International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666 Vol.1 Issue-4 (2), October-December 2014
Lecturer in History, Sir M V Post Graduate Center ,Tubinakere Mandya District, Karnataka
masses on a momentous scale & there by channeled the social issues such as Introduction- Indian National Movement removal of untouchability , literary , involved various societal components adult education , Khadi , Swadeshi etc which left indelible mark on the progression of freedom struggle. There were many societal components during The Swadeshi movement was a the long drawn process of freedom befitting reply to a growing colonial struggle which highlighted mass power. It became relevant because the inclusion of all communities & fostered British government could be constrained their community behavior. The only through economic unsteadiness. Circumscribed pattern of Indian national Whole of India find its own means of movement was inflamed by involving a supporting Swadeshi movement & plethora of socio religious reformative Karnataka enthusiastically responded to thinking which linked the people all over the call of Swadeshi. On 5th May 1905 a India together. Important mile stone public meeting was held which presided episodes such as Swadeshi movement , by Gurunatha Rao Patak was held in the Non co-operation , Civil Disobedience , Victoria Theatre at Dharwad to protest Quit India, Salt Satyagraha etc involved
International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666 Vol.1 Issue-4 (2), October-December 2014 against the partition of Bengal and to boycott of British goods. Ranibennur encourage the establishment of Local & witnessed one of the biggest bonfires of Swadeshi industries. The meeting foreign cloth. resolved that everyone should vow not to use foreign cloth, except in inevitable circumstances in order to encourage Textile dealers in Belgaum decided not Indian artisans and trade in Indian goods to import foreign cloth and in Dharwad, & manifested to make people use only grocers decided not to purchase Daboti Swadeshi goods. To spread the message and Johnson sugar. In Alnavar it was of Swadeshi and boycott, Bal decided to smoke batti’s instead of bidis Ganghadhara Tilak toured North and anyone found breaking the rule was Karnataka in 1905-06 which helped the fined. Hoteliers stopped the sale of tea cause of Swadeshi . Following the and people poured kerosene into gutters National leader, Local leaders such as and instead began to use indigenous oil Alur Venkata Rao, Sakkari Balachar, for lighting. In one instance after it was Krishna Rao Mudvedkar, Anantha Rao noticed that a bangle seller had sold Dabade and others undertook extensive foreign bangles saying that it was Indian, tours and delivered speeches on the bangle seller was not only abused but Swarajya, Swadeshi, Boycott and also had to forego money. National Education.
In Belgaum, along with swadeshi Swadeshi industries arose in many movement, prohibition was also places. Vittal Rao Deshpande of Hebbal advocated and toddy contractors had to started a weaving factory at Kittur. incur heavy loss. For picketing liquor Another factory was built in Badami. shops in Belgaum nine persons were Cloths made here were sent even to awarded one- week imprisonment and Bengal. Rama Rao Alagvadi opened a fined Rs 680/- in June 1908. Though a Match factory at Dharwad, while in prominent person of Belgaum offered to Laxmeshwar a Porcelain factory was pay the fine, the youths refused his help established. Factories for manufacturing and preferred imprisonment. On 8th bangles, pencils and many other articles August 1908 a public meeting was held in of common use arose in many places. A Bagalkot, which was addressed by Karnataka Industrial Conference met at Jayarao Nargund, Zainapur, Dharwad in 1907 to chalk out plans to Yalagundrao, Dharwadkar and others. It develop Swadeshi industries in was proposed to establish a Swadeshi Karnataka. New Banks were established Vyaparottejaka Samstha in Bagalkote. In to help these industries. Boycott of Bangalore & Mysore picketing in from to British goods: Apart from wide support to the liquor shops gained momentum & Swadeshi movement, people of Karnataka women enthusiastically joined hands in wholeheartedly participated in the condemning this social evil.In Shimoga &
International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666 Vol.1 Issue-4 (2), October-December 2014
Tumkur regions people came forward to of political and cultural community close down toddy shops. among them. In 1916 Alur Venkataka Rao and Kadapa Raghavendra Rao founded the “ Karnataka Ekikarana The movement also saw the Sabha” with the acknowledged objective establishment of National Schools in of attaining a unified Karnataka. ( various parts of Karnataka. Alur Venkata G.S.Halappa -History of Freedom Rao started a school called popularly as Movement in Karnataka Volume 2 ) “Nutana Vidyalaya” at Dharwad with .Leaders such as Tagadur Ramachandra arts and crafts as subjects in the Rao highlighted British atrocities at the curriculum. Another National school Jalianwala Bagh. The demise of Bal came up at Navalgunda by the efforts of Gangandhar Tilak in 1920 saw a Dundopanth Sahasrabuddhe. In Belgaum spontaneous turnout of people in large Kaka Kalelkar established the Ganesh numbers to condole his death and the city Vidyalaya, while Jaya Rao Nargund and the surrounding areas observed started another school at Bagalkote. bandhs as a mark of respect to the Similar schools were established at departed leader. The Tilak National Hanagal, Angadi and other places. In Union began in Mysore in 1920 with local South Kanara district, Ammembala leaders such as Swami Rao and Srinivasa Pai was the moving spirit in the Ramaswamy Iyengar among others. boycott of foreign goods and the spread of Swadeshi. Men like K.P.Rao and Panje Mangesha Rao assisted him, while It was felt that the fight for freedom Kolachalam Venkata Rao and Sabhapathi would be strengthened and sanctified if Mudaliar were the leaders of the freedom there were the consciousness of movement in Bellary ( G.S.Halappa - brotherhood among the people of History of Freedom Movement in Karnataka. Kadapa Raghavendra Rao Karnataka Volume 2) toured all over Karnataka and roused the people into enthusiasm for Karnataka unity. Memorials were submitted to the Though Tilak had aroused the spirit of Secretary of State for India, Montagu patriotism of the people of Karnataka the demanding a separate province for Kannadigas had no separate political Kannada speaking people. In 1920, the entity, which would have been a spur to All-Karnataka Political Conference was concerted action. This was realized and held at Dharwad under the president- keenly felt by leaders from the early ship of V.P.Madhava Rao, a former years of the century. In 1915 the Diwan of Mysore. Delegates from all Kannada Sahithya Parishad had been parts of the Karnataka region established at Bangalore with the object participated and it was decided to send of bringing together all Kannada- maximum number of delegates from speaking people in order to create a sense Karnataka to the Nagpur Congress
International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666 Vol.1 Issue-4 (2), October-December 2014 session. It was decided to request for a Manu. "Princely States and the Hindu separate Congress province, which should Imaginary: Exploring the Cartography of include all Kannada-speaking areas. The Hindu Nationalism in Colonial Nagpur Congress session permitted India" Journal of Asian Studies, (Aug Karnataka to have a separate Pradesh 2008) Congress Committee (P.C.C.) and Gangadharrao Deshpande became the first K.P.C.C. president. He was called Ramachandra Rao founded the Khaddar "Father of Political Unrest" in Princely Sahakara Sangha in 1925 He was Mysore as he was involving all the people arrested for opposing the visit of the in societal constructive activities. A Simon Commission to India in 1928 and District Congress Committee was became the first political prisoner in founded for Mysore state with Justice Mysore State. He was popularly known as Setlur as president and local committees Mysore Gandhi. Because of his influence were started at Shimoga ,Tumkuru, and efforts Mahatma Gandhi made his Bangalore, Mysore and other places in visit to Mysore State. He visited the state. ( G.S.Halappa -History of Badanavalu village in Nanjangud Taluk Freedom Movement in Karnataka of Mysore district which facilitated the Volume 2 ) Khadi center to come up elsewhere in Karnataka. ( M.K. Gandhi ; Village Swaraj ; Pub. Navajeevan ; Ahmedabad; Page 21-28 ) Leaders like Kolachalam Cow protection movement in Mysore Venkata Rao and Sabhapathi Mudaliar in state gathered momentum. Leaders such Bellary asserted social consciousness in as Alur Venkata Rao, Sakkari Balachar, this region through incessant public Krishna Rao Mudvedkar, Ramachandra meetings & rallies. ( Bhagavan, Manu. rao, Anantha Rao Dabade , Kadapa "Princely States and the Hindu Raghavendra Rao, etc held public rallies Imaginary: Exploring the Cartography of to create awareness about cow Hindu Nationalism in Colonial protection.A mass awareness program India" Journal of Asian Studies, (Aug regarding removal of untouchability 2008) through temple entry programs was taken up by leaders such as Karnad Sadashiva Rao.Anti conversion drive in A significant aspect of the movement in Mysore state against the conversion by Mysore was that social reforms preceded missionaries was also taken up during political demands, and hence there were this period. Ramachandra Rao was a movements to eradicate untouchability, follower of Mahatma Gandhi, deeply constitute a Representative Assembly to influenced by Satyagraha movement provide a forum for public participation Instrumental in admitting many lower in public affairs, reserve jobs for caste people into schools. ( Bhagavan, backward classes, and expand education,
International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666 Vol.1 Issue-4 (2), October-December 2014 women upliftment activities among worked as teachers. Leaders like A. G. others.The list of association such as Sri Ramachandra Rao , S. G. Athri, K.M. Kempu Chaluvarajammanni Avaru Rudrappa Gowda, Gopal Rao Belavadi , Mahila Samaja , The Vani Mahila Samaja Boranna Gowda , Tippeswamy , Lokanna Arsikere , Mahila Samaja Sakaleshapura gowda actively undertook education of etc were started to restructure the the masses.Social activists such as conditions of women. The Goruru Ramaswamy Iyengar , Shama Kasturabagram in Arsikere started in Rao , Srikanteshappa , Venkatachala 1946 also had the intention of upliftment Shastry, Sri Sachchindananda , Ramarao of women through self-help The etc toured villages all over the state Kasturaba Gandhi National Trust was creating mass consciousnessAssociations one of the pioneering constructive such as Mahila Samaja , Balawadi founded in 1945 to promote women ,Geleyara Balaga, Stree Samaja, Yuva welfare. The Shankarapura Mahila Sangha Kala Sangha came up tackling Samaja Hassan 1945 had also same the issues of Society. intention of making women self- dependent The Shankarapura Mahila Samaja Hassan 1945 had also same The Congress philosophy of Sarvodaya intention of making women self- ameliorated the lower caste people to dependent. Mahila Samaja Sakaleshapura participate in pro societal activities. which was started in the year 1940 had There was an increase in the number of the motto of promoting social cultural charitable institutions such as hospitals wellbeing of womenyouth hostels for & welfare homes. Mahatma Gandhiji’s students seeking education and shelter call for Individual Satyagraha was for both men & women started serving assisted the awakening of the public the community which was a welcome Sevadal karyakartas Volunteers camps sign.The society awakened itself towards became popular. Mahatma Gandhi's visits basic needs such as education & health. to Mysore, Tagadur, Badanwal and National schools were established in Nanjangud in 1934, and his public Mangalore, Dharwad, Hubli, Hangal, address on January 5 that year on Bagalkote, Bijapura eradicating untouchability, fired the imagination of the people.This was followed by visits from leaders such as Pattabhi Sitaramayya in 1937 and The Kasturaba Gandhi National Trust Jawaharlal Nehru, who helped galvanise was one of the pioneering constructive public opinion in favour of independence. founded in 1945 to promote women The net impact was mass awakening and welfare, Gadag, Belgaum, Sirsi, Hospete, tremendous public participation in the Siddapura and other places. In the Quit India movement in 1942. Students National school run by Alur Venkata Rao took the lead and there was widespread at Dharwad, Dr. Bendre and R.R.Diwakar rioting as an expression of people's
International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666 Vol.1 Issue-4 (2), October-December 2014 opposition to British rule. ( Bhagavan, which was started in Holenarasipura. Manu. "Princely States and the Hindu Sugjana deepika , Aruodaya , Sanathana Imaginary: Exploring the Cartography of dharma, Deepthi , Bhakti vardhana etc Hindu Nationalism in Colonial newspapers were started with an India" Journal of Asian Studies, (Aug intention to spread Hindu philosophy. 2008)
Several social & community need based tasks were undertaken as supportive of The Church Of South Indian national struggle. Adult education was Organization had its origin in a small seen as direct implication. Women & boarding school founded in 1856 under children welfare associations became the auspices of the Holy Wesleyan popular, the segmentation of community Methodist missionary society. later it was as untouchables Dalits & poor, illiterate amalgamated in Methodist mission people was revoked & they were church in 1946 .It ran a Destitute Home motivated to participate in all types of for orphans during the great famine of social campaigns .Loyalty & patriotism 1876. It gave educational and medical alone was stressed as a bond unifying help for the poor and needy during the large mass of Indians. its reflections on famine, later it became a home for societal & community based issues was orphan children. It trained them in the reflective of the National consciousness. arts and crafts. It also promoted self-help The increase in community based for poor and down trodden .this associations, the high demand for local institution later became a well-known Suffrage & the growing support for name in the district for its social service, schools & elementary education had a With the empowerment of the local great proposition in the region. Even bodies in 1927 Elementary education & though the local leaders had limited suffrage received importance which was access & easily succumbed to hostile mainly due to the efforts of local leaders State policy, their role in inspiring the through press. Their writings on rural mass towards Nationalism was important making local bodies an high substantial & noteworthy. This study power instrument in Societal becomes relevant because there had been advancement paid fruits. – the local press a proportional rise in the reflective & was instrumental in helping the writings intricate studies in Indian national on spiritual issues. Movement & their combined impact on subalterns.
Many religious based associations sprang 1. Bhagavan, Manu. "Princely States up in this area. The Adayatama and the Hindu Imaginary: Exploring prakashalaya was one such institution the Cartography of Hindu
International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666 Vol.1 Issue-4 (2), October-December 2014
Nationalism in Colonial India" Journal of Asian Studies, (Aug 2008) 67#3 2. Gonsalves, Peter. Khadi: Gandhi's Mega Symbol of Subversion, (Sage Publications), (2012) 3. Halappa G S -History of Freedom Movement in Karnataka Volume 2) 4. Majumdar, R.C. History of the Freedom movement in India 5. Ramusack, Barbara (2004), The Indian Princes and their States (The New Cambridge History of India), Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press 6. Sarkar, Sumit (1983). Modern India: 1885–1947. Madras: Mac millan 7. Seal, Anil (1968). Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century. London: Cambridge U.P.