kaa-tt[ae]raki 'kind of fish':CHK ni-kd-sseres 'sp. of moorishidol f.'; PULli-ka- hherk, -hherdki-(n)'a smallreef f. withvertical stripes, f. of'; CRLli-ghaa-sserdgh 'sp. of edible rockf.' (lit. 'easysailer'). See PWMc *taraki'to sail'. PCK *l[iu]kol[iu]ko 'gnat': PUL likolik 'stinging gnats'; CRL lighiliigh and CRN ligiliig 'very small black mosquito'; WOLlugolugo 'gnat'. There are problems here. PCK *likoTo 'a seafood or fish': CHKnikos 'a seafood'; WOLligoso 'a fish'. Cf. KIR (te)- nikoro'a fish'. PCK *lima, limalima, lima-kaccui, lima-di 'clean, neat, beautiful, to clean or neaten (s.t.)':CHK nimenim, nime'-ch, nimenime-ech 'c., pure, n., b.',nime-ti 'c. it, neatenit, makeit b.', nnime-t'be cleaned,neatened, spruced up; PUL limdimlim ime-kacc 'be c.', lime-ti-(y)'wash it, c. it', lime-t 'to wash, to c.'; CRLlimilim 'to c., tidy up, straightenup a place', lime-ti 'to beautify, arrange,straighten up (s.t.)';WOL lime-gachchu 'be careful,skillful, being good, success', lime- ti-(ye)'make it reallygood', lime-ti 'to makereally good'. PCK*li-maadaada 'kind of unicornfish' (lit. 'roughto thetouch one'): CHK ni-maataat 'sp.of u. f.';CRL li-maataat 'small, black sp. of u. f.' PCK*li-mwa-doro 'stinging jellyfish': CHK ni-m66-tor 'Portugueseman-of-war' (lit. 'stinger',togj 'smart, sting'); PUL li-mW6-tojy, -toyo-(n) 'various small s. j.'; CRLli-mW'o-tog 'j., man-of-war';PuA ni-mWa-taoo'j.'There are problems with the CHK form. PCK *li-pici 'unmarriedadult (not marriedor widowed)': CHKni-pich; MRT li-pich (sic); PUL li-piiR (sic), li-piRi-(n); CRL li-pish and CRN ni-piR 'u. mother (single, widowed, or divorced),'be promiscuous, sleep around'; WOL li-pishi; PuA ni-pisi. PCK *lipwa- 'at the time of, during': CHKnupwe-(n); PUL lipwe-(n),lupwa-(n); CRL lihra-(l); CRNliva-(n); WOLlebe-(li), libe-(li). PCK? *[ln]iwetta'variety of Cyrtospermataro': CHK niwees; WOL liwesse. This could well be anintra-Chuukic loan. PCK*llecu 'makea loudnoise': CHK nnuch, nutnnuch 'be snapped(of a finger),clicked (of a lock), snapped,ground (of teeth)';CRL llsh, Ilesh'make a 1.n.', lellesh' n. thatis loud and repeated';CRN llR 'makea 1.n.', lelldR'n. thatis 1.and repeated', (a)-lelleR 'make a pounding or bangingn.'; WOLnnesht 'makea bangingn., bang, soundof a falling bottle'. Cf. PPC *lec[ael,lecelec[ael 'to rap,strike sharply'. PCK*llema, lema-ti- 'tie':PUL llmn 'ropetied by s.o. else', llome-e-(y)'tie it witha rope'; CRLlonw a andCRN numa 'hang (oneself) by theneck'; WOL nneme 'be tied,tethered', lema-si- (i) 'makeknots in rope'.Cf PCMc *fiama'make a nooseor snare'. PCK*llima 'lowerrim of a sail':PUL llim 'reef a s.';WOL nnime 'lower side of a canoes.'; PuA nnumma(sic) 'lowerrim of a s.', nnuimu(sic) 'bottomof a s.' Cf. PCMc*lukuma 'fold, wrap',PMc *lumi'to fold'. PCK*lodoa, lodoa-lapa, lodoa-ara, lodoa-afaii 'west,due west, southwest,northwest': CHKnotow, notowa-(n) 'w., w. of it', notowa-nap,notowa-ar, notowd-cifen; MRT lotowa-(n) 'w. of', lotowa-ar;PUL lotow, lotowa-(n); WOL letowe (i)-letowe 'w.', letowe-lape 'due w.', letowa-are 'w. southwest',letowa-afraji 'w. northwest';PuA (i)-notoa'w.' Note also KSRroto 'w.' with its unexpectedintial r, which marks it a probableloan, alongwith otherdirection terms. Marck (1994:324) includes it in his reconstructionof PMc *losowa. PCK *lomwo, lomwolomwo 'gurgle': CHKnInw nomr omWonoz 'g., make a liquid noise', (6)- nom'a 'makeit g. (by shaking)';PUL lomIr'dom 'g.', (ya)-lomne-(y) (sic) 'to shake(as a liquid)'; 3o0 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

CRLlom'doan' 'to haveliquid inside that can be shaken';WOL lomn'olom'o 'to g., makea bub- blingsound'. PCK*loto 'a boil, sore':PUL loo; CRL Xo 'skin eruption, boil'; WOL kxs, laoo- 'boils',loso 'have boils'; ULI l1s, loso-(1) 'b. (of skin)'; PuA noxlo, nxlo- 'b. (skin infection)'. Cf. CHK noot,notu-(n) 'pus, p. of'. PCK *luku-lapa 'ocean side (of an island or reef)' (lit. 'great outside'): CHK nuikui-nap'o. s., opensea'; PUL lukui-lkpd-(nfanui) 'rear part of anisland on thewindward side'; WOL lugu-lape 'sideof anisland opposite the village side'. See PMc *liku'outside', PMc *lapa'big, main'. PCK? *lulTh 'remainder,leftovers': CHK nuus, nussu-(n) 'r., 1., r. of'; MRTlusse-(n) '1. of'; PULluhhu-(n) 'scraps, r., 1. of'; CRLluss, lussu-(l) '1. (as of food),remnants, 1. of'. See also PMc *luuwa'remainder, remnant'. PCK*luu 'come,go, passby': CHK nu 'go beyond,go past,pass by', (6)-nuu-(w)'skip, miss (a lineof print),parry (a blow)',(kk6)-nu 'have missed a menstrualperiod'; CRL and (presumably)CRN lu 'belast or behind (in races)'; WOL luu 'be passed', (ga)-luu-(we); 'go beyondit, passit'; POc *liu(FIJ liu 'to precede,go before,surpass'; SAA liu, liuliu 'to come,go, passby, ply about';BUG liu 'to go beyond,pass', liu-yi 'to stepover'; KWA liu 'go, pass,walk, sail'; LAK luu 'to duckunder trees, duck through bush'). Cf. PWMP*liut 'go around,encircle' and *liu 'circumvent'(Blust 1989:150). PCK*lIUi, lluUiti, liuuluuii-(wa)'to chew':CHK nu 'regurgitatea bit of food as a resultof heavyeating', nuunui 'chew, eat, masticate', nuunuui-(w) 'chew it, eat it';PUL lui (sic) 'to chew (as gum),eat noisily,eat (polite)',luilu 'chew,eat (politeto children)';CRL luulu 'to chew on s.t.', luuluu-(w)'to chew on (s.t.)';WOL luului 'chew,masticate, eat (honorificby female)', luuluu-(we) 'chew it'. Cf. PONlili 'poundedor mashedfood (as breadfruit,taro, yams, or bananas),to poundor mashfood'; MRS lij 'pound,mash', lijl4j 'pound or mashfood'; KSR II,t 'to swallow'.Cf. alsoPPN *lua 'to vomit';BUG lua 'to vomit';lulu, lulu-mu 'to vomit'. PCK*liiwa, luwa-di 'loose, swungout': CHK nuw 'be flungout (of arm),slung (of sling stone),s. to andfro (of the body)',nutwnuw 'swinging of the bodyin dance,sexy handlingof one's body',nnuwe-t 'be cast (of a fish line),be slung,s. out', nuwe-ti'cast it (of fishingline), swingit out,thrust it out(of one'sarm), sling it (slingstone)'; CRL liwe-ti and CRN liye-ti 'shake (the head)back and forth'; WOL luwe-ti-(i) 'throw it quickly,shake it off, snapit off, toss it', luwe-tagi'be snapped,thrown quickly, shaken, tossed', (ma)-luwe, (ma)-luweliwe 'be 1.or loosened(as a ropethat is nottaut)', (ge-ma)-luwa-(a) 'make it 1.'Cf. FIJhdlva '1., not well tied'.See alsoPCK ? *maldia'loose', PCK *ma-laltia 'calm', PCK *luwaa 'be calm(of sea or weather)'. PCK*liwaa 'be calm(of sea or weather)':CHK nUwa;, PUL IUUwa(sic); WOLluwaa; PuA nua. See also PCK *ma-ltiala 'calm', PCK *lfiwa, liwa-di 'loose, swung out'. Cf. Marck (I994:31 I) PMc *malua 'calm'. PCK*maa 'behavior,manner, habit': CHK maa, mtid'b., m., h.', maa-(maaw)'be hard, tough,strong, healthy'; PUL maa-(maw) 'be well,strong, healthy'; CRL maa-(maaw) 'be strong, powerful';WoI maa-(maawe)'be strong,powerful'. See also PMc *ma-toa,ma-toatoa 'firm, hard,strong'. PCK*maada 'a garden':CRL maat, maata-(l) 'farm, his f.; WOLnaate 'g., farm,cultivated area',maata-(a) 'change it intoa g.', maata-li-(i)'have it as one'sg.; PuA maata'g., lot, property,taro patch'. Cf. KSRime 'field,plantation, g., grove,farm'. Cf. alsoPMc *maata,maataata 'clearedspace', PPON *mtwada 'cleared land, garden'. PCK*ma-arawa 'be green(of fruit),unripe': CHK ma-araw 'be at a g. stage, be g. (of fruit);WOL ma-arawe 'be raw,unripe, uncooked'. Cf. alsoPMc *ma-rawa'green, blue'. PCK*ma-areare 'relative, kin, be related':CHK md-drddir, md-dreydr, mi-drddri-(n), md- cireyiri-(n)'kinsman, r. of any distance,be k., be r., his k.'; MRT'mt-driddr; PUL mnd-dreer 'remoteaffinal or consanguinealr.'; WOL m-areyare (sic) 'friend,be friends,be intimate', m-areyera-(li-i);'have him as a friend';ULI m-areyar; SNS m-aleyale. Cf. WOLyare 'get through a channelsafely'. PCK *maaro 'thirsty':MRT moor; PUL moor; CRL mrl"'o moor,' STW moor. Cf. WOL maaro 'to starve, sufferfrom hunger and starvation'. Cf. PMc *marewu 'thirsty'. PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS - 2 30I

PCK*maa-yi-rui 'be startled,surprised': CHK mdd-yi-nr 'alarm, be alarmed,astonished, surprised,scared, frightened'; MRT mad-yi-ruu (sic) 'startled';PUL md-yi-ru (sic) 'be surprised, startled,astonished'. See PMc *rut[iu]'become aware, wake up, be surprised',PCK *maa 'behavior,manner, habit'. Cf. PON(pwuria)-mwey 'be surprised,astonished, amazed, shocked'; MRSmWleyirw 'startled'; and PCK *mwa-ucuucui or *mwa-icuiicu 'to shake'. PCK*ma-calu 'slimy, slippery': PUL me-ceccel, mee-RelReel (sic) 'be slimy, slippery'; CRNma-RdiRel 'slimy, slippery substance such as mucus';WOL (guru)-me-shali 'be slippery, smooth,velvety, slimy'. Cf. MRSme-tal 'smooth, sleek, slick'. See alsoPMc *ma-cai'slimy'. PCK*ma-ca[ii] 'no trespassingsign': CHK me-chen, me-cheni-(n) 'n. t. s. in form of a stickset up on a reef,shallow area, or landplot', me-cheni-i-(y) 'mark it witha n. t. s.';WOL me- shaur'n. t. s.', me-shaygu-u-(we)'mark it witha n. t. s.' PCK*ma-caro 'muddy': CHK ma-chchach 'be m., havingmud puddles';MRT meshor 'mud, m.'; PUL me-Rar,me-Rare-(n) 'be m., mud, mud of'; CRLmme-shar and CRN mo-Rar 'swamp,mud, sticky mud on lakebottom, be m., swampy';STW meR6r 'mud'; WOL me-sharo, me-shore'dirt, soil, mud,filth, be dirty,m., filthy',ma-chochchore 'be m., dirty,filthy'; ULI mocor'mud'; PuA ma-salo'ground, soil, earth,place', ma-salo-(pKpwini) 'mud, dirt'. Cf. PON pwel-matak 'mud, m.'; MOK masak 'hard'; KsRfiu-rxrrxr 'm., sludgy'. See also Marck's ( 994:316)PCK *mat'aro. Note assimilation of followingr to precedingch in CHK. PCK*macikawu 'ter': CHKmechikow 'seabird (probably sooty tern)';PUL meRik66w (sic) 'ground-nestingedible seabird'; WOL mashigou 'sooty ter'. Cf. MRSmmej 'sooty tern'. PCK*macia 'ceremonialclothing': CHK mechiye-(ni-mey) 'special loincloth worn by breadfruitsummoner' (lit. "cloth of breadfruit")';WOL mashiye 'a kindof lavalava(sic) worn by chiefsfor ceremonial occasions'. PCK*madai[ln][ae] 'a fish':CRL mteeyil 'sp. of ediblef. foundoutside reef'; WOL metaile 'a kindof f.' Cf. KIR(te)-maraino 'the gill of a fish'(but see PMc *woro,'gills'). PCK *ma-dawudawu 'smooth': CHKmw-tow, mWo-towutow 's.', (o)-mWo-towutowu 'make (s.t.)s.'; MRTmo-tawutaw 'be s., shine';PUL mo-towutowu 'be s.'; STWmo-tawutawu (sic) 's. (of cloth)'.We considerthe mwof CHKto be a secondarydevelopment. Cf. MRSmetaltel 's., sleek,slick (distributiveform)', meyewyew 'soft to touch,s. like fur,sleek, slick, velvety'; KIR ma-rau'somewhat soft', ma-raurau'quite soft'. Cf. also SAAmWa-dau, m^amWa-dau 'be easy, possible, soft, pliable', mwa-dau-si'be easy for (s.o.)'; BUGma-luate 'soft, smooth';KWA wa-la'u'easy, soft, overripe'. Cf. PMc *ma-[sS]aLu,ma-[sSlaLu[sS]aLu 'smooth (of surface)' posited by Goodenough (I995:77). PCK*ma-dipi, ma-ddipi 'spitout (fromthe mouth)': CHK me-ttip, memme-ttip's. out (particles)from the mouth(as of food)', me-ttipi-i-(y)'s. it out';WOL ma-ttipi 'to s. out', ma- ttipi-i-(ye)'s. it out';PuA ma-tipi'fragment, broken pieces' (also counting classifier for same). PCK? *mai, maia 'taut,tight': CHK mmey 'be taut,pulled tight', (d)-mmeyi, (e)-mmeyi, (d)- mmeyiya,(e)-mmeyiya 'make it taut',(sd)-mmey 'move vigorously in runningor walking',(te)- mmey'be fast or efficientat work',(e)-mey 'heavy rope'; PUL mdiy 'be taut,tight', (yd)-mdidy 'rope';CRL mmey 'be stretched(as cloth,elastic, or rubber)';WOL mai-(ne) 'taut, tightly drawn (of a line)',maiye 'to sailagainst the wind', (ge)-maiya-(a) 'pull it (therope controlling the sail)'. PCK*makkui 'break, be in pieces':CHK mmek 'be shattered,b. into pieces', (e)-mekki 'shatterit, b. it';MRT nmekk 'b. off, b. away',(iya)-mekk- 'premature birth'; PUL makki-(16) 'give birth',makkkuk-(16) 'to shatter,b.', (ya)-maikku-(u-we-16)'shatter it completely';CRL makk 'give birthto a child',makkl-li 'give birth to (a child)';WOL makku 'b. awayfrom the whole, givebirth', (ge)-makkr 'to distribute, deliver a baby'.Cf. KIRkki-(a) 'to take out (the contents of a bivalvularshell)', maakiki-(na) 'completely removed, exhausted'. Cf. PCK*mwakk[iul 'bit, chip'. PCK*makoto, makoto-lapa, makoto-ciki 'fingerjoint, f. between tip and second knuckle,f. betweentip andfirst knuckle': CHK moo-nap 'f. betweentip andsecond knuckle', #m66-sich,m66-chis 'f. betweentip and firstknuckle'; PUL m66-(tol) 'node and portions betweennodes (of sugarcane and bamboo)', m66-(wow) 'joints (as of fingersand toes), portion betweennodes (as of sugarcane and bamboo)'; WOL magoo 'curve, joint', magoo-lape 'length 302 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2 of two f. joints(in measuring)',magwo-shigi 'length of one f. joint(in measuring)';PuA makxco 'be broken(of a stick)'.Cf. SAAma'o'i 'broken in two'. PCK*mali, mmali 'smile':CHK meni-(n) 'his s.', menimen'pleasant facial expression'; MRTmelimwl 'begin to s., be amused';PUL mel 'to laugh,giggle a little,s.', (yd)-melimel'to s.'; CRLmmil 'to smile';STW mmdl 's., laugh quietly'; WOL mmali 'to laugh, s., grin';PuA mmani 'to laugh';SNS mmiri 'to laugh'. PCK*malii 'perhaps,maybe': CHK meni; PUL mcili (sic);CRL mili, meli;WOL malii. Cf. PuA mana'perhaps, might'. PCK*malla 'dawn':CHK mman, mmane-(n) 'first light of d., f. 1.of d. of', (a)-manna'look at thed. to determinewhat the weatherwill be like',manne-(yiti) 'overtake him with d., d. upon him'; MRTmmala-(we) 'd., sunrise';PUL maal 'd. light,to d.'; CRLmall 'morningtwilight, becomelight in the morning';STW man (sic) 'sunrise,d.'; WOL manne 'd., first appearance of light in the morning',manne-(lape) 'd., pre-d.',(ge)-mann 'look at the d.' Cf. MOKmaalaal 'morningstar, Venus'; FJ malamalawa'early part of the morningbefore daylight'. Marck's (I994:312) PMc *mala(wa)'dawn' is notsupported by evidenceoutisde Chuukic languages. PCK*malle, malemale, (ka)-malemale-(a),male-di- 'groundcleared of vegetation, swiddenfield': CHK mddn, mdnni-(n) 's. f., his s. f.', dndinrmin'place of habitation,inhabited area,be c. of v., be a f. (forcultivation)', (nee)-mn 's. f., c. land',(d)-mdndmdna 'clear it of v.'; MRTmalamal 'c. land',male-te 'to clear(land)'; PUL mele-(n) 'garden of (a crop)',milemil 'be clearof brush',(d)-melenel 'to clear(as a garden)',mdle-ti-(y) 'to clear (land for a garden)';CRL mdlimdl,mdlemdl 'to clearbrush', nuili-ti, mdle-ti 'to clear(brush), straighten up (a yard),clear (the way by steppingaside)'; STW mdilemdl 'to clearbrush, a clearspace', mile-ti 'to clear (brush)';WOL malmale 'c. g., be c. of v.',mela-ti-(i) 'to clear (ground)', (ge)-malemela-(a) 'clear it'. Note thatCHK (nee)-man 'inland (especially in relationto settlementareas), ashore, pertaining to land'and MRT 'lee-mal 'land' do notgo withthese. Cf. PMc *malala'area without vegetation'. See also Marck (1994:322) PCK *malemale. PCK*mallo 'prepared,made ready': CHK mnmn 'be p., r.',(6)-rmm6n, (6)-wmnne-(n) 'prepa- ration,p. of', (6)-m6nna,(6)-mrnni-(d-ti) 'p. it'; PUL (yd)-mell 'p.', (y0)-melle-(y), (y6)-melld-(d- ti) 'p.(s.t.)'; WOL manno 'be finished, completed, r.', (ge)-manno-(o) 'finish it up,finalize it, com- pleteit'. Cf. CRL m6l-(16) 'be fixed, corrected', cam'ala 'to prepare or tidy up (a place),make (it) r.' PCK? *malia 'loose':CHK menUiU-(w) 'pull it with a jerk,pull it 1.';PUL mahlN-(we-16) 'castoff (a canoe)';WOL maluwe 'be 1. (as a rope)',maluwehlwe 'be loosened',(ge)-makiwa-(a) 'makeit 1.'Cf. PONluU 'be incompleteas a consequenceof somepart being removed'. Cf. Also PCK*liwa, liwa-di 'loose,swung out'. PCK*ma-lualuia 'calm': MRT ma-law 'c. (of sea)'; PULma-luwall 'be easy or slow (as work),be c. (as sea), be gentle (as wind)';CRL ma-luw and CRNmma-lu 'be c. (of sea or weather)';STW ma-lu 'c. (of the sea)';WOL ma-luweluwe 'be quiet,silent (as in water),gentle (as in a good personality),c. (of sea)';PuA ma-niantia'calmness, peace, be c., peaceful,gentle'. Cf. PONmw-,leyy 'peaceful, easygoing, unenthusiastic, slow moving,passive, lethargic'; MRSlahyey 'smooth and c. (of water)'.Cf. also BUGma-luate 'soft, smooth'.See also PCK *luwa,luwa-di 'loose, swungout', PCK*lfiwaa 'be calm(of sea or weather)',PCK *ma-ltii, ma-luuld61'tired, fatigued'. PCK*ma-lui, ma-luliluu'tired, fatigued': CHK me-niunu 'be t., f.', (e)-me-nuunuu-(w) 'make him t.'; MRTmma-lu (sic); PUL ma-luuli 'be t., weak, tiredness,fatigue'; CRLma-liuli 'be numb,t. andnumb, shocked, stunned'; WOL maa-luu (sic) 'becomef., get t., be exhausted', (ge)-maa-luu-(we)'make him weak or t.' Cf. KIRma-nni 'languid,weak through sickness, lifeless';LAK ma-loo 'weak';UAN *lawlaw 'weak'. Cf. alsoPCK *ma-lialua 'calm'. PCK*mamwu-ciki 'mackerel': CHK mm"'u-chis, momWu-sich; CRL m^"im"'e-shigh 'sp. of ediblebottom-dwelling fish'; WOL muamnu-shigi 'm. scad'. PCK *manu-ni-pwoji 'centipede' (lit. 'creatureof night'): CHK men-nui-pin, PUL manni-p"'oj;CRL (li)-mdl-li-b"og; CRN manii-i-hboy; WOL man-nu-hboyi; PuA manui-ni-pi"ori.Cf. PONmzni-n-rcan 'centipede' (lit. 'creatureof day'). PCK *mauica 'unripe, immature':CHK meylJch, metgucha-(n) 'green or u. fruit, its u. PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS - 2 303 fruit';CRL magjush and CRN magJuR'be immature,u. (of fruit),first stage in the ripeneningof fruit,be youngor immature(of people)';WOL macushe 'be immature, young', (ge)-mauisha-(a) 'makeit young';PuA mayutsa'be weak,beaten in a fight'. PCK*marata 'bitter':CHK maras,mdrds 'a tree(Soulamea amara), b., acid', (a)-maras, (d)-mdrds'gall bladder';MRT maras 'a smalltree, b.'; PUL merah 'a tree(Soulamea amara), acid,very b.'; CRL maras and CRN marah 'b. tasting';STW meras 'Saulamea amara, b.'; WOL merate'a tree(Souamea amara), b., sour,salty, indigestable'; ULI marat 'Sadlame amara, b.'; PuA malata'be b.'Cf. KIRmaai 'b.'; FIJ marasa 'a tree(Sorckiella vitimenis)'. YAP marat 'b. (of betelnut)' is a loanfrom ULI. PCK*ma-riwariwa, ca-riwariwa 'glitter, sparkle': CHK me-riweriw 'g. (as the surfaceof the sea in the earlymorning sun)', chche-riw, chche-riweriw 'be shiny,glossy'; PULma-riwe- (rewuw)'lightning, to flash';CRL ma-riwriw 'be shiny, sparkling (as jewelry); WOL ma-riweriwe 'shine,be brightby reflectionof light',sha-riweriw 'be bright,shiny, g.' Cf. CRLre-liwliw 'be shiny'. PCK*maro, maro-nako 'evaporate, dry up': CHK mor 'be at low tide, e., boil away', moru-(n)'evaporation of', m6r6-n6'e. entirely',(6)-mnr 'go fishingin shallowflats at low tide'; PULmor, muro-16 'be low (as thetide or waterin a pool)';CRL mw6r, m"6ra-l6) 'be d., driedup', (6)-mW6ra'let (s.t.) d., d. it';WOL maLr 'be low tide,diminish', (ge)-maronarm 'be makingwater decrease';PuA malo,malo-nako 'fall down, topple'. Cf. KWAmalo-(ya) 'dying, withered (of vegetativematter)'. PCK*mata 'attached,joined': CHK mas 'be well joined, fittedtogether', (a)-masa 'fit it together,connect it'; WOL mate 'to stick,be attached'. PCK? *mata-ccaa'kind of snapperfish (lit. 'bloodyeye or face'):CHK mese-chcha; CRN mahaa-tcha.Cf. PWMc *matamata'a fish'. PCK*mata-ika 'happy': CHK mese-yik 'be pleasantlyexcited', mese-yike-(yiti) 'be pleasantlyexcited about it'; PUL mehdi-yik (sic) 'be h., pleased';CRL mese-igh and CRN mehe-ig 'be h., cheerful,excited'; WOL mesa-ige 'be h., be willing',mesa-ige-(eti-i) 'long for it, missit, yearn for it'. See PMc *mata'eye, face'. PCK*mata-paca 'blind': CHK mese-pach 'be withclosed eyes, be slit-eyed(like an Orien- tal)';CRL masa-pash 'be b.';WOL mate-pashe 'be b., b. person'.See PMc *mata'eye, face', PWMc *paca,papaca or *capa,cacapa 'adhere'. PCK*mata-ruwa 'star(s) in Scorpio':CHK mese-ri 'constellationof two starsin tailof S. (lit. 'two eyes')'; PUL mehdd-rew(sic) 'starsin S.'; CRLmase-ruw 'two stars in S.'; STWmase- ni 'a star';WOL meta-riwe 'star in S.' See PMc *mata'eye, face', PMc *mna'two'. PCK*ma[t0]e-[i0]-l1elee 'be seasick,seasickness': CHK mdd-neene; PUL mdd-yi-leele 'be nauseated,s.'; WOLmaa-i-leelee 'seasickness, nausea, be s., dizzy'.Cf. PuA ma-tete(sic) 's.';KIR manni 'be languid,weak through sickness, lifeless'; PON mee-n madaw 'seasickness'. See PMc *mate'die, lose consciousness',PMc *lau'pool, have liquid'. PCK*ma[t0]e-pwud[ao] 'kind of sickness':CHK mdd-pwut 'a formof sorcerythat causes madness';PUL mdi-pWut 'sore, boil, abcess'; WOL maa-bhto 'a kindof s.' See PMc *mateand PMc *pwusa,pwusaka. Note that the WOL form in thiscase may be a loanfrom PUL or CHK. PCK *ma[uui]ta 'a snapper fish': CHKmeew 'sp. of s. f.'; PUL mew(w, mewowd-(n) 'red s. (Lutjanus vaigimnis, L bxiar), red s. of'; CRN meew 'sp. of s.'; WOLmoose 'a kind of f.' It is not clearthat the WOLform belongs in this series.Cf. PMc *maawa'a fish', PCMc *maoko'a fish';and cf. alsoPON mawd 'f. sp.';KSR (o1i) mAta'a kindof f.' PCK *maut[iu] 'be gray-haired,white-haired': CHK moy; PUL mOuOy;CRL m"'Ls, m"'usu- (I) 'white hair,become w.-h.';WOL mOusI, mosuusu; PuA maudi.Cf. KIRmaii 'pale white'. PCK? *mawa 'giveoff steamor odorin cooking':CHK maw, mawe-(n) 'to steam(as from an earthoven), steaming of'; PULmawo (sic) 'be diffused(as odor from cooking)'. PCK *ma-woco, ma-wocooco 'coals, ashes': CHK mo-och, mo-(che-(n) 'hot c., h. c. of'; PULm6-6Re-(l6) 'be bumed (of wood)',mo-6R66oRo (sic), m6-6R66Ro-(n) 'very light-weight a., a. of'; CRLm"'6-osh, (a)-mH'm"'6sh and CRN (a)-mW'm^6-CR 'a.(as from a cigarette)';WOL m6- 6sh(r)sho'a.' 304 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

PCK *mi[cTli 'be deceived, to deceive': CHK mich 'be d., fooled, duped, tricked', michimich'be deceiving,duping', michi-i-(y) 'to d. him';PUL mihimih 'to lie, d.', mihi-i-(y)'to d., lie to (s.o.)';CRL mis 'to lie, tell falsehoods',misimis, misemis 'be lying', misi-i-(y)'lie to (s.o.)';WOL misi 'tolie, cheat,fool', misi-i-(ye)'lie to him'. PCK*mniTi, mmiTi 'shiny':CHK mmis, misimis 'be s., glossy, gleaming(as of greased hair',(e)-mmisi 'polish it, makeit gleam';PUL mih 'be bright,s., greasy(as withcoconut oil)'; CRLmmis and CRN mmih 'be s., greasy,oily'; WOL mmisi 'be slippery,greasy, smooth'; PuA mmidi'be s., smooth,slippery'. Cf. KSRmis 'calm,peaceful, tranquil, quiet'; TON miti 'a sauce madefrom coconut cream'. PCK*mmidi, midimidi 'slip,slide, slippery': CHK mit 'slip, slide, be slick', mmit'slip, slide,glide', mitimit 'be slippery,slick', (e)-mmiti 'make it slippery';PUL mit 'to slipon s.t.wet', mitimit'be slippery';CRL mmit 'to slip, slide', mitimit'be slippery;WOL mmiti 'to slip'. Cf. MRSmidij 'slip'. PCK*moro 'fiber':CHK moor, more-(n) 'thread of coconuthusk f., bananafiber, or hibiscus bark,t. of'; PULmoro-(n) 'fiber(s) of (hairclippings, coconut)'; WOL moro-(li-gosho) 'one or moreseparate strings of coconuthusk used to makerope'. PCK *mWa-ada,mwa-adaada 'be quick, fast, active': CHKmWa-at 'q., f.'; PUL mWa-at'be f.'; WOLmWa-ataate 'a. or diligent person, be a.',mWa-ataata-(a) 'make him a.' Cf. PONmwaaday 'go f., be q., hurry';FIJ maavaa 'restless, fidgety (of a sickperson)'. PCK *mWaali'confused, mistaken': CHKmrmW'ddn, mWdnni-(no),mddinni-(n6) 'err,make a mistake, be wrong', (d)-mW'dinni'cause him to be wrong, make it incorrect';PUL mwddl'mistake'; CRLmw&il 'get lost'; WOLmWaali 'be misleading,c., get lost', mwaa1i-(yase)'be c., absent- minded,stunned, stupefied', (ge)-mwaali-(i) 'mislead him'. See also PWMc *-ali, -aliali, mwa-aliali'circle, circling, dizzy', PCK *ka-falli 'be carefulof, attendto'. PCK *mWaali 'twisted, sprained':CHK mWddg, mwaddyi-(n) 'a sprain, muscle strain, s. of'; PULm^Wdi (sic) 'behurt,annoyed'; CRL mWddyi 'be physically strained and aching'; WOL mw'aapi 'be t., s., dislocated';PuA mWagi(sic) 'becrooked'. PCK*mWaare, mare- 'sweetheart':WOL mW'aar,; mnare-(i) 's., my dear',(ge)-mWare, (ga)- mêra-(i)'s., lover,my s.'; ULI (ga)-m'are;PuA (ka)-mwale.See PMc *mWare'shoulder garland'. PCK*mWaca-ni, mWaca-ni-aa 'to desire,want': CHK mweche-n 'to d., w.', mweche-n, mWwhe-ni-(n)'a d. or w., a d. for',mweche-ni-ya 'unreasonable d., d. for whatis notappropriate', mw'ehe-(yi-nap)'ambition, be ambitious';PUL mWeRd-n 'to w., wish, like, consent', mnWeRd-ni-yd 'be greedy,covetous, mercenary, jealous'; CRL mweshe-l, mwushe-l 'w., wish, hope for', mw'eshe-le- yc 'be greedy,covetous'; CRN mêRe-n and mw'eRe-ne-yd; STW meRa-n 'w.'; WOL mwesha-li 'to agree,be persuaded',mwesha-li-yaa 'be greedy, avaricious, covetous'; PuA mwasa-ni'to like,w.'; SNSmWasa-ri 'w.' Cf. Fiu gace 'to d. someparticular kind of food',gadre, gadre-va 'to d., lustafter'. PCK *mWacoko'to steal': CHK mw6cho'to s., be thievish, rascally, wild, untamed'; MRT mwosho;PUL mW6oRcw 'be wild,rascally'; CRL mw6sho and CRN mw6Ro 'to s., be wild,rascally, untamed(of animals)';STW mwoRo; WOL mw'ashogo 'to s.', (ge)-mwashogo-(o)'make him s.'; PuA mWcsoko'be greedy,wild, savage',(lei)-masoko 'thief'. Cf. KSRmxsrik 'sneak,move stealthily',mcesriki 'catch or acquire(s.t.) stealthily'. PCK*mwacii, (ka)-mwacu-(Li) 'be held,caught, to hold,grip': CHK mweech, mYechu-(n) 'giftto a sweetheart(to holdaffection), gift of'; mwiech'be held,fastened, stuck, restrained' (e)- mwechtu'grasp it, takehold of it, retainit, hold fastto it', (kkW)-mwech'be held,clasped in the hand',mêchiu-mêchi-(iti) 'stick to it, hold fast to it'; PUL(ya)-m^'aR 'to hold, handle,grip, maketight', (ya)-mwaRiu-(ya-) 'holding or graspingby (s.o.)', (ka)-mn'aR'to hold,be careful'; CRLmwash 'be busy,detained', mwmwash 'be stuckand unable to move',(a)-mw'ashtiu--(tiw) 'to stall(s.o.), to retain(s.o.)'; WOL mwaasht, mashii- 'obligation,duty, secret gift to a sweetheart', mWmwashl'get stuck, be held,immovable, caught', (ge)-mwashtu-(u), (ge)-mwashi-(tu-we 'hold it, grabit'; PuA (ka)-masii'hold it, shutit tight',(kka)-masti 'to handle, touch, hold, arrest'. PCK*mwaduko ? 'tame':CHK m'"6tuk 'be tame(not wild)';WOL m'atugo 'to eat, graze (of pigs)'. PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS - 2 305

PCK*mwa-kelekele 'speckled, variegated': CHK mwa-keneken 'be incised, have incised designs,be v.,have many colors'; PUL mwa-kdeekl 'be spotted,dotted, s., v.';PuA mwa-kenekene 'be v.' Cf. SAAkele and ULA 'ele'somewhat, a little';LAU gele 'a little,somewhat'. Cf. also KWAkene-a 'decorate', kene-si-a 'decorate, embellish'. PCK *mWa-kiikili 'tickling or pleasant feeling': CHKmwe-kinikin 't., be tickled'; CRLmWa- ghilighil'be ticklish,react when tickled, to tickle(of an action)';CRN mwa-ginigin 'to feel plea- surefrom sexual intercourse'; WOL mWa-giligili 'feeling of pleasure(as in sex),t. feeling,be ticklish,feel good'. See PMc *kuli'skin, bark'. PCK*mWakk[iiu] 'bit, chip': CHK -mWmWek, mwekku-(n) 'bit or morsel of mashedfood (countingclassifier)'; CRL mH'dkk and CRN mwekk 'to be chipped,cracked, split, dented, marked up, defaced,to breakoff (as a cliff on a hillside),broken off (as a cliff in a landslide)';WOL mwakki'pieces that are chipped off fromthe whole,be chippedoff, m'akikki'be brokeninto pieces'. Cf. KIRkiki-a 'take out (thecontents of a bivalvularshell)', maa-kiki-na 'completely removed,exhausted'. Cf. PCK*makki 'break, be in pieces'. PCK*mwa-lie, mwa-lielie 'speech, talk': PUL mwa-liya-(n) 'his s., word,command', mWd- liydliy'word, s., to speak';CRL mwd-liya-(l) 'his words, conversation', m"'a-liili 'speak, converse in a quiet, respectful voice'; WOLm'a-liya-(le) 'his word, s., t., conversation',ml'a-liyeliye 's., t., voice,to speak,t., be talking'.Cf. CHK(dd)-niini 'argue violently'. PCK*mwalle 'sour': CHK mw'mHmn 'be fermented, soured', (d)-m"'dnna 'let it ferment,let it s.'; PULmwall 'be bitter,intoxicating, bitterness', mwalle-(ttik) 'be extremelybitter or intoxicating'; CRLmwall 'be s., tart',mwdlle-(ttigh) 'be extremelys.'; CRNm'all, m'alle-(ttig);WOL m'anne'be s.';PuA mmane(sic) 's., salty',mWaanni (sic) 'sourness,to be s.' Cf. MOKmeWn 'bitter';MRS meY 'smell or taste s. or bitter';KSR mwen 'bitter'. Cf. alsoPOc *malij'bitter, s., salty' (Grace I969:57). PCK*mWanno 'desire': CHK mo'66n, mWmr'6n 'crave, hunger, have an appetite', mo6nne-(yiti) 'havea craving,hunger, or appetetiefor it'; PUL mW'6nn 'like (especially food), have an appetite or fondness',m^6nno-(lo) 'crave food that is notpresent'; CRL m611 'to d. s.t.(food or sex partner)', m"11lle-(ei)'have d. for(s.t.); CRN mw6nn 'to d. s.t.';WOL mWanm) 'be fond of, like';PuA m^'anno 'tolike too much'.Cf. KIRm'ano, m%'ano) 'depressed, indented, having a hollow'. PCK*mWara, mwmwara 'uncertain, vague': CHK -mH"ar, m4'aram^'ar 'u., v., uncertainly', mWmH'ar'probably, likely, tentatively' (adverbial); PUL m'aramW'ar 'be in doubt';CRL (a)- mW'aramWar'to hesitate, to thinkagain before acting'; WOL mware 'be undecided,neutral, confused',(ga)-m"era-(a) 'confuse him', mH'ml'are 'to appear,loom up,be barelyseen', mW'aare 'be barelyseen'. PCK*mware-faca 'surgeon fish': CHK mW'dre-fach. mWcdrd-ifach; PUL mWare-faaR (sic); WOLm'are-fashe 'kind of fish'. PCK *mWa-ucuucuior *mWa-iciciu 'to shake': CHKmte-wuich 'be startled(as by a sudden noise)',mê-wuchutich 'jiggle up anddown', mW'a-wuchuiuch 'flap, wave, bounce up anddown'; CRLmWa-yttch 'to s. froma majorevent (as an earthquake)', mWa-ishuutsh 'to sway or s. (as a tree in the wind)';CRN mWa-iRtuiR 'to swayor s. (as a treein thewind)'; WOL mWa-wushuiishi 'be moving,shaking'. See PMc *ucuucu,ucu-ki 'shake'. Cf. PCK *maa-yi-ruii 'be startled, surprised'. PCK ? *mWait[iu] 'to sink': CHKmWo, m"'mWo 'be sunk, submerged,drowned', m"xnWo 's. by degrees'; PUL mWeeyi-(16)'sink (as a canoe)'; CRLm"'o- 's., lower oneself down, m'ois, moisi-(kf)'to sink';WOL m"'usu 's. down,sunken, set down'. Cf. PONm"'owrvm ow 'to douche', m"aw-(r)'to douche(s.t.)'; KIR ml'aro 'to s.', mW'aroro'to subside, lull'; SAM goto 's., founder'. Cf. PMc *maaso,masoso 'to sit'. PCK*mweale 'large shell': CHK mWeydn 'a food madefrom mashed chunks of breadfruit, banana,or tarothat have been boiled in a tridachnas.', mWeydne-e-(y)'prepare it by boilingin a tridachnas.'; PUL mWeydl, meyel, mweyele-(n) 'helmet s., h. s. of'; WOLmHeyale 'helmet s.' PCK*mwel[ie] 'sheet (of sailingcanoe)': CHK mween, m'eni-(n) 'mains. (of sailingcanoe), m. s. of', (wdd-ni)-mWen'stringer connecting the outriggerbooms at a pointcentrally located overthe hull of a sailingcanoe and serving as a blockaround which to rln the mains.'; PUL 306 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2 miweel,#mw'eele-(n) 's., line controllingangle of sail, s. of'; CRLm"eel 'line leadingto pulley attachedto lowerboom on a sailingcanoe, used to adjustthe sail';WOL mweeli, #m"edli- 'rope usedon canoeto controlsail', mneli 'to tie,bind, fasten'. Note theee ande of theCHK forms are unexpectedfor a stem vowel i and suggestthat the CHKforms result from borrowing from anotherChuukic language. PCK*mWe[ln]ia 'Alocasia taro': CHK mwuinut, #mwunuu-(n) 'a varietyof giantdry-land A. t.',t. of'; WOLmwdluwe 'a kindof t.';PuA mrwnua(sic) 'a wildt.' PCK*mWei[ae]ya'sibling of oppositesex': CHK m"'ojeya- 'brother of a woman', mWi'(yaY'be brotherand sister'; MRT mW"'oya-; PUL m"êeya-, m"'eryYcd7; CRL mêyya-; STW m^"3yya-; WOLm'Warya-, PuA mayaga (<*maracya); SNS meyaqa (<*meyaya). Note that Jack- son (I986:230,fn. 5) reconstructsPMc *mWarea. PCK? *mWewu'pile, group, assemblage': CHK m"'u, mWuu-(to) 'be assembled, be a. hither';PUL m"eeiy 'p. (as of severalhundred coconuts)', -mWey 'counting classifier for piles of coconuts';CRN (a)-m"ey 'to p. thingsup', (a)-m'eya 'gatherand p. (things)up (as coconuts)'; ' WOLmneeu 'group, a.', -m" 'counterfor groups of things'. PCK *mwia, mwiamwia 'asthma, be short of breath':CHK m"'iiy, mniya-(n) 'cough, his c.', m"'iyemni'a., breathlessness, serious coughing'; PUL m^"iyam"iy 'have a.'; CRL mn"i 'be panting, outof breath';WOL mWiyem'iye 'perspiration, sweat, to sweat'. PCK*mwiica 'meeting': CHK m"iich, m^'iiche-(n) 'meeting, gathering of peoplefor any purpose,group, team, m. of'; PULm"hiiR, m"'iird-(n) 'meeting, group of peoplemeeting, council, m. of'; CRLmWiish and CRN m^'iiR 'meeting, conference, person present at a meeting,witness'. Cf. WOLm"u'chchi 'to go, visit'. PCK *mwiri-i-dupwu 'after setting (of sun or moon)': CHK m^"iri-i-tupw'afterglow in sky following sunset';WOL m"'iri-t-tubu < *mi"iri-li-tubu 'after moon-set'. See PWMc *mWuri- 'behind',PCK *dupwu3 'set (of sun),go down'.These may be independentconstructions from thesame roots. PCK *mwmWele'able', *ta-mWmWele'not a., sick': CHK mîm"'en'be done, finished (as with eating), be up to what it should be', se-mn'm'men,-mn"m"mei-(n) 'sickness, sick, s. of' (lit. 'not good'); PUL mi'm"en 'be a.'; CRLm"'m"el 'a., capable', se-m"'m"el'not a.'; WOLmWmn'ele 'be possible,a., good',ta-m"m"'ele 'be impossible,incorrect, wrong, unable'. PCK*mwo 'emphasis marker': CHK mt'o 'for now, for the time, instead, at thattime (adverbial), even (Eyiwe m"'o'even Eyiwe'); CRL(ii) m"no'even he'; WOLmt"o 'even, indeed, for the monlent(adverbial)'; PuA m"'o'too, again, yet (emphasismarker)'. PCK*mwocco 'surgeon fish': CHK m"'oxxh 'kind of s. f.'; PULm^'och, mn"ocho-(y) (sic) 'a kind of small lagooon f., f. of'; CRLm^"otch, mWutch 'small sp. of s. f. (Acantmhrusaliala)'; WOL m^(chcho'a kindof f.' PCK*mwor[ae] 'strong wind': CHK m^"x'r, m"ore-(n) 's. w., windy condition.s. w. of', m"'or'be windy,be a s. w., be maderough by thew.', m"'oro-(ti) 'get rougher or windier';PUL rnor(sic) 'blow(of wind)',moro-(l6) (sic) 'blowitself out (of a storm)';CRL m"'(xr 's. w., gale'; WOLm^'(xre, mor[a,el- 'wind-storm', m^"ore 'be a s. w.'Cf. KIRm" ee'blow gently'; WOL m"'oor- agi 'breeze,light or gentlewind'. Cf. PMc *maura'a coldor cough,breathe hard'. PCK *mworo 'to fall': CHKm"or, m"'mnor mWôro-(tiw) 'f. or drop of its own accord (as ripe fruit)',m" ôrar"nor 'be strewnwith crumbs or grainsof sand,trickle (of grainythings)'; PUL imor (sic) 'f. (as breadfruit)';CRL m"'or 'to f. out, f. down, to shed (of leaves)', mWoro)mWor'to f. (as rain or fruitfrom a tree)'; WOLm^'on, m W'onornoro'to f. (as breadfruitor false teeth), drop down, be fallen', (ga)-m"'oro-(o)'let it f.' Cf. PONmtler 'f. in quantity(as rain or fruit)'; MRSmn'ed 'lose leaves(of trees),lose hair';KIR mWno 'ripe coconut ready to drop,be readyto drop'. PCK*mwiuccu 'finished': CHK m"'uutch, mmû"mich 'be f., terminated';PUL m"'ucc 'be f., used up (as a tape)'; CRLm"u/tch 'be ended'; WOLm"'uchcht 'complete'. Cf. FIJmnudu 'cut off, ceased, ended', mutu,musu-ka 'break off, cut crosswise', and guu, gudu-va,gutl gugutu-va'to cut off, sever'; PEO *mutu 'cut off' (Geraghty( 983). Cf. PMc *mWotu'ended, finished'. PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS - 2 307

PCK*mwuko 'slow growing':CHK m' uk 'be s. in g. (of personsand plants)' mwuko(n6) 'havelived a long time', (dte)-m"uk'male dwarf', (peree)-m'uk 'a dwarf,be dwarfed';PUL mwuk'grow slowly (as childor plant),be older(as people)';CRL mwugh, mwughu-(16) 'grow slowly,be smallin size', (li)-mwugh'person who does not grownormally'; CRN m'ug 'old, ancient,aged (of people)',(li)-m^ug 'person who does not grow normally'. PCK*mWuu, mwuu-n[ae], kka-mwuu-n[ae] 'that, those (near person addressed)': CHK (e)- m"uu-n,(e)-kke-mwuu-n; MRT -mwu, -mWuu-n; PUL (i)-mWu, (i)-kko-m'u, (i)-ko-mWuu-n 'there (verynear person addressed)'; CRL (i)-mWu, (i)-mwuu-l and CRN (i)-m^'u, (i)-m'uu-n 'that one (close to hearer),that one (closeto hearer,emphatic)'; WOL (i)-m'uu, (i)-mwuu-le (i)-kke-mw'uu, (i)-kke-m'uu-le'that, those (near you, pointing)'. Cf. PONmWo 'that one, there(away from you andme)'. PCK*na- 'feminineprefix (with personal names of women)':CHK na-, nd-, ne-, ne-, no- n6-; PULna-, nri-,ne-; WOL la-. Cf. POc *na-'common noun marking prefix' (FIJ na-; BUG na-; LAKla- < PNAK *na-). PCK*naa, [ei]-naa,[ei]-kka-naa, kka-naa 'that(by you),those': CHK (e)-na, na, (e)- kka)-na,(kka)-na; PUL (ye)-na, na, (kke)-na;CRL (i)-la; CRN (i)-na; WOL (i)-laa, (i-kke)-laa; PuA (i)-na.Cf. KIRanne 'that (not far away)'. PCK*naana, kka-naana 'that, those': CHK (e)-naan, naan 'that(at some distancefrom speakerand addressee but visible)', (e)-kka-naan, kka-naan 'those'; PUL (ye)-naan, aan;CRL (i)-laali)-i)-kke-laal;CRN (i)-naan; WOL (i)-laale, laale, (i)-kke-laale, kke-aale. PCK*nata 'hole,pit': CHK naas, nase-(n) 'h., p., h. of'; PULnah (sic), ndhi-(n); CRL laws; CRNnaah; WOL laate 'ditch', #laata-(a) 'change it intoa ditch'. PCK*nekui, nnekii, nekuinekui'tight': CHK nnuk 'be t.',nuku'--(w) 'tighten, make firm'; (e)-nuiknk 'tightening,making t.', (e)-nuikurku 'make it t.',(em"'chu) nukui-(n) 'learn it byheart' (lit. 'holdit tightly');PUL nek/nek 'be t., steady,firm, taut', neku 'to tighten';CRL llegh 'be t. (of knotor screw),be t. fitting,be firmlymuscled', leghlkgh 'be strongly built, well constructed'; CRN nneg'be t (of knotor screw)'; WOL legUaieg 'pull to maket., tie', lgaulgdU-u-(we)'pull it t' Cf.PPC *nekti,nekinekul 'store, put away', PMc *l[iulku'trust, believe, be confident'. PCK*nii, nnii, niinii 'strike,kill': CHK ninni 'be assaulted;to assault,k.', nnii-(y)'s., beat, or smitehim'; MRT nni 'hit,k.', nnii-(ko) 'hit you'; PUL ni 's., hit,k.', nii-(y)'s. him', nii-ni'to hit,k., murder';CRL lli 'to hit,beat CRN nni 'to hit,beat', lii-(y) 'to hit (s.o.)';STW niini 'to k.', lii-(y)'k. him';WOL lii-(ye) 'k. it, beatit', nnii,ninnii-(ye), lii-li 'engagein beating,hitting, kill- ing';PuA nii 'k.it, hitit'. Cf. KSRuni 'hitor k. (s.o.),enwak 'fight, k., hit, s.' PCK*niwa, niwa-idi 'afraid,be afraidof, a coward':CHK niw 'a., scared, frightened', niwe-(yiti)'fear, be a. of', niw(o-(kku)'be startled,jump with fright, be apprehensive,be jumpy', (e)-niwa'frighten him, scare him'; MRT nuw6-(kkus) 'timid, a.'; PUL niyuw (sic) 'be a.,scared, to fear',niwe-(ti-y) (sic) 'tobe frightened,scared', (d)-niwa-(a) 'to frighten';CRL law 'be a., frightened',luwe-(eti) 'be a. of(s.t.)',liwe-(ta) 'coward'; CRN nuw 'be a., frightened', nwe-(eti) 'be a. of (s.t.)',niwe-(ta) 'coward'; STW nuw 'a., frightened'; WOL hlwe 'be scared,a., frightened',luwa- (agi-li-i)'be a of him,fear it', luwe-(etaa) 'be timid, cowardly', luwe-(eti-i) 'fear it, be a of it'. PCK*nna 'appear':PUL nna-td 'to a. (as a distantship or land)';CRL lla andCRN nna 'to havejust appeared (of vesselsor other objects)'; PuA nna-aki'to be shown,seen'. Cf. WOL nneya 'beoutstanding, conspicuous', ga-nneya-a 'let it be seen'.Cf. also PCK *nne- or *lle-'look'. PCK*nnakui 'planted bed of taro':CHK nnek, nneku-n 'p. in a pattern(of t.), p. of'; WOL nnagui'section of a t. patch'. PCK*nnape or *llape 'to thrust,push': CHK nndp 'to t.'; WOLnnape 't., p. (againsts.t.), forceone's way'. PCK*nnawa 'to cough':CHK nnaw, nawanaw; PUL nnaw; CRL nnaw 'c., clearthe throat'. Cf. PPC*laawa. PCK*nne- or *lle- 'look':CHK nne-(to), nmrne-(to) 'look hither', WOL nne-(li-mata) 'have a quicklook'; PAN *Ner, NeUNer3 (Blust 1986:66). Cf. CHK(dc)-nejiner 'glance, peek sideways', (d)-neja'glance at, look sidewaysat (s.o.)'. Cf. also PCK*nna 'appear', PCMc *lelesa'true, real',PMc *loo,loo-Si 'to see, behold'. 3o8 OCEANIC LINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

PCK*-nni 'them(third person plural inanimate object pm.)': PUL -nn,; CRL -11, WOL -nni; PuA -nni. PCK*noko 'stay,remain, be (ator in a placeor time)':CHK nonno-; MRT no;- PUL nonno;- CRLIC, bib;, CRN no, noino;-STW lo' WOLlago. Notethat Jackson's (i9gg9:0o) attributionto a POc *nopois not supportedby theWOL fonmr PCK*fiama 'in control,responsible': CHK nemenmm, nemmenma-(n) 'c., authority,her c.', neme-ni 'exertpower or c. over, supervise, gover, rule'; PUL namenam,nomenem 'govenmment, rule,authority, c.', namdi-ni-y'government, authority, rule, c.', neme-ni-(y)'to rule,govern, c., watchover (s.t.)'; CRL lemelem, Irncilemn 'be in authority,be responsible,have power', leme-li, londi-li'take charge of, takecare of, takeresponsibility for'; CRN nenon 'be in authority,etc.'; WOLlnkUne w'to be responsible',lemna li-(i) 'beresponsible for it'. Cf. KSRIwem 'lord, ruler of high rank', lwomi 'rule over'. PCK *ij[aeI 'and, but': CHKg~; PUL IF g& CRL,CRN {je STW y; WOLo 'and, then'; ULI y; PuA ga 'and, but, then'. Cf. MRSI)ey 'when, if'; KIRke or'. PCK*Iaall 'kingfish':CHK 1jddn, igdni-(n) 'k., k. of'; PULija'adl; CRL, CRN ij(idl; WOL ._jaali.Cf. MRSha1l 'kingfish'. PCK*iJaeIae 'cry out'; CH K Ii, Jdda'y'make a suddensoft noise',Qdd-ii 'make a sudden soft scarynoise at (s.o.)';CRL Vfl7d-(ki) 'to c. o.', nd{jzjd'to c. o.';WOL gaaja 'c.,howl, hum', (ge)-gaagaa-(y)'make him c.' Sec also ROTyaa 'to squeal,squawk, neigh'. Cf. PMP *DJaqJ, ija(ij)jaiJ'inarticulate sound' and PMP *i.ak,iakiJak 'raucous sound, shriek, screech, howl' (Blust i980:i1i8- ii9). PCK *j[ae]ntiwaniwa 'shiny': PUL ytniwana 'be bright but dark (as som-e cowries)'; CRL'diWliw 'be s.';WOL y'Liweliiwe 'be s., glitter,sparkle'. PCK*ijaTa, ijaTagjaTa 'breathe': CHK gas, 1jasay1as;MRT yasaiJas; Pui iaha.yah 'b., breath';CRL VyUV, gavaWv and CRN 'ylj)ah, {lwhayh 'b., breath, sigh'; WOL yavsemase 'b.rapidly, be exhausted';PuA gada;SNS yjada 'b., breath'. Note that PuA andSNS d indicatesPCK *T. PCK*geixei, iei-ti- 'peel,remove skin': WOL Q)eilei 'to p. with bare hands, pare, skin, husk', yi-si-(i) 'top. (s.t.)';PuA Veije 'takeoff the skinor fat layersof meat',r9ei-di 'take off (theskin), bite (meat)'. PCK? *ielcjwa 'nameof Ngulu(island and atoll), Western Carofines': CHK zgtinii;PUL OIuw (sic);WOL yehliwe. Cf. YAPduluw. PCK*UJna6i 'a tree':CHK 1)9 (at. withsmooth seeds' (Bender et al. 1984);MRT gyJy 'a kind oft.'; PUL 1 'a kind of t. (Alloplylus tinmoresis?)';STW ipyy 'a kind oft.'; WOLigye'e"a t. (Allo- p)hylustimorensis)'. Cf. PMc *i-JIeiIa'ironwood trec (Pemphis acida)'. PCK*jUgiiri, igirfjiri, iiri-i 'to bite(bait by fish)':CHK 1).yir 'to b., takethe bait',Viri-i-(.) 'b.(the bait)'. yiri3ir 'be biting the bait', CRL and CRN Vigir 'to nibble on bait';WOL Viri-i-(ye) 'b. it (of a fishtaking bait)', giritn 'light feeling of a fishbiting bait'. PCK*"]olo 'admire, envy': CHK Von, yonoinjon 'observe with pleastre, behold apprecia- tively';PUL gd.i gdcxjl 'admire,praise'; CRL igol 'flirt, show off', iyJol'be proud', 9gob-ti (sic) 'be proudof (s.o.)';WOL iybo 'bejealous', (ga)-gdo 'make s.o. jealous'. Cf. KSRgAlA!? 'proud of one'sin-group'. PCK*ZIfCiiu 'bored, tired': CHK ntich, nich 'be disappointed';CRL gus/i, g4Sh; WOLgtisha 'be t., b., breathless,hungry'; PuA giisd'be b., t., weary'.Cf. PONyata-. PCK*gfidt, ijuiidui'strong, resistant': PUL Vl4t 'be s. (of a ropeor current)';CRL gglit 'be, tough,be finr (of a person'sgrip)'; WOL ggite 'be durable,unbreakable, r., rigid'. Cf. MRSgig 'packedsolid, firm, compacted'; SAA ('ala')-gighite'clench the teeth'(lit. 'bitestrongly'); KWA giyita's.' Cf. alsoPPC *djtid iij 'congested,tightiy packed'. PCK*ijTi,ii j6Tdi-,rgiTdi-ri- 'to snort,blow one's nose':CRL gus 'to sniff, snort throughthe nose (so as to clearit)', gusuri. gtsii-ri'to blow(the nose)'; CRN ijailul-ri'to scold, rebuke,reprimand (s.o.)'; STw giisti-ri'to blow (the nose)'; WOLgguIisti 'nasal mulcous, to sneeze,snivel, snort, blow the nose', gzisdi-i-(i) 'sneeze at, snort at (s.t.)'. Cf. PPC*iyOd[itiJ 'congested,tightly packed', PCMc ? *ftlaollj[oLIsi- 'blow(one's nose)'. PCK*paca 'handle,tail (of fish)':CH K paac/I, paIlca-(ni) 'h., its h.', PUL paaR, pxaRi-n 't., h., PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS - 2 309 its t., its h.'; CRLpxash, pasha-(l) 'h., tail (of fish), h. of'; WOLpaash peIha-(l)e 'h., tail (of a fish), itsh. or t.';PuA paCxa, pasa- 'tail(offish)'. Cf PEO*faRaRa 'h.' (Geraghty I990) (AROa-harara 'havingah.') and PMP *paRada 'h. of anaxe' (Blust 1989:155). See alsoPWMc *paca,papaca or *capa,cacapa 'adhere', PMc *paca,pacapaca 'foot, flat'. PCK*paccaai 'be hungry':PUL paccawu (sic) 'be h., hunger';CRL petchaay, pitchaay; WOLpechchami. Cf. CHKpachaaw 'shark'. PCK*pada, padapada 'cool,bland': CHK pat, patapat 'c., fertile';PUL patpat 'c., damp'; CRLpat 'tasteless,bland, c. (of foodto be servedhot), warm (of foodto be servedcold)', patapat 'becold (of thingsor weather),feel cold (of people)';WOL patepate 'be warm,mild, genial'. PCK*pala 'tilted':CHK pan 'be t., tipped',pano-(n6) 't. away',pane-(noj) 't. inwards', pane-(tiw), panu-(tiw) 't. downards'pane-(wu), pana-(wu) 't. outwards',(nee-y6no)-pan 'early afternoon(when-sun-tilted)'; PUL pal 'be littlepast the zenith(of the sun)';CRL (le)-pal 'afternoon', (lee)-pali-(iy)'this afternoon'; WOL pale-(yalo) 'afternoon'. Cf. PCMc *paria,paraki 'crossways',PCK *paTo, paTTo 'motionless, still'. PCK*pa-ni-waa 'a fish' (lit. 'sideof canoe'):CHK pe-ni-wa; PUL pd-ni-wa 'a smallreef f.'; CRLpa-la-wa 'sp. of rabbitf. (Siganuscanaliculatus)'; CRN pe-ne-wa 'sp. of rabbitf.' Cf. PCMc *pe[ln]e-awa'a fish'. PCK*parata 'windblownrain or spray':CHK paras 'spray,spume', parase-yi-set'sea spray';MRT paras 'rain that comes in dueto wind';WOL perase 'to splash,sprinkle' (Bender et al. 1984:'tradewind'), peraserase 'be scattered,dispersed'. PuA panada'be windy,blow' looks like a loanfrom another Chuukic language. Cf. PKB*avala 'year, wet season(northwest monsoon)'; PEO *qafarat'storm' (Geraghty I990); POc *apaRat'monsoon' (Ross I988); UAN *habaRat(Dyen *habaRyate) 'northwest monsoon'. PCK*pare 'be surplus':CHK pdr 'be s., extra';WOL pare 'have a remainder'.Cf. SAApanr 'beyond'. PCK*paruii[iu] 'bump against': PUL paruni-(y) 'b. againstit, hit,collide with it, strikeit'; CRLparegi 'intentionally b. intoit, encountermisfortune'; WOL parauu-(u) 'push it withgreat force,shove it'. PCK*paripari, pari-i[aui] 'headcover': PUL paar 'hat,umbrella, hard back of turtle', parnpar'wear as a hat',pari-(y) 'put on or wear(a hat)';CRL parni-, paru-ya-(l) 'hat, covering, foreskin,his f.', parniruuru'use as a hat';WOL paruperi 'carry on the head,put on the head', pari-ye 'hat,penis (metaphorical)', parni-i-(u) 'putit on the head,carry it on the head';PuA palipalt 'weara hat,carry on thehead', paxri-uy 'shade, shelter, umbrella, hat, put on thehead, carryon the head'. Cf. KIR(te)-lhau 'wreathfor the head, a crown, noose'. PCK*pata 'spoken,said, uttered': CHK (a)-pasa 'speak, utter it', (kka)-pas'talk, speech, utterance,language, to talk,speak'; MRT (a)-pasa, (kka)-pas; PUL (ya)-paha, (kka)-pah; CRL (a)-pasa 'to say (s.t.)', (kka)-pas'word, speech, talk, language'; CRN (a)-paha 'to say (s.t.)', (kka)-pah'word, speech, talk, language'; STW (a)-pasa, (kka)-pas; WOL (ga)-peta-(a), (kke)- pate;PuA tapa 'speakabout it'. Cf. PONpada-(ak) 'preach, lesson, teaching', pada-(akii) 'to teach,instruct'; MOK pada-(ak) 'teach, instruct, learn, instruction, lesson', pada-(aki) 'teach, instruct(s.o.), learn (s.t.)'. Cf. also SAApaa-(lahe) 'to praise'(lahe 'praise'); KWA xaa-(tqfe-a) 'topraise, extoll' (tq. 'praise'). PCK*paTo, paTTo 'motionless,still': CHK p66s, pp6s 'steady,stable, m.'; PUL ppohh 'be stable,steady, s., m.';CRL p"pw6ss (sic) 'be calm,stable, steady'; WOLpasso 'be peaceful, calm, settledown'; PuA pado 'be s.' PCK*paye or *peya 'slant,tilt': pay, pcy 'slant,tilt', (kko)-pay, (kko)-pdy 'be aslant,tilted', (a)-paya, (d)-pdya 'cause to tilt'; WOLpeye 'to bend, bend over (as a tree)', (ga)-ppeye 'to lean, incline',(ga)-peya-a 'to slantit, bendit'. Cf. PuA pe-(tio)'bend down', pe-(take) 'bend up'. Cf. also PCK*pala 'tilted'. PCK *p[ae]cakkfila 'strength,power, force, good health': CHK p&chekkun,pechekkuna- (n) 's., his s.';PUL peRakkcl, peRakkdla-(n); WOL peshdkule. PCK *pecee 'leg': CHKpeche pechee-(n) '1.,1. of'; MRTpEshe, pshee-(n); PUL peRe; CRL peshe;CRN peRe; STW piRe; WOL peshee. Cf. MRSlijjipdew 'weak in the legs', pede-(n-pay), 3Io OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2 pedyi-(npay) 'a cloudformation predicting a typhoon';KSR pAsra-(n niye) 'top of the foot', pistra-(npaco) 'backof thehand'. See alsoPMc *paca,pacapaca 'foot, flat'. PCK? *pee 'to die':CHK pe, pee-(no) 'lose consciousness,die', pee-(kkus)'be exhausted, weary(physically)', (soo)-pe 'demon, ghost (dead person)'; CRL (soo)-pe 'ghost'; WOL peya- (agusu)(sic) 'be exhausted,tired from hard work'; PEO *beqo(PLK *peho 'die'). Cf. BUG babto'tired'; KWA kweo 'tired, weak'. PCK*pee, pee-n[iu] 'empty(as a container)':CHK pe 'be e.',pee-n 'e. containeror shell', (a)-pee-(w) 'makeit e.';MRT pee-n 'e.';PUL Pe, pee-n 'bee.', pee-n, pee-ni-n 'e. container,e. c. of'; CRLpc 'be e.', (a)-pee-(w),(a)-pee-(w) 'e. it',pee-l 'e. container';STW (ya)-pee-(w) 'e. it'; WOLpde 'be e., be vacant';PuA pee 'e.';SNS pewu-rU (sic) 'e.' See alsoPCK *p&ra 'coconut shellcontainer', PCK *ppee or *ppau'play with a ball',PMc *peo 'brnshaside'. PCK*peeC 'flower': CHK pee-, pee-n 'f., blossom, f. of'; PULpee-n, pee-yi 'f. of', -pe 'f. (in counting)';CRL pee 'f., blossom';WOL pee-(rare) 'kind of yellowf.', pe-(eshe) 'kindof white f.' Cf. PONpeepe 'f. of thebreadfruit tree'; MOK pow-(weij) 'a kindof f.' PCK *pee2 or *palu 'measure': CHK (ka)-pe 'm. (especially of length and width as with a ruler)',(a)-pee-(w) 'm. it'; PUL(ka)-pd 'm. distance(as a canoelength)'; WOL pee 'measurement,be m., match,be measured',(ga)-pe-(we) 'm. it, matchit', (kka)-pee'ruler, any kind of measurementdevice', (kka)-pee-pee 'to m.' PCK*peera 'coconutshell container': CHK pder, peere-(n) 'emptywhole c. shell (with meatremoved), e. s. of'; PULpeer, peerr-n 'flask, c. s. container';CRL peer 'c. s. container'; WOLpeere 'c. s. usedas toddycontainer'. Cf. PCK*pe, pe-n[iul 'empty(as a container)'. PCK*perewu 'beach rock': CHK piru, piruu-(n) 'b. r., b. r. of'; PULporoow 'sandstone'; WOLporou; PuA polw. Marck's(1994:317) combining these forms with KIR b'aa andMRS i'ar to reconstructPMc *p'arois opento somequestion. PCK? *p[eo]wu'residual, spilled': (o)-pu, (o)-puu-n 'starch flour that is theresidue washed fromturmeric for dye or frommanioc or arrowrootfor food'; WOLpou 'be spilled(of solid stuff),dumped', (ga)-poupou 'to dump,spill', (ga)-pou-wa 'spill it, dumpit'; PuA (ka)-ppou-a (sic) 'powderedsweet smelling wood (used by womento rubon theirtemples)'. There are prob- lemshere. PCK*peyiya or *payiya'a grave':CHK peyiya-(s), peyiya-(se-n) 'g., g. of', peyiya-(se-ni) 'buryhim'; PUL xpY, pcya-n 'g., g. of'; CRLpety, peya- 'g.', peya-(s), peya-(sa-) 'grave'; WOL peiyepeiya-(li); PuA peia.Cf. MOKpey 'cemetery'. Cf. alsoPCMc *pei 'stonestircture'. PCK *piike 'name of presentPikelot Island, Central Carolines' (meaning 'sandyislet'): C H K piik;PUL piik; WOL piige. Note that here CHK preserves the final k. See PMc *pike'sand islet'. PCK*piipii, pii- 'examine,inspect, watch': CHK ppii-y 'examine, inspect, have a look at', (e)-piipii-y,(e)-ppii-y 'hold up to view,hold up forinspection'; MRT ppi 'lookat examine,find'; PULpiipii-y 'inspect'; CRL piipi 'to look,watch, search', piipii-y 'look for (it), watch (it), examine(it)'; STW piipi 'lookat or for'; WOL piipii 'look at, gaze, watch', piipii-ye 'look at it, watch it'. PCK*pin[ae]ku 'bundle': CHK pinuk, pinuku-n 'tied b.', -pinuk 'b. (in counting)',ppunuk 'be tiedin a b.';PUL pindk, pindki-n 'b. (as of firewood),b. of'; CRLpelegh 'b.(ts of firewood, coconuts)',pilughu-w, pilughiu-uw 'make (it) intoa b., b. (it)';WOL -pilegt 'b. (in counting)', pil,egt-we'b. it'; PuA pinaku.Cf. KIRnuku-ma 'b., package, to fold in a b.';KSR ap 'b.,pack', api 'to b.,pack (s.t.)', nuk 'b., pack'; LAK pilu 'to fold up, to foldunder (as a leafapron when sit- tingdown)'; PMP *piluq 'to fold' (BlustI983-4:96). PCK*pini 'taboo,prohibition': CHK piin, pini-n't., p., t. of', pin 'be t., forbidden,prohib- ited',pini-iy't. it, p. it',pini-ni 'be undera t. in regardto (s.t.),be prohibitedfrom (s.t.)'; PUL pin 'be t, forbidden,sacred,' pini-ni-y 'to keep(it) holy (as theSabbath)'; CRL piil, pili-n 'forbidden thingor action,f. t. of', pil,ppil 'besacred, t., forbidden';WOL piili, pili- 't.,restriction (said to be a loanfrom Satawalese). PCK*pitaki 'goods,chattels': CHK pisek, piseki-n 'movable g.', piseki.sek'be rich in g., wealthy';CRL pisegh 'belongings, valuable personal possessions', piseghisegh 'be rich';WOL pitegi'belongings, g.'; ULIpiteg 'thing, possession'. Cf. PULpeyirrik 'g.'; PON pisek 'free, idle, unconcemed,untroubled'; MOK pijek 'be free, available'; CHAM petkcbs 'g.' PROTO-MICRONESIAN RECONSTRUCTIONS -2 3"I

PCK *ppakui 'even, matched, simultaneous': CHKppgk 'in conjunction, at the same time, in unison, together', pgUpgki-(Vyaw) 'be uneven, not uniform, badly matched'; PULppak 'be exact,punctual, exactly'; -ppagh 'simultaneously, together, at thesame time'; WOL ppagai 'be even,equal, at thesame time, evenly, equally, be complete,be agreedupon'. PCK*ppala 'hill':CHK ppar4 ppJxe-(n) 'hillside, steep slope, side of (a hill)',panapan 'be hilly, steep';MRT ppal; CRLppal, ppala-(1) 'h., h. of, be steep';STW ppan. Cf. KIRbabane 'skilledin climbing'.See alsoMarck (I994:319) PCK *ppala. PCK*pp" or *ppaii 'playwith a ball':CHK ppg 'hollowball'; PUL ppe'to hit (as a ball)'; CRLPP4/ 'to bounce(as a ball)',p9-1i 'to bounce(a ball),hit (a baseball)';WOL ppeg 'hita ball, playbaseball'. See alsoPCK *pee, p&-n[iul 'empty (as a eontainer)',PMc *peo'brush aside'. PCK*ppjjjjj 'closed,covered': CHKppliY 'be shut, closed, covered with a lid',(g)-ppiy 'lid, cover',((9)-pp i 'puta lidon, closeup, shut'; PuA ipp4 'bedeaf'. Cf. CRL pw,7U-J 'be deaf'. PCK*piijii 'to fall':CHK PriiJ 'f. (as rainor as on slipperyground)', ptiVu-(tiw) 'f. down'; MRTpaDaii-(t~w) 'to f. down',pwvau-(show) (sic) 'rainfall';PUL pi4i 'to fall(as rain)',ptavi-(fiw) 'to f. down',ptiqji-(16) 'f. away,be lost';CRL PtiV 'trip, f.', (a)-pa 'let (it) f. (as mosquitonet), let down(hair)'; STw pligy 'to f., rain',ptiVtd-(tiw) 'f. down';WOL piippa1,Ji 'to be falling';ULI ppuj; PuA pui4ti,SNS putigt. Cf. PONkoro-pwuVJ 'small waterfall'; MRS bwijyw 'f.'; KIRbwug 'goingdown, descending', buwuibwuy 'be long (of hair),flooding (after miscarriage)'. See also PCMc *rpuij[iul'descend, get lower'. PCK*pi, p uiijpxjti 'makea sudden,loud noise': CHK pag 'pop, crack, sound sud- denlyand sharply, explode', puaguapuag 'make a poppingnoise', puagt-ri 'make (s.t.) pop, crack, explode';PUL p'g 'to breakor slap(as waves)', iguipuig 'thump(as a ship'smotor), roar (as thunder),any thumping noise (as by a hammer)';WOL U,i ,pi 'heavysound, roaring sound, to roar,make a loudnoise', pputiui 'to boom,make a hollowdeep sound, explode'; PuA pu'Vi 'to boom,explode'. PCK *pwaa 'spoiled, rotten': CHKpwa, pwaa-; PUL pwa; CRLbwa, bwaa- 'be r. on one side (of fruit)';WOL baa; PuA pwa(sic). PCK *pwaapwa'later': CHK pwaapw '1., at a future time'; PUL pwaapw;CRL -"'Vaafw;WOL &tabe. PCK *pwaaul,'dance': PULpwaay 'd., song, to d., to sing'; CRLfvaay 'generic term for tra- ditionaldances and dancing'; STW PIraay 'kind of d.';WOL lxiaa, bwaaui-(l) 'd., d. of'. Cf. MRS (je)-bah 'Marshallesestick d.'; KIR (te)-Hvaaten? 'ad. formimported in post-colonialtimes from theEllice Islands (WHG)'. Cf. alsoPCK *pwaa63 'death ritual'. PCK ? *pwaaii2'bamboo': CHKpwaaw, paw(iCw-; PUL pwaay,-; CRL If aay; WOLpwaati. Cf. PEO *pwaRu(KWA walu). PuA papwuand KSR pxmpu are loans from English. Cf. PONPEEli, MRSbwahyey, (kew)-fwah; YAP puw; SAA qe'i 'b.with close joints'; UAN *be[tT`uIJ. PCK*pwaauj3 'death ritual': CHK pwaaw, pwaawu'- 'taboo on the gatheringof food aftera death';WOL bacia 'rite, ceremonialaceumulation and redistribution during funeral taboo'. Cf. PCK*pwaau, 'dance'. PCK ?*pwaali,pwpwaaui 'rolledcigaretteorcigar': CHK pwpwaaw 'r. c. or cigar', pwpwaawi-ni'roll (a c. or cigar)';CRL -pwpwaay 'hand-rolled c. (in counting)';WOL bblaai 'roll up cigarettes',baai-i-(ye), bxaai-li-i-(ye) 'roll it up'. PCK *pwadii 'scar': CHKpwpwgt, pWYti-(n), pw&apwt 's., his/her s., be scarred';MRT PwCgt, pw(fipw9t; PULpwaat; CRL/fvaat, If ata-(1),bvataiwat; STW (1ika)-pwat 'scarred one'; WOLbaatIi, batti-; PuA pl"aatai,pwatUi-. Cf. PON pat, pWet,(aw)-pwet; MOKpwcs; YAP.faath. Jackson (1986:229,fn. 4) givesPPC *pwadu. PCK *pwaduir[eiil 'tennite': CHKpwg(lr,; pwef1aa-; WOLbbattire. Cf. CRLp"'pH'attir 'leprosy'. PCK *pwai,pwaipwai, pai-Ti- 'untied, loosen, untie': CRL bweibwey'to untie, 1., undo', Ivadi-si'to untie (s.t.)', If di-sdgh,Ifvai-scigh 'be u.'; WOL Ibiibei, baii-si-(i), bai-tegi; PuApwaipwai, pwai-diand pwai-(tete) 'be loose,not tightly screwed'. Cf. KsRfirJt'u., loosened',firrti-n 'untie or 1.(s.t.)',fortwe 'unraveled,disentangled, untie, unbind'. Cf. alsoSAA qeli 'to be raveled'. 312 OCEANIC LINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

PCK*pwaia 'pearloyster and shell': CHK P"'eey, #p"eeyi-, #p11P1'eyY, #frp4pweyi- 'p. 0.', p4Yyi- (ker) 'coconut grater(grating-shell)'; PUL pWiy, p,wdyd4-(y) (sic) 'p. s.', p"'ayi-(kMri-iy)'grate it'; CRL arddy,fr-'dyi-, frey, bwei-'shiny shell used for shreddinghibiscus cloth', IP'#iy 'to shred(of hibiscuscloth)', bdi&-(ghar), bwee-(ghar), bwei-(ghar) 'coconut grater'; CRN 4r'ez-(gdr) 'coconut grater';WOL Ixiiye 'kind of shell'. PCK *pwaipwai, pwai-di- 'divide food into small portions': CRL hweibwey'to d. breadfruit intos. p.', bwei-ti,fr'di-ti 'd. (breadfruit)into s. p.';WOL bai-ti 'pounded taro that is dividedinto squaresections' (presumably a back formation from a verb*airti4-(i) 'd. it'). PCK *pwakui,pwpwakii 'be awake at night': CHKp"pre'/4 p"'IpAui- 'lie awake at night, visit a sweatheart',pIpYe'ki-iti 'lie awakeuntil', p4pweYj.-aw 'keep watch on her(a brother'swife) at night';PUL p'ak 'wakeup, standguard', (ya)-pw'akti 'wake him up', pK'akei-aw'watch over'; WOLbbagd 'have a planto do s.t.(usually bad), be proud(refenring to a sweetheart)',bxbaga-i-we 'beproud of it (thinkingabout accomplishing a goal)'; PuA IP-ak 'havea plan to do s.t.(usually bad)'.Cf. PWMc *pwaku'open (as bud or blossom)'. PCK *pwala 'also, in addition': CHKJivan; MRT pfl(a (sic); PULp'al; CRLItJ4al; STW p"an, JP'a;WOL pwaLe, PuA pxana(sic). Cf. MRS Ihar 'again, more'; KIR nahxa (<*bana?); KSR pE-. PCK*pwaiji, 'art of riggingand construction': CHK p'ddin, pweni- 'art of riggingor righting an overturnedcanoc', (d)-pKen 'teaching, learning, or performingrigging'; PUL p'aji-(y) 'right (a canoc),move (s.t.heavy)', (ya)-pl'ay, (ya)-pwayji-(y) 'teaching art of rightinga canoe';CRL frdtidy,frPdyi- 'special knowledge relating to housebuilding and repair and protection of con- structedobjects'; WOL bwy~i, bay- 'expert knowledgeof houseor canoebuilding'. Cf. PCK *pwq]i, 'martialart'. PCK *pwat)i, 'martialart': CHK PKdana'tl'martial art', #p fljaiani(n),p'ni-n 'i. a. of',pl'ni-i-y use m. a. against',(4)-pEn 'teaching, lerniing, or performance of m. a.';PUL p'aiyi-y 'fightwith traditionalm. a.', (ya)-pllcay,(ya)-p"'ayi-y 'teach m. a.'; CRLbldd.dg, bhdiajii- 'martial art', (a)- frThifraij,(4)-fraijifraij 'to wrestlewith s.o.'; WOL fraai, b"ayii-;'i. a., (ge)-baji'lean m. a. Cf. PCK *pwqJi, 'artof rigging and construction'. PCK*pwaraka 'brave': CHK p"'ara, p4'araa-(yiti) 'b., be b. in itspresence'; PUL pl"ara; CRL Ivar,frH'orac, frura; WOL berage. PCK *pwarika 'itch': CHKpwerik pwerikerik 'i., have a ticklish irritation(as in the throat)'; PULprdriik; CRL frHdrigh; CRN rvdrig; WOL Ixirige 'be itchy,have a stingytaste'. PCK *pwa[tyli 'pinch': CHK -pwey,-pl:eyi- 'p. or morsel of food (in counting)', (ni)-pJp?'q, -pllpwcyi-'land crab (pincher)'; CRL b44'dy4'-(l) 'portion of (preparedbreadfruit)'; WOL bai- (kkeshi)'to p.' Cf. PONmpwa 'hermit crab'; MOK (umu)-pl'a 'hermit crab'; SAA qa'i-(ao) 'large hermitcrab' (cio 'h. c.') PCK*pwaya 'swarm of fish'.See PCK*pweya or *pwaya'swarm of fish'. PCK*pwa6irtael 'kindof fish':CHK pll'wdir, #p1Ywtirti- 'kind of pompano fish'; PUL p4awui,p",awtira-(y); CRL fr"6uri-(yap) 'red fish withlarge eyes similarto the snapper';WOL xauire. PCK *pwedai 'be fat (as a person)': PUL pwot'ay,p'Yt6y; CRLbwut6ldy, fr'uteey 'be f., obese (of personsor animals)';STW pwe1ay; WOL beiai; PuA pKatai.Cf. MRTp4'&tWr~k 'to expand (as thestomach), to ripen';MRS Ir'6lahtah 'very great, exceedingly rare, eminent, majestic'; KSR.fxt 'fat'(English loan?). PCK *pweeyya 'a fish': CHKpweeyav, pweeyaven) 'pompano fish, p. f. of'; CRN bwevah 'jack crevally'. Cf. PCK *pwpweya'a fish'. PCK*pwekipweki, li-pwekipweki 'flap noiselessly, butterfly': CHK p4 isip4lis 'move one's lips withoutmaking any noise', ni-pwisipwis'butterfly' (lit. 'silenttogether beater'); PUL Ii- p%4ekip"le,k'b.';CRL li-fr'eifwogh 'b.'; CRN 1i-haX)g0#og 'b.'; WOL li-begibegi 'b., caterpillar'. Cf. PONlikepip 'flap (of wings)';MRS pikpik'flutter, flapping (of wings)';KSR pikpik'flutter, flap (wings)rapidly'. PCK *pwele[ael 'kind of fish'. CHKp'ene 'a f. of the bass family'; PUL pt'ele; CRL hbe1e 'ediblef.': Woi -elaa. PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS - 2 313

PCK *pwete 'mildewed': CHKpey 'be m.', p'eyi-(n) 'm. state of'; STWpweyipwey 'old, rotten (of fish)';PuA pwede'be old,rotten'. Cf. KIR(te)-ed4'ee (? <*(te)-frete)'mildew'. PCK *pweti 'finished, old': CHKp"'i 'f., done, ceased'; PUL p"'ey'leave (as a spouse)'; CRL frey 'beo., decayed,frayed (of thingsonly)'; WOL hesi 'o. (notnew)'; PuA p'/e (sic) 'o.,rotten'. PCK *pWeyaor *pWaya'swarm of fish': CHK pWHci-n(iik) 'sighting of a school of fish'; CRLbwid 'a swarmof fish';WOL hbaa 'to swarm(of fish)';PuA p4'aa'to swarm(of fish)'.Cf. PMc *pWawu'fishing pole'. PCK*pwia 'hole': CHK pwii, pwiye-(n) 'h. (forhead and neck in clothing),h. of'; WOLbiiye, biya- 'h. (oftenreferring to the femalevagina)', biye-ri-(i) 'make a h. in it'; PuA pWiia,pWia- 'hole(referring to woman'svagina)'. PCK*pwii-ta[ln]o 'post to whichloombeam attached': CHK pwii-s6n, -sonu- 'upright posts to whichwarp beam of a loomis attached';WOL bii-salo 'loom, flare-line of houseor canoe'. PCK*pwikili 'seed': CHK kip'in (<*p'ikin) 's.', kipwini-(ttiun)'a stormgod'; PULp%'ikil; CRNbwugil 'edible seeds in onevariety of breadfruit';WOL bigili 'nut', bigili-(ssigi) 'whirlwind'; PuA pHikini'nut (of a fruit)'.Cf. PCK*pwuku or *pwiku'sprout (of a seed)'. PCK *pwili 'to troll': PULpwili-(y) 'to cast as for bonito'; WOLbili 'to t. (in fishing)'; PuA pwini'trolling, to t.' PCK *pwiri,pwpwiri 'fart': CHK p' p^'ir,p"'Hpiri-; PUL p^'ir;CRL pW4pW ir; WOL bbiri. Ger- aghty(199o) wrongly infers a PMc *pirifrom the WOL form and equates it withhis PEO *puRu 'makea trumpetnoise'. PCK *pwolowado 'name of Puluwat Island': CHKpw0now6t; MRT pdolowat; PUL polowat (sic);CRL bfolowat; WOL hlowate. The initial vowel of theWOL form is unexpectedand sug- gestsit maybe anold loan. PCK*pwomwo, pwomwo-ni- 'characteristic motion (of s.o. or s.t.)':CHK pvWRnw, p"'ao'a-n 'gesture(of thebody), motions (of a thing),g. of', p'ovnWe-ey'gesture with, perform the motions with(s.t.)'; PUL p"wn"' (sic) 'imitation,performance, rendition', pon"'o-ni-y 'imitate(it), enact (it),perform (it)'; CRL ppwcanwo-li 'to feignaggression at, raise one's hand as if to strike(s.o.)'; WOLPOrnWo (sic) 'gesture(as in dance),posture', pon'o-li-i (sic) 'actit, imitateit'. PCK *pwono 'have s.t. in the eye': PUL pWon; CRLbfol; CRN f"'on;WOL boolo, bdo- 'for- eignparticle (in eyes)'.Cf. PONp'Udl 'have s.t. in one'seye'; MRS pey'k 'gets.t. in one'se.' PCK? *pwonu'borrowed thing': CHK #pW'iun, pWunu-(n) 'b. t., t. b. by him'; PULp"'on, pWonui-(m)(sic) 'b.t., t. b. by you'. PCK*pworjiya 'delayed': PUL pWo'ji 'to staylong, be d., lastlong'; CRL b'uyi, bt'oji 'take a long time,have been in a placefor a long time,have been sedentary'; WOL boyiye 'be quitea while,be d.',(ga)-baoiya-(a) 'to delayit'. Cf. KIRfb'ojata 'prolonged in time'. PCK ? *pWpW[ae]'gill arch': CHK pWpWa-(n),pwpwe-(n) 'its g. a., g. a. of', (sdndi)-papw, (sAne)-pWapwa-'Moorish idol fish',(senee)-pH #(seee)-pWe-(n) (< *sene-p'ppw)'kind of surgeon fish,s. f. of'; PULp"p'e-(n) 'bone of (fish)to whichventral fins are attached', (hele)-pp", (hele)- pHpwe-(n)'earthquake' (associated in CHKlore with surgeon fish); CRL p"pWa-(n) 'pectoral fin andattached bone of a fish';WOL hbe- 'lower side of headof a fish'.Cf. Tonga(lau)-mwa 'gills'. PCK*pwpweya 'a fish':PUL pWp'ey 'deep-sea fish (stageof skipjack?)';WOL hbbye 'fish thatstays near a driftinglog'. PCK*pwpweye 'blister': CHK p"'P'oy, P"P'oyi-(n) 'be scalded,scalding of'; PULpW%oy 'be blisteredby a bum';CRL pWpwey 'bum on the skin,bum blister'; WOL bhye 'redmark resulting from a bur', (ga)-bbhya-(a)'cause it to turnred by burning'.Cf. PONmpWey 'ball, stomach, sphere';mp"el 'b., from sunburn', mlpet 'to b.';MOK p'olol 'to b.'; KSRJfio-k 'to bum,scald, cau- terize,sear'; PuA pwpwali'to hurt';TONfaa 'b., be blistered';LAK xalulu 'have a hives-likeswell- ing'; ROTpo'o, po' 'to b., be blistered';FIJ boo-(daka) 'b., be blistered';and PEO *faRa'b.' (Geraghty1990). Thethree PON forms are part of a phonesthemempv- 'protrusion' that includes also mpWek'bud of a flower', mpwi'drop of water',mpwokos 'hunchback', mpwos 'a boil', mpfaunmp'low hill', and mpfi 'bamacle',among others, and may thus have been subject to inno- vativeforces within PON.Cf. also PMc ? *pweLe 'blister' posited by Goodenough (1995:77). 3I4 OCEANIC LINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

PCK ? *pWpwU1o'name of PuloAnna Island, Western Carolines': PUL PPU1,CRL p`P"'u1, WOLbhdo. Note that some of these could be loans as easily as inheritedforms. PCK *pwpwuro,pwuro-qi-, pwuroijaki 'peel, scrape': PUL ptira-Vi-(y)(sic) 'p. it (as bark or banana)',p;ur0-{ja-a-(16) 'scrape or p. it off', p'uri-Daki-(16) (sic) 'be peeled off (of sunburnedskin)': CRLpwpH'ur 'to be peeled. skinned (of fruits.vegetables, or animals)', &ruru-yji's.. p. (s.t.)'; WOLbhiro 'to p., be peeled (as a banana)', buro-(i-(i) 'p. it, pare it', Hr!uro-,-agi'to be peeled, pared';PuA pl'uIo(-{i'to p. (skin)'. Cf. AROhUm) 'to rub the body'. PCK *pwpwfjJlj, pwiThj..wa-'spouse, married':CHK ptiinui-wa-(n) 'his/her s.', pl'uinii-we-ni 'acquire(s.o.) as a s.', p"pHulini,pwvapwfianu 'be m.'; PULpuli-wa-(n) (sic) 'his/hers.', (ya)-p'up- ,pHu/u(pin) 'to be i.'; CRL I'Phli-wa-'s.', YL4'pHp4Htihiw 'to many,become m.', hPtihiii-we-li'to narry (s.o.)'; STWptihii-wa-(n) 'his wife'; WOLhhtiht 'to hold (as holding a baby)', hbihi-we 'hold it (e.g., a baby)'. Cf. PONp%'owd 's.', pwopHonwd 'i. couple, to get i.', p"'awdi-ki'to many (s.o.)'; MOKp'opH' wd 'i. couple, to be i.'; MRSpaleye- 'spouse'; KIRfruu-(na) 'his/her s.' PCK *pwuka-a 'boil (fcod)': PuLpH"uka; WOL huga-a, PuA pHuka. PCK *pwukota 'property,estate': CHK (nee)-plH,ukoS'at the estate' (a place name); CRL h'ughos, bwughUS,&rughaRa-1 'property, his p.'; WOLbugoie 'family, home, village, estate'; PuA p'ukota- 'estate,relatives'. PCK *pwuku or *pwfikfi 'sprout (of a seed)': PUL pl"rik;CRL p"pwugIh; CRN pH"pHug. Cf. also PMc *pwere'to sprout,blossom', PCK *pikili 'seed'. PCK *pwWl116,pwpwilih 'break':CHK p,,'iiin, ppl"tin 'b.',p"tnrinni-(tiiw) 'b. it'; MRTpJ"'til'b., snap', p4alupHilhi-a'(tew)'b. it down'; PULpH'1li 'b. (as a stick)', pHil/lu(sic) 'to b. (s.t.)'; CRL &Oull'be broken or fractured(of long things)', ftullu-u-(w) 'to b. (s.t.)'; WOLbiinnti 'be broken (of lung objccts)'; PuA pHpH'ini'to be smashcd'. Cf. PCMc *pwclu'break'. PCK ? *pwurako, pwuraako 'emit smoke': PUL p"'uro'k(sic); CRL bhlur6kk'very heavy smoke, be extremely smoky'; STWpHur6k,- WOL buraago 'smoke, steam, emit smoke'; PuA pH~uldco (sic); SNS frulogo. Cf. PONpI'urak 'spit out'. Cf. POc *bwaku[rRI'smoke' (Ross i988) (SAA qi'u 'to s.'; ARO &'a'u 'to s. thickly') and Blust 1982 PMP *burak 'white'. Cf. Marck (1994:325) PCMC *p'u(rako). PCK*pwuro, pwuropwuro'bubble, foam': CHKpH uropH UT; MRTplHIur6pwor, pwuropH"uro- (n); PUL pH"ur'boil (as water)', pHpH 'ur 'be boiling, be in a lather', pH'uro-(tc4 'come in (as the tide)'; CRLfr"ur 'to be high tide'; STWp'HuropH ur,; WOL buuro, burr- 'high tide', bin 'be high tide', buroburo'bubbles, f.'; PoA pH"uulopulVo- 'high tide', pulopulo'bubbles, f.' Cf. PMc *PWwI[SS10'foam', PONpwolol 'bubble'. PCK *pwuyu 'flow, go, move'; CHKp"'UU- (with directionalsuffixes) 'f. (of water)',p'uuWp'u 'f. of a stream',pH uu-ri 'cary or wash it along (in f. of a stream)';PUL p"'U 'f. (asblood', pHwUUJqy4u 'river';CRL frU 'to f.', full'tau 'be running,flowing'; WOLbii-, buu-(with dir. suffixes) 'g., i.'; PuA p-i-(take) (sic) 'g. or come up'. Cf. PONP"il 'f. (of water)'; MRSbh"ewe1-(tMeqti) 'overflow of water', he 'f.'; KSR.fAI'slip, drop, slide'; pud'fall with a splashing sound' (an apparentloan); YAPluul', maluuld'f., stream,run (of water)';FIJ kui 'f.', vuu 'wash, cleanse with water';TON puu 'go down, descend'; ROTpUn 'descend' (loan from TON),pUUpUU 'rinse out the mouth'; ARO miu 'drip, fall (of water)'; LAKpUn 'fall (as rain), drop'; BUGpulu-jagi 'sink, submerge', puru-sagi 'overflow'; PPN *pulu 'soaked'; PKB *puru 'be fallen, descend'. Cf. also Marck (1994:319) who reconstructs PMc *p'ulu 'fall, flow' while noting the PCK irregularloss of PMc *1, and Goodenough (1995:77) who posits PMc *pwuLu'flow', for which this loss would be regular. PCK *raki, rakiraki, raki-i- 'repeatedly,ponder': CHK -res, resi-(n), -rek 'repeatedly, again and again', rekirek'to think, go over in one's mind', reki-i-(y) 'think it'; PUL rdikiradk 'think', rdkir-ki-(y) 'think it'; CRL raighirdgh'be thinking, remembening',raghi-i-(y) 'think it over, debate it'; WOLragi 'be counted, kept track of', ragiregi 'be arranged,put in order, lined up', ragi-i-(ye) 'go throughevery one of them'. Cf. KWAlh'a, la 'u 'again, another,more'. PCK *rakici 'a tree (Calophyllim)': CHKrekiCh, rekichi-(n); MRT rekiish; PUL rtdkiR;CRL rdghish;-CRN rtgiR; STw rdkiR;WOL ragishi. MRSlik'ej, liwq' 'Calloplhyllwn'appears to be a loan from a Chuukic source. Cf. YAPragich 'a type of tree'. PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS - 2 315

PCK*rako-mi 'embrace,hug (s.o.)':CHK ro(-mi; PUL r66-mi-(y) 'hold on to it';CRL r66- mi;WOL rago-mi-(i) 'hug him, embrace him, wrap it up'.Cf. UAN *dakep'embrace'. PCK*ratirati, rati-i- 'cut,remove by cutting':CHK reyirey 'cutting, surgery, slicing, be cut (witha knife),sliced, operated on', reyi-i-(y)'cut it, sliceit'; PUL rdyirdy, rdyi (sic) 'to cut,sever'; CRNrdrey 'cut, slice'; WOL rasiresi 'to remove s.t. with an instrument (as in removingmeat from a clam),get rid of, eliminate',rasi-(i) 'remove it, eliminate it'. See alsoPCK *ree, reeree 'to saw'. PCK*rawa 'cookingpot': CHK raaw, rawe-n 'metal c. p.,p. of'; PULraaw, rawo-n 'tin can, container';CRL raaw, rawe-l 'c. p.',rawa 'cook (s.t.) in a pot';WOL raawe 'c. p., ironpot'. PCK*rece 'tern':CHK rech 'a tern';PUL reeR 'small variety of chickens'(sic); WOL reeshe reshe-'white-capped noddy'. Cf. PONpa-ret 'blacktern'. PCK*ree, reeree 'to saw':MRT reere, PUL reere 'to s.', ree-(y)'to cut,s. (s.t.)';CRL reere 'a s., to s.', ree-(y)'to cut (an object) with a s.';WOL reeree 'a s., to saw',ree-(ye) 's. it, severit, ampu- tateit, use a s. to cutit'; PuA lee'to cut it witha s., clipit', ledeee's., to cutwith a s.';SNS leee 's.' Cf. PONrasaras 's., to s.', rese 'to s. (s.t.)';KSR laslas 'to cut, operateon, incise',lihse 'cut or operateon (s.o.).See alsoPCK *ratirati, rati-i- 'cut, remove by cutting'. PCK*reepiya 'wise, knowing': CHK reepi 'be wise,experienced', reepiye-e-(y) 'understand, be wise in (s.t)';PUL repviya 'to understand (s.t.)'; CRL reepi 'be intelligent, smart, knowledgeable, wise,clever', repiya 'to recall (things past)'; WOL reepiye 'be smart, clever, have know-how'. PCK*repa, ka-repa 'near,close': CHK a-rap, akka-rap 'be n., c.', a-rapa-(kkan)'very c.'; MRTa-rapa-(n) 'its vicinity, c. to it'; PULya-rap 'be or draw n.', akka-rap'be c.'; CRLa-rap 'be n.',akka-rap 'come closer, approach'; STW a-rap, a-rapa-(n) 'n., c. to it';WOL repe 'be c. by,n.', ga-repa'be n., come c.', ga-repa-(a)'to be n. to it, come c. to it', ga-repe-repe'get closer,be approaching';PuA ka-lepa'to be c.' PCK*riciha 'a fish':CHK richir, richige-n 'a kindof flounder,f. of'; PULriRig 'butterfly f.'; CRLresher 'sp. of ediblef.'; WOLrishiy 'kindof f.' Cf. PPC *riciia 'gate,door that may be openedor closed'. PCK*riki 'to turnquickly': CHK rik 'change direction, t.', riki-(to) 'turn hither', rikirik 'zig- zag, move fromside to side', (kkapas)rikirik 'misleading talk'; MRT rikui-(loj) 't. andenter'; PULriki-(to) 't. to come';CRL righ 'be turning(of wheels),roll fast', righirigh 'to t. quickly'; WOLrigirig 'a runner,fast runner'. Cf. PMc *ruku,'tip, go underwater'. PCK*roko 'bend,curve': CHK ro 'bend the body forward,bow, stoop', roo-(to)'lean hither';MRT ro-(tei) (sic, presumably *roo-tew]) 'to bow';WOL rgo-(tiw) 'bend down', v(go- 'curved'.Cf. PONreki-(di) 'to benddown to pick s.t. up'. Cf. SAAoro, orooro 'to benddown, stoop,lean over'; BUG olo 'to bend,stoop'; ARO oro 'to lean,incline, stoop', oro-hi 'lean on'; KWAdo 'feelsleepy'. Cf. PMc *ruku2'to stoop'. PCK*rogo 'specialknowledge of spells':CHK rooJ, roge-(n) 's. k. involving the use of spells,s. k. of'; MRTnrox 'magic, k.'; PUL nro, rno-(n) 'magic,m. of'; CRLrrxxj, rry-(l) 'k., specialty,medicine, lore, 1. of'; WOLnoXO, rory)(l) 'tradition, k. (handeddown), t. of'. See also PMc *rouo'hear, listen'. PCK*rooroo, roo-ki- 'to lift up,carry': PUL roo-kd-d-(td) 'to pick up (as a child)';CRN rcoro'to c. s.t.in thearms (as a childor bundle)',row-ghi 'to c. (s.t) in thearms'; WOL rooroo 'to c., pickup andmove, transport', rr-gi-(i) 'c. it, transportit, conveyit'; PuA ldo (sic) 'to 1.',lo-ka (sic) 'to 1.it'. Cf. PONro 'be carriedon a litterbetween forward and rear carriers', trwe 'c. (s.t.) on a litter'. PCK*rudu 'to lie, tell a lie': CRLrut, ruturut; WOL rutu 'to 1.',rutu-u-(w) '1. to (s.o.)'. PCK*rumwu 'barb, sharp point': CHK numnW, rwumu-n 'barb, b. of'; WOLrunWuu, rwinu- 'sharppoint of a spear'. PCK*rupwu 'yaws, skin sore': CHK ruup"; rnpu-n 'y.,his y.';PUL ruwup 'leprosy, y.'; CRL nrua',ruwhu-l 'rash, skin sores, y., his r.',ruP' 'have y.'; PuA luuqpu,lupwu- 'a boil'. PCK*rupw"uu 'ivory nut palm': CHK riupWti, nipWuii-(n) 'ivory nut palm (Codoccus ami- calrwn),p. of'; CRLrde'u; CRNru/WPur. Cf.PON oos 'ivory nut palm'; YAP ruuy 'type of tree'. PCK*ruumee 'bottle':CHK ruueru nuwee-n 'b., b. of'; WOLruume 'huge b. usedfor stor- ing water'. P66 OCEANIC LINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

PCK *ruijiuir'search for things':CHK raar,rarniuir 's. for scatteredobjects'; PUL niair 'gathertogether (as picked breadfruit or coconuts)';WOL ruiarti 'to fishby chance,hunt for, collect (fruit)'.Cf. CHKkulaiir 's. forscattered objects'. PCK*ruwa 'movequickly': CHK ru 'rushabout, bustle about, huny to andfro', ruwe-e-(y) 'to hun-ytowards it'; WOLruwe 'sneak back and forth, move quietlyand stealthily', ruwenrwe 'fastrunner, to nin fast'. PCK*-taa[i0] 'no longer'(aspect marker): CRL -saa; WOL -taai; PuA -taai. PCK*taani 'notyet`: MRT -sadain; PLJL -h4dn; CRL -sadail. Cf. MRsjahyin, ,'ahyin'not yet, never';KSR S(XN, Sciz 'not yet'. PCK*tadawana 'name of SatawanIsland, Mortlock Islands, and of SatawalIsland, Cen- tralCarolines': CHK satawan; PUL laltciwaan; CRL satawan; CRN hatawan; WOL satewale. PCK*tadi-kka:9i 'have skin affected by sea water':CHK sli-kkm 'beor tastesalty, taste of sea water';WOL tati-geyii 'have blisters or scratehesbetween the legs as a resultof walkingor wadingin thesea'. Sec PMc *taSi'salt water' and PCMC *kakai 'sharp'. PCK*tado, tado-ni- 'to attempt,try': CHK s6t 't.,a.', ss0t 'beattempted, tried, tested', s6ss6t 'trial,temptation. test, be tried,attempted, tested', sAu-n 'have a t, makean effort, have a go', sOtu-ni 'attempt,t, test(s.t)'; PUL 40to-1i-i) (v) tot Ortaste (s.t), to tempt(s.o.)'; CRL s6to-l 'to t., a', sc5to.li't. ora. (s.t)'.Cf. PLO *ta1szIo-n (SAA akto-ni 'to plan, set out [a garden]'; ARO ato, ataito, af>tO-,)i 'tolay outin rows [as a garden]';KWA ato-ni-[al to prepare, make ready'). Cf. LAU atO'be difficult'. PCK *tafe(y)a 'medicine': CHK sat6y sdfeya-(n), sqfr?e-(n)'in., his i., m. of', sf(i-ni 'to medicate(s.t.)'; PUL hjfr~; hat eya-(n), hafeyd-(n) 'i., his i., m. of', hafeydi-ni'to medicate'; CRLS4fy s4~ya-(l)'i., m. of't safia 'to medicate';CRN hafry 'im.', hdfiyd 'to medicate';WOL tatqy6vta yca-(li)'i., m. of', tatvaa-(a)'to medicate';PuA tadw 'to medicate'. PCK *takullu 'egg': CHK s6kuun, s6kunnu-(n) 'egg, e. of'; MRT s6kkull; PUL hakull, hlakllha-(n);CR1 So6ghull,Saghll, s6ghullu-(l);CRN hugull, STW s6kunn; WOL SuIgiinnu. Looks like a loanfrom somewhere. Cf. PuA sakaiand SNS sakav 'egg'. PCK*ta-mwaad 'sickness, be sick':CHK sa-m4l'aaw, #sa-mwaawe-(n) 's., be sick, notwell, s. of'; MRTse-m,'aaw; PUL he-mHl'aay, he-mwaayi-(n); CRL se-mwaay, se-mw'aya-(l); CRN he- mwlaay;se-m"aay; WOL te-mr'aatu. Cf. PONsow-rnl"aaw 's., be sick'; MRSwita-m"'ey 'sick, unhealthy'.See alsoPMc *rmwaau'good, hiealthy'. PCK *ta..mwmwele:See PCK *mwmwele'able', *ta-mwmwele'not a., sick'. PCK *tamwoolu (?<*tama + ulu) 'chief: CHK s6mw"xon,s6mwor.)nu-(n) 'c., c. Of'; MRT s6W(nXiu-;PUL ham'ol (sic); CRL s6mK'ail; CRN hamn"'xi4 STw s6mA-, somwoxnWOL ktamdu (sic); ULI tamn'ol(sic); PuA taml'onu (sic). Cf. MRs jem"M'ahan 'top man, boss'; KIR (tel- mwl'aane'man')M PoN sam,'oro 'high priest in traditionalreligion'. Cf. also ROT tamori 'human being'; GEDAGEDtarnl 'man';r NGUNA(na)-tamwdi 'human being', PANGO (Efate) (na)-tamd 'man'. PCK*tao[ln][ael 'to bloom(of flowers)':CHK S6(6n 'be in b. (of flowers,blossoms), .66n6- (no')'to b.'; WOL t661e 'to b., blossom, bear flowers'. Cf. PON ma-sal 'to blossom, bloom'. PCK*tao[InIo 'a tree':CHK s66n, s60nu-(n)'a t. (Barringtoniaasiatica, B. racemosa)'; WOLs6ilo0, sriJ6o- 'a kindof t.' PCK*taparo 'dolphin(fish)': CHK sopor, soporu-(n) 'd., d. of'; PUL hap6Io'r, h6pw6r, 1)pwofre4y);CRt sap6r; WOLtep66ro 'a kindof yellowd.' PCK? *tapekui'sprout': CHK sdpak 'sugar cane' (Toon dialect); WOL tapMa 'to sprout,be overgrown, sprouting'. PCK *ta-rama 'a light': CHK sa-ram, sa-rame-(n) '1., 1. of'; PUL ha-ram, ha-rame-(n) '1., dcaylight,i. of'; CRLsa-ram, sa-rama-(l);CRN ha-ram 'light'; WOL te-rame '1., be 1.'Cf. MRsja- r-on 'electricity'.(lhiamnw) jacrwrn 'flashlight,electric U.' KSR.sa-n-'n 'electricity' would appearto be a loanfrom MRS. See PMc *rama'bright,luminous' and PAN *damrR 'torch' (Ross 1988). PCK*tarepwajj 'a staror constellationin Corvus':CHK serqepwn 'a s. or c. in C., nameof a siderealmonth'; PUL hat-epal" l 's. or c. in C., a siderealmonth'; saropel' 'a starin C.'; Srw sairepel'C. (probably)':WOL sardelai 'a starin C.';PuA taltp"anti'a siderealmonth equated PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS - 2 317 with January';MAP.jerual. PON sEripwel 'C.' (Benderet al. 1984) is a probableloan from a Chuukicsource. PCK? *[tTarii 'smallknife': CHK saar, #saaCr-(n) 's. k., tablek., pocketk., k. of'; MRT saar,sari-; PULhaar haru-(n); CRL sar, sarui-(l);CRN haar, harun-(n); WOL saaru, #saaru-(l), saru-(l);ULI scir (sic). Cf. YAPyaer 'k.'; CHM se'se' 'k., cut with a k.' PCK *tafi 'sunset': CHKsee 's. glow'; MRT see 'dusk'; PUL he; STW see. Cf. PMc *tau2 'season,sun'. PCK *taidaa 'a star': CHKseet 'a s. (probablyalpha Equulei),name of a sidereal month'; PULheeta 'a s. in Equuleus,a siderealmonth'; CRL seeta 'a siderealmonth'; STW seeta 'Aquar- ius'; WOLseeta 'a s. in Aquarius';PuA tauta (sic) 'a siderealmonth equated with June'; MAP tyata'constellation associated with Equuleus'. Cf. MRsjitahtah'gamma, zeta, pi Aquarius'. PCK*tawa-yi- 'to go alongthe sideof (anisland)': CHK sawe-e-(y) 'make the rounds of'; WOLsawe-e-(ye) 'go alongside of it (as anisland)', ssawe 'walk along the beach, go alongside'. Cf. KIRtatawe 'move quickly'. PCK*ta[w0fia-awa 'large sp. of bass':CHK sewii-yaw, seyi-yaw 'large sp. of b. (probably jawfish)';CRL sai-yaw and CRN hai-yaw 'large sp. of grouperfish'; WOL taiya-awe 'a Plectro- pomusfish'. See PWMc *tawia'any of severalkinds of sea bass'. PCK*tawuwafaii 'kindof eel': CHKSOwuwefie 'a clanname', PUL hawqfiij (sic) 'moray e.';CRL safia; WOLsauwefalji 'a smalle., a clanname'. Cf. YAPf'aa0c'kind of e.', fromwhich it maybe derived. PCK*terui, 'to cry out':CHK er, eruyer 'call out in fearor pain,bawl, bellow, moo, roar', erui-u-(w)'call out to (s.o.)from a distance';PUL yeriyer 'to shout,growl'; CRL eriyer 'to bark, growl',eru-(l6) 'to screamfrom pain or fright';CRN ere-(lo) 'to screamfrom pain or fright'; WOLsseru 'to scold, yell, shout, make a loudsound' (cf. WOLseru 'to say'); PuA ddti 'tocry, to say'. The firstvowel of theCHK form is unexpectedand this form may be a loanfrom another Chuukicdialect. See alsoPCK *teru2 'to say'. PCK *teriu2 'to say': CHKWUtU-(WO) 'origin legend, history', wuru-(wcx-ni)'tell the history of'; PULwuru-(wo) 'traditional history' (perhaps a loanfrom CHK); WOL SCer 'to say'; PuA ddu 'to say'.See alsoPCK *terui 'to cry out'. PCK*tina-lapa 'principal (true) mother or grandmother':CHK ine-nap; PULyine-lap; CRLile-lap; CRN ine-lap;WOL sile-lape. See PMc *tina 'mother', PMc *lapa 'big, main'. PCK *tiri 'masturbate':CHK ir 'm.', iri-i-(y) 'm. it/him'; PUL yiriir; CRL ir, iri; WOLsiri, (ga)-siri-(i).Note thatKSR iri-i 'm.' may be a loan fromCHK via the TrustTerritory's high schoolthat was locatedon Chuukfor a whileafter World War II. Cf. PMc *iri,iriiri 'rub, scrub'. PCK*ttapwu, or *tapwpwu'pompano fish, skipjack': CHK #woopw, wopp, Ie-(n),#oop', opWp^'e-(n),opWp'u-(n) 'sp. of p. f., p. f. of; PULy6p,; y6op'u-(n) 's., s. of; CRLOpp 'fifth and largeststage of the sk.';WOL ssabu 'a kindof f.' PCK*ttapwu 'woodencontainer': CHK ssopw, ssopwu-(n) 'wooden chest, w. c. of'; WOL ssapWu'fishing kit'. PCK*Tawu, TawuTawu, Tawu-yanuttiu 'form of sorcery':CHK (enuti)-soso, soo-yenu 'a riteof sorceryused in war';CRL saOusIow 'curse, black magic, spell'; WOL sausao 'black magic, to makeblack magic'; PuA dai-yoauid'magic, curse, magician'. PCK*Tefi, Tefi-rji 'to peel,pull off': CHKsifi-n, #sifi-na-n 'peeling (of sunbumedskin), his peeling';PUL hfiu-y hefuii-u-n 'to peel (as sunburnedskin), peeling of'; WOLtefitefi 'to pull loose, pull off, drawdown, tug', tefi-i-(i) 'pullit loose, pull it off', tcfi-ygi 'be pulledloose, drawndown, tugged'. Cf. PuA drc-i andSNsfd-yi 'tearit apart,tatter it'. Cf. alsoKWA sufi 'to shave,cut hair' sufi-a 'shave (the face), pluck (a bird)'. PCK*Teiki 'be slid,pushed': CHK siiki, seyiki, seeki 'slideit, makeit move', ssiik,sseyik, sseek'be slid,pushed, moved'; PUL heyiki 'push, shove'; CRL seighi 'push it, moveit by push- ing';CRN heigi; WOL sigi-(i). PCK*Telu 'testicles':CHK suUn, sunu-(n) 't. andscrotum, his t.', sunu-(mmch),sunu-(p"'o) 'elephantiasisof thescrotum'; PUL hel, hlui- 't', huli-(nmmaR) 'to have swollen t.'; CRL sului- (1)'his penis'. Cf. PWMc *wul[ae]'penis'. P88 OCEANIC LINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

PCK*Teij[eal 'manner, bearing': CHK sjeseIJ, seeseia-(n) 'gait, m. of walking,his g.'; PUL h~yd-(llow)'be badtempered', he9pi-(fiR) 'be patient,mild of disposition';WOL Siea-(le) 'his shape, i., way, situation',ssac 'shape, i., way, method'. PCK*Ticalo 'a blackworm': CHK sich6n, sich6ne-(n) 'a b. w., b.w. of'; PULhiR6l, hiR6lo- n; WOLsishlde. PCK*TooiJa 'be angry':CHK S00j 'be a.',soxoe-(yifi) 'be a. at';PUL haM7; CRL Sooj 'be a.', scjo,-(1)f 'be hot tempered';CRN lwx)V, hxojo-(fay), WOL Sooiye 'anger, rage, be a.';PuA dcxja (sic). Cf. MRSYiYJ 'a.'; LAKt0olo 'a.'; ARO v, (X)-,Ji'to heat'. PCK *Tora 'morning': CHKSoXor sora-n 'n., its m.', (nee)-sor 'tomorrow'; MRTscxr; PUL hora-n 'm.', (lo)-hor 'i.'; CRL(lee)-sor; CRN (lee)-hor; STW (y&6t)-sor;WOL sora-, sora-(lo) 'i.' sora-(lo-iye)'this in.', sorasore'become light, dawn'. Cf. PONsCoraan 'predawn m. hours'. Cf. Marck's(1994:313) reconstructionof PPC*tora 'moring' is opento somequestion. PCK*Toro, ToroToro 'turn one's face or direction':CHK soro-(n6) 't. away', sossore-n 'tumingof, changingof (meaningof words)',som.(feseon) 'be turned in oppositedirections', sore-e- (y) 't.it, changeits direction'; PUL h0rV-(fdiyVj) 'face in oppositedirections', hore-c-(y) 'reverse it, transposeit'; CRL ssor 't. and face in a differentdirection', soivsor 't. repeatedly', solr-(s41dp) 't. and face in oppositedirections'; sore-cy 't. it to face the oppositedirection'; CRN hor, hordor, hor- (hfiay),hore-e-(y); WOL sesoM't. around, be tured', so,-o-(we)'t. it,t. thetwo ends around'. Cf. SAAsarv 'to face, to t. oneself'; BUGero 'to t. the face away'. Cf. also PCK *Tora'moming'. PCK *Touk[ael 'name of Pulusuk Island': CHK suuk; MRT souk; PUL hook; CRL sough, CRNhoug; WOLsouge. CHK pwtinzisuuk is a loanfrom the English version of thename. PCK *TT6k61(< ? PMc *cocoku) 'hiccough': CHK ssAk, sslikd-; PUL hhWk;CRL ssigh 'soundof h.';CRN SSag 'soundof h.';UAN *ceguk. Cf. LAKCkXI dci. PCK *'TMkti2 'overflow': CHKKssk 'to bleed, flow (of blood, sap of trecs)', (c)-sUikti'cause to bleed or flow'; PUL hcki-(td) 'to choke (on water)'; CRLssogh, ss~gh'be ftill, have plenty'; CRNssog; WOLSS~gti 'be ftill, tight,jammed, overflowing', (ga)-ssaga-(ti) 'makeit full'. PCK*TTid[ael 'energetic': CRL SSit 'be fast,rapid, quick', (a)-ssiti, (a)-ssita 'to speed(s.t.) ip';WOL ssite 'be strong,forceful, great, big, hard'. PCK*T66i 'to run away':CHK sli 'r.a' flee,go away,scram',r iisuiv 'fly (of birdsand insects)', stuu-ri'flec to, go off to', (e)-sadi-w'cause (s.o.) to leave,chase or r.(s.o.) off'; PULh1i 'leave, go away,r., fly', Iidiihdi'to fly'; CRLsli 'to fly, get away,r. a.' ssU'r. a., scram'.Cf. PMc *cowu.1J PCK *6lkiulni-ika 'a constellation in Cassiopeia' (lit. 'fish's tail'): CHK w4k-iani-ik; PUL wtikti-ni-ik;CRL 1ikki-ni-igh (sic); STWtikai-ni-ik; WOL lig4i-li-ige. See PMc *ika, ika-na- 'fish', PMc *j-ku'tail'. PCK*jikijijkUi, ilkil-fi 'cutoff, chopoff': CHKwakaa'k 'cut off, chop off, lop off, be cut, chopped, or lopped off , w/c-.fi 'lCUtit Off, chop it off, lop it off'; PUL wkikiakC,wdikti-fi; WOL aga-f4i 'stop,cease, halt, pause'. Cf. PMc *iku'tail', PPC *6kti 'end'. PCK*jjle, til(ea)il(ea), (ka)-tile, (ta)- ile 'swing':CHK #()-w4inatin 'braided sling', (s)- widna'sling it, shootit (froma sling)',(ni-kU-wdnewtin, (ni-kce-wtinddin 's.', (m"l~)-wdinewtin, (mHm"Ie*-wdn's. back and forth', (ni-/cU-mlm"em)-w4n'children's s.'; PuL (yaa)-wdil,(yaa)-wdIdi- (n) (sic) 'sling,sling of, to use a sling',wdle-(ipii-y) 's. it backand forth', wdMl~l 'a swing';CRL (a)-ydldil 's., hammock,to s., rideon a swing or hammock',(sa)-ydil 'to s. (as on a vine or rope)',(a-sa)-yaldi-(w) 'to make(s.t.) hang down, dangle (s.t.)', a-sa)- ydldd/dh 'to s. (s.t.),make it s.';CRN (li-ga)-yallddil 's., hammock,to s., ridein a hammock',(a-ha)-ildi-di-(y) 'to make(s.t.) dangleor s.', (a-ha)-ihidd/d'to s. (s.t.), makeit s.'; WOLildile 'cradle,hammock, swinging couch',(ga)-iile 'to sling,throw, boomerang', (se)-d/e (se)-udlade 's., sway,move backward and forward',(ga-se)-dle-(e) 's. it, swayit'; PuA (ka)-diWnadnd's., to s.' PUAsa-dia is clearlya loan fromWOL. Cf. KIR wia-a'hit (a target)repeatedly'. PCK*u'l'diwo 'nameof Ulithi(island and atoll), Western Carolines': C H K wdind- tiw; PUL Wd/d-tiW,;CRL luh-tiW;WOL uli-fiwe; ULI dil-thi.See PMc *siwo'down, westward'. PCK *umwao 'a tree': MRT wn,"5 'Neiospermaoppavitifolia'; PUL wwmn"6'a tal t. used in house construction'; CRL urn"'6'a medicinal t. (Neiospermaoppositiftiia)'; SiFw wn"'i 'hard- PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS - 2 319 woodplant used in medicine';WOL umoo 'a t. (Ochrosiaoppositifdia)'. Cf. PEO *faRa 'Ochro- sia t.' (GeraghtyI990). PCK*unouno 'nameof Ulul Islandin NamonuitoAtoll': CHK wunuun; MRT uluwel; PUL wonoc (sic);CRL unain; CRN naoun;WOL ulade. The CRL form appears to be a loan. PCK*ura 'be full, filled':CHK wur, wurowur 'be f., filled',(o)-wura 'to fill,make f.'; PUL wur'be f., filled,(ya)-wuraa-(16) 'fill, make f.'; PuA ula 'bef.' Cf.WOL ureure 'size, proportion, be in proportion'. PCK? *uw[ae]di'to no avail':CHK wawet 'tired, weary, lazy', weti-(n) 'again and again, in vain';PUL wuweti-(n), weti-(n) 'even though, in spiteof thefact that, to tryin vain';WOL wiweti 'to suffer,have trouble, have a hardtime'. PCK*wacawaca 'be naked,unclothed': CRL washawash; CRN(hd)-waRawaR; WOL washewashe'be n., u., nude',(ge)-washewasha-(a) 'unclothe her'. Cf. KIRwaraa 'be treeless'. PCK*wacca 'to boil,bubble, seethe': PUL wacc 'to b. (as water)',wacce-(y) 'b. it'; CRL wechch;CRN wachch; WOL wachche. PCK*walu-mako 'a vine (Canavaliacathartica)': PUL wali-mo; CRLwali-mwo; STW walu-mo;WOL walu-mago; ULI wale-mokh (Bender et al. 1984).See PMc *walu'vegetation, forest'. PCK*walu-yik[ae] 'eighty': CHK wani-ik, wani-ika-; PUL wali-ik; CRL wali-igh; WOL wali-ige;PuA wanu-iki.See PMc *walu,walu-ua 'eight, eight (general)'. PCK*wareiu 'basil':CHK warug, werti 'sweetb.'; MRT wariu 'mint,basil'; PUL warig, warugu-(n)'swamp plant with sweet flower, s. p. of'; CRLwarni 'sacredb.'; CRN weru'i 'sacred b.';STW wariug 'b., mint'; WOL waregt 'sweet b.'; ULI warog 'b.' (Bender et al. 1984). PCK*wawo- 'face,surface, upside, on': CHK w66-(n) '(on) top of, on', alsoCHK w66-(n), w66w66-(n)'his s. appearance,f.', w66w66-(yeech)'be of cheerfulf.', woo-ri'to f. toward(s.t.)'; PULw66-(n) 'on, on top of', w66-n 'to look like,resemble', w66w66-(n) 'color of, natureof'; CRLw66-(l) 'on, above';STW woo- 'on, above';WOL w6o-(l) 'on, topsideof'; PuA o-, wo- (sic) 'on,upside', waawo, wawo- 'f.' Cf. KsRfe'on', fe-(l) 'onor abovehim',fi-(n) 's. of, topof'. See alsoPMc *fawo'surface, on'. PCK*wawu, wawu-di 'to spank,hit': STW wawuwaw 'to s., h.', wau-ti 's. or h. (s.o.)'; WOLwau 'to h., strike,give a blow to', wau-ti-(i)'s. him,h. him', wau-tegi'be hit,spanked'; PuA wauwau'to s., h., beat',wau-ti 'to h. it';PEO ? *wau(FIJ (i)-wau 'a club'). PCK*wayi, wayi-di 'be pulled,pull, pull on': CHK wey 'be p. in tight,taut, jerk, be con- vulsed,shudder, twitch', weyiwey, weyiweyi-(n) 'lashings, 1. of', weyi-t'be taut, be p. tight',weyi-ti 'shock(a person),p. back(an object) toward oneself, p. (s.t.)in tight,lash (s.t.) together'; PUL wayiwayi-(n)'his pulsebeat', wayi-ti-(y) 'p. it, hangit'; wdyi-(le)'go fishing';CRL wdi-t 'do fishingfrom an anchoredcanoe with a linehanging over the edge of thecanoe', wei-ti 'p. gently on an object';WOL wai-ti-(i) 'grab it, clutchit, snatchit'. Cf. SAAwa'i, wa'i-ni 'to draw,pull, pain',wiiwei 'to collect'.Cf. alsoKSR a 'takeby force,snatch (s.t.)', we-t 'move suddenly (as in attacking)'.See alsoPCK *wayidi 'fish lure'. PCK*wayici 'a plant':CHK weyich, weyichi-(n) 'weed p. witha smallpurple flower, p. of'; WOLwaishi 'a kindof p.' PCK*wayidi 'fishlure': CHK weyit, weyiti-(n) 'feather f. 1.used in trolling,f. 1.of'; WOL waiti'f. 1.,lure fishing, do trolling'.See alsoPCK *wayi, wayi-di 'be pulled, pull, pull on', CHK weyiye-rek'trolling on theopen sea'. PCK *we-, we-ni- 'on, topside of': CHK wi-, wi-ni-, wi-i- 'on, at'; PUL we-ni 'on, in'; CRL we-l-'on, on topof'; WOLwe, we-li 'on, topside of, above'.Cf. KsRfi-n'surface of, topof'. PCK *wedi, 'wait for': CHKwiti, wuiti'w. for (s.o. or s.t.)', witiwit 'to w., be waiting', witiwiti-(n6)'be postponed',witiwiti (mWo) 'w. a minute';PUL weti-(y) 'to w. for (s.o. or s.t.)', wetewet(sic) 'tow.', wetiweti (mWo) 'w. a minute';CRL weti 'w. for (s.o. or s.t.)';WOL weti-i 'wait for (s.o.)';PuA weti'to w. for (him)'.Cf. PONawii 'to w. for (s.o.)';KSR twegi 'to w. for (s.o.)'. PCK? *wediz'to scoop,scrape out, dig (as withclaws)': CHK weti-(ken) 'coconut grater'; WOL eti 'to claw,rake, seize or dig (as withclaws)', weti-(yase) 'hawk or eagle',weti-gegi 'be 320 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2 scoopedout, dug out', wei-gi-(i) 'scoopit out,dig it out', wetiweti'to scoop out,dig out'. Cf. SAAasi 'to cut,score'; ARO osi 'to cut,score'. The CHK form has unexpected e insteadof i. PCK*wee 'that(past or not visiblypresent)': CHK (e)-e, we,'MRT -we, PUL(ye)-we, we; CRLwe; STW-we, WOLwee, ULI-wee; PuA we (sic). Cf. PON-o 'that(away from you and me)';MOK -o 'that(distant)'; MRS yew 'the (remote)', wiweyew, yiwweyew 'that (distant but visible)';KSR we 'there'. PCK*weewee 'understand':CHK weewe 'be informed,u., meaning,interpretation', (d)- weewe'explanation, explain', (d)-weewee-(y) 'explain it'; PULweewe 'u., meaning,intention', (a)-weewe'explain'; WOL (ga)-weewee 'to discuss,decide'. Cf. PONweewe 'be understood'; MOKWOOWO 'clear, understandable, to u.' See alsoPMc *wee 'be alike,same, equivalent'. PCK*wene, wewene, wenewene 'straight':CHK wen 'be s., well aligned,honest, sincere', wenewen,wenewena-(n) 'straightness, honesty, sincerity, his honesty',(d)-wen 'straightenit, makeit s.', wenewene-(nu-p''constellation Crux at uprightposition, due south';PUL wenewen 'be directlyabove, s., direct,honest, exact'; CRL wel, wwe 'be correct,good, s.', welewel,wel- weli-(l)'truth, correctness, accuracy, t. of', weleweli-(td)'be verys., straightup, upright';CRN wen'be correct, good, s.', wenewen'truth, correctness, accuracy', wenewene-(td) 'be very s., s. up, upright';STW wenewen 'at its directlyupright position (of Crux)';WOL wele 'to hit right, make a s. shot', welewele'be s., steady,still', uwwele(<*wewele) 'be s., be at noon, be overhead', wdewele-(lu-yeure)'mid-position of Crux'(lit. 'duesouth'); PuA wene'be s., flat',wnewoe 'a constellation'(presumably Crux). Cf. PAN*wanaN 'right' (Wolff I990). PCK*weni-maraawu 'name of Olimarao(island and atoll), Central Carolines': CHK wini- maraaw;PUL weni-maraawo (sic); WOL weli-meraau. PCK*weri- 'to see': CHKweri, wtiri 'to s., behold(s.t.), attack (s.o., as a disease)',weriwer 'seeing',(e)-wiriwiri 'look aboutfor (s.t.)';MRT weri 's. it'; PULweri-(y) 's., find,get, come upon(s.t.)', weriwer 'to s., find';CRL wei, uri 'to s. (s.t.)';STW weri 's. it'; WOLweri, weriweri 'to s., observe',weri-i 's. it, attackit, get it';PuA weli'find, s., meet'.Cf. PONiroyr (? < *ori)'to lookor peerin thedistance', iro-yj 'to lookat (s.t.)',idawarii 'to say or s. (s.t.)'(honorific); MOK inm-'peer at (s.t.)';YAP quy 's. (s.t)'. Cf. alsoPCK *woo-, woori 'examine, observe'. PCK*wici, wici-i 'strike,whip, hit': CHK wichiwich 'to w., lash,whipping, lashing', wichi- i-(y) 'to w. or lash(s.o.)'; PUL wiRi-i-(y) 'to w., beat(s.o.), bat (a ball)';CRL wishiwish 'bat, club, w., beating,whipping, clubbing', wishi-i-(y) 'to club,s., w. (a personor animal)';CRN wiRiwiR 'bat,club, w., spanking,beating, clubbing', wiRi 'to club,s., w. (a personor animal)';WOL wishi 'to h., get readyto fight',wishi-i-(ye), wiwishi-i-(ye) 'h. it, s. it,knock it, slapit, give a blowto it'. Cf. PONweweti 'be whipped, spanked', weti-i 'w. or spank(s.o.)'; KIR uruuru 'engage in destroy- ing', (te)-uruuru'destruction', uru-a 'to destroy(s.t.)'; KSR wi 'to h., s. (s.o.).'Cf. also BUGpuSi 'to smite,beat, h., slap';ARO hUSU 'to h. in falling'.See alsoPMc *wedeor *wodo. PCK*wiita 'allotment,share': CHK wiis, wiisa-(n)'a., assignment,s., part,division, lot, task,responsibility, duty, office', wiise-ni 'allot to, assignto (s.o.)';PUL wiih 'to s. (as of food), job, task';WOL wiise 'food set asidefor visitors'. Cf. PONpWays, p^'eyse 'responsibility, assignment,task, his r.';MOK p"'ayj, poy,-(n) 'responsibility,concern'. PCK*woo, woo-ri- 'examine,observe': CHK WO 'be looked at, examined,scrutinized', woo-x)w(n6) 'be facingaway, looking off', w,-ri 'to examine,scrutinize, look at (s.t.)';PUL wow(sic) 'to stare,aim (as a gun),direct the navigation of a canoe,give sailingdirections', wxo- ri-(y) 'to stareat, aim at (s.t.)'; CRLwo-ri 'to look at, observe (s.t.)'; WOLwoo 'to look (at), scrutinize',wcx-dri-(i) 'look at it, scrutinizeit, look intoit'. Cf. PCK*weri- 'to see'. PCK*wudu 'pieceof cookedbreadfruit': CHK wutu-(n), -wut 'chunkof it, c. of c. b. (in counting)';WOL uutu utu-(l) 'handful, p., p. of (as of c. b.)';PuA -utu'portion of c. b. (in counting)'. PCK*wula, wulawula, wula-i- 'slice':CHK wunowun 's., be sliced,' wune-e-(y)'to s. (s.t.)';PUL wulool 'sliced portion', wule-e-(y) 'to s. (fish),operate on'; CRLuldrl 'to s.', ule-e-(y) 'to cutor s. (s.t.)';WOL u/lau 'to s., cut(usually into small pieces)', ule-e-(ye) 's. it, cutit'. PCK *wuludo 'lease rod of a loom': CHKwunut, wunute-(n),wunutu-(n) '1. r., 1.r. of'; PUL wuluut,wuluutd-(y) (sic) 1.r., 1.r. of'; WOL1ulit 'partof loom'. PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS - 2 321

PCK *wupwa 'to swell': CHK wupWowupH'hill, mound'; PUL wupw''be chubby (of an infant)';CRL uhb'a-(I peshe) 'calf of the leg', ubwe-(16l),ubwu-(16l) be severalmonths pregnant withoutshowing it externally';WOL Ube, ubh-() 'be pregnant,pregnancy of'. Cf. MRSjifb 'rise (of bread)';KIR ti/Utihwu 'uneven (as the ground)';PMc *tupwu;PEO *tubu 'grow' (Geraghty 1983); POc tuhuq'grow' (Ross 1988) (SAA 'upu'upu'to swell', 'upu-le'a swelling'; BUG tuh1 'to swell'; LAUuhbUUh 'be thick,deep'; ARO ubu 'to swell'; KWAubu 'swell, swelling';PKB *tubu'to grow'). PCK *wupWuwupWu, wupWu-u-'strike, hit down on': CHK wuPWuupw'be stabbed (with a knife)';PUL wup"'u-u 'to hit, strike, box withdownward motions, to wash(clothes) by pounding downon them',wupWuwupw 'repeatedly hit, strike, or washby pounding';CRL ubl'uuf 'engage in washingclothes', uhvu-u-(w) 'to wash(clothes)'; CRN Ub"'u 'to wash(clothes)'; WOL uhUUhd 'to washclothes'. Cf. MOKupwu-dak 'steer with a paddle'. PCK *wupWuupWu 'solidified blood': WOLuhuuhU; PuA upWuu^'u. PCK*wura 'be full':CHK Wr; wur7wur 'be f., filled',(o)-wura 'to fill (s.t)'; PULwur; PuA ula. Cf. PONdir 'overcrowded,filled, plentiful';MOK dir 'many, much'. PCK *wulu 'kind of fish': CHKwunuun, wunuunu-(n) 'a kind of lethrinidf., f. of'; PUL wuI- uul,wuluulu-(n) 'porgy (lethrinid) f., f. of'; WOLuulu, ulu- a kindof f.' PCK*wuunu 'thestar Aldebaran': CHK wuun 'the s. A., nameof a siderealmonth'; PUL wuun'A., a siderealmonth'; CRL wuun (sic) 'A.,a siderealmonth'; WOL ulu; PuA uunu'a siderealmonth equated with September'. PCK? *wuweya 'a reef fish':CHK wuwey, wuwyd-(y) 'a light-coloredr. f.'; CRNuwey 'goatfish'. PCK*yaado 'legendarywoman': PUL yaat '1. w., wife of yool, who was noted for his fishing'(Hambruch, Sarfert, and Damm 1935:240-24I);WOL yaato 'name of a 1.w., wife of yoole,a legendaryhero noted for his fishingskill'; ULI yath '1.w., wife of yol' (theyfigure in manystories) (Lessa I96I, I980). Hername appears to be cognatewith PEO *qazo'sun, day' (PPNqaho 'day'; SAA sato; BUG aho; PKB *hazo 'sun, day'); UAN *qajaw'sun'. The name of herhusband (ULI y6l) appearsto reflectPEO *qalo 'sky, heaven, sun'. See PMc *alo 'sun'. PCK*yaakui 'oops! oh! (exclamationat havingmispoken or remembereds.t. forgotten)': CHK9ek; PUL yek; WoLyaaku.Cf. PON aak 'an expression of disgust';MOK ook 'exclamation usedto shameanother', ok 'hey,exclamation of surpriseor admonition';KIR aki 'not'(e)-aki 'it is not,he didn't',akfe 'exclamationof surpriseor emotion',(a)-akea 'there is none'. PCK *yaca 'handle, stem': CHKaach, acha-(n) 'h., s. (of fruit),its h.'; PUL yaaR, yeRa-(n), 'h., its h.'; CRLevha-(1, asha-(1), dsha-(l) 'its h., its stem';CRN aRa-(n) 'its h.';WOL yaashe, yesa-(le)'h., its h.' Cf. POc *qanta(FIJ yadayada 'the core of a boil';TON [tuaj-qata 'upper end of a yam [tual';LAK [la]-haga-kla-maleJ 'the "leg" of a bivalve[la-malel'). PCK*yafi 'bunchof ten':CHK #e; efi-(n)'b. of tenripe coconuts, b. of it', -4f'b.of tenripe coconuts(in counting)';PUL yafi-n, -yaf 'pile of ten (as coconutsor birds)';CRL -af 'pile of ten (in counting)';WOL -yafi, -yefi 'bundle or groupof tenor eight(in counting)'. Cf. KIR-ai 'counting classifierfor hardware,furniture, chests, barrels, timber, coconut leaf stems,fingers, teeth, largefish, sharks'. PCK *yalaija'coral gravel': CHK anay, anage-(n)'broken, white, branchingc. as found on the strand,c. g., c. of'; PULyelaj, yelae-(n) 'placewith dead sharp c., c. of'; WOLyelare 'a rock-pile'. PCK *yali 'to fly': PULyddl (sic); CRLydl, ydliycil;STW yaniyan; WOL yali 'to f., yaliyeli 'a fastflyer, to f. fast';ULI yeyd 'flying'; PuA yani.Cf. PONand MOK alu 'to walk'. PCK *yalimadau 'a star': CHK enimate 'name of a s. and sidereal month'; STW alimatu (sic) 'Andromeda';WOL Yalimate 'a s. in Andromeda'. Cf. MRSyelmwad 'Vega'. PCK*yalle-pwuta 'a tree(Pittosporum)': CHK dnne-pW'ut 'a tree (Pittosporum sp., lit. 'taste bad');PUL ydlle-pHut 'Pittosporum tree'. Cf. CHKeyi-reres 'a tree(Pittosporum sp.)'. PCK*yaloyalo 'yellow': CHK 6n, 6ney6n,6noycSn; MRT W616W61 'yellowish'; PUL y661, y61eyol;CRL yoly6l 'lightcolor such as cream, yellow, or tan'. Cf. MRS yiya[ew 'y.; PKB * (i)aro'y.' See also PMc *alo 'sun',PMc *rerja'turmeric color', PMc *aro 'curcuma,turmeric, ginger, yellow'. 322 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

PCK*yamWa 'wooden spacer joining outrigger boom and float on a canoe':C HK aam", am"e-(n)'w. s., w. s. of'; PULyaCamn, yemn'-n; CRL aam;, yaamn"; STW yaam"; WOL yaam'e, yemn"a-(li). PCK*yaIa 'fingerspan': CHK aac, -ay 's. betweenthumb and forefinger (in counting)'; PUL -yac 's.between thumb and little finger' (in counting)'; CRL -yar 's. betweeb thumb and little finger (in counting)';WOL -yaWy 'f. s. (incounting)'; PuA -yaya'f. s. (in counting)'.Cf. PEO*zaUa 's.' (GeraghtyI983) (FIJ caga, SAA tara-a; ARO tcap-a); PMP *zaan 'handspan'(Blust 1980:157). PCK*yaijida 'have a headwind': CHK enit 'be slowed by the wind', enite-(n)'slowing effectof (a wind)',enita 'cause (s.o.) to be slowedby the wind';WOL yayite 'to be disadvanta- geous,unfavorable, adverse, detrimental, be in a badposition (as in sailing)'. PCK*yao-, yao-ri 'to curse':CHK 66-ri 'to c. (s.o.)',b6-(ttek) 'be cursed', (66-(ttei-i-y 'to c. (s.o.)';(i)-y65-(tdk) 'prayer'; PUL y(6-ri-(y) 'to chant(a spell),to curseor swearat (s.o.)';WOL yo6yo6 ' to c., execrate,use profanelyinsolent language about people'. Cf. PONkaaw, kaw- 'harmfulmagic, sorcery', kawdok 'to pray, worship'. PCK*yaonaki 'to speak':PUL yoonek 'to orderfood, speak,assemble', y66neki-i-(y) 'to say (s.t.)'; CRL6olegh 'to say, tell (respect usage)', oleghi (sic) 'to say (s.t.)'; CRN 6oneg 'to say, tell(respect usage)'; WOL yoolagi 'to talk,speak, chat'. Cf. CHK66n, 6nu-(n) 'food for a special occasion'. PCK*yari 'a fish':CHK idr 'Pseudoscarusf.'; PULydir, ydri-(n) 'a lagoonf., f. of'; CRL ddr,ydir 'a yellowparrotfish'; WOL yaari, yari- 'akind of f.' PCK*yaui, yau-ri-, kka-yaui, ka-yati-ii- 'be learned,be accustomedto': C HK e 'be 1., taught',(a)-yee-(w), (i)-yie-(w) 'teachit, causeit to be 1.',(kka)-ye 'learning, studying, to study, to learn',#ee-ru-ni, #ee-re-ni 'be a. to, be familiarwith, be usedto (s.t.),custom'; PUL (kka)-ye 'to learn,practice'; WOL yde 'getfamiliar with s.t., be a., be acquainted,be knowledgeable',yee- ri-(i) 'be familiarwith it, a. to it, acquaintedwith it, get usedto it', (ga)-aui'to say,tell', (ga)-aui- u-(we)'say to him,tell him, mention to him';PuA yau-li'to know it bypractice, be familiarwith it', yaiyalu'custom, habit, practice', (kk)-aii (sic) 'learnit, studyit, teachit'. Cf. PONer 'thor- oughlyknowledgeable', ere-ki 'to know(s.t.) well, to master'.Cf. also PMc *ata-i-'to know', PMc *kai2'to inform'. PCK? *yau[ln]awa'platform on theoutrigger booms of a canoebetween the hull and the float':CHK nenaw, eenawe-(n); WOL yeelawe. PCK*yoko, yoko-fi 'catch,capture': CHK o 'be caught,captured', (6)-yox-w 'catch, capture';MRT yo 'captured,caught'; PUL yo 'tocatch in thehands (as a turtle)',(y6)-yoo-w 'to catch (s.t.)',yoxfi-y 'catch(as a chicken)';CRL yoofi 'grabor catch(a personor animal)';CRN yO6-fi 'grabor catch(a personor animal)';STW yo 'captured,caught'; WOL y(go 'becaught, captured', (ga)-yogo-(o)'capture it, catchit'. Cf. PEO *zoko,zoko-fi 'caught,catch in a net' (Geraghty I983) (FIJcok) 'caughtin a net';SAA to'o-ha'i 'be entangled,caught in a net';BUG togo-vi 'to hit';LAU too 'hit, possess, have'; ARO to'o 'hit, be set or fixed[as colorsl, possess or have',to'o- hi, to'o-'i'hit, strike [as windthe sail]'; KWA to'o 'receive, catch, hit'). Cf. alsoPMc ? *Loo 'be caught,overtaken, found' positedby Goodenough(1995:76), with reflexes PONlo 'to be caught',KR oo-a 'toovertake (s.o.)', and KSR 10 'found,retrieved, recovered'. PCK*yop[eo] 'to hide,be hidden':CHK wop 'h., be h., concealed',wope-ri 'be h. from,spy on, waitin ambushfor (s.o.)', (()-pca, (wo)-opa 'to h., conceal(s.t.)', opo-(win) 'method of hunt- ing turtles';PUL yopo-(6l) 'to h., takeshelter'; CRL op, ap, op 'toh. oneselffrom people', 6pe-ri 'to h. behind,to h. from(s.o.)'; WOL yope 'to h., remainin hiding'.Cf. MRSpaw 'enterand h. insidecoral (of fishonly)'. - PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS 2 323

LOANS

LI: CHKdchiiyu 'a tree(Ixora carolensis)'; MRT ashiiyow; STW yaRiiyow; WOL gashiou 'a kind of tree (Ixora casei)'; PONketiew 'sp. of tree (Ixora casd)'; PNGkalesu; MRSkajdCw 'a tree (Ixora cardinensis)'; KSRkalsrm 'a kind of plant (Bender et al. 1984: 'a shrubwith red flowers'). These appearto be loans, possibly from PALkerdeu 'Ixora plant'. L2: CHKanmneset 'a tree (Messerschmidiaargentea)' (also CHKne't); PUL yamolehdt 'tree heliotrope (Messerschmidiaargentea)'; CRLamaleeset and CRNamaneeset 'sp. of tall tree found on sandy beaches'. This appearsto be a loan within the Chuukic languages. Cf. PAL nirs 'tree heliotrope'. See also PMc *ceni, ceceni 'strandtree'. L3: CHKIann 'a tree(Cordia subcordata)'; PUL yaane, yaaluw, yaaluwd-(n) 'a tree(Codia subcordata),Lof'; CRLaliw andCRN anne 'a tree (Cordia subcorata)'; WOL galiwe 'a tree(Cor- diasulcordata). These forms seem to be loans.See alsoPCMc *kana, kai 'habit,tendency'. L4: CHKdpuuch 'a tree(Crataeva sp.)'; MRT afuush; PULydfuuR; CRL afuush; CRN afuuR; STW qfuuR; WOLyafuushu, yefuiushu.These appear to be loans from YAP qabiich, qabyuch'a typeof treewith edible fruit'. L5: CHKaroma, 6roma 'Abutilonshrub'; MRTarnma 'Pipturusargentus'; PUL y6roma 'a tree';STW yaroma 'Pipturus argentus'; WOL yaromaa 'Pipturus tree'; PCK *yaromaa; MOK ormo'tree sp.'; PNG oroma 'Pipturus argentus'; MRS harmwey 'Pipturus argenteus tree'. Possibly a loanfrom Chamorro aroma 'a spinyshrub'. L6: CHKattu, dttu, kattu, kttu 'cat,housecat'; PUL kattu; CRL ghattu; CRN gattu; STW kattu;WOL ghaatuu. These are loans from CHM katuu, which is in turna loanfrom Spanish. KIR (te)-katamais a loanfrom another, but not clear, source. L7: CHKd-dni-pe 'fan' (lit. 'makewind blowing'), d-dni-pee-(w) 'f. him, beckonto her'; PULyd-dni-pe 'to fan';CRL dli-pe, alu-pe, ale-pd 'a f.', dli-pee-(w)(sic) 'to f. s.o.';CRN hd-cnui- pe 'a handf.'; WOL ga-ali-pee 'f., to wave',ga-ali-pee-(we) 'f. him'.Cf. PuA ulut-pau'f.' CRNh insteadof expectedg andPUL and CRN n andCRL and WOL I insteadof expectedy suggestthe PUL, CRL,CRN, and WOLforms are loans originally from CHK. L8: CHKasddp, adsdppi-(n) 'shuttle (of loom),s. of'; WOLgesaape; PuA kadape (sic). This appearsto be a loanword, since we have PuA d instead of expected t. Lg: CHK xp, #eppi-(n) 'yam, y. of'; PULyeep, yepi-n; WOLseepe, sepa-(li). Presumably a loan from YAPtheap. Cf. PMP *qubi (Blust I984-85). See also PPC ? *kaapi 'yam'. LIo: CHKeyi-reyes 'a tree(Pittosporun sp.)'; PUL yayi-reres, -rojese-(n) 'Pittosporum tree, t. of'. The PULform appears to be a loanfrom CHK. Cf. PCK*yalle-pwuta 'a tree(Pittosporum)'. LII: CHKewut-ni-ydr 'whirlwind, waterspout, name of a stormgod'; MRT awa-ni-yar 'whirlwind,tornado, rainbow'; PUL nddwu-ni-yer, -ere-(n) (sic) 'waterspout,whirlwind, w. of'; CRLlayi-li-ydr 'tornado, whirlwind, waterspout'; STW ndwui-ni-ydr 'tornado'; WOL lau-li-are 'rainbow'; PON ey-ni-ar 'whirlwind, gust of wind containing rain'; YAPnaenyoer 'tornado, waterspout'.This looks like a chainof loans,from PON through CHK without an initial*n and fromPUL through YAP with one, showinga reinterpretationalong the chain between CHK and PUL.Marck (I994:3 I6) reconstructsPPC *auniari 'whirlwind', but it is questionable. LI2: CHKfeeyis'name of FaisIsland, Western Carolines'; PUL faayis; WoLfaisse. The CHKand PUL forms appearto be loans. LI3: CHKfedyiyew,.jyiyewe-yi-rek 'nameof GaferutIsland (West Fayu) in the Central Carolines';PuL fayeewowa-y-rek (sic) 'nameof GaferutIsland (West Fayu)'; CRLfayiew 'name of Gaferut Island (West Fayu)'; WoLfeuiyetwe'name of a place in Woleai'. Looks like a chain of interdialectloans. LI4: CHKiyap 'name of Yap Islands'; PUL yaap; CRLyaap; WOLyaape; ULI ap; PON yap; MRSyiyahabW; KSR yep. These are clearly a progressionof loans, with the KSRform com- ing from the English form of the name. Cf. YAPwaqab. LI5: CHKkanuf, kanufe-(n) 'large, multicolored lizard (introduced to Chuukby the Japa- nese to kill rats), 1.of'; MRTkaluf1.'; PULk6luufk6luufd-(n) 'giant 1.(introduced by Japanese)'; CRLghaluuf ghaluf 'a black and green forest 1.,gecko'; STWkaluf '1.';WOL galufe 'kind of 1.'; 324 OCEANIC LINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

PuA kanada'I.'; YAP galuut4' monitor 1.'; PAL cheluh 'Indian monitor 1.' We have here an evident chainof loansfrom PAL to YAPto theChuukic languages. Li6: CHKki-iml'eyimw, 'house on lee platformof sailingcanoe'; PUL yci-yim"L'ayim," 'pan- danusthatch house that fits on lee sideof sailingcanoe'; STW ki-imWeim" 'hut on deepwater sailing canoe';WOL ga-im"leimwe 'sheltered area on a canoe'.These look like internalChuukic loans. See PMc *umwa,imwa 'house'. LI7: CHK(ki)-pl"p"aaw, -p7p"aawe-(n) 'papaya tree and fruit, p. of'; MRTp"awapl"aaw; PULp"iyiip"'y; CRLfreifraay; STWp"aip%'aay; WOL bedxaye. Thisis an introducedplant in postcolonialtimes and these forms represent a setof loans.Cf. YAPhaa/xiay, PAL bdai. Li 8: CHKk6m"llu kko'm"u, k6m"uti, kom"uuti, k6mm"'uu-(n) 'sweet potato, s. p. of'; MRT am",Yti;PUL yirnl"uutiy, kuim"uutiy, y0im"uutiyd-(n); CRL gh6m"uuti, gharnl'uuti, gh6m"uutti, gh(im"utti;STw kwm"uuti,komote, WOL gam"'uutiye, YAP kamoict, kamuut. These represent a chain of earlier and later loans from CHMkamuti and Spanish camote from Nahuatl. LIg: CHKkonaak 'dog'; PUL klaak,- CRL ghul66gh; CRN gulag; WOLgeiaagu. This is a loanfrom Chamorro ga'lagu. Note that PuA pinisiis a loanfrom PAL hilis. L2o: CHKmaas, maase-(n) 'march,marching, a dancewith a marchingstep andmoves basedon close-ordermilitary drill, m. of'; PULmaas, nuisd-(n) 'a marchingdance, d. of'; CRL maas'men's marching dance'; WOL maasi 'a kindof dance';YAP maas 'marching dance'; MRS rn"ahuj 'to march,parade'. These forms are clearly loans, the Chuukic and YAP ones possibly fromGerman and the MRS one (whichdoes not involve a dance)from English. L21: CHKmaraak, rnaqijaai-(n) 'cloth,c. of'; PUL mryaak; CRL m6iyx)gh,CRN m"o'yijaag; WOL_Meyglu, nagaagu.` These are loans viaWOL from CHm magagu 'clothes, dress, shirt, yardage'. L22: CHKmdird 'yard or clearedground around a houseor meetinghouse'; KIR ma rae 'playground'.The KIRform is clearlya loanfrom SAM malae 'village green', and in theabsence of anyattested cognate forms in otherMC languages,we mustassume, for thepresent, that the CHKform is a loanfrom KIR. See PPNmalaqe 'meeting place'. L23: CHKmo)rop"', m)rop1"' u-(n) 'coverlet, cover, sheet, c. of'; WOLmnarubu 'a ceremonial whitewoven skirt, a typeof tributeconsisting of wovenskirts'. Cf. PALmeleleb 'cover with a blanket';YAP mathruw 'to cover, a cover'. L24: CHKm"Y'k, m"'kin"Amk 'arrowroot (Tacca 1eLntopetaloides)'; PUL tna(jlc(*nH(1ak CRL m6ghom6gh,CRN rnigom6ig; WOL m"YgaMm" g ULI rndgmog;SNS mogomogo; PON ml",ekim"1ek;MOK m"D,km"c3k; MRS m,akm"dcA; KSR mcmcm. This looks like a chain of loans. The KSRform with its initial m is clearly a loan. iThe MRSform exhibits the a/6 alternation expectedof ftillyreduplicated *C1aC2Vi,1i roots.] L25: CHKrn"iik,nm"iike-(n), #in"ikke-(n) 'pepper plant, hot pepper, p. of';PUL mI"n"'iik, (ya)-m"m"iik(ya)-m"lm"'iikd-(n) 'chili pepper, c. p. of'; CRLmiigh, (a)-m"leigh'chili pepper'; CRN(a)-m" iig 'chilipepper'; WOL inl" n"iige, m"lm"'iiga-(li) 'hot pepper, p. of'. Apparentlya loan from Chamorropika 'burnwith hot pepper', donne'pika 'hot pepper'. L26: CHKnichop," 'second finest grade of pandanus mat'; PONlimop 'mat'. Perhapsa loan here, from PUL to PON. L27: CHKniy(xAA, niyussu-(n) 'imdge, statue,doll, picture,representation, i. Of', MRT IHYOSS 'i., d.'; PUL liyosV,liyoSi-(n) 's., i., d., weather charm'; CRLliyiCs 'religious i. or s.'; CRN hyS00 'd., any s.'; STw nios 'd.'; WOLliyooAve 's., toy, shape, i.'; PuA niyaso 'd.'; MOKlbs 'demon'. Said by Jackson (199 I: i01) to be a loan via CHMfrom Spanish Idiosi, which would account for the s in PUL and CRN instead of expected h. L28: CHKnoJin"uo-chchek 'name of Lamotrek (island and atoll) in the Central Carolines'; PULnaflo-cCek (we expect*n()m1'-cc(hk); CRL lam"o-tcheggh (we expect*l6m'o.tchegh); CRN nam"lo-tcheg(we expect n6mm4(otcheg),WOL lam",o-ch-chegi (<*lamwo-li-ragi 'lagoon of the west'). If the derivationof the WOLform is oorrect,the other forms are clearly loans. L29: ? CHKnwsu-paat 'mud skipper fish' (lit. 'continualjump'); PUL luhu-3pat 'a kind of small, dark, leaping f.' (i.e., mud skipper);CRL lU-Ufu.t 'sp. of inedible roek f.' Looks like internal CHK coinage and loan. See PMc *luTiT'to jump'. PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS- 2 325

L3o: CHKowuru-pik 'name of Eauripik(island and atoll), Central Carolines';P uL Yoru-pik (we expect*yoorupik); WOL yauru-pige. The CHKand PUL forms look likeloans from WOL. Cf. PCK*piike. L3 I: CHKpaanaw 'name of thePalaw or BelawIslands'; PUL paalawu (sic); CRL palley; WOLbdaau, ULI Hbalau. These are a progessionof loans.Cf. PALbdau. L32: ? CHKpanaw 'a treepoisonous to the skin(Semicarpus)'; Cf. CHMpanao 'hardwood treegood for lumber';PAL belau 'Guettarda tree', toyet 'poisonoustree in mangofamily (S. vnnosa)'. Cf. Chkpene 'a tree(Thespasia populnea)'. L33: CHKpike-noot, #pike-nooch 'name of formerPikelot Island in CentralCarolines, destroyedby a typhoon';PUL pikollot; WOL pige-n-noote (<*pige-li-loota). These forms appear to resultfrom borrowing within the Chuukic languages. L34: CHKppek 'shoot (with a gun),gun, firearm', pekki-i-(y) 's. (s.o.) witha gun';MR T pakki-i-; PUL pek, pekid-i-(y);CRL pdkk pdkki-i-(y);STW pikki-i-(y); WOLpakki, pakki-i-(ye); ULIpak 'gun';MRS pakkey 'big gun, cannon'. These are apparently loans from Chamorro paki 'gun,s. a gun'. L35: CHKp'anap, pwana)e-(n) 'ilangilang tree (Cananga odorata), t. of'; PUL pwalaj. Cf. CRLldjiildig 'C. odorata'; PAL chirat 'C.odorata; CHM alaiikla 'C.odorata'; PMP kanaja 'C. odorata'(Blust 1984-85). L36: CHKpwonnap 'name of Pulap Island'; MRTpwollap; PUL brollap; WOLbhnnap. The CHKform of thename appears to be a loanfrom PUL. L37: CHKPWPWU, pWpuu 'areca or betel nut'; PULpuw (sic); CRLpWpWu; STW pWpu; WOL bbuwe;PuA pua(sic); PON PWu14. MOK PWU. All arepresumably loans directly or indirectlyfrom YAP buw or PAL buuch.Cf. POc *buaq (Ross I988) (KWAbua; SAA pue and ULA pua; LAK iba);PMP *buaq 'b. nut'(Blust I984-85). L38: CHKresiim, resiime-(n) 'rainbow, r. of' (godof rainbowwas god of war);CRL rcsiim, CRNrehiim; PuA lakimu(sic); PON rakim (sic) 'god of war';MRS rakyim 'to plunder,destroy andtake everything, ravage, ransack, loot'; KSR (le)-l3kwem, (ne)-lekwem 'r.' This appears to be a loanwordin at least some of theselanguages; cf. Palauorrekim 'r.', YAP ragim 'r.' Marck's (1994:311) reconstructionof PMc *rakiimiis opento somequestion. L39: CHKsaasaf 'soursop tree';PUL saasaqf saasap; YAP saawsaaw. These seem to be loansfrom English. L40: CHKseniwis'namefor the Marshall Islands; WOL saliwisi 'name for the Marshall Islands';MRS jalewej 'Jaluit(island and atoll)'. The CHKand WOL forms areclearly loans fromMRS. L4I: CHKseewur, seewutr-n 'plumeria,p. of'; MRT seewur; PUL yeewur; CRL seyir, seytir;STW seeyur; WOL seeuru; ULI saur. Cf. YAPsowur, from which this seems to be a loan. L42: CHKtenaaw, tenaawe-(n) 'mat, m. of'; MRTtelaw (sic) 'mat'; MRSteahwew 'sitting mat';KSR trla? 'a kindof mat'.There are problems here of thekind we mightexpect with loans. L43: CHKtonoya, tonoyaa-n 'circular throwing net, n. of'; CRLtelo1ya 'throwing net'; CRNtelaiya 'throwing net'; WOL talaaiyaa 'throwing net'. These areapparently loans from Chamorrotalaya 'circular or throwingnet'. 144: CHKttipi-s, ttipi-si-n 'error, mistake, fault, sin, his e.';PUL tipi-s, tipi-si-(n) 'sin, mistake,error, s. of' (a loanfrom CHK); STW tipi-s 'sin (not merely mistake)'; PON diip, dipe 'sin, wrong-doing,his s.', dipe-(kele*),dipre-(keleel) 'to stumble,stub one's toe'; MOK dipi-j 'to trip on (s.t.)';PNG dep 'stumble and fall'; MRS tip-jek 'stumble, slip, trip', tipi j 'to tripon (s.t.)';KSR tipi-s'bad ugly'. We seem to havea chainof loansfrom MRS in thewake of Protestantmission- aryactivity that began in theMarshall Islands and spread westward from there. Cf. WOLtapissi 'to slip,fall off, comeoff', (ge)-tapissi-(i)'let it slip'. L45: CHKtuumWu 'to dye, do dying(any color)'; CRL tuumWu 'locally made dye of any colorused to colorcloth'; WOL tum'u 'to dye,color cloth or hair,color with a dye'. Loanfrom CHMtumu 'coloring, dye'. 326 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

L46: CHKtlur, tuaru-(n)'loom for weaving,1. of', turu-ni'weave it', tur 'to weave on a I.';PUL tfer, tnru-(n); CRL ter '1.',ttrr 'weave on a 1.';WOL teorm, teru-(li) '1., 1. of', teru-uj-(u) 'weave it'; PuA taalu,talu-. This is presumablya loan from a Philippinesource. Cf. UAN *tenun'to weave'. L47: CHKweku, wekuu-(n) 'ironwood tree (Casuarina equisdifdia), t. of'; CRLweighu, wee- ghu;CRN weegu. Possible loans from YAP walguw 'a typeof tree'.Cf. PALdort 'ironwood tree'. L48: CHKweneya 'old nameof Woleai(island and atoll)', woneyaye (from English form of name);MRT woleyaye (from Englishform?); PUL weniyay (from English form?);CRL woleyaay(from English form?);CRN weniya; WOL weleyaa. These appearto be internal Chuukic loans. L49: CHKwocXuCip 'dragonfly; PUL woRdidp, woRiidpi-(n), CRL oshadp, oshidpi-(l); WOLgoshaape; PuA kasappi.The CRL,WOL, and PuA forms appear to be corrmptionsof the CHK and PUL forms, which can be analyzed as deriving from *koca-kapi meaning 'butt-end- eating',reference being to theway dragontlies appear when flying in matingpairs. A reconstnrc- tionof PCK*kocakapi is questionable.See PMc *koca,oca 'eatraw food', PMc *kapi'bottom, buttend'. L50: CHKwores 'wash the face'; PUL w6rih 'to w. (as thef. in themorning)', worahi-i-(y) 'w. it'; CRL urdis,urdse-(lo) 'w. one's f.', (o)-urdsi-i-(y) 'w. (s.o., as a child in the morning)'. Is thisa loanfrom Pidgin English? L5 1: CRLat(xa'ey 'name of Tobi Island,Western Carolines'; CRN gatogohwey; WOL gato- gdoh;PuA katodxld;SNS katdkfd; TBI gatogd"'ey. These forms appear to be a chainof loans. L52: CRLbhiila, f'eila 'sheath(for a knife)';WOL hailaa. Loan from CHAMhaina 'sheath,scabbard'. L53: CRLgaaghu 'to be lazy'; WOLgaaguu. Loan from CHMgago' 'lazy'. L54: CRLlaash 'ironwoodtree'; WOL laahi, lashi-'pine tree'; ULI laach 'pine-like t.' Cf. YAPlCach, naech, said to be borrowedfrom ULI; CHM ladda, lauda 'Morindacitrifolia'; PAL IyIs'a type of pine t.' A possible loan from CHM. L55: CRLmaaghuf; m6oghuf1'be happy, pleased'; CRN maag?f 'be h., p.' WOLmaagufe 'be active,encouraged, animated'. This is a loanfrom CHM mag(f'h., gay, glad, delight'. L56: ? CRLoghot(xlhg and CRN6gitoolei 'large,hardwood tree (Eugeniapalumbis)'; WOLgatoolaqi 'a kindof tree'.Cf. PALkesiil 'Eugenia tree'. L57: CRLp"p"Puughas 'uncooked rice, rice grain'; WOL peraasi 'rice'; ULIperris 'rice'. The WOLand ULI forms are apparentloans from PALberas 'rice'; and the CRLform is a loan from CHMpugas 'uncooked rice'. See PAN *beRas (Blust 1984-85). L58: CRLso)osh(l 'name of Sonsorol Island, Western Carolines'; CRN sacoRol; Wo L so(slsazlo; PuA doijsanu. Cf. YAPsc(chol. The CRNform is clearly a loan. L59: KIRmaao 'nearly finished (as a shower), be raining gently'; (ka)-maao-(a) 'to wait upon (the rain) until the shower is quite over'; PPN *mao 'cease raining'. Note that the KIR forms may be loans from a PN source, e.g., SAM mnaona'let up, abate, calm down (of rain, storm)'. L6o: KIRmim 'to urinate';An apparentloan from a PN source;cf. SAMmiimii; TON mimi. L6I: KIRjae 'satiated';KSR ^ji 'feel satisfied(especially after a good meal)'. The KSR form,where we wouldexpect *Jwe, is an apparentloan from KIR L62: KSRes 'papaya';ROT esu 'papaya';SAM esi 'papaya'.Cf. TONlesi 'papaya'.Other thanin KSR,cognates of thisform are not attestedin Micronesianlanguages. These are clearly productsof borrowing. L63: MoKjikalue 'coconut toddy'; MRS.jekarew'coconut sap, toddy'; KIRte-karewe 'fresh coconut sap' (lit. 'the sweet'); KSRsakara 'coconut sap'. The MOKand MRSforms are loans from KIR(incorporating the KIRprefixed article),and the KSRform is in turn a loan from MRS (as indicatedby the initial KSRS from MRSJ). L64: ? MoK.jorn,jo jro-(n) 'handle, its h., h. of'; MRS jirwe- 'handle'. The MOK form couldbe a loanfrom MRS. PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS - 2 327

L65: MoKjopwro 'constellation Pleiades'; MRs jebwraw'star eta Taurus (Pleiades)'; KSR safuro 'Pleiades' (Lutke) (Bender et al. I984). The MOKand KSRforms are likely loans from MRS. L66: MoKjoron 'lightning'; MRSjarmn; KSRsxarv. The MOKand KSRforms are likely loans from MRS. L67: MOKkidaak 'Allophylus tree'; PNG kidaak; MRS kitahak. Cf. KSR kirak 'kind of tree'.We seemto be dealingwith loans here, probably from MRS. L68: MOKmagij 'gone sour(as of spoiledliquid)'; MRS magigV 'old and s. fermented coconutsap',ji-magig 'fermented coconut toddy, s. toddy';KIR magig 'drunk, intoxicated', (te)- ka-magig'fermented or intoxicatingcoconut sap', ka-maVigt 'intoxicating'. The MOKand MRS formsare loans from the KIR form (the second MRS form incorporating the KIR prefixed article). See PMc *marijifor cognates of KIRmagij. L69: MOKPWYPWEY, pwEypwei-(n) 'tuna, t. of'; PNGpwEypWEy 'tuna'; MRSbWeybwey 'tuna'. These could be loans from MRSinto MOKand PNG.Cf. WOLbuire 'kind of fish that looks like a barracuda';KIR (te)-baibai 'a fish',baibwo 'a fish'. L7o: MRsjebwey 'oar, paddle, rudder, steering wheel'; KIR (te)-bwee 'oar, steering oar, rudder';SAM foe 'oar,paddle'; PPN *fohe; PEO *voze. The MRS form is clearlya loanfrom KIR, incorporatingthe KIR noun-marking prefix within it; and the KIR form is a loanfrom SAM. L7I: MRsjibwabwbwayiy 'a taro variety (Colocasia); KIR (te)-bwabwai 'Colocasia taro'. The MRSform may be a loan from KIR,incorporating the prefixed KIRnoun markerand exhibiting the finalvowel of the KIRform, but see Bender(198I) for an alternativeexplanation. Cf. CHM baca' 'typeof swamptaro'. L72: MRSteptep 'chest, trunk,footlocker'; KSRtaptap 'suitcase, trunk,chest, coffin'. The KSRform could well be a loan from MRS,but see YAPdapdep 'storage trunk'.Cf. KIR rabi 'be curvedlaterally, indented as a coast,bellying as a sail',rabirabi 'wide laterally as a coconutshell bottle'. L73: MRSyanyen 'to bail (as a canoe)';KIR anan (sic) (*annan< *aniani);KSR enyen. We interpretthe MRS and KSR forms as loansfrom KIR and the KIR form as a backformation from KIR(te)-anima 'bailer'. Cf. PEO* [cz]aRu-m'b. out' (Geraghty I990). L74: MRTmalk 'chicken';PUL maluk; STW manuk; CRL mahlgh; WOL maluge; ULI mdleg; PONmalek. These are loans from CHMmannok 'chicken'. L75: MRTmWuso 'worm'; PUL mw6ho 'w.'; CRL mwus6 'intestinal w.' Cf. PMc *mWaata, mWata-.Could well be a chainof loans. L76: PNGpeded 'fall'; KSR patat 'fall, drop'.In the absenceof reportedcognates from other languages, we must consider one of these a possible loan from the other. L77: PON ini 'to carry two bundles of things with a pole across the shoulder', inie 'to c. (s.t.)with a pole';MOK inani (sic) 'yokeor pole for carrying';PNG ini, iniani'yoke or pole for carrying';MRS yineyney 'c. on the shoulders,bear a burden',yineye-k 'c. (s.t.) on the shoulders'; KSRena 'pole,yoke'. Thereare problems here, and we may be dealingwith a chainof loans. CHKeyi-ni-wow 'pole for carrying'does not belong in this set. L78: PONkidi 'dog'; MRS kidiw; KIR (te)-kiri. The PON form is evidentlya loanfrom KIR; theMRS and KIR forms can be understoodas loansfrom a Polynesiansource (cf. PPN*kulii; FIJ koli).Cf. KWAku'i. Cf. alsoSAA 'USU. L79: PONkitik 'rat, mouse'; MOK kije-sik 'small animal, lizard, mouse', kije-sik(winan) 'rat';MRS kij-dik 'mouse, rat' (lit. 'littlelouse'); KSR kisrik 'cat, mouse, rat'. The PONand KSR formslook like loansfrom MRS; the MOKform could be eithercognate with or a loan from MRS.Cf. LAKkusuke 'rat'. Cf. Also PCK*keci 'rat'. L8o: PONmWut, mwuti-(n) 'counter for heapsor piles';MRS m'iwij 'pile up plantmateri- als'.The PONform is a loanfrom MRS or theMRS form a loanfrom PON. L8I: ? PONscorj 'to measure,survey, a measurement';MOK.j ojoo3 'to measure',jog 'to measure(s.t.)'; MRsjerfjerf 'to measure,compare size',jefa- 'size(of s.t.)'.The long vowel of PONpresents a problem.We may have loans into MOK and PON from MRS here. 328 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

L82: PuA lepakati'capable, able'; KIR rabxkau 'skillfull, dextrous, adept'. The PuA form appearsto be a direct loan from the KIR.(KIR men were recruitedas boat crew by the late nine- teenth-centurytraders in theCarolines.) L83: PULhoyoogo 'a reeffish'; CRL sORoyxt 'sp. of ediblereef fish'. Note that WOL sOy9X)e 'a kindof fish'would appear to be a loanfrom a CRL-likesource, since we wouldexpect it to be *sayxxjoif it werean inherited form. L84: PULsaraal 'name of SorolIsland, Western Carolines'; WOL soroole. The PULform is clearlya loan. L85: PULydsiika, ydsiikaa-(n) 'salt, to salt,s. of', ydsiikii-ni 'to s. or season(s.t.)'; C RL asiighaand CRN asiig 'S.';STW yassika 's.'; WOL gasiigaa 's.' Theseare apparent loans from CHMasiga. L86: STWsolop 'land,earth'; WOL salope, talope (Bender et al. 1984) 'earth,soil'; ULI talop,talop" 'earth' (Bender et al. I984);PuA (i)-danopa'earth, ground, world'. The variants andthe d of the PuA formsuggest that this is a loan fromYAP danoop 'world, earth, native land'.Cf. PMc *tano'ground, low'. L87: STWyaH'iy 'a plant';WOL gabiye 'a plant(Clerdxendrum inerme)'; ULI hab'i; SNS habiya.Cf. CHKapêch 'a plant'(Clernxendrum inerme)'. Appears to be a loan intothe West Chuukiclanguages from YAP gaauuy 'a plant'(cf. YAPgahuuy 'pepper leaf for betelchewing'; PALkedxy 'pepper leaf for betel chewing'). Cf. PAN*apuR. 'betel chew' (Blust I984-85). L88: WOLkkeele kkele kkili 'a tree(Terminalia catappa)'; MRS kkWV [ydIkkd, keklj 'atree (Terminalialitorali)'. Cf. PONkeema 'Terminalia carolinensis', dipw'op'o 'Terminalia catappa'. Theselook like loans, if anything.See alsoPCK *kaata, kaataata 'a tree(Terminalia catappa)'. L89: WOLreebe, reb- 'mustache,whiskers'; ULI reb"-; PuA leep"'e,lepê- 'beard, mustache,wattles (of a chicken)',lepêlep'e 'whiskers'. Loan from YAP rrxb. L9o: WOLsiifi, sifi- 'woman'sskirt, grass skirt', siftsifi 'g. s., weara g. s.';PuA didididi 'g. s., to weara g. s.' Thisis an apparentloan from YAP siif, fiis 'typeof dancingskirt'. L91: WOLtiipi, tipi- 'big steeringpaddle'; YAP thiip 'steeringoar'. Cf. PEO *sua 'scull' (FIJsua and PPN sua 'scull', MTAsua 'paddle' [Geraghty 1983:140-141 ). FINDER LIST

abandon afraid angry:PPC *li-iarinari. abandon,let drop:PPC *paidi. afraid,be afraidof, a coward: be angry:PCK *Too?a. abate PCK*niwa, niwa-idi. animate recovered,abated (of illness, to fear,be afraid:PMc *mataku. counterfor animates:PCK *cai. weather):PCK *cikara. afterbirth anoint abdomen placenta,afterbirth: PMc oil forskin or hair,anoint: belly,abdomen, torso: PMc *ta[w01u[iu],PWMc *pati, PCMc*kapi-sa, kapi-si. *wupwa patia. answer stomach,belly, abdomen: PMc again opposite,answer: PPC *palua2. *tia,. again,retur: PWMc*tafaali. to answerPMc *tapa,tapa-[kj]i. able: PCK*mwmwele. age ant: PCMc*l[eo]lu. able,prepared: PCMc *sapa wom withage: PMc *maki. a largeblack ant PMc *kaci. notable, sick: PCK *ta- agent appear:PCK *nna. mwmWele. agentiveprefix indicating "one appearance:PMc *lakalaka. to arrive,be able:PCMc *kona. who (does,is givento doing)" appearance,condition, shape: to be able:PCMc *taro. (likeEnglish suffix -er): PCMc*au. accompany: PMc *fiSi. PCMc*li-. shape,appearance: PMc *lama. accustom ago apple be learned,be accustomedto: longago, ancient times, the old mountainapple (Eugenia PCK*yaui, yat-ri-, kka-yaui, days:PCK *laamo. javanica):PCK *faaniyape. ka-yau-i-. agonize appropriate acquire difficult,agonizing: PPC goxx,suitable, proper, appro- be traded,acquire in trade:PMc *wairaki. priate,fitting: PCK *kacci. *mau,mauni. ahead area active ahead,going before: PMc depressedand flooded area: be quick,fast, active: PCK *mW[oula. PWMc*pasa. *mWa-ada,mwa-adaada. algae arm add seaweed,moss, algae, scum: carryon thehip or underthe also,in addition:PCK *pwala. PMc *limwu,lumfu. arm:PMc *afi,afi-Si-. address alight hand,arm, wing: PMc *pau. politeterm of address:PMc *le, settle,alight: PMc *Toka. arrange lee. align dissarrange:PWMc ? *piko, towardor in directionof person makealignment: PWMc piko-si. addressed:PMc *watu. *apara. arrive adhere: PWMc *paca, papaca alike reach,arrive: PMc *[sS]oko. or *capa, cacapa. be alike,same, equivalent: PMc to arrive,be able:PCMc *kona. admire *wee. arrowroot admire,envy: PCK *0olo. alive:PMc *mauri. arrowroot(Tacca adult life,alive: PMc *matlnnlawa. letltpetaloide): PWMc? unmarriedadult (not married or allot *mwakumwaku. widowed):PCK *li-pici. allotment,share: PCK *wiita. ashamed:PCMc *taaw(ae). advice, advise already ashes:PCK *falaea, PMc *peyata. advice,instruction: PMc *fanau. already,just now: PCK *fari,. coals,ashes: PCK *ma-woco, advise,give guidance: PCK also ma-wocooco. *kafalafala2. also,in addition:PCK *pwala aside adze: PMc ? *kiiV,kiV, PMc ancient brushaside: PMc *peo. *talai. long ago,ancient times, the old to slipoff, putaside: PMc *pwili. adzing,cut with an adze: PPC days:PCK *laamwo. ask *fala,ka-falafala. and to ask:PCK *[k0i]a[t0ieki, PMc straight-edgeadze: PCK and,but: PCK *U[ae]. *tiSaki. *dikadika. and,with: PMc *ma. to ask,a question:PCK *katia, katitia.

Oceanic Linguistics, Volume 42, no. 2 (December 2003) ? by University of Hawai'i Press. All rights reserved. 33o OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2 assemble ball beard:PMc *alliulta. assembled,gathered: PPC *uxo. playwith a ball:PCK *ppee or bearing pile,group, assemblage: PCK ? *ppau. manner,bearing: PCK *Tel[eal. *mWewu. bamboo:PCK ? *pwaai2,PCMc beat asthma ? *tici. strike,hit, beat: PMc *weceor asthma,be shortof breath:PCK banana:PMc *wuci. *woco. *mWia,mWiamWia. handof bananas(counting beautiful at classifier):PCMc ? *i[t1]i. clean,neat, beautiful, to cleanor at,in (witha nounbase): PWMc barb neaten(s.t.): PCK *lima, ? *lee-,law-. barb,sharp point: PCK *rumWu. limalima,lima-kacci, lima-di. at (locative):PMc *i-. bark because:PCMc *pW[ael. at place(as designated): PCMc skin,bark: PMc *kuli. because,why: PPC *pwa-ki-da. *ika. base beckon attach base,tail: PMc'? *pwuku. to wave,beckon: PMc *alo, attached,joined: PCK *mata. beginning,origin, base: PWMc aloalo, alo[fmli. attempt *capi. before to attempt,try: PCK *tado, tado- basil ahead,going before: PMc ni-. basil:PCK *wareru. *mwloula. attend basis begin be carefulof, attendto: PCK cause,beginning, basis: PMc'? beginning,origin, base: PWMc *ka-tfalli. *pWenu. *capi. attitude basket:PCK *kado, PMc cause,beginning, basis: PMc ? emotion,feelings, sentiment, *pWasau. *pW'enu. attitude,mind: PMc *sipa. basketmade of coconutleaves: behalf avail PCK*cUki. in regardto, on behalfof, at: to no avail:PCK ? *uwlaeldi. kindof roundbasket: PCMc PPC*ree-. awake *pWaca2. behavior awakened,awaken: PMc *fauu, largebasket: PCK ? behavior,manner, habit: PCK farju-ni. dllaeljariklail. *mnaa. be awakeat night: PCK *pwaki, bat behind: PMc *mWuri. P'p"paki. kindof bat:PMc *pweka. behold standwatch, stay awake: PMc bathe to see,behold: PMc *1oo,kxo-Si. *mamata. dive,bathe: PMc *Suu, SuuSuu, belch:PCK *ku[lnlani. aware Suu-fi. to belch:PMc *kurerlael. becomeaware, wake up, be be believe PMc surprised: *rutliul. be, exist:PWMc *oro. trust,believe, be confident:PMc away stateof being:PCMc *ca. *lliulku. from(s.t.), from away (usually stativeprefix indicating that belly suf.to verbs):PWMc *taJi. whatis describedis an belly,abdomen, torso: PMc (as directional) go, proceed, appearanceor conditionof *wupwa. away:PMc *lako,laa. PMc *ma-. stomach,belly, abdomen: PMc to run PCK*Tiu. being: away: stay,remain, be (ator in a *tia,. back place or time):PCK *noko. belt: PCK*[dtlara. back(of body):PMc *takuru. beach woman'sbelt or necklaceof bad beachrock: PCK *perewu. shellbeads: PCK *kini. PMc bad,improper: *pWusa, sand,beach: PMc *pia,pipia, bend p-usa-ka. piapia. be bent,to bend(s.t.): PMc PCK badly,contrarily: *-lapa. shore,beach, vicinity: PMc *aro. *kupwe,kupwe-li. bail beads bend,curve: PCK *roko. bailer:PMc *lln)ima. woman'sbelt or necklaceof curve,bend inward: PMc to bail:PMc *[tf1ani[tlJani. shellbeads: PCK *kini. *cip"a,. bait beam curved,bent: PCMc *pwaro. bait,worm: PMc *paa,. tie beam:PCK *kau-camWa. beside to bite(bait by fish):PCK *rJiri, bear near,beside: PMc *Soru. iiri-i-. iriniri, be bom,bear PMc between bake young: *t[iulpWu. openspace between: PMc earthoven, bake in an oven: liftup, carry, bear in one'shands: *kacawa. PMc *wumwu,wumhu-ni. PMc*tapIael, taplael-ki. big big, main:PMc *lapa. FINDER LIST FOR PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS 331

bind blood newlyborn, infant: PCMc builder,bind together: PCMc blood,be bloody:PMc *caa, *ka[w0jo. *talilapa. cacaa. borrow tie,bind: PMc *fau,fau-Si. solidifiedblood: PCK borrowedthing: PCK ? *pwonu. wrapped,bound up: PPC *wupwuupwu. bottle:PCK *ruumee. *fin[ei]. bloom bottom bird to bloom(of flowers):PCK bottom,butt end: PMc *kapi. a bird:PCK *likaapi. *tao[lnl[ae]. boundary:PCMc *tiaa. a smallplover bird: PCK blossom bowl *i[ln]ii[lnli. coconutblossom or spathe: PCK bowl,constellation Delphinus: boobybird: PCK ? *kamawo. ? *6erra. PMc *tapia. heron:PCMc *karau. open(as bud or blossom): box kindof bird:PMc *kulu. PWMc*pwaku. box,hole: PMc *pWaro. pipingor whistlingsound, to sprout,blossom: PMc *pwere. box forfishing gear: PCK ? pipingbird: PPC ? *koyikoyi. blow *[dtlafildt]afi. plover:PCK *kulliu]ra. blow(of thewind): PMc ? *pau, boy sea bird,duck: PMc *rJaaJaa. paupau. boy,child: PCK *kade. tern:PCK *macikawu, PCK blow(of wind):PCK *filefile, brace *rece,PMc *karakara. file-di. connectingbraces on outrigger: to cluck,clucking bird: PPC blow (one'snose): PCMc ? PCK*cee. *coko,li-coko. *tlao]r[ou]si. bracelet:PCK *lake. tropicbird: PMc *tikuor *tuki. to blow:PMc *wuku. branch:PMc *rae. whiteor fairyter: PCMc to snort,blow one's nose: PCK brave:PCK *pwaraka. *kiakia. *ruTu,iurjTd-, ruTu-ri-. brave,strong: PPC *faa. birth to sound(when blown, as a breadfruit:PMc *mai,. placenta,afterbirth: PMc trumpet):PMc ? *pwuu. pieceof cookedbreadfruit: PCK *tauliu],PWMc *pati, patia. windblownrain or spray:PCK *wudu. bit *parata. preservedbreadfruit: PMc bit,chip: PCK *mWakkIiU]. blue *mara. littlebit: PPC PCK? *-ki[tT][ai]. blue,green: *karawa, break:PCK *pWdlld, pWpWld, bite: PMc *kai,,PMc *ku,kuku, karawarawa. PCMc kuku-ti. blue:PMc *marawa. *pwelu. ku-ti, green, be in PCK PMc *toki. board break, pieces: bite,peck: *makku. to bite(bait by fish):PCK *rJiri, board, PMc plank: *papa. break,broken: PMc *tawaa. jiriliri,iiri-i-. boat scatter:PMc bitter:PCK *marata. steera boat:PMc akoako. break,cut, *kala, *ako, makala. black bob cut,break: PMc *kota. dark,black: PMc *calo, raise nod,bob: PMc tipup, up, cut,sever, break off: PMc calocalo. *cimwe. mwotu-Si. bland *m\'otu, body brokeninto C(x)l,bland: PCK PCK*ineki. shattered, pieces: *pada, body,totality: PMc padapada. boil *ripi,ripiripi, maripi. to break,crack, hatch an egg: blanket a boil,sore: PCK *loto. PPC*tawaa, ka-tawaa. blanket,coverlet: PMc boil (fxxld):PCK *pwuka-a. to break,destroy (s.t): PCMc *k[ao]ut[ael. to boil,bubble, seethe: PCK *sawa-ti,sawa-ta. blemish *wacca. breast:PCMc skinrash or blemish:PPC bone: PMc *cuyi. *wupwu2. to suckle:PMc *susu. *mweyi. boom breast, of breastor blind: PCK*mata-paca. yard,box)m (of canoe):PCK nipple(lit. 'point PMc *mata-ni- glareblindness: PPC *maal[iu]. *cuyicuyi. nursing'): blink bore susu. breathe:PCK flicker,blink: PCK *ka-ma- bored,tired: PCK *Udcd. *raTa,rjaTaraTa. a cold or breathehard: ruperupe. born cough, PMc *maura. blister:PCK be born,bear PMc *pwpweye. young: be shortof breath:PCK block *t[iu]pu. asthma, mwiamwia. be shut,blocked, to shut,block, neonate,newly bor animal, *mwia, outof breath:PMc *maaru. close:PMc *pwono,pwonoti, newlyhatched bird: PCK p'onota. *kappa,kappa-na. 332 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

bright to call,summon: PCMc *fato, carryon thehip or underthe becomevisible, be bright,shiny: fato-ri-. arm:PMc *afi,afi-Si-. PPC*liIa, lijalira, lliia. calm: PCK*ma-lualua. cary, take:PMc ? *pweki. be shiny,glossy, bright, glitter: be calm(of sea or weather): carry,transport: PCK *api, PCK PCK*ca-riwariwa. PCK*ldwaa. ? *kaTi. bright,luminous: PMc *rama, cane carrywith a shoulderpole: PCK marama. cane,walking stick: PMc *toko, *kamwmWare. broil tokona. liftup, cary, bear in one'shands: to roast,broil: PCMc *tinitini, canoe:PMc *waxa2. PMc*tap[ae], taplael-ki. tini-mi. canoepaddle: PPC *faddla. to liftup, carry: PCK *r(xoro, brow carvingalong side of a canoe: roo-ki-. forehead,brow: PMc *carna. PCK*fari,. carve bruise lee platformof sailingcanoe, carvingalong side of a canoe: bruised:PMc *falu. platformon sideopposite to PCK*fari,. brush outriggerfloat: PCMc catch brushaside: PMc *peo. *epaepa. a catch(as of fish),to catch: bubble lee sideof a sailingcanoe: PMc PMc *kona. * bubble,foiam: PCK *pwuro, katea. a catchof fish,to catch(fish): pWuropwuro. on, on topof (a canoe):PCK PCK*liapa, liapa-ni. to boil,bubble, seethe: PCK *cuu-. be caught,snagged: PMc *tapa3. *wacca. platformon theoutrigger booms be held,caught, to hold,grip: bud of a canoe:PCK ? PCK*mwacd, (ka)-mWacl-(u). open(as budor blossom): *yadulnlawa. catch,capture: PCK *yoko, PWMc*p"aku. raisedseat or platformon a yoko-fi. spathe,unopened bud: PCMc sailingcanoe: PCK ? fishnet,catch in a net:PMc *asi. *fa[uulnaki. *wuko,wuko-ti. build seatin a canoe:PMc ? haves.t. caught in thethroat: builder,bind together: PCMc *l(xo)w0Oa,lo[w0la. PPC*laawa. *talilapa. sheet(of sailingcanoe): PCK to catch:PMc *tautau,tau-ki. bump *m'elliel. to catch(water) in a container: bumpagainst: PCK *pardU[ilj. typeof sailingcanoe: PCK PMc *tano-mi-. bunch *kaewa[lnlu. category bunchof ten:PCK *yafi. windwardplatfonn on outrigger category,kind: PCK *dappe. bunchor clusterof nuts:PCMc boomsnext to hullof sailing cause *amwii. canoe:PWMc ? *farafa. cause,beginning, basis: PMc ? bundle:PCK *pin[aelkd. woodenspacerjoining outrigger *pWenu. bundleof s.t.:PMc *kapa. boomand float on a canoe: causativeprefix, pref. forming burn:PCMc '? *kio, kiori. PCK*yamwa. ordinalnumerals: PMc *ka-. burt: PMc *kara,kakara. yard,b(x)m (of canoe):PCK center bury *cuyicuyi. center,middle: PCMc *luuka. to plant,bury: PMc *tawu, capture centipede: PCK*manu-ni- tawu-ni,tawu-na. catch,capture: PCK *yoko, pW'ori. busy:PCMc *tape,. yoko-fi. ceremony busy,occupied, detained: grab,capture, seize: PMc ceremonialclothing: PCK PWMc*mAaca,. *[sSIoro,IsSloro-i-. *inacia. but care certain and,but: PCK *Ulaej. be carefulof, attendto: PCK uncertain,vague: PCK *mWara, butt *ka-falli. m'mw'ara. bottom,butt end: PMc *kapi. cargo chafe butterfly cargo,load: PMc ? *ulsSla, be chafed,rasping: PMc *rere, butterfly:PCMc ?*pWepWe. u[sSlani,u[sSlana. gererere. flapnoiselessly, butterfly: PCK carry:PMc *u-Ti,u-Taki. change *pwekipweki,li-pwekipAeki. caTy,convey, transport: PMc be changed,change: PMc buzz *wua, wuawua, wua-ti, wua-ta. *wleolli,wleolli-ki-. buzz,hum, make sound, cany in themouth: PPC *ila, channel intonation:PMc *rii. ilaila. reefpass, channel: PCK ? call cany it, convey it, transportit: *'daolwura,PMc *sawa. call,call to:PWMc *kau, PPC*waa. kakau,kau-ri, kakau-ri. FINDER LIST FOR PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS 333 chant classifier clothe chant,sing, be noisy,laugh: alienableobject (with poss. ceremonialclothing: PCK PMc *qiTi. suf), acquirean a. o., general *macia to chant,intone: PCMc *Uoro. possessiveclassifier: PCMc be naked,unclothed: PCK chase *aa,aa-ni. *wacawaca. chase,pursue: PCK *caka-i-, classifierfor cherished cloud ccaka-i-. possessions:PMc *natu. cloud,rain: PCMc *kacawu. chattels drinkableobject: possessive cluck g(xxls,chattels: PCK *pitaki. classifier:PMc *nima-. to cluck,clucking bird: PPC cheek: PMc *tapa,. generalclassifier in counting *coko,li-coko. chew (suffixedto numerals):PMc cluster chewand suck (as sugarcane): *-ua. bunchor clusterof nuts:PCMc PPC*0uui, Ij-di. handof bananas(counting *amwii. to chew:PCK *lui, lddilu, classifier):PCMc ? *i[t01i. fruitcluster: PPC *wumWu. luildd-(wa). longobject (counting classifier): coals chief:PCK *taimWoolu. PPC*faco. coals,ashes: PCK *ma-woco, child: PCMc? *atarei,PMc possessiveclassifier for canoes: ma-wocx)co. *natu,PMc *tari. PMc *waxa2. coconut:PMc *niu. boy,child: PCK *kade. strand,thin piece (counting basketmade of coconutleaves: childof maleclan member: PCK classifier):PPC *-ali. PCK*cuku. *afakdra. claw coconutblossom orspathe: PCK childof siblingof oppositesex: fingernail,toenail, claw: PMc ? *6ereera. PMc *fafsS]ua. *kuku. coconutcloth: PMc ? *inuor chin to scxoop,scrape out, dig (aswith *uni,PMc *unu. jaw,chin: PMc *a[sS]e. claws):PCK ? *wedi2. coconutcream, scraped coconut chip clay meat:PCMc *ar[eo]ju. red ? bit,chip: PCK *mWakkfil]. clay:PMc *lape. coconutfiber: PCMc *koca. choke clean coconutoil: PCK*dikkaa. choke,throat: PCK *cior[aol. clean,neat, beautiful, to cleanor coconutshell container: PCK choose:PMc *fili,filifili. neaten(s.t.): PCK *lima, *pera. chop: PMc *taa,taaki. limalima,lima-kaccd, lima-di. growthor lumpunder the skin, be cut,chopped: PMc *paku. clear spongycore of mature distinct:PCMc *tale. choplengthwise, split: PCK clear, coconut:PMc ? *piri. PPC*rata. *dila,dila-1i-. clearedland: maturecoconut: PCK *co), coX- cut off, chopoff: PCK *Ukikui, clearedland, garden: PPON tara. dk-fi. *mWaaca. meatof coconut:PCMc *peni. to chop:PMc *toka,. clearedspace: PMc *maata, midribof coconutfrond or leaf: chunk maataata. PMc *noko. slice,chunk, to cut,to slice: clear,transparent: PCK *ffada. smallyoung coconut: PPC PMc *[sS]ipa,[sS]ipa-ki. groundcleared of vegetation, *kurupu. cigar swiddenfield: PCK *malle, to huskcoconuts: PMc *koso, rolledcigarette or cigar:PCK ? malemale,(ka)-malemale-(a), kosomi. male-di-. coconut *pwaau,pwpwaa. varietyof sweet-husked circle clever palm:PPC *adoola. circle,circling, dizzy: PWMc smart,clever: PCK *li-cowu. youngcoconut: PMc *wupwu. *ali,aliali, mwaaliali. climb youngcoconut leaf: PCMc clam go on all tours,crawl, climb: *wupWu-,. kindof clam:PCK *ddoko. PCK*dau, dad-ki. cold tridachnaclam: PCK *kamwee close a cold or cough,breathe hard: or *kamWai,PMc *kima. be shut,blocked, to shut,block, PMc *maura. clan close:PMc *pwono,pwono-ti, be cold:PMc *maci,macici. clan,family: PMc ? *tawu2. pwonota. feel cold:PMc *fou. clan,folk, tribe, stock: PCK closed,covered: PCK *ppUidi. collect close:PCK *kayinata. near, *repa,ka-repa, collect,pile up: PMc *Toko. PCMc*karani. clap collide to moveclose or over: clapthe hands, slap (s.t.): PMc along collide,fall: PMc *pWuro. PCK deka-ri-or *piki,pikipiki, piki-ri. *deka, *dake, come dake-ri-. come,go, passby: PCK *luu. cometo land:PWMc *ila. 334 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

go or comethrough, pass: PMc control cover *pwera. in control,responsible: PCK blanket,coverlet: PMc comfort *nama. *k[ao]utlael. comforted,consoled: PPC converse closed,covered: PCK *ppdri. *ciplael. talk,converse, a story:PCK covered,hidden: PPC *mWano, community *dilo,diddilo. m-ano-ki. contributeto a communal convey cover,lid: PMc *pwalu. undertaking:PCK *ddupwo. carry,convey, transport: PMc encirclingor coveringa whole: companion:PPC *cifae]. *wua,wuawua, wua-ti, wua-ta. PCMc*pwalili. complain cary it,convey it, transportit: garment,covering: PPC *dfa. moan,complain: PMc *Uuse. PPC*waa. headcover: PCK *panrpani, complete cook paru-r[adl. whole,complete: PMc cooked:PMc *malsS]o, coward *pwonlaol. PMc ? *malw0lu[sSl[aul. afraid,be afraidof, a coward: concave cookingpot: PCK *rawa. PCK*niwa, niwa-idi. off steamor odorin hollow,concavity: PMc give crab:PMc *rakloulmwu. *mawolo. co(xking:PCK ? *mawa. coconutcrab: PMc *afafi. condition undercooked,raw: PCMc hermitcrab: PMc *wumwa. *amata. appearance,condition, shape: kindof crab:PMc *aSiri. PCMc*au. cool: PMc ? *l[aolu. mangrovecrab: PMc *ali-majo. conditionof bland:PCK being:PPC *paa-. ctxl, *pada, whitesand crab or ghostcrab: confident padapada. PMc *karuki. trust,believe, be confident:PMc copra crack sliceof PWMc*takaka. *lliulku. copra: cracked,split: PMc ? *kaka,. coral confuse to break,crack, hatch an egg: coral PCK confused,mistaken: PCK gravel: *yalaja. PPC*tawaa, ka-tawaa. *mwaali. coralreef: PCMc *woca. crawl:PMc ? *ae,. kindof coral:PCMc congest *ale, go on all fours,crawl, climb: ? congested,tightly packed: PPC PCMc*laxa, PMc *laZe. PCK*dat, dau-ki. stone,coral: PCMc *cakai. *rudliu]. to creep,crawl on handsand conscious core knees:PCK *dau-llawa. interior:PMc die,lose consciousness:PMc core, *ulsSJ[ou]-. crazy core *mate. (of breadfruit,coconut, f(x)lish,stupid, crazy: PCMc console PMc *fara. pandanus): *pwuce. comforted,consoled: PPC growthor lumpunder the skin, creature coreof mature *ciplael. spongy livingcreature of landor air: constant coconut:PMc ? *piri. PMc *manu. PCMc*faco. correct constantly: creep construct correct,as it shouldbe: right, to creep,crawl on handsand artof riggingand construction: PPC*pW"uu. knees:PCK *dad-llawa. PCK *pWai,. cough cricket:PMc ? *liolijo. container a coldor cough,breathe hard: cross coconutshell container: PMc*maura. PCK crosspiece:PCMc *walxdla. *peera. to cough:PCK coughing, crossways:PCMc *para, fafaka. empty(as a container):PCK *fakafaka, pajaki. *p&e,pee-nliul. cough,to cough:PCMc crotch to catch in a or (water) container: *pekopeko *kopekope. innerthigh, crotch: PMc *Sara. PMc *tano-mi-. to cough:PCK *nnawa. crouch wcxxtencontainer: PCK count crouch,stoop (in deference): count,enumerate: PCK *alle, *ttapwU2. PCK*kapwpwaroko. continuous PMc *waSe,waSe-ki, PMc crowd continuouslywidespread: PCK *pa, paapaa. be a crowd:PCK *dowu- counterfor animates: PCK *cai. many, -ceeu. lapa. contrary counterfor tens: PPC *-iklael. crumble PCK badly,contrarily: *-lapa. longobject (counting classifier): crumbled,decomposed: PCMc contribute PPC*faco. "'m"oka. contributeto a communal strand,thin piece (counting crunch PPC*-ali. undertaking:PCK *ddupwo. classifier): nibble,gnaw, crunch: PMc *Bari,'ari-ti. FINDER LIST FOR PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS 335

to crunch:PMc *Jarujaruor debris to scoop,scrape out, dig (aswith *l[eo]ru,Ir[eojrun[eo]ru. floatingdebris: PPoN *riirV, claws):PCK ? *wedi2. cry rirV-. dip cryout: PCK *aeIJae. deceive dipit up,dip it out,sc(x)p it up: cry,weep: PMc *tari,tari-Si. be deceived,to deceive:PCK PCMc? *isifi,esifi. to cryout: PCK *terd. *mi[cT]i. direction curcuma be fooled,deceived: PCK ? point,have direction: PPC *idi, curcuma,turmeric, ginger, *dupwu2. idi-[rfli-. yellow:PMc *aro. decompose turnone's face or direction: PCK current: PMc *ayu, ayuSa. crumbled,decomposed: PCMc *Toro,ToroToro. curse *mwoka. dirt to curse:PCK *yao-, yao-ri. deep: PMc *lalo,. dirt,soil: PCMc *pwelu, curve defecate: PCK*fa[ln]i. pWepwelu. bend,curve: PCK *roko. deform taroswamp, dirt as foundin t. s.: curve,bend inward: PMc physicaldeformity: PCMc PCMc*pwalu. *cipwa. *mwacaya. discard curved,bent: PCMc *pWaro. delay discarded,discard: PMc *liki, cut delayed:PCK *pworiya. liki-Sa,liki-Si. adzing,cut withan adze: PPC delicious disease *fala,ka-falafala. delicious,taste go(xd: PMc skindisease: PMc *tanitani. be cut,chopped: PMc *paku. *finaau. disgusted:PMc *laloua. be cut,lopped, to cut(s.t.) off: dense dish PMc *tapa,tapatapa, tapa-ki. be dense,thick: PCK *kdd. sidedish of meat,fish, or sauce: break,cut, scatter: PMc *kala, depart PCMc*talia. ma-kala. leave,depart: PWMc *Towu. distance cut andlift off or out,peel: PCK deposit distancefrom outstretched *dika,dikka. deposited,put away: PCK finger-tipto mid-chest,cloth cut,break: PMc *kota. *itano. yard,a measurein counting: cutin two:PCMc *woTo. deposit,pile up: PMc *ita,itaita. PCK*dila-wupWa. cutoff: PCK *kopi, kopi-ti. derris distant cut off, chopoff: PCK *dukuuku, derrsvine: PMc *upa. far,distant: PCMc *soa. uku-fi. descend distinct cut,remove by cutting:PCK descend,get lower:PCMc clear,distinct: PCMc *tale. *ratirati,rati-i-. *pwurliul. distribute cut,sever, break off: PMc desire:PCK *mWanno. divide,distribute: PCK *inedi. *mtu, motuotu-Si. to desire,want: PCK *mWaca-ni, district cut,wound, sore, scar: PMc mWaca-ni-aa. district,division: PMc *tapwo. kina-ta. *kina, destroy ditch:PPC *warawara. to to slice: slice,chunk, cut, to break,destroy (s.t.): PCMc ditch,hole (in ground):PMc PMc *[sS]ipa,[sS]ipa-ki. *sawa-ti,sawa-ta. *lipwa. flick:PMc snip,cut, snap, *fici, tor, destroyed:PCK dive fici-ki. *d(ae)r(ae). dive,bathe: PMc *Suu,SuuSuu, to cut:PMc *koco,. detain Suu-fi-. to cut in slice:PMc pieces, busy,occupied, detained: longwindedin diving:PMc tafa-si. *tafa, PWMc*mWaca,. *patiki. dance: PCK*pwaau,. diaper: PCK*apa. divide kindof dance:PPC *pwardku. die be divided,divide (s.t.): PPoN dark die, lose consciousness:PMc *nee,nee-ki. be dark:PMc *roco. *mate. divide,distribute: PCK *inedi. dark,black: PMc *calo, to die:PCK ? *pee. divination calocalo. difficult knotdivination: PWMc *pwee. dark(of shade):PCK *kdiu. difficult,agonizing: PPC division dawn: PCK*malla. *wairaki. district,division: PMc *tapWo. day: PMc *raani. dig: PMc *keli,kei-ii. dizzy dear dughole: PMc *[sS]ua. circle,circling, dizzy: PWMc beloved,dear: PCMc *cari. to dig:PMc *[sS]owu, *ali,aliali, m'a-aliali. death [sS]owu-ti. do deathritual: PCK *pWaad3. do, make:PMc *fauru. do (s.t.):PMc *mefaa. 336 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2 dodge ear endure to dodge,parry (in fighting): ear,mushroxm, fungus: PMc unableto endurefurther: PCMc*tou. *talira. PWMc*rasa. door pertainingto theear: PMc *cua, energetic:PCK *TTid[ael. doorway,entrance, gateway: cuacuaor *ciwa. enough PWMc*katama. early enough,sufficient: PCMc gate,door that may be opened go earlyin themorning: PMc *sawu. or closed:PPC *ricira. *wuko. entire down east: PMc ? *kautiwa. be whole,entire: PPC be turnedface down: PCK easy: PPC *mac[ael-raki. *wunutlao]. *cappa. eat entirety:PCK *kaloja. down,westward: PMc *siwo. eatraw ftoo: PMc *koca,oca. entrance set (of sun),go down:PCK eat(s.t): PMc *kaiji,PMc doorway,entrance, gateway: *dupWu3. *kani. PWMc*katama. to pressdown: PMc *isa,isa-ii-. to eat,foxod: PMc *mWaoau. enumerate drag edge: PWMc*jace. count,enumerate: PCK *alle. drag,haul, tow: PMc *uri, edge,side: PCMc *Toa or to count,enumerate: PMc *paa, uruuru. *Towa. paapaa. dream:PWMc *sasana. eel envy drift:PMc *pata. morayeel: PCMc *lapW[oulso. admire,envy: PCK *0olo. adrift,drift: PMc *maanu. efficacy equivalent driftwooxl:PCMc *kai-peti. be efficacious,have spiritual be alike,same, equivalent: PMc drill power,efficacy, s. p.:PMc *wee. drilla hole:PPC *pWuro, *mana,manamana. erect p"'uropWuro,p"uro-ti. egg: PCK*takullu. liftwith the hands, make erect: drink:PMc *inu,(i)nu-mi, to break,crack, hatch an egg: PCK*cite, cife-di. (i)nu-ma. PPC*tawaa, ka-tawaa. estate drinkableobject: possessive eight property,estate: PCK *pwukota. classifier:PMc *nima-. eight,eight (general): PMc evaporate drip *walu,waluua. evaporate,dry up: PCK *maro, drip,sprinkle: PCK *cii, cii-ri. eighty:PCK *wali-yik[ael. maro-nako. leakout, drip: PCMc *siJliu]. ejaculate even to drip:PCMc *Tep"u, PMc squirtout, spit out, ejaculate: even,matched, simultaneous: *turu. PPC*kuTu. PCK*ppaku. drop elbow evening:PMc *fakaafi. abandon,let drop:PPC *paudi. elbow,heel: PCK *kapilipili. exact drown lengthfrom elbow to fingertips: exact,tight: PCK *ccara2. to drown:PMc *malemwu. PMc *mWanuu. exaltation:PCMc *mWaire. drowsy embrace examine sleepy,drowsy: PCK *kadelu. embrace,hug (s.o.): PCK *rako- examine,inspect, watch: PCK dry mi. *piipii,pii-. be low tide,dry: PMc *masa, emotion examine,observe: PCK *w(x), mamasa. emotion,feelings, sentiment, wooxri-. driedout, withered: PCMc attitude,mind: PMc *sipa. excess *p"ata. emphasis be excessivein behavior:PPC dry(of s.t.normally moist): emphasismarker: PCK *mwO. *Tik(ea). PPoN*rjala, jalaiala. empty excise evaporate,dry up: PCK *maro, empty(as a container):PCK removed,excised: PCMc *taxe, maro-nako. *pee,pe-nliul. taxe-ki-. dull: PCMc*kapwu, kakapwu. encounter excrement:PMc *peka. dull,not sharp: PCK *kuu2. encounterby chance:PWMc exhausted durable *Terlael. tired,exhausted: PCMc *kari. slow growing,durable: PMc meet,encounter: PWMc *cuu, exist *koco2. cuu-qi. be,exist: PWMc *oro. during end: PPC*uku. live,dwell, exist: PCMc *mefia. at thetime of, during:PCK ended,finished: PMc *mWotu, expert d'lip a-. PPC*tare. master,expert: PMc *tawu,. dwell end,tenninate: PMc *tap'o, extinguish live,dwell, exist: PCMc *mena. tap'o-lsSa. extinguished:PMc *kunu. FINDER LIST FOR PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS 337

extract:PMc ? *unu[sS]i. fatigue finger extremity tired,fatigued: PCK *ma-lui, fingerjoint, f. betweentip and extremity,top, tip, head: PMc ma-luuluu. secondknuckle, f betweentip *ulu. fear andfirst knuckle: PCK eye to fear,be afraid:PMc *mataku. *makoto,makoto-lapa, eyebrow:PMc *faSu. tremble(with fear): PMc *rere. makoto-ciki. eye, face:PMc *mata. feathers fingernail,toenail, claw: PMc havea sty in theeye: PMc ? hair,feathers, scales, remove *kuku. *cili. (hairor scales):PMc *una, fingeror toe:PWMc *tanisi. haves.t. in theeye: PCK pwono. unauna,unafi. fingerspan: PCK *yaDa. face feces:PCMc *pwuta[ei]. finger,toe: PMc *tu[sS]u. eye, face:PMc *mata. fed up lengthfrom elbow to fingertips: face,surface, upside, on: PCK be fed up:PCK *kuu,. PMc *mWanuu. *wawo-. fee pinchor squeezewith the face,turn: PCMc *tape2. payment,fee: PCK *koou. fingers:PPC *fadi, fadi-ki-. facialappearance: PCK *komwa. feel finish facing:PCMc *tali. feel a loss:PMc ? *lici. be finished:PCK ? *dakka, to face:PPC *talee-Ji. feel, sense:PPC *meafi. PCMc*mWau. to pointor face:PWMc *tisi, emotion,feelings, sentiment, be finished,used up: PWMc tisi-ii. attitude,mind: PMc *sipa. *rota. turnone's face or direction: PCK female ended,finished: PMc *mwotu, *Toro,ToroToro. femalegenitalia: PCK *firi. PPC*tare. washone's face: PMc *wuro, femaleperson: PWMc *lia. finished:PCK *mWUcci. wuromata. feminine finished, old: PCK *pweti. fade feminineprefix (with personal fire: PMc *afi,. fadefrom view: PMc *[sS]olo. namesof women):PCK *na-, applyfire: PCK *fiTi, fiTi-ki. fall PCMc*n[ae]i. firewxxl:PMc *fafia,PMc collide,fall: PMc *pwuro. fence *mWucu. to fall:PCK *doro, PCK fence,wall: PPC *didi, di-. laid,to lay (of a fire):PMc *mWoro,PCK *pUlii. wall,fence: PMc *worn2. *tawu,tawuni. familiar fern makefire by fireplow method: to know,be familiarwith s.t: a fern(Polypodium): PCK PCMc? *iso. PCK*ama. *ciicii. makefire with fire plow: PMc ? family anygrass, sedge, or fer: PPC *us[ei]. clan,family: PMc ? *tawu2. *fadili. firm famine:PCK *laji-daa. anyof severalspecies of femr firm,hard, strong: PMc *matoa, fan withalternating leaves: PPC matoatoa. to fan:PMc *iri,iri-pi-. *(ka)maarek[ae]. fish:PMc *ika,ikana. far bird'snest fern: PPC *cau-ni- a Carangidfish, pompano, far,distant: PCMc *soa. luku,luku. skipjack:PMc *arolo. fare fiber:PCK *moro. a catch(as of fish),to catch: fare,proceed: PPC *fai[ae]. a stripof fiberfor plaiting: PMc *kona. fart: PCK*pwiri, pwpwiri, PMc PCMc*fica. a catchof fish,to catch(fish): *Tiji. coconutfiber: PCMc *koca. PCK*liapa, liapa-ni. fast rollor twistfiber into rope: a fish:PCK *dili-mwadil, PCK be quick,fast, active: PCK PCMc*kalo. *faofao,PCK *madai[ln][ae], *mWa-ada,mWa-adaada. tentacle,strand of hairor fiber: PCK*pa-ni-waa, PCK be speedy,fast: PCK *ciji. PMc ? *koo,koona. *pweeyasa,PCK *ppweya, fast,speedy: PCK *ddiri. fight PCK*ricija, PCK *yari, fasten to dodge,parry (in fighting): PCMc*maoko, PCMc holder,fastener: PMc *TooToo. PCMc*tou. *mwoTo,PCMc *pe[ln]eawa, fat war,fighting: PMc *maawunu. PCMc? *tawuor *co[w0fa, be fat (as a person):PCK file PMc *apili,PMc *kaseki, *pwedai. file,rub, sharpen: PCK ? *fa-ia. PMc*kawa, kawakawa, PMc fat,be fat:PWMc *wiy[ae], fill *maawa,PWMc ? *mWuno, wiwiy[ael. be full,filled: PCK *ura. PMc *palapala,PWMc *pali, father:PMc *tama. filled:PCK *ir[ae]. PMc *pparapara,PMc ? fathom:PMc *i3afa. fin *tapa,,PMc ? *tia2,PPC dorsalfin: PMc *igi. *liikakari,PWMc *leleki, 338 OCEANIC LINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

PWMc*matamata, PWMc PCK*pwele[ae], PCK *wulu, flap *pasiuor *pasui,PWMc PCMc*ulafi. flapnoiselessly, butterfly: PCK *p'ulaka,. kindof snapperfish: PCK ? *pwekipweki,li-pwekipweki. a kindof fish:PCK *fainikia, *mata-ccaa. flare PCK*karafa, PWMc *noso. kindof unicornfish: PCK *li- to flame,flare: PMc *pwula, a kindof needlefish:PCMc maadaada. pupwula. *fanaa. kingfish:PCK *raali. flash a largefish: PMc *mam[eil. k. of fish: PCK ? *ad-, PMc flash(of light):PMc *fiti. a lethrinidfish: PPC *madiiiV. *aua. to flash,shine: PWMc *were, anyfish that can be caughtat langusta,lobster: PMc *ura. werewere. night:PCMc *ikanipwoii. largesp. of bass:PCK *ta[w0]ia- flat anyof severalkinds of fish: awa. flattened:PCK *caapaapa. PCMc*kuu. mackerel:PCK *mamWu-ciki. foot,flat: PMc *paca,pacapaca. anyof severalkinds of sea bass: morayeel: PCMc*lapw[oulso. flavor PWMc*tawia. needlefish:PMc *[sS]aku, taste,flavor: PMc *iana, a pelagicfish: PCK *daddajlnli, PWMic*maki. nanana. PCMc*kausaa. pompanofish, skipjack: PCK flee:PCK *[lnlewa. a reeffish: PCK ? *wuweya. *ttap'u, or *tapWpWu. flesh:PMc *fiSiko. a reeffish prized as foox:PCMc porcupinefish: PMc *tautu. flick *wumwulau. rayfish,stingray: PMc *fai,faia. snip,cut, snap, flick: PMc *fici, a seafoodor fish:PCK *likoTo. scorpionfish, stonefish: PMc fici-ki. a smallfish: PCK *dili, PMc *nowu. flicker *tanifa. skipjack,Carangid fish: PMc flicker,blink: PCK *ka-ma- a snapperfish: PCK *maluu1ta, *lauua. ruperupe. PCMc*pWaua. squirrelfish: PMc *mwonu, flimsy a wrassefish: PPC *poroto. PMc *taraa. thin,flimsy: PMc *manifi, ballxoonfish, puffer fish, be stingingjellyfish: PCK *li-mWa- manifinifi. large:PMc *wasi,wasiwasi. dor3o. flit barracuda:PCMc *tarawa, PMc surgeonfish: PCK '? *filln]are, to skipalong, flit: PMc *pepe, ? *turai. PCK*mware-faca, PCK pepepe. bonito,tuna: PMc *atu. *mtWocco. float box for fishinggear: PCK ? swarmof fish:PCK *pWeya or a floaton a net,light wood: *ldtlafi[dtlafi. *pwaya. PCMc*iTo. Carangidfish: PMc *cepa, swordfish,marlin: PMc floatingdebris: PPoN *riirV, cecepa. *jsS]aku-laara. firV-. dolphin(fish): PCK *taparo. to bite(bait by fish):PCK *qriri, outrigger float: PMc *Sama. catchwith hook: PMc fishh(xok, qirijiri, giri-i-. to float:PMc *peti,pepeti, *kau,kauti, kauta. triggerfish, constellation pe(t4)ipeti. fishingpole: PMc *pwawu. SouthernCross: PMc flood fishline:PMc *awo. *pWupwu. depressedand ftxxled area: fishlure: PCK *wayidi. tuna:PMc *tauiri. PWMc*pasa. fishnet,catch in a net:PMc tuna,bonito: PMc *atu. flow *wuko,wukoti. wickerfish trap: PMc *wuu. flow, go, move: PCK*pWuyu. fishpoison: PMc ' *ItT]upa, yellow-fintuna: PCK *dakua. overflow:PCK *TTdku2. PMc ? *tupa. yellowsnapper: PWMc *tata. to flowstrongly: PCMc fishscales, be scaled:PPC fist *[sSlaaja. *dera-una. fist,hand, and wrist: PPC flower:PCK *pe1,. fishwith spines: PCK *ika- *kumwucu. halfflower (Scaevola): PWMc falifali. fitting *nanasu. fish: flying PPC*marari. good,suitable, proper, hibiscus:PMc *fau,PMc *lawa. freshwatereel: ? PMc *tuna. appropriate,fitting: PCK spiderlily: PMc *kiepwu. goatfish:PMc ? *tewe, *kaccu. to bloom(of flowers):PCK tewemea. five *taollnllael. tail handle, (of fish):PCK *paca five, five (general), five fly hawkfish:PCK *laanWaare. (animate),fifty: PMc *lima, flyingfish: PPC *maUaru. kindof eel: PCK*tawuwafagi. limaua,limmanu, limarawulu. fly (insect):PMc *laro,. kindof fish:PCK *kucu, PCK flame to fly:PCK *yali. PCK*li-kaa- *kocali, to flame,flare: PMc *pWula, foam:PMc *pwulsSjo. ttlaelraki,PCK *pWaurlael, p"upwula. FINDER LIST FOR PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS 339

bubble,foam: PCK *pWuro, fragrant:PMc *jata,PPC ? generous:PWMc *mWox)l[iu]. pwuropwuro. *[cd]iki. genitalia fold frame femalegenitalia: PCK *firi. be furled(of a sail),rolled or a frame:PMc *waxa,. get foldedup: PMc *lulu. free go andget (s.t.):PCK *ceeri. fold,wrap: PCMc *lukuma. be free,idle: PPON *piteki. take,get: PMc *ala2. to fold:PMc *lumi. friend gills:PMc *woro,. folk friendly,kind: PMc *Seke. gill arch:PCK ? *p-pW[ae]. clan,folk, tribe, stock: PCK from:PMc *mai2. ginger *kayinaja. from(s.t.), away from (usually curcuma,turmeric, ginger, to PWMc*tari. follow:PCK *dapwa, dapWe-e-. suf. verbs): yellow:PMc *arlo. fond fromwhere?: PCMc *maia. girl:PMc ? *rea2or *raya2. to like,be fond:PCMc *taa, frond give taani. leafand stalk, frond: PMc *paa2. handover, give: PMc *faja. fontanel midribof coconutfrond or leaf: glare PMc *noko. topof head,fontanel: PMc glareblindness: PPC *maal[iu]. *mao). fruit:PMc *wuaa. glitter food:PMc *kana. fruitcluster: PMc *wuru,PPC be shiny,glossy, bright, glitter: boil (fooxl):PCK *pwuka-a. *wumwu. PCK*ca-riwariwa. fxOd,g(oods: PCK *aaki, aki-. full glitter,sparkle: PCK *ma- to eat,fox)d: PMc *mWarau. be full:PCK *wura. riwariwa,ca-riwariwa. to poundfoxxd: PMc *pwau. fungus glossy fool ear,mushroom, fungus: PMc be shiny,glossy, bright, glitter: be fooled,deceived: PCK ? *taliaa. PCK*ca-riwariwa. furl *dupwu2. gnat be furled a rolledor foolish,stupid, crazy: PCMc (of sail), gnat:PCK *l[iu]kol[iu]ko. *pwuce. foldedup: PMc *lulu. gnaw foot future nibble,gnaw, crunch: PMc future marker:PMc applythe sole of thefoot: PMc aspect *lari,rari-ti. *faa,faa-[sS]i. *pwlae]. go fxotbraceon a loom:PCK immediatefuture (aspect ahead,going before: PMc PCK*-le. *fa[ae]fa[ae]. marker): *mW[ou]a. future PCMc? foot,flat: PMc *paca,pacapaca. negative: come,go, passby: PCK *luu. go on foot:PCK *faa-. *tlou]wai. flow,go, move:PCK *pWuyu. sole,foot: PCK *kipwa. gall go andget (s.t.):PCK *ceeri. instep, PMc *asi. leg, foot:PMc ? *wae. gallbladder,gall: go earlyin themorning: PMc step,tread, apply one's foot: garden:PWMc ? *mWaca2. *wuko. PMc *pwutu. a garden:PCK *maada. go on all fours,crawl, climb: use one'sfoot: PCK *faa-raki. clearedland, garden: PPoN PCK*dau, dad-ki. force *mWaaca. go on foot:PCK ? *faa-. strength,power, force, goodx garland go or come through,pass: PMc health:PCK *p[ae]cakkufla. shouldergarland: PMc *mware. *pwera. forehead garment go, proceed:PCK *faili. forehead,brow: PMc *camna. garment,covering: PPC *ufa. go, proceed,(as directional) foreign gate away:PMc *lako,laa. PMc journey,be foreign:PPC do(xrway,entrance, gateway: moving,going: *[sS]i. to *waiya. PWMc*katama. go: PCK*dot-. forest gate,dcx)r that may be opened to go alongthe side of (an vegetation,forest: PMc *walu. or closed:PPC *riciUa. island):PCK *tawa-yi-. forget: PCMc *maluoki, gather god maluoka,PMc *maleku, assembled,gathered: PPC *uxo. gdxl,spirit: PMc *anitu. maleleku, malekuleku, gatherfrom the ground: PWMc nameof a skygod: PPC *wolo- PMc *malie. *rikuor *ruki. faadi. four go aboutgathering or in search good four(prefixed to classifier): of s.t.:PCK *ddari, li-ddari. delicious,taste goxxd: PMc PMc *faa,fa. to gather,pick: PMc ? *[sS]afa, *fiafau. thenumber four (in serial IsSlafa-ii-. good,healthy: PMc *mwaau. counting):PMc *faiji. gaze lokk,gaze: PCK *fana,. 340 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

gooxl,suitable, proper, peergroup, tier: PWMc *tare. to haveor takein hand,to appropriate,fitting: PCK pile,group, assemblage: PCK ? handle:PMc *aja,. *kaccu. *mwewu. to pickthings up by hand:PCK good, well: PCK *fici,. grow *kiri,kir-i-. goods grow,be reared:PCK *fakola. to washone's hands: PMc '? fo(xl,goots: PCK*aaki, aki-. growingtip of a tree:PWMc *[ajmwi, [a0jmwi-ni-. g(xds, chattels:PCK *pitaki. *tiapwo. handle:PMc *pwuru. gossip growthor lumpunder the skin, handle,stem: PCK *yaaku. to gossipabout sex: PCK *colo. spongycore of mature handle,tail (of fish):PCK *paca. grab:PWMc *kulu. coconut:PMc ? *piri. hang grab,capture, seize: PMc slow growing,durable: PMc be hungup, to hang(s.t.) up: *isS]oro,[sS]oro-fi-. *koco2. PPoN*cana-k, cana-ki. grass:PPoN *reeV, reV-. to sprout,grow, a sprout:PCK hang,be suspended:PCK a grass(Hedyotis biflora): PCK *fata,fata-ra. *c[aeljaki, cc[aelraki. ? *kapppwu-ta[lnlo. slow growing:PCK *mwuko. happy:PCK *mata-ika, PPC anygrass, sedge, or fern:PPC growl *kere. *tadili. growl,rumble: PMc *iri, harbor grate rjiriiri,qiri-ti. lagoon,harbor: PMc *namwo. bivalveshell, shell knife or guide hard grater:PMc *koyi. advise,give guidance:PCK firm,hard, strong: PMc *matoa, to grate:PCK ? *faiira. *kafalafala2. matoatoa. to grate,scrape: PMc *a[sS]a. gum hatch to grind,grate: PPC *iyu, iyua. gum,sap, resin, gummy: PMc neonate,newly born animal, to scrape,grate: PMc *karu. *pwili,pwilipwili, pwilita, or newlyhatched bird: PCK grave *pwuli,pwulipwuli, pWulita. *kappa,kappa-na. a grave:PCK *peyiya or gums to break,crack, hatch an egg: *payiya. palate,gums: PMc *rjaco. PPC*tawaa, ka-tawaa. gravel gurgle:PCK *lomwo, haul coral PCK gravel: *yalaja. lomwolomwo. drag,haul, tow: PMc *uri, green habit uruuru. be PCK green (of fIuit), unripe: habit:PCK haul,pull, tow: PMc *are,are-ki. *ma-arawa. behavior,manner, *maa. haul,pull, tow, troll: PCMc PCK? blue,green: *karawa, PCMc *liko. karawarawa. habit,tendency: *kana, kai. he blue:PMc *marawa. green, hair he, she,it (independent grey hair:PMc wuana. pronoun):PMc *ia. be white-haired: grey *wua, grey-haired, hair,feathers, scales, remove he, she,it (subj.marker): PMc PCK*maut[iuI. (hairor scales):PMc *una, *e. hair:PMc *wua,wuana. grey unauna,unafi. head:PCMc ? *fatuku. grind hair:PMc *koro. backor napeof headand neck: to PPC pubic grind,grate: *iyu,iyua. tentacle,strand of hairor fiber: PPC*-k6-. grip PMc ? koona. extremity,top, tip, head: PMc be to *koo, held,caught, hold,grip: halt *ulu. PCK *m'acd,(ka)-mWaci-(u). halted:PMc *tuu2. headcover: PCK *padnpani, PCMc stopped, groan: *qisa. hand parui-[auil. groan,moan: PMc *quu. of fontanel: clapthe hands, slap (s.t.): PMc top head, PMc ground *maio. fromthe PWMc *piki,pikipiki, piki-ri-. gather ground: hand,and wrist: PPC heal *rikuor *ruki. fist, *kumwucu. healed,obliterated: PMc go aground,run on a reef: mawo. hand,arm, wing: PMc *pau. * PCMc*koso. health handover, give: PMc *faia. groundcleared of vegetation, liftup, cary, bearin one's strength,power, force, goodl swiddenfield: PCK *malle, health:PCK hands:PMc *taplael, *pIaejcakkila. malemale, g(x)d,healthy: PMc *m'aau. male-di-. taplael-ki. (ka)-malemale-(a), liftwith the makeerect: hear low:PMc *tano. hands, ground, PCK*cife, cife-di. hear,listen: PMc *roro. PWMc group: *pwiti. pullout with the hands from heart:PWMc'? *pWulo, member: group,group PCMc insides.t.: PMc *ralwl0u. *cao. pwulloulo. FINDER LIST FOR PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS 34I

heat to spank,hit: PCK *wawu, hurry to heat,be warm:PMc *rara. wawu-di. hurry,move quickly: PWMc ? heaven hither *kaye. horizon(lit. 'edgeof heaven'): towardspeaker, hither: PCMc hurt PWMc*pa-i-lari. *soko. be hurt,injured: PPC *waTu. sky,heaven, storm: PMc *lari. hoarse: PMc ? *[fplara. be painful,hurt: PMc *masaki. heavy hold husk heavy,heaviness: PMc *cawu, be held,caught, to hold,grip: to huskcoconuts: PMc *koso, cacawu,cawucawu. PCK*mWaci, (ka)-mwnact-(). koso-mi. heel holder,fastener: PMc *T(x)Too. I: PMc *Uaa,0au. elbow,heel: PCK *kapilipili. holdtightly: PCMc *faro, faro- I (Ist sg. subj.):PCMc *i. help ki, taro-ka. idle to help:PMc *[st]apa, saved,held on to:PCMc be free,idle: PPON *piteki. [stlapa[st]apa,[stlapa-qi. *tawu3. if: PPC? *ma. when PCK her hole:PCK *pWia, PCMc *pwara, if, (futureuncertain): him,her, it (obj.pm.): PMc *a. PMc *jasa. *karee,kareeree. his,her, its: PMc *fa. box,hole: PMc *pwao. ignore here ditch,hole (in ground):PMc turnaway, ignore the presence of others:PWMc here,this near speaker: PMc *lipa. *fa-liku, *ee. drilla hole:PPC *pwuro, fa-liku-ri-. heron ill pwuropwuro,pwuro-ti. heron:PCMc *karau. recovered,abated illness, dughole: PMc *[sS]ua. (of hibiscus PCK*cikara. hole,pit: PCK *nata. weather): hibiscus:PMc *fau,PMc *lawa hollow impede hiccough: PCK*TT6kd,, PMc havea hollow:PCK *ddo. unimpeded:PMc *sawee. in *maSeru. hollow,concavity: PMc hide *mawolo. at,in (witha nounbase): PWMc ? *lee-,law-. covered,hidden: PPC *mWano, holy curve,bend inward: PMc mwano-ki. sacred,holy: PMc *tara. to hide,be hidden:PCK hook *cipWa,. inside:PMc *lalo. *yopleo]. fishhox)k,catch with hook: PMc to hide,hidden: PWMc ? *aki, *kau,kau-ti, kau-ta. insides:PCMc *purua. akiaki. horizon inward,inland, ashore: PMc high horizon(lit 'edgeof heaven'): *loo[ao]. outwith the hands from be high,height: PCK *daki- PWMc*pa-i-lari. pull insides.t.: PMc [aelta. hot: PMc *pweci. *ra[wf]u. indeed hightide: PMc *uapwutiul. house:PMc imwa. *umWa, indeed PMc hightide or be h. t.:PCK householdmember: PCK *cao- (exclamation): *mnaa. *kinna. ni-imwa. infant hill: PCK*ppala house PMc *tura. nameof post: born,infant: PCMc mound,hill, mountain, house:PMc *fale. newly Chuuk PCK*cuku. meeting *ka[w40o. (Truk): house):PCK *kae- hill:PMc *Solo. purlin(of inform peak, paraki. to inform:PMc *kai,. him to rxofa house:PCK *fadafada. him,her, it (obj.pm.): PMc *-a. inhabit hug inhabitedland: PMc *fanua. hip PCK*rako- or underthe embrace,hug (s.o.): uninhabitedisland: PMc cary on thehip mi. small, arm:PMc afi-Si. *afi, hum *anu[sS]a. his inheritance:PMc ? *to[ae]. buzz,hum, make sound, its:PMc *fia. his,her, intonation:PMc *rii. injure hit be hurt,injured: PPC *waTu. hundred:PMc or *- hit,strike: PMc *suku. *-pwukiwa inland:PMc ? *rea,or *raya,, strike,hit, beat: PMc *weceor pWukua. PMc *uta. *wOCo. hungry insect strike,hit down on: PCK be hungry:PCK *paccaau. butterfly:PCMc ? *pwepe. *wupWuwupW,wupWU-u-. be weak,hungry: PCK *kki- fly (insect):PMc *laio,. strike,whip, hit: PCK *wici, lako. gnat:PCK *l[iu]kol[iulko. wici-i. kindof moth:PCK *kooTo. termite:PCK *pWadUir[ed. 342 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

insert kin chant,sing, be noisy,laugh: inserted,penetrated: PMc relative,kin, be related:PCK PMc *DiTi. *[sS]ili,[sSlili-fi. *ma-areare. to laugh:PCK *fata, ffata, PCK ? inspect kind *kka[tJli. examine,inspect, watch: PCK category,kind: PCK *dappe. lay *piipii, pii-. friendly,kind: PMc *Seke. laid,to lay (of a fire):PMc instruction kiss *tawu,tawu-ni. advice,instruction: PMc *fanau. kissby rubbingnoses: PWMc leaf: PMc *cau. intercourse *faiTojo. leafand stalk, frond: PMc *paa2. engagein sexualintercourse, to kiss,make a suckingsound: midribof coconutfrond or leaf: performan action:PPC *fee. PPoN*mici-ki. PMc *noko. interior knee pandanusleaf: PMc *maru. core,interior: PMc *uIsSl[ou]-. node,joint, knot, knee: PMc ? youngcoconut leaf: PCMc interrogative *pwuku,pukua. *wupWu,. interrogativesuffix: PMc *-Saa, knife:PCMc *taapa. leak mee-Saa. bivalveshell, shell knife or leakout, drip: PCMc *siJiul. intestine:PCK *daa, PWMc grater:PMc *koyi. waterproof,not leaky: PCMc *mWata[rlIala. smallknife: PCK ? *[tTlaru. *mano. island knock learn reef,reef island: PMc *sakau. pound,knock: PPC *Tuku. be learned,be accustomedto: small,uninhabited island: PMc knot PCK*yaU, yau-ri-, kka-yau, *anu[sS]a. knotdivination: PWMc *pWee. ka-yat-u-. sandislet: PMc *pike. knot,node: PMc *pwuklaoj. leave it node,joint, knot, knee: PMc ? leave,depart: PWMc *Towu. he, she,it (independent *pwuku,pwukua. ledge pronoun):PMc *ia. know rockyledge: PCMc *pwara. he, she,it (subj.marker): PMc to know:PMc *atai,PMc *kila, lee *e-. kila-a,kila-i. lee side:PCK *faalipwiael. him,her, it: PMc *-a (obj.pm.). to know,be familiarwith s.t.: lee sideof a sailingcanoe: PMc itch: PCK*pwarika. PCK*ama. *katea. its wise,knowing: PCK *reepiya. left his,her, its: PMc *-fa. knowledge lefthanded: PCMc *maliului. jaw specialknowledge of spells: leftovers jaw,chin: PMc *a[sSle. PCK*rorJo. remainder,leftovers: PCK ? lowerjaw:PCMc *jace. lack *luTTu. join feel a lack:PCK *kaccika. leg: PCK*pecee, PMc *ney|ael. attached,joined: PCK *mata. lagoon leg, foot:PMc ? *wae. tied,joined: PWMc *rii. lag(oxn,harbor: PMc *namwo. legend lake:PMc *lama2. woman:PCK joint: PCK *kurupwu. lagoon, legendary *yaado. side an joint,f. betweentip and lagton (of island): length finger fromelbow to secondknuckle, f. betweentip PCMc*mataaro. length fingertips: andfirst knuckle: PCK lake PMc *mwanuu. lake: less *makoto,makoto-lapa, lagxon, PMc *lama2. makoto-ciki. land less than:PCMc *fari. clearedland: PPC *rata. lest node,joint, knot, knee: PMc ? *pwuku,pwukua. come to land:PWMc *ila. negativeimperative aspect inhabitedland: PMc *fanua. marker,lest: PPC *-de. journey inland:PMc ? *reaor lever journey,be foreign:PPC *raya,, PMc *uta. lift witha lever:PCK *waiya. lever, (s.t.) jump langusta *dip"'a,dipWa-i-. lobster:PMc *ura. lick jump,move quickly: PWMc langusta, *mwese,mWemWese. large to lick:PMc *camwlail, balloon be to jump:PMc *luTu. fish,puffer fish, camw[ai]-ti. PMc wasiwasi. lid just large: *wasi, lid:PMc just,only: PCK *caku. late: PWMc*pwasa. cover, *pWalu. kick: PPC *cepe, cepe-ki. slow,late: PMc *cawa. lie kill later:PCK *pWaapWa. lie down,sleep: PMc strike,kill: PCK *nii, nnii, niinii. laugh *w[eolnleol. to lie, tell a lie:PCK *rudu. FINDER LIST FOR PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS 343

life log lowlandor reef:PCK *fana,. life,alive: PMc *ma[ni]awa. tree,stick, timber, log: PCK descend,get lower:PCMc lift *irae. *pwuD[iu]. cutand lift off or out,peel: PCK loin luminous *dika,dikka. loincloth, skirt: PWMc *kalo. bright,luminous: PMc *rama, lever,lift (s.t.)with a lever:PCK long:PMc *ala[iu],alala[iu]. marama. *dipwa,dipwa-i-. longing:PCK *fako[ln]a. lump liftup, carry, bear in one'shands: longobject (counting classifier): growthor lumpunder the skin, PMc *tap[ae],tap[ae]-ki. PPC*faco. spongycore of mature liftwith the hands, make erect: longwinded coconut:PMc ? *piri. PCK*cife, cife-di. longwindedin diving:PMc lungs:PMc *far[ae]. to liftup, carry: PCK *rooxr), *patiki. lure roo-ki-. look: PCK*nne- or *lle-. fishlure: PCK *wayidi. light be lkxkedat: PCK *emWa, emwa- maggot:PMc *ulo. a light:PCK *ta-rama. ri. main flash(of light):PMc *fiti. look,gaze: PCK *fana2. big,main: PMc *lapa. lightin weight:PMc *maraa. looxk,observe: PCK *fado. make lightof weight:PWMc *pale. to look,look at: PMc ? *tara, do, make:PMc *fauru. sunlight:PMc ? *sia. tara[sS]i. male, man like to peer,have a look:PMc *tiro, childof maleclan member: PCK be loved,well liked:PWMc tiro-ji. *afakdra. *faiju. loom maleperson: PPC *wolo. to like,be fond:PCMc *taa, f(x)tbraceon a loom:PCK man,male: PMc *mwaane. taa-ni. *fa[ae]fa[ae]. manner lime leaserxl of a loom:PCK behavior,manner, habit: PCK white,powdered lime: PMc *wuludo. *maa. *pwece,pwecepwece. postto whichloombeam manner,bearing: PCK *Tej[ea]. line attached:PCK *pwii-ta[n]o. many fishline:PMc *awo. loose:PCK ? *malua,PCMc be many,a crowd:PCK *dowu- in a line or row:PMc *Sali. *pwaca,. lapa. pullon a line:PMc *afi2. loose,swung out: PCK *luwa, how many:PMc *fi[sS]a. lips: PCK*dinu-yawa, PCMc liwa-di. marry *sia loosened,released: PWMc spouse,married: PCK *pwpWUli, smackone's lips: PMc *misi. *pici. pwlud-wa-. liquid slack,loosen: PMc *tala, martial pool,have liquid: PMc *lau. tala-[sS]i. martialart: PCK *pwari2. listen untied,loosen, untie: PCK *pwai, massage hear,listen: PMc *rono. pWaipwai,pWai-ti-. to massage(after a fallor little lop bruise):PCK *caucau. littlebit: PPC *-ki[tT][ai]. be cut,lopped, to cut (s.t.)off: mast small,little: PMc *ciki,PMc PMc *tapa,tapatapa, tapa-ki. masthead:PMc *lo[sS]o. *kisi. loss mast(of a canoe):PMc *kautu small,little, tiny: PWMc *niii. feel a loss:PMc ? *lici. or *katuu. live loud master live,dwell, exist: PCMc *mefa. loudsound: PCMc *iru, ijuiru. master,expert: PMc *tawu-,. liver:PMc *ate. makea loudnoise: PCK *capwu, masturbate:PCK *tiri. lizard PCK*lleci. mat: PPC*lota. kindof lizard:PPC *kuaili. makea sudden,loud noise: PCK a mat:PMc *tapaka[w0lu. load *purui,pduIuputiri. coarsemat: PWMc *kinia. cargo,load: PMc ? *u[sS]a, talkloudly: PMc *kata. plaitedmat: PMc *kie,kiekie. u[sS]a-ni,u[sS]a-na. louse:PMc *kutu. match lobster louseegg, nit:PWMc *sili. even,matched, simultaneous: langusta,lobster: PMc *ura. tinylouse: PWMc *lijarari. PCK*ppaku. location love mature changelocation: PCK *diw[ao]. beloved,dear: PCMc *caUi. unripe,immature: PCK where?how? what location?: be loved,well liked:PWMc *mauica. PCK*-faa. *faIu. maybe stay,remain, be (ator in a place low perhaps,maybe: PCK *malii. or time):PCK *noko. ground,low: PMc *tano. me: PMc *-au(suf. obj. pm.). 344 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2 measure:PCK *pe6 or *pau. moth callthe name of: PCK? *tato, distancefrom outstretched kindof moth:PCK *kooTo. fato-ri. finger-tipto mid-chest,cloth mother:PMc *tina. feminineprefix (with personal yard,a measurein counting: principal(true) mother or namesof women):PCMc PCK*dila-wupa. grandmother:PCK *tina-lapa. *n[aeli. meat motion mound,hill, mountain, name of meatof coconut:PCMc *peni. be in motion:PCMc *mwakusu. Chuuk(Truk): PCK *cuku. medicine:PCK *tafe(y)a. characteristicmotion (of s.o. or nameof an islandin theHall meet s.t.):PCK *pwomwo, Islands:PCK *fana-antiu. meet,encounter PWMc *cuu, pwom"'o-ni-. nameof Elato(island and atoll) cuu-ji. motionless,still: PCK *paTo, in CentralCarolines: PCK meeting:PCK *mWiica. paTTo. *alaado. meetinghouse: PMc *fale. mound, mountain nameof Faraulep(island and member mound,hill, mountain, name of atoll),Central Carolines: PCK group,group member: PCMc Chuuk(Truk): PCK *cuku. *facadlapa. *cao. mouth:PPC *awa,. nameof Ifaluk,Central middle carryin themouth: PPC *ila, Carolines:PCK *ifaluku. center,middle: PCMc *luuka. ilaila. nameof Ngulu,Wester midrib haveliquid in themouth: PMc Carolines:PCK? *jeldwa. midribof coconutfrond or leaf: *kumwu. nameof Olimarao,Central PMc *noko. yawn,be openmouthed: PMc ? Carolines:PCK *weni- mildew *mawa. maraawu. mildewed:PCK *pWete. move nameof PohnpeiIsland: PPC mind flow,go, move:PCK *pwuyu. *fawo-ni-pei. emotion,feelings, sentiment, hurry,move quickly: PWMc ? nameof presentPikelot Island, attitude,mind: PMc *sipa. *kaye. CentralCarolines: PCK *piike. havein mind,think, remember: jump,move quickly: PWMc nameof PuloAnna Island, PMc *marni. *mWese,mWemWese. WesternCarolines: PCK ? thought,be in mind:PMc move,be moved:PMc *kki,kiki. *pwpwulo. *lama,. movequickly: PCK *ruwa, nameof PulusukIsland: PCK miserable PCMc*carja, PPC *cee, *Touklae]. miserable,wretched: PCMc ceecee. nameof PuluwatIsland: PCK *riea. moving,going: PMc *[sSIi. *pwolowado. mistake to moveclose alongor over: nameof SatawanIsland, confused,mistaken: PCK PCK*deka, deka-ri- or *dake, MortlockIslands, and of *mwaali. dake-ri-. SatawalIsland, Central mix to move,remove: PMc *tare, Carolines:PCK *tadawana. to mix:PMc *[sS]ola,IsS]ola-a. tare-ki-. nameof TinianIsland, Mariana wrap,mix: PCK *fi-di-. walk,move around: PMc Islands:PCK *ccinialo. moan *faSale. nameof Ulithi,Western groan,moan: PMc *rJuu. much Carolines:PCK *ulu-diwo. moan,complain: PMc *9juse. be much,plentiful: PPON *dira. nameof UlulIsland in mode mud NamonuitoAtoll: PCK realitym(xle marker (suffixed to muddy:PCK *ma-caro. *unouno. subj.pm.): PMc *-a,-Ta. mushroom nape moon: PMc *marama. ear,mushroom, fungus: PMc backor napeof headand neck: aftersetting (of sunor moon): *talira. PPC*-ku-. PCK*mWiri-i-dupwu. mutual navel:PMc *pwuto. more mutually:PMc *fi. navigator:PPC *palia,. very,more: PCMc *siki. my near morning:PCK *Tora. my,of me:PMc *-xu(suf. poss. near,beside: PMc *Soru. go earlyin themorning: PMc pm.). near,close: PCK *repa, ka-repa, *wuko. nail PCMc*karani. mosquito:PMc *famwu. nail(in carpentry): PCK *cuyi- neat moss fal. clean,neat, beautiful, to cleanor seaweed,moss, algae, scum: naked neaten(s.t.): PCK *lima, PMc *limwu,lumwu. be naked,unclothed: PCK limalima,lima-kaccu, lima-di. *wacawaca. neck: PMc *ua3,PPON *wara. name: PMc *iSa,aSa. FINDER LIST FOR PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS 345

backor napeof headand neck: chant,sing, be noisy,laugh: oil PPC*-k-. PMc *oiTi. coconutoil: PCK *dikkaa. throat,neck: PPC *woro-. makea loudnoise: PCK *capWu, oil forskin or hair,anoint: necklace PCK*lleci. PCMc*kapi-sa, kapi-si. woman'sbelt or necklaceof makea sudden,loud noise: PCK old shellbeads: PCK *kini. *puiu,puiupudu. finished, old: PCK *pWeti. need noisycondition: PCK *corolo. longago, ancient times, the old to wish,need: PMc *aneane. no longer days:PCK *laamwo. negative no longer(aspect marker): PCK old times:PMc *metu. futurenegative: PMc *tapwu2. *-taa[i01. omen: PMc ? *toko. futurenegative, will not:PCMc noose on ? *t[ou]wai. makea nooseor snare:PCMc face,surface, upside, on: PCK negativeemphasizer: PCK *nama. *waw(-. *kkici. north:PMc *afai. on, on topof (a canoe):PCK negativeimperative aspect northerly,from the north: PMc *cuu-. marker,lest: PPC *-de. *tokolau. on, topsideof: PCK*we-, we- nest nose:PMc *pWauSu. ni-. platform,nest: PMc *fata. blow(one's nose): PCMc ? surface,on: PMc *fawo. net *ftao]l[ou]si. one a floaton a net,light wood: kissby rubbingnoses: PWMc one (prefixedto classifiers): PCMc*iTo. *faiTogo. PMc *te-. fishnet,catch in a net:PMc to snort,blow one's nose: PCK thenumber one, one (in serial *wuko,wuko-ti. *ufiTu,iguTud-, ruiTu-ri-. counting):PPC *edda, #eeda. handnet: PMc *cowu,cowu-ki. not: PMc *tai,ta. only * weavea net:PMc [sS]aa, futurenegative, will not:PCMc just,only: PCK *caki. [sS]aa-i-. ? *tloulwai. only,sole (pref.to numbers): new: PCK *fau. notyet: PCK *taani. PCK*fai-. nibble now oops nibble,gnaw, crunch: PMc already,just now: PCK *fari,. oops!oh!: PCK *yaaki. *jari,rjari-ti. nurture open: PPC*wea, wea-Ti or night:PMc *pwo0i. pertainingto nurture:PCMc *waya,waya-Ti. be awakeat night:PCK *pwaki, *amwa. be open:PCK *ddafleil, dafi-i-, PCMc*Tuuki. pwpakui. nut nine: PMc *Siwa. bunchor clusterof nuts:PCMc be wideopen: PMc *[sS]afi2. budor nine(general class of things): *amwii. open(as blossom): PCMc*Siwaua. obliterate PWMc*pwaku. PPC ninety:PPC *diwa-ike. healed,obliterated: PMc opening: *pwiTi,pwiTi-ki-. nipple *mawo. opposite answer:PPC nipple(lit 'pointof breastor observe opposite, *palua2. nursing'):PMc *mata-ni- examine,observe: PCK *woo, orange susu. w(x-ri-. orange(tree, fruit, or wxxld): nit look,observe: PCK *fado. PCK*kurukuru. louseegg, nit:PWMc *sili. occupied ordinal no: PWMc busy,occupied, detained: causative prefix, pref forming *aapwa. ordinalnumerals: PMc *ka-. to no avail:PCK ? *dw[aeldi. PWMc*mWaca,. nod ocean origin beginning,origin, base: PWMc tipup, raise up, nod, bob: PMc oceanside (of anisland or reet): *cimWe. PCK*lduk-lapa. *capi. node octopus:PMc *kuyita. our st pl. incl.poss. pm., of us, our: knot,node: PMc *pwuk[aol. odor steamor odorin PMc *-ca. node,joint, knot, knee: PMc ? giveoff cooking:PCK ? *mawa. out *pwuku,pwukua. *liku. xdor,smell: PMc ? *pwoi,pwoa. outside:PMc noise outward:PMc *wotu. a lightnoise: PCK ? *cciji, of: PMc *-i-. ciljicini. of, pertainingto: PMc *-ni. outrigger braces on a noise:PMc oh connecting outrigger: thudding PCK *cee. *kumwukumwu. oops!oh!: PCK *yaakd. outriggerboom: PMc *kiaZo. outriggerfloat: PMc *Sama. 346 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

platformon theoutrigger bx)ms peel pierce of a canoe:PCK ? cut andlift off or out,peel: PCK pierce,stab: PMc ? *[sS]oka. *yau[ln]awa. *dika,dikka. stab,pierce, be stabbed,pierced: woodenspacerjoining outrigger peel,remove skin: PCK *Jeiiei, PPC*dowu. boomand float on a canoe: oei-ti-. to spear,stab, pierce: PCMc ? PCK*yamWa. peel,scrape: PCK *pwpWuro, *wai. oven pW'uro-Ji-,pwuro-jaki. pile earthoven, bake in an oven: tearor peel withthe teeth: PCK collect,pile up: PMc *Toko. PMc *wumwu,wum"uni. *dk0JaTe-i-,[kl0]aTTe-i-. deposit,pile up: PMc *ita,itaita. overflow: PCK*TTekd2. to peel,pull off: PCK *Tefi-gi. pile,group, assemblage: PCK ? own to peel withthe teeth: PMc *mWewu. verbsuffix indicating *etieti. pillow: PMc *ulu0a. acquisitionor ownership: peer pillow,use a pillow:PMc PCMc*-ni, -na. peergroup, tier: PWMc *tare. *uluulu. oyster to peer,have a look:PMc *tiro, pinch:PCK *pWa[ty]i. pearloyster and shell: PCK tiro-oi. pick,pinch off: PMc *kini, *pwaia. penetrate kini-ti,kini-ta. pack inserted,penetrated: PMc pinchor squeezewith the congested,tightly packed: PPC *IsS]ili,[sS]ili-fi. fingers:PPC *fadi, fadi-ki-. *jud[iul. penis: PMc *Tekaor *Tika, pine be wrapped,a package,to wrap PWMc *wul[ael. to pine,regret, feel sorrow:PCK (s.t.):PMc *sukusuku, people *amaama,li-amaama. suku-ma,suku-mi. person,people: PMc *mata, pipe packet:PCK *fici2. aramata. pipingor whistlingsound, paddle perfect: PCMc *lele. pipingbird: PPC ? *koyikoyi. canoepaddle: PPC *faddla. perhaps pit pain perhaps,maybe: PCK *malii. hole,pit: PCK *nata. be painful,hurt: PMc *masaki. period place:PMc *ni[ael. palate timeperiod: PCMc *ta[wOfu,. atplace (as designated):PCMc palate,gums: PMc *0aco. person:PMc *tau,. *i-ka-. palm maleperson: PPC *wolo. placenta ivorynut palm: PCK *rupWuJu. personof or belongingto (a placenta,afterbirth: PMc pamper clan,nation, or place):PCMc *ta[lwtuliu],PWMc *pati, pampered:PCK ? *fano. *re-,ri-. patia. pandanus:PMc *faca. person,people: PMc *mata, plait pandanusleaf: PMc *manu. aramata. a stripof fiberfor plaiting: parry personal names PCMc*fica. to dodge,parry (in fighting): feminineprefix (with personal to weave,plait: PMc *fatu, PCMc*tou. namesof women):PCK *na-. fatufatu. part perspiration:PCMc *mawono. plank part,portion: PMc *iraira. pick board,plank: PMc *papa. pass pickingpole: PCK *iata. plant come,go, passby: PCK *luu. pick,pinch off: PMc *kini, a grass,Hedyotis biflora: PCK ? go or comethrough, pass: PMc kini-ti,kini-ta. *kapwp'u-ta[lnJo. *pwera. pick,pluck, tear off: PMc ? a kindof vine:PCK *kafaamaca. reefpass, channel: PCK ? *[sS]afi,. Alocaviataro: PCK *finee, PCK *d[ao]wura,PMc *sawa. to gather,pick: PMc ? *[sS]afa, mWe[ln]da. passive IsS]afa-ji-. a plant:PCK *kafalafala,, PCK passivesuffix: PMc *-aki,PMc to pickthings up by hand:PCK ? *wayici. *-aki-ni. *kiri,kiri-i-. a plant,Waidia biflora. PCK path piece *addadu. path,road: PMc *ala,. break,be in pieces:PCK a vine:PCK ? *kooluuaor payment *makku. *'kauluuwa. payment,fee: PCK *kox)u. pieceof cookedbreadfruit: PCK a vine,Ccuwavalia catllrtica:. peak *wudu. PCK*wald-mako. peak,hill: PMc *Solo. strand,thin piece (counting basil:PCK * warequ. peck classifier):PPC *-ali. bird'snest fem: PPC *cau-ni- bite,peck: PMc *toki. to cutin pieces,slice: PMc lukd,luku. to peck:PPC *fele. *tafa,tafa-si. FINDER LIST FOR PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS 347

butterflypea (Clernxiaudron to pointor face:PWMc *tisi, prick iienne):PPC *ula[tOOo. tisi-ni. prick,pointed object: PWMc Cdocasiataro: PMc *wos[ao]. poison:PCMc *mariji. *falu. creepingvine (Triunfdfa fishpoison: PMc ? *[tT]upa. proceed praunbens):PCK *karaka. pole fare,proceed: PPC *fai[ae]. Cyrtospennataro: PMc carrywith a shoulderpole: PCK go, proceed:PCK *faili. *pwulaka2. *kamwmware. go, proceed,(as directional) mountainapple (Eugenia fishingpole: PMc *pwawu. away:PMc *lako,laa. javacuica):PCK *faaniyape. pickingpole: PCK *iata. proceed:PWMc *ii-. plantedbed of taro:PCK ridgepole,top: PMc *wuja. proceed,wade: PCK ? *dupwu,. *nnaki. stick,pole: PCK *kae. prohibit planted,to plant,a plantedthing: to punt,punting pole: PMc taboo,prohibition: PCK *pini. PMc *faSo,fafaSo, faSoki, *faxo. promise:PMc *pwono. faSoka. wxxl, pole:PMc *kayu. prop:PMc *lairo2. sprout,shoot (of plants):PMc ponder proper *ili. repeatedly,ponder: PCK *raki, bad,improper: PMc *pwusa, to PMc plant,bury: *tawu, rakiraki,raki-i-. pwusaka. tawuna. tawuni, think,ponder: PCK *aki-, akiaki, g(xx, suitable,proper, of taro: variety Cyrtaopenna aki-i-. appropriate,fitting: PCK PCK? *[ln]iwetta. pool *kaccu. PCMc platform: *pawo. pool,have liquid: PMc *lau. property lee of PCMc*kua. platform sailingcanoe, porpoise: property,estate: PCK *pwukota. on side to platform opposite portion pubic float:PCMc PMc *iraira. outrigger part,portion: pubicarea: PPC *pWara. *epaepa. post pull nest:PMc *fata. house PMc *tura. platform, post: be pulled,pull, pull on: PCK on the botoms stake:PCK platform outrigger post, *cull[ae]. *wayi,wayi-di. of a canoe:PCK ? to whichloombeam post haul,pull, tow: PMc *are,are-ki. attached: *yad[ln]awa. PCK*pwii-ta[ln]o. haul,pull, tow, troll: PCMc raisedseat or platformon a pot *liko. canoe:PCK ? sailing cookingpot: PCK *rawa pulledback, pull back (of *fa[uu]naki. pound foreskinor eyelid):PWMc windward on platform outrigger pound,knock: PPC *Tuku. *kura,kura-ti, kura-ta. boomsnext to hullof to sailing pound:PMc *tuki,tukituki. pullon a line:PMc *afi2. canoe:PWMc ? *farafa. to poundfoxxd: PMc *pWau. pullout with the hands from play pour insides.t.: PMc *ra[w0]u. witha ball:PCK or to PCK play *ppee pour,spill: *[ln]ie, pullup, take up: PMc *pWai, *ppau. Ilnlie[ln]ie. pwai-ti. to PPC*wuru, wuruuru. play: power pullup, uproot: PMc *wuti. be have plea efficacious, spiritual to peel,pull off: PCK *Tefi, Tefi- PCK request,plea: *diJaro. power,efficacy, s. p.:PMc rji-. manamana. pleasant *mana, pumice or PCK tickling pleasantfeeling: strength,power, force, good pumicestone: PMc *waani. "mwa-kilikili. health:PCK *p[ae]cakkula. punt plenty prepare to punt,punting pole: PMc be much,plentiful: PPoN *dira. able,prepared: PCMc *sapa. *faxo. made pluck prepared, ready:PCK purlin tearoff: PMc ? *mallo. pick,pluck, purlin(of house):PCK *kae- be PWMc *[sS]afi,. ready,prepared: paUaki. *liku. plural pursue:PMc *wuko,wuko-Si-. fordem. PCMc pl. pref. pms.: preserve chase,pursue: PCK *caka-i-, *ka-,kaka-. to preserveby smoking:PCMc ccaka-i-. point *fagi. pus: PMc *nana. PCK barb,sharp point: *rumWu.press push PMc *mecea. down:PCK cao-i]i. pointedthing: press *cao, be slid,pushed: PCK *Teiki. havedirection: PPC to PMc point, *idi, press: *ta[w0lo, push,shove: PMc *[sS]ixi, idi-[nj0i-. ta[w01o-ni. [sS]ixi-0i-. PWMc to down:PMc isaii. prick,pointed object: press *isa, squeezed,pushed together: PPC *falu. *die. 348 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

to thrust,push: PCK *nnape or rear removerough edges: PCMc *llape. grow,be reared:PCK *fakola. *Tei,Tea. put reciprocal:PMc *fa-. removed:PCMc *tae, tae-ki-. deposited,put away: PCK recite removed,excised: PCMc *taxe, *itano. recitea spell:PCK *fturu-anuti. taxe-ki-. putover the shoulders (as a lei): reckon to move,remove: PMc *tare, PCK*fare. to reckon,sing: PMc *alele. tare-ki-. store,put away: PPC *neki, recover repeat nekuineku. recovered,abated (of illness, repeatedly,ponder: PCK *raki, to slipoff, putaside: PMc *pwili. weather):PCK *cikara. rakiraki,raki-i-. question red: PMc *para. request to ask,a question:PCK *katia, redclay: PMc ? *lape. request,plea: PCK *diJaro. katitia. reef residual quick coralreef: PCMc *woca. residual,spilled: PCK ? be quick,fast, active: PCK lowlandor reef:PCK *fana,. *pleolwu. *mWa-ada,mwa-adaada. reefpass, channel: PCK ? resin be quick,spin: PPON ? *daari. *d[ao]wura,PMc *sawa. gum,sap, resin, gummy: PMc hurry,move quickly: PWMc ? reef,reef island: PMc *sakau. *pwili,pwilipwili, pwilita, or *kaye. regard *pwuli,pwulipwuli, pwulita. jump,move quickly: PWMc in regardto, on behalfof, at: resist *mWese,mwemwese. PPC*ree-. strong,resistant: PCK *udui, movequickly: PCK *ruwa, regret jrJidd. PCMc*caia, PPC *cee, to pine,regret, feel sorrow:PCK responsible ceecee. *amaama,li-amaama. in control,responsible: PCK to turnquickly: PCK *riki. regurgitate:PCMc *makua. *nama. rafter:PMc *ka[sS]o,PMc related rest *toka2,PMc *xawu. relative,kin, be related:PCK atrest: PCMc ? *Too. rain:PMc *ulsS]a. *ma-areare. restrict cloud,rain: PCMc *kacawu. relation taboo,ritual restriction, be windblownrain or spray:PCK what?what relationship?: PMc taboo:PMc *tapwu,. *parata. *Sata. return relative rainbow:PPC ? *mWarekiy[ael, again,return: PWMc *tafaali. be related: PWMc*iyaa. relative,kin, PCK reveal raise *ma-areare. cometo view,reveal: PMc of same tipup, raise up, nod, bob: PMc sibling-in-law sex, *pW'ax[ael. *cimWe. affinalrelative: PCK ? *kaita. reverse release rap turns.t. over, reverse direction: released:PWMc to rap,strike sharply: PPC loosened, PMc *woki,woki-si-. *lec[ael,lecelec[ael. *pici. ride:PMc *[sS]ake. rash remain ridgepole skinrash or blemish:PPC remainder,remnant: PMc ridgepole,top: PMc *wuja. *luuwa. *mweyi. rig be or in a rasp stay,remain, (at place artof riggingand construction: or PCK*noko. be chafed,rasping: PMc *rere, time): PCK*pwarji,. remainder rererere. right rat: PCK*keci. remainder,leftovers: PCK ? right,correct, as it shouldbe: raw *luTTu. PPC*pwuju. undercooked,raw: PCMc remember rim *amata. havein mind,think, remember: lowerrim of a sail:PCK *llima. reach PMc *maMi. ripe reach,arrive: PMc * sSloko. remnant be green(of fruit),unripe: PCK to reachout: PCK *ccaqa. remainder,remnant: PMc *ma-arawa. *luuwa. ready unripe,immature: PCK remove be ready,prepared: PWMc *martica. *liku. cut,remove by cutting:PCK veryripe, rotten: PMc *maca, rati-i-. prepared,made ready: PCK *ratirati, mamaca. *mallo. hair,feathers, scales, remove road real (hairor scales):PMc *una, path,road: PMc *ala,. true,real: PCMc *lelesa. unauna,una-fi. FINDER LIST FOR PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS 349

roast sail scrape to roast,broil: PCMc *tinitini, a sail:PCMc *yuwe, PMc ? be scrapedout, scooped up: tini-mi. *leaor *laya. PMc *raku,rakuraku. rock lowerrim of a sail:PCK *llima. peel,scrape: PCK *pwpwuro, beachnock: PCK *perewu. to sail:PWMc *taraki. pwuro-i-,pwuro-aki. rockyledge: PCMc *pwara. to tack(in sailing):PCK *kace. scraped,to scrape:PMc rod typeof sailingcanoe: PCK *ra[w0fu,ka-ra[w0]u, leaserox of a kx)m:PCK *kaewa[lnlu. ka-ra[w0Ju-si. *wuludo. salt to grate,scrape: PMc *a[sS]a. roll saltwater: PMc *taSi. to scoop,scrape out, dig (aswith be furled(of a sail),rolled or same claws):PCK ? *wedi,. foldedup: PMc *lulu. be alike,same, equivalent: PMc to scrape:PMc *kara,kara-si, rollor twistfiber into rope: *wee. kara-sa. PCMc*kalo. sand to scrape,grate: PMc *karu. roof sand,beach: PMc *pia,pipia, scratch to roxfa house:PCK *fadafada. piapia. to scratch:PMc *kaaSu, root:PMc *waka,wakara. sandislet: PMc *pike. kakaaSu,PMc *kari. pullup, uproot: PMc *wuti. sap scrub to rootand search: PPC *tari-fi. gum,sap, resin, gummy: PMc rub,scrub: PMc *iri,iriifi. rope:PMc *tali. *pwii,pilipwili, pwilita, or to scrub,wash: PMc *salu, rollor twistfiber into rope: *pwuli,pwulipwuli, pwulita. salusalu. PCMc*kalo. sate scum rot sated(with food or drink):PMc seaweed,moss, algae, scum: spoiled,rotten: PCK *pwaa. *masu. PMc *limwu,lumwu. veryripe, rotten: PMc *maca, saturate sea mamaca. soak,saturate: PMc *Tox). a seafxxldor fish:PCK *hkoTo. rotate sauce deepsea, open sea: PMc turn,rotate: PCK *kullu, da- sidedish of meat,fish, or sauce: *maSawa. kulu,da-kullu. PCMc*talia. haveskin affected by sea water: rough:PCMc *magari, save PCK*tadi-kkaJi. maiariinari. saved,held on to:PCMc watertransportation, travel by removerough edges: PCMc *tawu. sea:PPC *tayi. *Tei,Tea. saw seacreature: PCK *ccardi. rough(of surface):PPC *mWa- to saw:PCK *ree, reeree. seacucumber: PCMc eereeere. say *panipani. row spoken,said, uttered: PCK *pata. be seasick,seasickness: PCK in a lineor row:PMc *Sali. to say:PCK *tenj2, PMc *pwaa. *ma[t0]e-[i01-lelee. rub scales sea urchin:PCK *laariji], PPON file,rub, sharpen: PCK ? *fa-ia. fishscales, be scaled:PPC *payipayi. rub,scrub: PMc *iri,iriiri. *dera-una. seaweed,moss, algae, scum: rubtogether, twist, rumple: PMc hair,feathers, scales, remove PMc *limwu,lumwu. *mwulo,mwulkSi. (hairor scales):PMc *una, search:PCK *kidda. to rub,stroke: PCK *dao, dao-fi-. unauna,una-fi. go aboutgathering or in search rubbish scar: PCK*pwadi. of s.t: PCK*ddari, li-ddari. trash,rubbish: PMc *peti. cut,wound, sore, scar: PMc searchfor things:PCK *riinU. ruin *kina,kina-ta. to rootand search: PPC *tari-fi. ruined:PMc *[sSIaa. scatter season rumble break,cut, scatter: PMc *kala, seasonof southerlywinds: growl,rumble: PMc *jiri, ma-kala. PCMc*raki. iri0iri,i-fi. scoop season,sun: PMc *tau2. rumple be scrapedout, sc(xoped up: windy,windy season: PPC ? rubtogether, twist, rumple: PMc PMc *raku,rakuraku. *paar,para-, parata. *mwulo,mulo-Si-. dipit up,dip it out,scoop it up: seat run PCMc? *isifi,esifi. raisedseat or platformon a to runaway: PCK *Tuu. sc(x)pout: PCK *iflael-di. sailingcanoe: PCK ? sacred sc)op up:PMc *[sS]iko. *fa[uulnaki. sacred,holy: PMc *tara. to sctx)p,scrape out, dig (aswith secret tabox,sacred: PMc *fali. claws):PCK ? *wedi,. to sneak,do in secret:PPC to scoopup: PMc *ari. *wayi. 350 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

sedge: PWMc*pwukari. share asthma,be shortof breath:PCK anygrass, sedge, or fern:PPC allotment,share: PCK *wiita. *mwia,mwiamWia. *fadili. shark:PMc *pakewa. shoulder:PMc *afara. see t(x)thlessshark: PCMc *pWapwu. carrywith a shoulderpole: PCK to see: PCK*weri-. sharp:PCMc *kakari. *kamwmware. to see, behold:PMc *loo,looSi. barb,sharp point: PCK *rumwu. putover the shoulders (as a lei): not PCK*kuu2. PCK*fare. seed: PCK*pwikili. dull, sharp: PCK? *fa-ia. shout: PCK sprout(of a seed):PCK *pwuku file,rub, sharpen: *kapWata. PMc or *pwAku. sharpen: *taitai,tai-mi, shove seethe tai-ma. push,shove: PMc *[sS]ixi, shatter to boil,bubble, seethe: PCK [sSJixi-Di-. *wacca. shattered,broken into pieces: shrimp seize PMc *ripi,ripiripi, ma-ripi. smallsp. of shrimp:PPoN she *luurV. grab,capture, seize: PMc it shut *IsSloro,[sS]oro-fi-. he, she, (independent semen pronoun):PMc *ia. be shut,blocked, to shut,block, he, she,it PMc close:PMc semen,sperm: PMc *weSe. (subj.marker): *pwono,pwono-ti, sense *e. pwono-ta. sheet feel, sense:PPC *meafi. sibling: PMc *ria. sentiment sheet(of sailingcanoe): PCK crosssibling: PMc ? *lowu. of same emotion,feelings, sentiment, *mwel[ie]. sibling-in-law sex, affinal relative:PCK ? *kadta. attitude,mind: PMc *sipa. shell:PMc *pwuli. set bivalveshell, shell knife or siblingof oppositesex: PCK aftersetting (of sunor moon): grater:PMc *koyi. *m"Weqlae]ya. PMc PCK *mwiri-i-dupWu. coconutshell, skull: PMc ? youngersibling: *ta[sSli. sick set (of sun),go down:PCK *laSa. be seasickness:PCK *dupwu3. largeshell: PCK *mWeale. seasick, settle pearloyster and shell: PCK *ma[t0Je-[i0j-leelee. kindof sickness:PCK settle,alight: PMc *Toka. *pwaia. *ma[t01e- seven: PMc *fitu, fitu-ua. spidershell (Strombidae): PMc p"ud[ao]. sever *ara2or *yara. not able, sick: PCK *ta- cut,sever, break off: PMc tritonor trumpetshell: PMc m'mwele. be sick: *ta- *mWotu,mW'otu-Si. *tawui. sickness, PCK sew: PMc *saisai,sai-ti. turtleshell: PMc *pWoca. mWaau. PMc PMc sew,stick through: PMc *[sSli, woman'sbelt or necklaceof side: *pa, *paiki, [sSli-ki,[sSli-ka. shellbeads: PCK *kini. PWMc*palia. sex shine:PMc *[sSJinlae]. edge,side: PCMc *Toa or *Towa. engagein sexualintercourse, becomevisible, be bright,shiny: oceanside an islandor performan action:PPC *fee. PPC*boa, lia, lira, llija. (of reet): PCK to gossipabout sex: PCK *colo. be shiny,glossy, bright, glitter: *liku-lapa. shade:PMc *l[iulnuru. PCK*ca-riwariwa. to go alongthe side of (an dark(of shade):PCK *kird. to flash,shine: PWMc *were, island):PCK *tawa-yi-. shake:PMc *ucuucu,ucu-ki. werewere. sift shake,tremble: PMc *cece, shiny:PCK *r[ae]ndwandwa, to strain,sift: PMc *liki,likiliki, cecece. PCK*miTi, mmiTi. liki-Si. to shake:PCK *mwa-icudcu or shoot sign *mWa-icdicu. sprout,shxot (of plants):PMc sign,symbol: PMc *kilala. tremble,shake: PMc *cucu. *ili. silly PWMc shallow:PPC *pede. youngshxoot, sprout: PMc silly,stupid: *pwaipwai. shame *"tT]ulu. simultaneous ashamed:PMc *maa,maa-ki. shore even,matched, simultaneous: shape inward,inland, ashore: PMc PCK*ppaku. sinew appearance,condition, shape: *lor)[ao]. PCMc*au. shore,beach, vicinity: PMc vein,sinew: PMc *waka. be trimmed,shaped: PPC *pari, *aro. sing be paripari. short:PPC *mwoco, chant,sing, noisy,laugh: PMc shape,appearance: PMc *lama. mwocomwx:o. *UiTi. sing,song: PPC ? *kadlu. to reckon,sing: PMc *alele. FINDER LIST FOR PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS 35I

sink slightly snort to sink:PCK ? *mwait[iU]. somewhat,slightly: PMc to snort,blow one's nose: PCK sit *l[iu]ku. *rjuT, jduTui-,rudTd-ri-. to sit:PMc *maaso,masoso. slime soak six: PMc *wono. slimy:PMc *ma-cai. soak,saturate: PMc *Too. sixty:PPC *wono-yik[ae]. slimy,slippery: PCK *ma-calu. soft: PMc ? *ma-caucau. skin slingshot:PMc *pwuasa. soil growthor lumpunder the skin, slip dirt,soil: PCMc *pwelu, spongycore of mature slip,slide, slippery: PCK pwepwelu. coconut:PMc ? *piri. *mmdiidi,midimidi. solarplexus: PCK ? *imWa-ni- haveskin affected by sea water: to slipoff, putaside: PMc *pwili. rlenu. PCK*tadi-kkaii. slimy,slippery: PCK *ma-cald. sole peel,remove skin: PCK *)ei)ei, slow applythe sole of thefoot: PMc jei-ti-. be slow:PCMc *mWea[w0]u. *faa,faa-[sS]i. skin,bark: PMc *kuli. slow growing:PCK *mwuko. instep,sole, foot: PCK *kipwa skindisease: PMc *tanitani. slow,late: PMc *cawa. only,sole (pref.to numbers): skinrash or blemish:PPC smack PCK*fai-. *mweyi. smackone's lips: PMc *misi. somewhat yaws,skin sore: PCK *rupwu. small somewhat,slightly: PMc skip small,little: PMc *ciki,PMc *l[iu]ku. to skipalong, flit: PMc *pepe, *kisi. song pepepe. small,little, tiny: PWMc *niii. sing,song: PPC ? *kadld. skirt smart sorcery loincloth, skirt: PWMc *kalo. smart,clever: PCK *li-cowu. formof sorcery:PCK *Tawu, skull to smart,sting: PMc *so0o, TawuTawu,Tawu-yanutu. coconutshell, skull: PMc ? sorjsooio. sore *laSa stingingsensation: PMc a boil,sore: PCK *loto. sky *[f0]eci[f0]eci. cut,wound, sore, scar: PMc lowerregion of sky:PCMc smell *kina,kina-ta. *faa-i-lari,faa-ni-lani. odor,smell: PMc ? *pWoi,pwoa. yaws,skin sore: PCK *rupwu. nameof a sky god:PPC *wolo- to smells.t: PMc *sauu. sorrow faadi. smile:PCK *mali, mmali. to pine,regret, feel sorrow:PCK sky,heaven, storm: PMc *laii. smoke:PMc *a[sS]u. *amaama,li-amaama. slack emitsmoke: PCK ? *purako, soul loosen:PMc slack, *tala, puraako. soul,spirit: PMc *jenu. tala-[sS]i. to preserveby smoking:PCMc sound slant *fai)i. buzz,hum, make sound, slant,tilt: PCK *paye or *peya. smooth:PMc *ma-[sS]ali. intonation:PMc *i)ii. slap smooth:PCK *ma-ddawudawu. loudsound: PCMc *iju, iguiru. the PMc clap hands,slap (s.t.): snag low sound:PCMc *[mmW]a- *piki,pikipiki, piki-ri-. be caught,snagged: PMc *tapa3. asaasa. PMc PMc sleep: *maturu, snap sound,make sound: PCK *diki, *mWoe. snap,vibrate: PMc *pici,pici-ki. ddiki. lie down,sleep: PMc snip,cut, snap, flick: PMc *fici, to kiss,make a suckingsound: *w[eo]n[eo]. fici-ki. PPoN*mici-ki. sleepy,drowsy: PCK *kadelu. snare to makean intruding or weary,sleepy: PCK *cike. makea nooseor snare:PCMc interruptingsound: PMc slice: PCK*wula, wulawula, *fama. *kaka,. wula-i-. sneak to sound(when blown, as a slice,chunk, to cut,to slice: to sneak,do in secret:PPC trumpet):PMc ? *pwuu. PMc *[sS]ipa,[sS]ipa-ki. *wayi. voice,sound: PWMc *jil[ai]. slice of copra:PWMc *takaka. sneeze sour:PCK *mWalle. to cutin pieces,slice: PMc to sneeze:PCMc *mWaTie. south:PCK *-ara, PPC *auni. *tafa,tafa-si. snip seasonof southerlywinds: slide snip,cut, snap, flick: PMc *fici, PCMc*raki. be slid,pushed: PCK *Teiki. fici-ki. space slip,slide, slippery: PCK snore clearedspace: PMc *maata, *mmidi,midimidi. to snore:PMc *Uoro,ioroioro, maataata. [sS]i-ioro. 352 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

openspace between: PMc spit stain *kacawa. spitout (from the mouth): PCK stainedyellow: PMc *mera, span *ma-dipi,ma-ddipi. meera. fingerspan: PCK *yaja. spit,spittle: PMc stake spank *kalsS}i[sS]ifa. post,stake: PCK *cull[ae]. to spank,hit: PCK *wawu, squirtout, spit out, ejaculate: stalk wawu-di. PPC*kuTu. leafand stalk, frond: PMc *paa2. sparkle splash stand glitter,sparkle: PCK *ma- splashwater on (s.t.):PCMc to stand:PMc *tuu,. riwariwa,ca-riwariwa. *wusi,wuwusi. star: PMc *fit[ou]u. spathe split a brightstar: PCMc *manu. coconutblossom or spathe: PCK choplengthwise, split: PCK a constellationin Cassiopeia: ? *ereera. *dila,dila-gi-. PCK*uku-ni-ika. spathe,unopened bud: PCMc cracked,split: PMc ? *kaka,. Altair,constellation in Aquila: *asi. to splits.t. open: PMc *pw[aejla, PCMc*matilapa. speak pW[aella-0i,pwiae]la-qaki. a star:PCK *icci, PCK *taudaa, speak,spoken: PCMc *tapa, spoil PCK*yalimadad, PCMc ka-tapa. spoiled,rotten: PCK *pwaa. *maticiki. speak,tell: PCK *kae- or *kaya-. spouse a staror constellation in Corvus: spoken,said, uttered: PCK *pata. spouse,manied: PCK *pwrdld, PCK*tarepwali. to speak:PCK *yaonaki. pwdlu-wa-. bowl,constellation Delphinus: speaker sprain PMc *tapia. towardspeaker, hither: PCMc twisted,sprained: PCK *mWaaMi. North Star, Polaris: PCK *futuu- *soko. spray te-mwakddu. spear windblownrain or spray:PCK Pleiades:PPC *mWakarikari. to spear,stab, pierce: PCMc ? *parata. starArcturus: PCK *aremauti. *wai. spread star(s)in Pegasus:PWMc *laka. speckled to spread:PCMc *cai, PMc star(s)in Scorpio:PCK *mata- speckled,variegated: PCK *feraki,feraki-ni-. rnwa. *mWa-kelekele. sprinkle thestar Aldebaran: PCK speech: PCK *aloo. drip,sprinkle: PCK *cii, cii-ri. *wuunu. speech,talk: PCK *mwa-lie, sprout:PCK ? *tapeku. thestar Antares: PCMc mwa-lielie. sprout(of a seed):PCK *pwuku *sumwuru. speed or *pwdkd. thestar Vega: PPC *mauilu. be speedy,fast: PCK *cigi. sprout,shoot (of plants):PMc thethree stars in Orion'sbelt: fast,speedy: PCK *ddiri. *ili. PCK*aldalu. spell to sprout,blossom: PMc *pwere. triggerfish, constellation recitea spell:PCK *fadni-anutU. to sprout,grow, a sprout:PCK SouthernCross: PMc specialknowledge of spells: *fata, fata-ra. *pWupwu. PCK*roJo. youngshoot, sprout: PMc startle sperm *[tTjulu. be startled,surprised: PCK semen,sperm: PMc *weSe. spurt *maa-yi-ruu. spill spurt,squirt: PMc *Tiri. state to pour,spill: PCK *lln]ie, squeeze:PCK *fia, fiya-ii-. stateof being:PCMc *ca. Iln]iellnlie. pinchor squeezewith the stativeprefix indicating that residual,spilled: PCK ? fingers:PPC *fadi, fadi-ki-. whatis describedis an *p[eolwu. squeezed,pushed together: PPC appearanceor conditionof spin *die. being:PMc *ma. be quick,spin: PPoN ? *daari. squid:PMc *nulsSlo. stay spine squirt stay,remain, be (ator in a place fishwith spines: PCK *ika- spurt,squirt: PMc *Tiri. or time):PCK *noko. faldifal. squirtout, spit out, ejaculate: steal stingrayspine: PCK *koTo. PPC*kuTu. to steal:PCK *macoko, PPC spirit stab *pirafa. be efficacious,have spiritual pierce,stab: PMc ? *IsS]oka. steam power,efficacy, s. p.: PMc stab,pierce, be stabbed,pierced: giveoff steamor xlorin *mana,manamana. PPC*dowu. cooking:PCK ? *mawa. goxl,spirit: PMc *anitu. to spear,stab, pierce: PCMc ? steer soul, spirit:PMc *nenu. *wai. steera boat:PMc *ako,akoako. FINDER LIST FOR PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS 353

stem strand you (sg. subj.marker): PMc handle,stem: PCK *yaaki. strand,thin piece (counting *ko-,koe. step classifier):PPC *-ali. suck step,tread, apply one's foot: tentacle,strand of hairor fiber: breast,to suckle:PMc *susu. PMc *pwutu. PMc ? *koo,koo-na. chewand suck (as sugarcane): stick strike PPC*urJid, ui-di. stick,pole: PCK *kae. hit,strike: PMc *suku. suckup (s.t.):PWMc *Toromi. tree,stick, timber, log: PCK strike,hit, beat: PMc *weceor to kiss,make a suckingsound: *irae. *woco,PMc *woco. PPoN*mici-ki. still strike,hit down on: PCK sufficient motionless,still: PCK *paTo, *wupwuwupwu,wupwu-u-. enough,sufficient: PCMc paTTo. strike, kill: PCK*nii, nnii, niinii. *sawu. still,yet: PCK *ciwa-ni. strike,whip, hit PCK*wici, sugarcane:PMc *towu. sting wici-i. chewand suck (as sugarcane): stingingsensation: PMc to beat,to strikewith an object: PPC*udijfu, rij-di. *[f0]eci[f]eci. PCMc*w[ao]pwo. suitable to smart,sting: PMc *so)o, to rap,strike sharply: PPC good,suitable, proper, soIosoJo. *lec[ael,lecelec[ae]. appropriate,fitting: PCK stingrayspine: PCK *koTo. string *kaccu. stir string,be strung:PMc *faa, summon to stir PMc *aru,aruaru, aru-ti-. faasa. to call,summon: PCMc *fato, stock to string:PMc * turi. tato-ji-. clan,folk, tribe, stock: PCK stripe sun: PMc *alo. *kayinaja. stripe,be striped:PCK *ari, aftersetting (of sunor moon): stomach aiari. PCK*mwiri-i-dupu. stomach,belly, abdomen: PMc stroke season,sun: PMc *tau2. *tia,. to rub,stroke: PCK *dao, set (of sun),go down:PCK stomach,have stomach for: PPC dao-fi-. *dupwu3. *taka,taka-ni. strong: PCK *coo, (ka)-coocoo, sunlight:PMc ? *sija. stone:PMc *fatu. PMc *kiSa. sunset:PCK *tad. pumicestone: PMc *waani. be strong:PMc *kaila. surface stone,coral: PCMc *cakai. brave,strong: PPC *faa. face,surface, upside, on: PCK stonestructure: PCMc *pei. firm,hard, strong: PMc *ma- *wawo-. stoop toa,ma-toatoa. surface,on: PMc *fawo. crouch,stoxp (in deference): strength,power, force, good surplus PCK*kapwpwaroko. health:PCK *p[ae]cakkila. be surplus:PCK *pare. to stoop:PMc *ruku2. strong,resistant: PCK *iuddd, surprise stop iJiddfL. becomeaware, wake up, be be stoppedup, stop (s.t.) up: structure surprised:PMc *rut[iu]. PMc *pina,pina-ti-. stonestructure: PCMc *pei. be startled,surprised: PCK stopped,halted: PMc *tuu2. struggle *maa-yi-niu. store to struggle:PCMc *fitaki. suspend store,put away: PPC *nekii, stupid hang,be suspended:PCK neklinekd. foxlish,stupid, crazy: PCMc *c[aelJaki,cc[ae]laki. storm *pwuce. swallow:PCMc *woro. sky,heaven, storm: PMc *lari. silly,stupid: PWMc *pwaipwai. swamp to storm,wind storm, typhoon: sty taroswamp, dirt as foundin t. s.: PPC*malu, malimalu. havea sty in theeye: PMc ? PCMc*pwalu. story *cili. swarm story,tell a story:PMc *fiaMo. subject swarmof fish:PCK *pWeya or talk,converse, a story:PCK he, she,it (subj.marker): PMc *pwaya. *dilo,diddio. *e-. sweat:PMc *pW[iulSowa. straight:PCK *wene, wewene, I (lstsg. subj.marker): PCMc *i-. sweet:PCK *kara, PMc *mami. we PMc wenewene. (excl.,subj. marker): sweetheart:PCK *mWaare, strain *kayi. mware-. to strain,sift: PMc *liki,likiliki, we (incl.,subj. marker): PCMc liki-Si. *Ti-. swell swelling:PMc ? *ciilee,PCMc you (pl.,subj. marker): PCK *kawd. *pwoto. 354 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

to swell:PCK * wupWa. tear they swim: PCMc*ate. pick,pluck, tear off: PMc ? they(3pl subject marker): PMc swing: PCK*ule, dl(ea)dl(ea), *[sSlafi,. *re-,ra-. (ka)-ule,(ta)-ule. tearor peelwith the teeth: PCK they(independent pronoun), loose,swung out: PCK *ldwa, *[kOlaTe-i-,[k01aTTe-i-. them(suf. obj. pm.), their (suf. luwa-di. tom:PMc *sae. poss.pm.): PMc *ira. symbol to tearapart or off:PCK *feifei, thick:PMc *ma-tolu,ma-totolu, sign,symbol: PMc *kilala. fei-ii-. ma-tolutolu. sympathy teeth be dense,thick: PCK *kud. to feel sympathy:PCK *fake. tearor peelwith the teeth: PCK thigh taboo *Ik0laTe-i-,[k0]aTTe-i-. innerthigh, crotch: PMc *Saja. tabOx,prohibition: PCK *pini. to peelwith the teeth: PMc thin taboo,ritual restriction, be *etieti. thin,flimsy: PMc *ma-nifi, taboo:PMc *tapwui. tell ma-nifinifi. taboo,sacred: PMc *fali. speak,tell: PCK *kae- or *kaya-. thing: PMc *mefa. tack story,tell a story:PMc *fiaio. think to tack(in sailing):PCK *kace. ten havein mind,think, remember: tail: PMc *iku. bunchof ten:PCK *yafi. PMc *mari. base,tail: PMc ? *pwuku. counterfor tens: PCMc *-itaki, think,ponder: PCK *aki-, akiaki, handle,tail (of fish):PCK *paca PPC*-ik[ae]. aki-i-. take unitof ten(in counting):PMc thirst carry,take: PMc ? *pweki. *-Uawulu. thirsty:PCK *maaro, PMc pullup, take up: PMc *pWai, tendency *marewu. paai-ti. habit,tendency: PCMc *kana, this:PMc ? *ae,. take,get: PMc *ala2. kai. here,this near speaker: PMc talk tendon *ee. speech,talk: PCK *mwa-lie, tendon,vein: PMc ? *ua,. this,that: PMc *ena. mwa-lielie. tentacle thought talk,converse, a story:PCK tentacle,strand of hairor fiber: thought,be in mind:PMc *dilo,diddilo. PMc ? *koo,koo-na. *lama,. talkloudly: PMc *kata. terminate thousand tame: PCK*tae]kir[ae], PCK end,terminate: PMc *tapwo, thousand(num. classifier): PMc *-aa-ratu. *mwaduko. tapwo-lsSla. termite three tangle termite:PCK three,three (general): PMc tangled:PCK *ffi, fiffi. *pWaddr[eU]. testicle *telu,telu-ua. twisted,tangled: PCMc *cafifi, testicles:PCK *Telu. throat PMc *pini,pinipini. taro that choke,throat: PCK *cior[ao]. that haves.t. in thethroat: Alocasiataro: PCK *finee, PCK (byyou), those: PCK *naa, caught PPC*laawa. *mwelln]da. [eil-naa,[eil-kka-naa, kka- naa. throat,neck: PPC *woro-. Cdociasiataro: PMc *wos[ao]. that of or in the Cyrtmpennataro: PMc (out sight past): through PMc ? *oo. go or come PMc *pwulaka2. through,pass: that or not plantedbed of taro:PCK (past visiblypresent): *pwera. *nnaku. PCK*wee. sew,stick through: PMc *[sS]i-, taro dirtas foundin t. s.: that,those: PCK *naana, kka- IsS]i-ki,[sS]i-ka. swamp, naana. throw:PCMc *kace. PCMc*pWalu. those thrust of taro: that, (nearperson variety Cyrtaopenna PCK to thrust, PCK or PCK? *[lnliwetta. addressed): *mwuu, push: *nnape taste: PMc *fiama. m'uu-nlae],kka-mwuu-n[ae]. *llape. thud taste PMc this,that: PMc *ena. delicious, goo(d: a *nafiau. thatch: PMc *aTo. thuddingnoise: PMc tie thatch:PMc *kumwukumwu. taste,flavor: PMc *iafia, *kaka,kaSi, nanana. kakaSi. thunder:PMc ? *para,parara. tattoo them thwart them a thwart,tie: PMc *tao. inscribe,tattoo: PMc *cicigi. (thirdperson plural taut inanimateobject pm.): PCK *- tickle or PCK taut,tight: PCK '? *mai, maia. nni. tickling pleasantfeeling: *n'a-kilikili. FINDER LIST FOR PROTO-MICRONESIAN RECONSTRUCTIONS 355

to tickle:PMc ? *kurakura to transport tide: PMc *ua,. to, toward:PWMc *Ilani. cany,convey, transport: PMc be low tide,dry: PMc *masa, today:PCK *i-kenaa, i-kenaa-ye. *wua,wuawua, wua-ti, wua-ta. mamasa. toddy carnyit. conveyit. transportit: high tide:PMc *uaprut[iuI. palmtoddy: PCK *kacii. PPC *waa. hightide orbe h. t.: PCK toe carry,transport: PCK *api,PCK *Upnna. fingemail,toenail, claw: PMc ?*kaTi. tie: PCK*llema, lema-ti-. *kuku. watertransportation, travel by a thwart,tie: PMc *ta[wfl]o. finger or toe: PWMc *tanisi. sea: PPC *tayi. tie beam:PCK *kadlcamwa. finger,toe: PMc *tu[sSIu. trap tie,bind: PMc *fau,fau-Si. together wicker fish trap:PMc *wuu. tied,joined: PWMc *rii. builder,bind together: PCMc trash tie thatch:PMc *kaka,ka-Si, *talilapa. trash,rubbish: PMc *peti. kaka-Si. squeezed,pushed together: PPC travel tie together:PMc *ako. *die. water transportation,travel by tie up,wrap: PCMc ? *r[Inusi. tie together:PMc *ako. sea: PPC *tayi. untied,loosen, untie: PCK*pwai, tomorrow:PMc *l[au]tuu. tread pwaipwai,pwai-ti-. dayafter tomorrow: PPoN step, tread,apply one's foot: tier *palia. PMc *pwutu. peergroup, tier: PWMc *tare. tone tree tight:PCK *nelkd, nnek-i, buzz,hum, make sound, a strandtree, Pisania grandis: nekdnekti. intonation:PMc *IJii. PPC ? *mwakd. exact.tight: PCK *ccara, to chant.intone: PCMc *IJoro- a tree, PCK *]JDad,PCK holdtightly: PCMc *faro, tongs:PMc *cipwa,. *tao[In]o, PCK *umwao,PMC faro-ki,faro-ka. tongue:PMc *lewe. *jipipjj, PMc *uS[iu]. taut.tight: PCK ? *mai,maia. tooth: PCMc *Jii. a tree, Barriigtogkiaaviatica: tilt top PCK *kulu, PMc *futu, PMC slant.tilt: PCK *paye or *peya. extremity,top, tip, head: PMc ? *iwu. tilted:PCK *pala. *ulu. a tree, Callophylliun inophyllwn: tilt.tip over:PCK *dik[ae]. on, on topof (a canoe):PCK PCK *rakici,PPC *tafaija, timber *cddi. PMc ? *itau. tree,stick, timber, log: PCK on, topsideof. PCK*we-, we- a tree, Cananga odorata:PPC *irae. ni-. *pwura. time: PMc *a[sS]o. ridgepole,top: PMc *wulja. a tree, Cordiasubcordata: PMC at thetime of, during:PCK topof head,fontanel: PMc *kanawa. *lipwa-. *maBo. a tree, Morindiacitrifdia: PMC old times:PMc *metu. upperpart. top: PMC *ata. *flonhiul. timeperinod: PCMc *ta[wffu,. torch:PMc *sulu. a tree, Parinawriun:PPC *ayita. tiny torn a tree, Pittavponun:PCK *yalle- small,little, tiny: PWMc *nirji. tom,destroyed: PCK pruta. tip *d(ae)r(ae). a tree, Prninna integrifolia:PCK extremity,top, tip, head: PMc torso *aro. *ulu. belly,abdomen, torso: PMc a tree, ScaevoladaPPC *ramaki. growingtip of a tree:PWMc *\wupwa. a tree, Tenninaliacatappa: PCK *tiapwco total *kaata,kaataata. tip body,totality: PCK *ineki. banyan tree, Ficus cardeins:iis: tip,go underwater: PMc *ruku,. tow PPC *awa2- tipup, raise up, nodi, bob: PMc drag,haul, tow: PMc *uri, banyan tree, Ficits tinctoris:PCK *cimWe. *kawannu. tilt.tip over: PCK *dik[ae]. haul,pull, tow: PMc *are,are-ki. growing tip of a tree: PWMc tire haul,pull, tow, troll: PCMc *tiapwo. be tired. PCMc *Uixo. *liko. ironwoxxdtree (Pemphis bored, tired:PCK *iJtcj. trade acidida): PCMc *j[eila. tired:PCK *kacika. be traded,acquire in trade:PMc ivory nut palm: PCK tired,fatigued: PCK *ma-ilj, *mau,mau-ni. *r[eu]p-uu. ma h1dh1ti. transparent kind of tree: PCK *ki[lnliawa. tired,exhausted: PCMc *kari. clear,transparent: PCK *ffada. mangrove: PMc *totjo. weak,tired: PPC *pwaija. mangrove tree: PCK *ciaa. 356 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

orange(tree, fruit, or wood): tur, rotate:PCK *kullu, da- vague PCK *kurukuru. kulu,da-kullu. uncertain,vague: PCK *mwara, strandtree: PMc *ceni,ceceni. tums.t. over, reverse direction: mwmwara. treelessplace: PMc *maaTiaTi. PMc *woki,woki-si-. valley:PPC *wau. tree,stick, timber, log: PCK turtle:PMc *woiu. value *irae. kindof turtle:PCMc *tapwakea. objectof value:PCMc *pwai. treetrunk: PMc *fata,fata-aa. turtleshell: PMc *pwoca. variable varietyof sweet-huskedcoconut twine prefixindicating having a palm:PPC *adoola. twisted,entwined: PPC *pini, variable,oscillating, or tremble:PMc *cici. pinipini. variegatedcondition: PMc shake,tremble: PMc *cece, twins:PMc *pwexe,pwepwexe. *mWa-. cecece. twirl variegated tremble,shake: PMc *cucu. to twist,twirl: PWMc *firji[sS]i. speckled,variegated: PCK tremble(with fear): PMc *rere. twist *mwa-kelekele. trespass rollor twistfiber into rope: vegetation no trespassingsign: PCK *ma- PCMc*kalo. areawithout vegetation: PMc cai[liu]. rubtogether, twist, rumple: PMc *malala. tribe *mwulo,mwulo-Si. vegetation,forest: PMc *walu. clan,folk, tribe, stock: PCK to twist:PMc *fira,fira-lkxli. vein *kayinaja. to twist,twirl: PWMc *fiji-[sS]i. tendon,vein: PMc ? *ua,. trick twisted,entwined: PPC *pini, vein,sinew: PMc *waka. to PPON trick: *piici,pici-, pici- pinipini. very:PCK ? *kii,kiini, PCK i. twisted, sprained:PCK *mwaaji. *kkoni,kkoi. trim twisted,tangled: PCMc *cafifi, very,more: PCMc *siki. be PPC trimmed,shaped: *pari, PMc *pini,pinipini. vibrate paripari. two: PMc *rua. snap,vibrate: PMc *pici,pici-ki. troll cutin two:PCMc *woTo. vibration:PCK *ceju, cceiju. troll:PCMc haul,pull, tow, two (generalclass of objects): vicinity *liko. PMc *ru[aol-ua. shore,beach, vicinity: PMc to troll:PCK *pwili. typhoon *aro. true to storm,wind storm, typhoon: view true,real: PCMc *lelesa. PPC*mal6, maldmali. comeinto view, begin to take trunk unable shape:PCMc *pirju, pwuju. tree trunk:PMc *fata, fata-ra. unableto endurefurther: cometo view,reveal: PMc trust PWMc*jasa. *pWax[ae]. trust,believe, be confident:PMc under fadefrom view: PMc *[sS]olo. *lliu]ku. tip,go underwater: PMc *ruku,. vine try underside,under: PMc *faa. a kindof vine:PCK *kafaamaca. to attempt,try: PCK *tado, tado- understand:PCK *weewee. a vine:PCK ? *k(xoluuaor ni-. up *kauluuwa. to try:PWMc *To)o. face,surface, upside, on: PCK a vine(Cwamvalia catlartica): tuna *wawo-. PCK*walu-mako. bonito:PMc *atu. tuna, pullup, take up: PMc *pwai, creepingvine (Trilntfta turmeric:PCK *daiko. pwai-ti. pricumb7ls):PCK *karaka. curcuma,turmeric, ginger, pullup, uproot: PMc *wuti. derrisvine: PMc *upa. PMc *ario. yellow: tipup, raise up, noxl, bob: PMc visible turmericcolor: PMc *reUa. *cimre. becomevisible, be bright,shiny: turn upperpart, top: PMc *ata. PPC*liia, liraliia,llia. be tured facedown: PCK up,upward: PMc *Sake. voice:PCK ? *kotaor *koTo. *cappa. us givevoice: PMc *cia. turn:PCMc face, *tape2. Ist pl. incl.poss. pm., of us,our: voice,sound: PWMc *rillail. to takeone's turn at: PPON PMc *-ca. vomit *uutV use to vomit:PMc *mWumWuta. to turn PCK*riki. quickly: be finished,used up: PWMc wade:PWMc ? *Tuuru. turnaway, ignore the presence *rota. proceed,wade: PCK ? *dupwu,. of others:PWMc *faliku, utter wait falikuri. spoken,said, uttered: PCK *pata. to wait:PCMc *talwOlu2. turnone's face or direction: PCK vagina:PMc *pia waitfor: PCK *wedi,. *Toro,ToroToro. FINDER LIST FOR PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS 357

wake up weak white,powdered lime: PMc becomeaware, wake up, be be weak,hungry: PCK *kki- *pWece,pwecepwece. surprised:PMc *rut[iu]. lako. who walk: PCK? *aliali. weak,tired: PPC *pwara. who?:PMc ? *tau3. cane,walking stick: PMc *toko, wealth whole toko-na. wealthy:PMc *wa[w0Lu. be whole:PCMc *lua. walk,move around: PMc weary be whole,entire: PPC *faSale. weary,sleepy: PCK *cike. *wunut[ao]. wall weather encirclingor coveringa whole: fence,wall: PPC *didi, di-. recovered,abated (of illness, PCMc*pwalili. wall,fence: PMc *woro2. weather):PCK *cikara. whole,complete: PMc want weave *pwon[ao]. to desire,want: PCK *mwaca-ni, to weave,plait: PMc *fatu, why mWaca-ni-aa. fatufatu. because,why: PPC *pwa-ki-da. war weavea net:PMc *[sSlaa, wide war,fighting: PMc *maawunu. [sSlaa-i-. wide,width: PMc *cau, cau-lapa. warm weavesword: PCK ? widespread be warmed:PMc *raji,raiiraui. *kaopeope. continuouslywidespread: PCK to heat,be warm:PMc *rara. weep *ceeu. to warmoneself: PCK *caji. cry,weep: PMc *tari,taDi-Si-. wind:PMc *ari,auiaji. wash weight blow(of thewind): PMc ? *pau, to scrub,wash: PMc *salu, lightin weight:PMc *maraa. paupau. salusalu. lightof weight:PWMc *pale. blow(of wind):PCK *filefile, to washones hands:PMc ? well file-di. *[a0nmwi,[a]lmwi-ni-. gcdxl,well: PCK *fici,. havea headwind: PCK *yajida. washone's face: PMc *wuro, west seasonof southerlywinds: wuro-mata. down,westward: PMc *siwo. PCMc*raki. watch west,due west, southwest, strongwind: PCK *mwor[ae]. examine,inspect, watch: PCK northwest:PCK *lodoa, to storm,wind storm, typhoon: *piipii,pii-. lodoa-lapa,lodoa-ara, lodoa- PPC*malui, malumalu. standwatch, stay awake: PMc afaqi. windblownrain or spray:PCK *mamata. wet *parata. water:PMc *pili. be wet:PCK ? *ccoki. windy,windy season: PPC ? freshwater: PMc *canu, whale:PMc *rato. *paar,para-, parata. cacanu,canucanu. what winded saltwater: PMc *taSi. do what,what?: PMc ? *faiSa. longwindedin diving:PMc splashwater on (s.t.):PCMc what?:PMc *mee-Saa. *patiki. *wusi,wuwusi. what?what relationship?: PMc wing to catch(water) in a container: *Safa. hand,arm, wing: PMc *pau. PMc *tano-mi-. when wise waterproof if, when(future uncertain): PCK wise,knowing: PCK *reepiya. waterproof,not leaky: PCMc *karee,kareeree. wish *mano. when?:PMc *fiai-Sa,iai-Sa. to wish,need: PMc *aneane. wave where with to wave,beckon: PMc *alo, fromwhere?: PCMc *maia. and,with: PMc *ma. aloalo,alo-[t]ji. where?:PCMc *iaa, PMc *faa. wither waves:PMc *nawo. whip driedout, withered: PCMc we strike,whip, hit: PCK *wici, *pwata. we (excl.,as subj.marker): PMc wici-i. woman:PCK *cao-pWuda, PMc *kayi. whisper:PPC *iunudiun, mWa- *faifine. we (excl.),us: PWMc ijtind0find.eUnununu. feminineprefix (with personal *ka[aijmami, whistle:PCMc *kauae. namesof women):PCMc PWMc*kami. pipingor whistlingsound, *nlae]i-. we (incl.,as subj.marker): pipingbird: PPC ? *koyikoyi. legendarywoman: PCK *yaado. PCMc*Ti-. to whistle(of humans):PCMc woman'sbelt or necklaceof we (incl.),us: PMc *kica,PMc *uae,ka-uae. shellbeads: PCK *kini. *kita. white wood be grey-haired,white-haired: a floaton a net,light woodl: PCK*mautliu]. PCMc*iTo. 358 OCEANICLINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2

driftw(xd:PCMc *kai-peti. wrap,mix: PCK *fi-di-. curcuma,turmeric, ginger, firew(xxl:PMc *fafia,PMc wretched yellow:PMc *aro. *mwucu. miserable,wretched: PCMc stainedyellow: PMc *mera, orange(tree, fruit, or wood): *riea. meera. PCK *kurukuru. wring yesterday:PMc *fafioa. w(xxdencontainer: PCK wringout: PCMc *wor[iu]si. yet *ttapwu2. wrist still,yet: PCK *ciwa-ni. wooxxl,pole: PMc *kayu. fist,hand, and wrist: PPC you worm: PMc *mWata. *kumwucu. you (pl.):PCMc *kamii, PMc a blackworm: PCK *Ticalo. write *kamwu. to write:PCK as PCK bait, worm: PMc *paa,. writing, *iici,ici-, you (pl., subj.marker): worn ici, ici-l-. *kawu. PCK wornwith age: PMc *maki. yam: PPC ? *kaapi. you (sg. personalnoun): wound yard *keenlael. PMc cut,wound, sore, scar: PMc yard,boom (of canoe):PCK you (sg. subj.pm.): *ko-, *kina,kina-ta. *cuyicuyi. koe. wrap yawn young be mouthed:PMc ? PMc be wrapped,a package,to wrap yawn, open youngersibling: *talsSli. (s.t): PMc *sukusuku, *mawa. your suku-ma,suku-mi. yaws your(sg.): PMc *-mWu. fold,wrap: PCMc *lukuma. yaws,skin sore: PCK *rupu. tie up, wrap:PCMc ? *[ln]usi. yellow:PCK *yaloyalo.