Land at Silve r Street, Calne, Wiltshire .
A Heritage Assessment
© Context One Archaeological Services 2 01 6
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire.
A Heritage Assessment
for
C G Fry & Son Ltd .
by
Brickfield Offices, Maperton, Wincanton, Somerset. BA9 8EG. T: 01963 824696 E: [email protected] W: www.contextone.co.uk
COAS reference: C1/ DBA /16/S CW
National Grid Reference: centred on ST 99726 70065
COAS project team: Project Director: Richard McConnell Fieldwork Manager: Stuart Milby Post -excavation Manager: Dr Cheryl Green Walkover survey : Orlando Prestidge Research : Orlando Prestidge Report: Orlando Prestidge Illustration: Tara Fairclough
February 2016
Context One Archaeological Services Ltd shall retain the copyright of any commissioned reports, tender documents or other projected documents, under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 with all rights reserved, excepting that it hereby provides an exclusive licence to the client for the use of such documents by the client in all matters directly relating to the project as described in the Project Design/Specification/Written Scheme of Investigation.
Front cover image: A view of the Site looking north -east . © Context One Archaeological Services 2016
Contents
Non -technical summary...... i
1. Introduction...... 1
2. Statutory and non -designated heritage assets ...... 2
3. Site location, topography and geology ...... 2
4. Archaeological and historical r esource ...... 4
5. Historic map regression and aerial photograph analysis ...... 9
6. Walkover s urvey ...... 18
7. Settings ...... 20
8. Discussion ...... 30
9. COAS acknowledgements ...... 31
10 . Bibliography ...... 31
Tables
Table 1. Tithe Apportionment ...... 11 Table 2 . Heritage assets with views of Site...... 24
Appendices
Appendix 1 . Heritage Assets within c. 1k m of the Site ...... 33 Appendix 2. Historic maps, documents and photographs ...... 39 Appendix 3. Aerial photographic holdings relating to the Site and its environs...... 40
Illustrations
Figure 1. Site setting ...... 3 Figure 2. Detailed site setting showing heritage asset s...... 16 Figure 3. Location of evaluation trenches, archaeology and geophysical survey results...... 17 Figure 4 . Detailed site setting showing walkover survey photo viewpoints...... 19 Figure 5 . Historic setting ...... 29
Plates
Plate 1. Extract from A.E.W. Marsh’s map showing the Common Lands as they existed in 1813 ...... 9 Plate 2 . Extract from c. 1830s boundary plan (John Aldridge and H.R. Brandreth) ...... 10 Plate 3 . Extract from 1843 Tithe map of Calne ...... 11 Plate 4 . Extract from 1889 1st edition Ordnance Survey map ...... 12 Plate 5 . Extract from 1900 2nd edition Ordnance Survey ma p...... 13 Plate 6 . Extract from 1923 -4 Ordnance Survey map ...... 14 Plate 7 . Satellite image of the Site (outline in red) (Google Maps UK) ...... 15 Plate 8 . The Site from the eastern corner (looking SW )...... 18 Plate 9 . The western boundary of the Site and wooded area (looking SSW) ...... 18 Plate 10 . The wooded area and wes tern boundary track (looking NE )...... 20 Plate 11 . Stone pillars at south -western end of track, at junction with Silver Street (looking SW ). .. 20 Plate 12 . The modern housing development and the rooftops of the Conservation Area from the 21 centre of the Site (looking NE)......
Plate 13 . The residential development that restricts views from the northern boundary of the Site 21 towards the Calne Conservation Area (looking N)...... Plate 14 The treeline and school buildings to the east of the Site (looking SE)...... 22 Plate 15. The Grade II Listed property of Vern Leaze visible through vegetation to th e west of the 22 Site (looking W)...... Plate 16. The Grade II Listed Pillars Lodge to the so uth -west of the Site (looking SW)...... 23 Plate 17. The wooded area that restricts views from the south of the Site (looking S) ...... 23 Plate 18. The view towards the Site from the southern edge of the Conservation Area (looking S). .. 25 Plate 19. The Grade II Listed Quemerford Lodge (looking N)...... 26 Plate 20. The restricted view from Grade II Listed Quemerford Lodge towards the Site (looking SW) 26 Plate 21. The clear view onto the Site from the drive of Vern Leaze (looking E)...... 27 Plate 22. The view from Pillars L odge with the wooded area south of Site in the foreground 27 (looking NE)...... Plate 23. The view from Silver s treet, adjacent to the historic milestone (looking NNE )...... 28 Plate 24. The view from Grade II Listed Stockstreet Farm towards the Site. The rooftop of Pillars 28 Lodge is visible to the east of the wooded areasouth of the Site (looking N)......
Non -technical summary
Context One Archaeological Services Ltd (COAS) carried out a heritage a ssessment relating to a development proposal on land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire, during February 2016. The project was commissioned and funded by C.G Fry & Son Ltd. A walkover survey was conducted on 22 February 2016 in addition to consulting desk-based sources.
The assessment is intended to determine the archaeological potential of the Site and to inform the scope and nature of any archaeological constraints with relation to residential development of the Site. The investigation represents an update to a previous desk-based assessment conducted in 2009 (COAS), incorporating the results of a 2010 geophysical survey and a 2011 pro gramme of evaluation trenching also by COAS.
The assessment has demonstrated that the Site is located within an area of historical and archaeological interest, although it is outside of the Calne Conservation Area. A number of heritage assets are present within the vicinity, although due to the topography of the Site and 20 th century residential and infrastructure development, the Site is only visible from a small number of Listed buildings to the west and south.
The evidence collated during this a ssessment suggests that there is potential for the survival of archaeological remains in the south and western part of the field. This potential relates to activity or settlement dating to the prehistoric, Romano-British and medieval periods , and could include human burial and, for the medieval period, smelting works. The remains of former field boundaries will also be present, which date from at least the 18 th century but could be of significantly greater antiquity. Features relating to former structures and enclosures may also survive, dating from the 19 th century onwards. The 2011 evaluation works established that the majority of the archaeological features were located between 0.30m and 0.50m below the present ground surface, and would therefore likely be impacted by any intrusive groundworks. The area would need to be fully stripped and archaeologically recorded in order to expose and interpret any buried archaeologically features that may be present.
i
1. Introduction
1.1 Context One Archaeological Se rvices Ltd (COAS) carried out a heritage assessment in support of a planning application for development on Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire (the ‘Site’), during February 2016. The project was commissioned and funded by C.G Fry & Son Ltd. A walkover survey was conducted on 22 February 2016 in addition to consulting desk-based sources.
1.2 The assessment is intended to determine the historical significance and archaeological potential of the Site and to inform the scope and nature of any heritage constraints with relation to development proposals for a r esidential development of 154 dwellings with public open space, landscaping, engineering works, associated infrastructure and vehicular access from Silver Street. The investigation represents an update to a previous desk-based assessment conducted in 2009 (COAS), incorporating the results of a 2010 geophysical survey and a 2011 programme of evaluation trenching also by COAS. It also considers the contribution to setting in relation to the Calne Conservation Area, Listed buildings and other heritage assets in the environs.
1.3 The request for the archaeological work follows advice given by Central Government as set out in the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) , which states that:
‘In determining applications, local planning authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting. The level of detail should be proportionate to the assets’ importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance’.
‘Where a site on which development is proposed includes or has the potential to include heritage assets with archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation’ (DCLG 2012, para 128).
1.4 The assessment was carried out in accordance with the current guidelines as defined by the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA), formerly the Institute for Archaeologists (IfA) (2014a, 2014b, 2014c). The purpose of an assessment is to establish the known or potential cultural heritage resource in a local, regional, natio nal or international context. This specifically includes:
• the identification of site specific statutory and non-statutory cultural heritage constraints (including planning constraints)
• the identification of published and unpublished archaeological events
• the examination of available cartographic and documentary sources
• a walkover survey to assess the surviving cultural heritage resource
• an assessment of potential impacts upon the setting of nearby heritage assets and Conservation Areas
The criteria for the settings assessment broadly follows guidance issued by Historic England in Historic environment good practice advice in planning. Note 3: The Setting of Heritage Assets (2011).
1.5 This report summarises the topographical, geologic al, archaeological and historical background of the Site and provides an assessment of its current archaeological potential.
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 1
2. Statutory and non-designated heritage assets
Statutory designations 2.1 Statutory designations include Scheduled Ancient Monuments as set -out in the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 as Amended (1983) ; registered battlefields; Listed buildings; registered Historic Parks and Gardens; UNESCO World Heritage Sites ; and Conservation Areas. This legislation identifies archaeological sites and remains that are regarded as internationally and nationally important and which merit protection by statute. This is recognised also in the prevailing local and county structure plans.
2.2 The Nation al Heritage List for Engl and does not list any Scheduled Monuments on the Site, although the moated site and fishpond adjacent to Pinhills Farm (Historic England (HE) No. 1017398; 1 on Figure 2 ) is located c. 1km to the west. A further Scheduled M onument, comprising a well-preserved medieval rural settlement at Quemerford Farm (HE No. 1017056; 2 on Figure 2 ) is located c. 1km to the east. The Historic Park and Garden of Bowood (HE No. 1000336; 3 on Figure 2 ) contains extensive and complex pleasure grounds and a park dating to the 18 th and 19 th centuries, and is located c. 900m south-west of the Site. The Calne Conservation area (Designated in 2000) covers some of the northern section of the 1k m search radius surrounding the Site.
Non -designated heritage assets 2.3 Non -designated heritage assets are building s, monument s, site s, place s, area s or landscape s that are similarly recognised in the prevailing national, county and local planning po licies. These could include, Sites of Archaeological Importance/Interest and assets identified by the local planning authority (including the local listing).
2.4 The Wiltshire Historic Environment Record lists 48 historic monuments and events within the 1km research radius. Of these 32 are heritage assets, and a further 16 are archaeological investigations.
3. Site location, topography and geology
3.1 The Site (centred on ST 99726 70065 ) covers approximately 5 hectares and is located to the south of Calne town centre ( Figure 1 ). Calne is one of the oldest market towns in Wiltshire and is situated to the north-west of the North Wessex Downs, c. 10km east of Chippenham and c. 20km west of Marlborough. The Site is a roughly triangular piece of land bounded by Silver Street (the A3102) to the north-west, White Horse Way to the north-east, and a track way to the south-east. The Site lies largely with in the Civil Parish of Calne, but the southern part extends into the Calne Without Civil Parish.
3.2 The land generally slopes uphill from north -east to south -west and then drops again in the south - west corner, lying at a height of between 84m above Ordnance Datum (aOD) in the eastern corner and 110m aOD towards the centre of the Site. The Site currently comprises rough grassland, with an area of semi-mature woodland, containing Ash, Hazel, Hawthorn and some larger Oak trees, to the south-western corner.
3.3 According to the British Geological Survey (BGS 2016 ), the underlying geology of the Site consists of Coral Rag Formation limestone, overlain by Kimmeridge Clay in the south-west. The soils in this area are characterised as freely draining, loamy, shallow, lime-rich soils over chalk or limestone with areas of clayey, lime-rich loamy and clayey soils with slightly impeded drainage (http://www.landis.org.uk/soilscapes).
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 2
Figure 1. Site setting
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 3
4. Archaeological and historical resource
4.1 The archaeological background for the S ite and environs h as been drawn primarily from the Wiltshire and Swindon Historic Environment Record (HER) and documentary sources held at the Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre. Heritage assets within a 500m radius of the Site are located and enumerated on Figure 2. A summary of the principal items and areas of interest are displayed in a table in Figure 2 with their Wiltshire and Swindon HER unique numeric identifier, pre-fixed with M for monument and E for event . The primary and secondary records held at the Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre (Appendix 1 ) include estate, Ordnance S urvey maps, aerial photographs and local archaeological and history publications. Unpublished archaeological reports held at the Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre were also consulted along with aerial photograph collections. The historic maps and aerial photograph reproduced in this section sho w the original study area as prepared for the 2009 report. The wooded area to the south of the Site has now been removed from the development proposal.
General background 4.2 The name Calne is thought to have derived from the name of a river, likely to be the old name of either Abberd Brook or the River Marden (Gover et al 1939: 256). The name may have Celtic origins, from Col-aun meaning ‘meeting of waters’ (Calne.org.uk 2016).
4.3 The town of Calne has Saxon origins and the earliest known written reference comes from the will of King Eadred, who died in AD955, which describes Calnae as a hamlet belonging to the Crown (McMahon 2004: 3) . On the death of Eadred, Calne was given to the Church of Winchester, but had become the property of King Ethelred by AD997 (Haslam 1976: 13).
4.4 Calne stood on a large Royal estate and would have been an important town in the area. Around the year AD 1000, Wulfstan wrote that the King had owned a residence, a Villa Regia, at Calne in the 9 th century, which was occupied by his representative or chief magistrate for the Hundred (Crowley 2002: 34-41; McMahon 2004: 5).
4.5 Both the Anglo -Saxon Chronicle and the works of Marianus Scotus record a meeting of St. Dunstan with the Witan or Witenagemot (chiefs) at Calne, probably in the aforementioned royal residence, to discuss Church reforms in AD 978 and again in AD 997 (McMahon 2004: 5). The Anglo -Saxon Chronicle records that a miracle occurred during the meeting in AD 978 and a translation of that year’s entry reads: “ This year all the oldest counsellors of England fell at Calne from an upper floor; but the holy Archbishop Dunstan stood alone upon a beam. Some were dreadfully bruised: and some did not escape with life” (Killings 1996).
4.6 The Domesday Survey lists the town as Cauna and shows that it was divided between the Crown and the Church, but had previously belonged entirely to the King. Calne is described as a borough and had the obligation to provide the King and his retinue with accommodation and supplies for one night every year (McMahon 2004: 5). At the time of the Domesday Survey (1086) there were a total of 70 burgesses, 44 villagers, 80 smallholders, 10 freedmen, 11 Cottagers and 14 slaves, with 9 mills and land consisting of meadow, pasture and woodland (Morris 1979: 1-1). Nigel of Calne, the King’s physician, held the church from the King, which included about a third of the land and two of the nine mills, which McMahon (2004: 5) suggests could imply that the church was important and possibly a minster.
4.7 By t he 12 th century Calne had become a focal point for the woollen industry, with numerous clothiers and factories clustering around The Green. From the 14 th to 20 th centuries, the road through Calne was the main London to Bristol road, providing necessary tra nsport links for local industries. During the 14 th to 19 th centuries Calne’s importance grew and the town continued to expand and develop, until the decline of the clothing industry in the early 19 th century. At one point there were twenty cloth mills along the River Marden, which was used as a source of power, but by 1835 only one large and two small factories were still in production.
4.8 In 1801 -2, part of the River Marden was canalised as an extension of the Wiltshire & Berkshire Canal to Calne’s town mill, which opened up more efficient transportation to London and
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 4
Bristol. However, it went out of use by 1900 as the railway, opened in 1863, becam e a more popular mode of transportation. 4.9 Following Calne’s decline after the collapse of its woollen industry, the success of the Harris family, who invented the ‘Wiltshire Cure’ for bacon, meant that the town experienced another period of growth. Ex tensive new building works were undertaken and on Silver Street this included a nonconformist chapel, several large houses and the conversion of a three-storey warehouse to residential accommodation.
4.10 The cloth factory that had been built in the 17 90s was bought in 1869 by Charles Harris, proprietor of the Harris pork processing factory, who demolished it to construct a mansion called Woodlands. The Harris Company produced bacon, pork pies and sausages, and during the 1920s parts of the town were demolished for construction of an additional Harris factory. The town continued to develop and in 1929-30 a school and police station were built in Silver Street.
4.11 In the 19 th and 20 th centuries several quarries were active in and around Calne. Stone was quarried on the north-western and south-eastern edges of the town and on the eastern side sand was extracted from the Lower Greensand (Crowley 2002: 27-34 & 79-94). In the early 19 th century stone was quarried on both sides of Silver Street and on the south-west side of The Quarr (now London Road), approximately 300m north-east of the Site. In his Recollections of an Old Working Man (undated), William Cole states that these quarries pro duced building stone and that the “thin flatbeded stone which is found near the surface was what was then taken out, and without facing, or scarce any labour was used in buildings”. He later talks about a quarry being opened in 1815 by Lord Lansdowne and “up to that time what had been required for use on the Bowood property had been obtained from the back of the Quarr” (Cole, undated: 72-3) .
Site environs background Prehistoric (Pre - AD43) 4.12 Prehistoric remains are found on the chalk downs, but are less common on the clay and sandy soils of Calne. The remains of an Iron Age hill fort, now known as Oldbury Castle, are situated to the south-east of Cherhill village, approximately 5km east of th e Site, and numerous Bronze Age barrows (burial mounds) are located in its vicinity.
4.13 Prehistoric evidence from the immediate area aroun d the Site is relatively sparse. A small flint assemblage considered to be of Mesolithic date was recovered dur ing the cultivation of a garden, close to Castle Walk, some 1km to the north-west (MWI73100; 13 on Figure 2 ), and a Bronze Age burial, containing a chloritic slate wristguard, was found in 1844-5 in The Piece Quarries, c. 1.16km to the north (ST97SE150; Crowley 2002: 27-34) . A single further find spot has been identified in the locality, comprising an Iron Age gold stater discovered in a garden in Page Close in 1976, c. 1.1km north-east of the Site.
4.14 Iron Age ditches have also been identified d uring a 2012 watching brief between Pillars Lodge and Holly Ditch Farm to the west of the Site (EWI7088; 45 on Figure 2 ).
Romano -British (AD43 - AD450) 4.15 Evidence of activity from the Roman o-British perio d within Calne is also scarce, although two coffins are known to have been discovered on London Road (MWI9196; 22 on Figure 2 ) c. 370m north-east of the Site. A 2012 watching brief carried out to the west of the Site (EWI7088; 45 on Figure 2 ) also identified a number of Romano-British ditches (with evidence of medieval re-use) across an area to the west of the Site.
4.16 The Victoria County History of Wiltshire (Crowley 2002: 27 -34) states that Calne’s Parish boundary on the south followed the course of a Romano-British road and was marked by a prehistoric ditch . This was the road from London to Bath and several villas and a possible posting station are known from the vicinity ( ibid. : 1-2). The remains of three villas have been identified to the north-east of Sandy Lane, one has been located at Bowood between the house and the lake (Jackson 1889: 170), one near Studley Bridge and another villa has be en located in Cherhill village. Two sites close to the Romano-British road, situated c. 2km south-west o f Calne, to the south-east of Sandy Lane, may be the town of Verlucio (Crowley 2002: 1-2 & 27-34).
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 5
Anglo -Saxon (AD450 – AD1066) 4.17 Calne had an early church, which was probably located on the same site as the present church. Pottery dating to the 5 th to 7 th centuries was found during an evaluation undertaken in 1996 to the south-west of the church, on land to the rear of Church Street (EWI3225; 50 on Figure 2 ), c. 730m to the north of the Site.
Medieval (AD1066 - 1547) 4.18 After the Norman Conquest, a large, planned extension to the town was built north of the Ri ver Marden (McMahon 2004: 22). The current church dates to the 12 th century, although with substantial later additions and alterations, and was built from the donations of ric h local clothiers and wool merchants. The Vicarage on the north side of Mill Street was the site of the ancient rectory of Calne, where St. Edmund (later Archbishop of Canterbury) was resident in the 13 th century ( ibid. : 8). This was a monastic lodge or retreat and during construction work in 2002 a burial ground was found, containing six burials and the remains of three or more further individuals, although these have been dated to the post-medieval period (MWI9217; 6 on Figure 2).
4.19 A medieval castle is thought to have existed in Calne and in the 12 th century William of Malmesbury writes about a castle of Cerne being taken by King Stephen in 1139 ( ibid. : 5), and the location is now thought to be north of the River Marden, c. 870m north of the Site (MWI5200; 10 on Figure 2 ). The Gesta Stephani states that the castle was built by Milo of Gloucester and the Earl of Hereford in the 1130s to support the cause of the Empress Matilda (Haslam 1976: 13). No visible remains of a castle survive today in Calne. McMahon (2004: 17) suggests that it may have gone into disuse after the transfer of the manor of Calne to the Cantilupe family in the early 13 th century, although the Reverend Canon Jackson (1889: 176) thinks it more probable that the castle was dismantled by Stephen, who deliberately destroyed as many strongholds as possible.
4.20 Two elevated sites are present on either side of the River Marden, with that on the left bank being the site of Calne Church. The site on the right bank is thought to be a likely candidate for the location of the castle and possibly the earlier king’s residence, although the topographical and street-name evidence suggests that the latter was located slightly further east, to the south-west o f Kingsbury Street. An area of land nearby became known as Castle Field by the mid-16 th century (Crowley 2002: 34-41) and by 1621 Castle House, c. 680m north of the Site (MWI5200; 10 on Figure 2 ), had been constructed on what is presumed to be the same lan d, and was approached from Castle Street. Writing in the late 17 th century, John Aubrey states that Castle House had been built on the site of a castle ( ibid. : 34-41).
4.21 Substantial wall footings were revealed in foundation trenches excavated on the south side of Castle House in 1972. These were undated, but fragments of medieval coarse pottery were also recovered during the works (MWI5213; 11 on Figure 2 ), c. 580m north of the Site. During construction work near the boundary wall of Castle House lawn in the 19 th century, written accounts state that they came across a stone-walled chamber and large vaults, which must have belonged to a sizeable former structure (McMahon 2004: 7). The Reverend Canon Jackson (1889: 172) states that “there are still to be seen some vaults of a size unusually large for a modern private house; some of the stones having been, apparently, used in some previous building, but of what exact date is uncertain”. To the east of Castle House, surveys have shown that Patford House incorporates a substantial wall of up to 2m thickness, which is thought to be medieval in date (McMahon 2004: 7-8). Further work on the castle site was carried out in 2013 with a geophysical (Ground Penetrating Radar) survey (EWI7615; 48 on Figure 2 ) that covered all accessible parts of the garden to the south of the Castle House. The results of the survey indicated the presence of linear and discrete anomalies, with the near sur face anomalies likely to be associated with former garden features. Deeper a nomalies appear to have a slightly different orientation and it is tentatively suggested that they represent fragments of structural remains.
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 6
4.22 An archaeological evaluation undertaken in 1996 on land between Church Street and New Road c. 730m to the north of the Site (EWI3225; 50 on Figure 2 ), revealed a ditch and a number of pits dating to the 12 th to 14 th centuries. The pits contained waste and by-products from metalworking, suggesting that forging or smithing was being undertaken in the vicinity (MWI5201; 12 on Figure 2 ; McMahon 2004: 8).
4.23 Stock Street Farm, c. 330m to the south of the Site, is recorded as the location of a deserted medieval settlement, although no visible remains survive (MWI4659; 33 on Figure 2 ). Pinhills Farm, c. 720m west of the Site, has medieval origins and is known to have been associated with Richard Pinel in 1274 (HE No. 1017398, MWI66593; 1 & 16 on Figure 2 ). Bowood Park (HE No. 1000336; 3 on Figure 2 ), which is c. 840m west of the Site, was a medieval dee r park. It was originally a Royal park, known as Kings Bowood and the deer park was in existence by at least 1619. Bowood woodland was part of Chippenham Forest until the 13 th century (Crowley 2002: 27- 34). The nearby village of Quemerford, c. 1.07km eas t of the Site, also has medieval origins and numerous related earthworks and settlement features are still visible, both on aerial photographs and on the ground (HE No. 1017056; 2 on Figure 2).
4.24 A number of further archaeological investigations have been carried out in the vicinity of the Site in recent years, identifying evidence of medieval activity. A 2014 magnetometry survey (EWI7901 ) at Marden Farm, c. 630m south-east of the Site was followed by a trial trenching programme which identified a possible pond from which material of medieval date was retrieved (EWI7646; 36 on Figure 2 ).
Post -Medieval (AD1547 – AD1800) 4.25 Silver Street runs south -west from the corner of The Green and was known as ‘Silverstreet ’ from at least 1649 (Gover et al 1939: 256). It formed part of the main route to Melksham and Devizes from Calne and the road was turnpiked in 1790 (Crowley 2002: 34-41). One of Calne’s main turnpike gates was on Silver Street, which at this point was formerly known as Smeltings Hill Lane (Bull 1991:11), and was located c. 130m north of the Site. This gate was later moved further south-west, to Mile Elm, and the tollhouse is no longer standing ( ibid. : 11 & 17).
4.26 Opposite The Vicarage on Mill Street, c. 710m north -north -east of the Site, a number of burials, said to be 16 th to 17 th century plague victims, were discovered in the 1830s (MWI9217; 6 on Figure 2 ).
4.27 In the mid -17 th century a large house, which was turned into the parish workhouse in 1758, was constructed at the corner of Silver Street and Patford Lane (now New Road), and adjacent to it a cloth factory was built by Daniel Bailey around 1792-5 ( ibid. : 34-41 & 79-94).
4.28 At Pinhills Farm the remains of a rectangular moat have been identified c. 830m west of the Site (HE No. 1017398, MWI66593; 1 & 16 on Figure 2 ). During the Civil War Pinhills was one of many small gentry-houses that were turned into garrisons and in 1643 “Col. Massey, for the Parliament, threw a breastwork round it, and was busy making it stronger when Col. Lloyd, for the King, interrupted him, and writes word to Prince Rupert, in 1644, that ‘ he has made Blake’s house uninhabitable, and has drained the moat’” (Jackson 1889: 190-1). The outer moat was never finished.
4.29 Approximately 2.3km to the west of the Site lies Bowood Parkland, which was landscaped in 1757 and 1762-8 by ‘Capability’ Brown and is said to be the best surviving example of his work (HE No. 1000336; 3 on Figure 2 ). The parkland was mainly developed during the 18 th and 19 th centuries and consists of a formal garden, pleasure ground, park, woodland and a large lake.
4.30 Close to Oldbury Castle hill fort a white horse, which is visible from the Site, was cut into the hillside in 1780 under the direction of Dr Christopher Alsop of Calne.
Modern (AD1800 – present) 4.31 In the mid -19 th century there was a lime kiln south of Silver Street, another is known to have existed to the east of the town dating to 1771 or earlier (Crowley 2002: 79-94) and from the
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 7
mid -19 th century there was a lime kiln, which is now a Grade II Listed building, ad jacent to the Piece Quarry north of Curzon Street (McMahon 2004: 10). Undated 4.3 2 In 1989 human remains were found by the Wiltshire Rescue Archaeology Programme during an excavation to the north-east of the church, c. 640m north of the Site (MWI5214; 7 on Figure 2 ). In 1997 an undated burial, thought to be Christian, was uncovered during groundworks close to the church on Church Street, also c. 640m north of the Site. The burial was subsequently exposed and recorded and there was evidence to suggest the presence of further burials in the area, along with the remains of an earlier graveyard boun dary, probably dating from the medieval period or later (MWI5215; 8 on Figure 2 ).
Site specific background 4.33 There have been three recorded archaeological investigations on the Site itself. These comprise Field Walking investigations undertaken across the Site in 1972 (EWI6795; 44 on Figure 2 ), a 2010 geophysical survey (EWI7871) undertaken by COAS and a 2011 evaluatio n trenching programme (EWI7872) also by COAS.
4.34 The F ield Walking investigations recovered evidence of prehistoric, Romano -British, medieval and post-medieval activity on Site. An unabraded fragment of Middle Bronze Age Deverel- Rimbury type pottery, a fragment of locally manufactured Iron Age potte ry and a prehistoric flint core were all recovered from the south-western part of the Site. The investigation also recovered fragments of Romano-British pottery, including samian ware ( terra sigillata ), New Forest pottery, Severn Valley ware, Oxford ware and locally manufactured pottery, in addition to fragments of box flue tiles, roof or floor tiles and a large collection of unabraded oyster shells. These were again found towards the south-western corner of the Site with similar finds recovered to the south, suggesting the presence of a possible Romano-British settlement in the vicinity. Medieval occupation evidence comprised 137 fragments of pottery, in three distinct clusters. A small cluster in the east of the Site may be the result of agricultural muck-spreading activities, but the other clusters, in the south-western and northern areas of t he Site, were more substantial. The south-western cluster was also accompanied by some fragments of human remains, although these could also have been associated with the Romano-British finds in that area. The northern cluster was accompanied by iron objects, including nails and slag. Post- medieval pottery was also recovered during the investigations on the Site. Again this appeared to be present in distinct clusters, in the eastern, northern and north-western areas of the Site . In addition to the pottery, fragments of window and vessel glass and iron objects were also retrieved in these areas.
4.35 COAS carried out a geophysical (magnetometry) survey on Site in 2010 (EWI7871; COAS 2010). The results revealed an underlying network of linear features likely to represent ditches with organic or similar fills, orientated generally north-west to south-east . The survey also picked up a number of linear anomalies suggesting stone-filled ditches or gullies. Some could possibly relate to stone-filled or ceramic land drains. Other anomalies related to features such as modern pipelines and demolished buildings, field boundarie s and unknown disturbance. The interpretation of these results are depicted on Figure 3 and formed the basis of the 2011 COAS evaluation.
4.36 The subsequent programme of evaluation trenching (EWI7872 ; Tabor 2011 ) comprised 18 targeted trenches, based on the previous Field Walking and geophysical survey results. The works identified further evidence of prehistoric, Romano-British, medieval and post-medieval activity on Site. Evidence of prehistoric activity was identified comprising a prehistoric (likely Bronze Age) ditch and pit containing pottery in the southern part of the field, as well as further Bronze and Iron Age pottery and Neolithic flint finds which were not discovered within archaeological deposits. Considerable amounts of Romano-British pottery, other ceramics and oyster shell were also recovered from trenches in the south-west of the Site. Roofing and other tile recovered also implied the local presence of a building of at least moderately high status although there was nothing from the other finds to support this. It should also be noted that there remains a possibility that human remains from either the Romano-British or m edieval period could be present in the south-western area of the Site, presumably in shallow graves.
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 8
Medieval pottery was also recovered from trenches in the north, east and south -east of the Site.
5. Historic map regression and aerial photo analysis
5.1 The earliest available detailed map of the area is the 1763 -4 topographical map by John Powell, although the Site is at the limit of the copy held by WSHC and the western part of the Site is not shown. The field boundaries are not illustrated and the Site is part of an area labe lled Mr. Bull, with the land to the north-east shown as Stoke Common Field.
5.2 Andrews’ and Dury’s 1773 map of the area shows the Site, but again no field boundaries are illustrated. The south-western corner of the Site appears to lie within an area labelled as Part of Potterne & Cannings Hundred . The 1810 revision of this map shows no change s within the area of interest. A map dating to c. 1794 by John Overton Senior and Junior shows Calne, but the Site is not included in the detailed area and runs off the edge of the map. The road adjacent to the Site is called Smelting Lane , with Silver Street shown as the part of the road within the town only. The area that encompasses part of the Site is labelled Stock Tything .
5.3 A map included in A.E.W. Marsh’s A History of the Borough and Town of Calne (1904) illustrates the Common Lands as they existed in 1813 ( Plate 1 ). This appears to have been based on the 2 nd edition Ordnance Survey map, with hand-written annotations, so here only the annotations will be discussed. The northern corner of the Site is part of an area labelled John B utton’s 1 acre strip (1813) . The fields to the north-east are shown as Stock Field and Bull baiting Field and the Site lies just outside of the illustrated Old Borough Boundary .
5.4 Thomas Cruse’s 1828 Map of the Town of Calne and Sundry Lands Adjac ent Thereto does not illustrate the Site, but the Turnpike to the north is shown and the fields to the north-east are labelled Stock Field and Bush’s Field . The map is numbered and the accompanying reference book, which details land use and ownership, list s some of the properties to the north of the Site as quarries and stone quarries.
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 9
Plate 1 . Extract from A.E.W. Marsh’s map showing the Common Lands as they existed in 1813
5.5 The WSHC holds a collection of undated plans that illustrate proposed changes to the boundaries around Calne. They appear to be based on an enlarged version of the 1831 Ordnance Survey map and probably date to the early 1830s. Plate 2 shows an extract from one of these plans, where the Site is illustrated but no field boundaries are shown. The area of woodland at the south- western corner of the Site is present, with a small rectangular structure just north of the woodland and a small area of trees towards the northern part of the Site, adjacent to Silver Street. The track that runs along the south-eastern edge of the Site is illustrated as a road and where it meets Silver Street has been identified as The Four Pillars . The Site is shown as lying outside of the old Municipal Borough boundary, but within the proposed new boundary.
Plate 2 . Extract from c. 1830s boundary plan (John Aldridge and H.R. Brandreth)
5.6 A map that is thought to date to around 1835 and appears to be a slightly more extensive version of Thomas Cruse’s 1828 map shows the northern corner of the Site with its field boundaries. The fields along the north-eastern side extend beyond the limit of the Site and the previously illu strated wooded area towards the north of the Site is shown as a portion of land adjacent to the road that encroaches into what is now the north-western boundary of the Site.
5.7 The 1843 Tithe map of Calne shows the Site in detail ( Plate 3 ). The track along the southern edge of the Site is illustrated as a road extending to what is now London Road/Wessington Avenue. The Site is divided into five fields and the area of woodland to the south-west, which are all numbered and the accompanying apportionment details land use, ownership, occupation, size and amount of rent payable ( Table 1 )
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 10
Plate 3. Extract from 1843 Tithe map of Calne
Apportionment Landowner Occupier Name and Cultivation Area Rent Payable no. Description A R P £ s d 1381 Lansdowne, Henry Himself Adjoining Arable 0 3 24 0 13 6 Petty Fitzmaurice the Bushes Field Marquis of
1382 Lansdowne, Henry William Adjoining Pasture 2 0 7 0 16 0 Petty Fitzmaurice the Bleadon Bushes Field Marquis of 1400 Bailey John Dolman Himself Tomkin’s Pasture 6 3 1 2 10 6 Mead
1401 Bailey John Dolman George Tomkin’s Pasture 5 2 28 2 4 0 Mansell Mead
1402 Lansdowne, Henry William Smeltings Pasture 7 0 22 2 16 6 Petty Fitzmaurice the Wayle Mead Marquis of 1403 Lansdowne, Henry Himself Plantations 1 0 27 Petty Fitzmaurice the Marquis of
Table 1. Tithe Apportionment
5.8 The four fields along the north -eastern side of the field are still shown as exten ding beyond the Site boundary. The two northernmost fields (1400 & 1401) are both Listed as Tomkin’s Mead , owned by Bailey John Dolman and utilised as pasture. The rest of the Site is owned by the Marquis of Lansdowne, with the two fields in the eastern corner (1381 & 1382) Listed as
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 11
Adjoining Bushes Field and used for pasture and arable. The woodland to the south -west (1403) is described as Plantations and the main field (1402) is recorded as Smeltings Mead , which is used for pasture. In this field a large, circular pond-like feature is illustrated almost opposite the entrance to The Highlands estate, now known as Vern Leaze. Attached to the pond are two rectangular features, one of which is shaded and probably represents a building or structure.
Plate 4. Extract from 1889 1 st edition Ordnance Survey map
5.9 Similar land divisions are present on the 1889 1 st edition Ordnance Survey map ( Plate 4 ), although the boundary between the two fields numbered 1381 and 1382 on the Tithe map has been removed and a north-south aligned footpath crosses them. This footpath appears to form what is now the eastern corner of the Site. An additional north-west to south-east aligned boundary is present in the northern-most field (1400), splitting it in half. art of the boundary between the southern part of that field and the adjacent field to its south-east (1401) is illustrated as a double line, with a rectangular feature crossing the whole boundary mid-way, and can be seen in the extract from the 1900 2 nd edition Ordnance Survey map ( Plate 6 ).
5.10 The 1889 map also illustrates a number of trees within the fields, a footpath crossing the south - western part of the Site and two rectangular structures along the boundary between the fields numbered 1400 and 1402 on the Tithe map, adjacent to Silver Street. The pond-like feature shown on the Tithe map is not illustrated here. Further north, within Calne itself, the Progress Works (Iron) is illustrated in the area of land between Silver Street and London Road.
5.11 The 1900 2 nd edition Ordnance Survey map ( Plate 5 ) shows that the previously mentioned new boundary across the northern-most field has moved further north-east, with the double boundary and associated rectangular feature still present. The rectangular features between fields 1400 and 1402 are illustrated with an additional rectangular division attached. Another rectangular feature is apparent further south, to the east of the footpath, which is in approximately the same location as the pond-like feature shown on the Tithe map.
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 12
Plate 5. Extract from 1900 2 nd edition Ordnance Survey map
5.12 There is very little change in the area of the Site on the 1912 Special edition Ordnance Survey map, although the previously illustrated double boundary is now shown as a single boundary, with the rectangular feature still present. The series of rectangular structures or enclosures between fields 1400 and 1402 also have a slightly altered layout. On the 1923-4 Ordnance Survey maps ( Plate 6 ) one of these features is no longer apparent, leaving one shaded and one unshaded rectangular feature, and the rectangular feature to the east of the footpath has expanded into a series of three long features.
5.13 By the time of the 1938 edition of the Ordnance Survey map, The Highlands estate has been renamed Vern Leaze and the group of features on the boundary between fields 1400 and 1402 has become a si ngle, shaded rectangular structure. A 1952 revision of this map shows two dashed lines running close to the northern boundary of the S ite, but it is unclear what these represent.
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 13
Plate 6. Extract from 1923 -4 Ordnance Survey map
Aerial photograph analysis 5.14 Oblique and vertical aerial photographs held by the Wiltshire Archaeology Service were examined to enhance the cartographic evidence (see Appendix 3 ). This table also lists the aerial photographs of the Site that are available at the National Monuments Record (NMR) in Swindon, although these were not examined.
5.15 The 1971 aerial photograph shows the Site with internal field boundaries as seen in the historic maps, and the area of woodland at the south-western corner is present, although it seems to b e less dense than subsequently. Along what later becomes the north-eastern side of the Site there appears to be a path or track way running through a gap in the hedgerow between the two fields described as Tomkin’s Mead on the 1843 Tithe map (1400 and 1401).
5. 16 The road along the north -eastern side of the Site, White Horse Way, had been constructed by the time that the 1981 aerial photograph had been taken, with the field boundaries still in place on either side of it. A path or track is visible in the south-western field (1402) and the photograph shows a more densely wooded area at the south-west corner. Two possible structures or features are visible in the south-western field, showing as pale oval or rectangular shap es, but it is not possible to identify what they are. The fields all appear to be utilised as pasture.
5.17 The internal field boundaries across the Site had disappeared by the time of the 1991 aeri al photograph, which shows the S ite as a large, open field that appears to have been recently ploughed. The area of woodland is still present at the south-western corner and a dark patch is visible in the field towards the middle of the north-western boundary, opposite Vern Leaze. This is located near to the former boundary between the fields known as Smeltings Mead and Tomkin’s Mead on the 1843 Tithe map (1402 and 1400), and close to a series of rectangular
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 14
features shown on the Ordnance Survey maps from 1889 onwards.
5.18 The 20 01 aerial photograph shows little change in the layout of the Site from 1991. A darker, linear feature is visible against the pale plough lines towards the middle of the north-western boundary, which aligns well with the former field boundary between Smeltings Mead and Tomkin’s Mead .
5.19 A recent aerial view of the Site shows a linear crop -mark visible running approximately east - west from the eastern corner to an apparently disturbed area along the north-western side of the Site (Plate 7 ). However, this probably relates to modern pipe trenching as the disturbed area was seen in the walkover survey to contain several inspection covers.
Plate 7 . Satellite image of the Site (outline in red) (Google Maps UK)
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 15
Figure 2. Detailed site setting showing heritage assets
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 16
Figure 3. Location of evaluation trenches, archaeology and geophysical survey results
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 17
6. Walkover survey
6.1 A walkover survey of the Site was carried out on 22 February 2016 during overcast weather conditions. The viewpoints of the digital photographs taken during the survey are shown on Figure 4.
6.2 The Site comprises of a large, roughly triangular, arable field, currently in use as rough grassland, with a small wooded area to the south-western corner. The north-eastern boundary of the Site, adjacent to White Horse Way, consists of an intermittent wooden fence with occasional trees and a section of hedge towards the northern corner. The south-eastern boundary is largely hedgerow with frequent trees, including some well-established oaks. This side of the f ield borders a rough track-way, suitable for vehicles, which is a continuation of what is now a tarmac road used to access the adjacent sports complex and The John Bentley School, towards t he eastern corner of the Site. This track continues to the south-we stern corner of the Site, where it joins Silver Street, and two large stone pillars are present on either side of the track (MWI44991; 4 on Figure 2 ; Plate 10 ), which could be former gate posts. Similar pillars are also present on either side of a track on the opposite side of Silver Street.
6.3 The hedgerow along the south -eastern side of the field stops where it meets the wooded area, which consists of densely growing trees of several different varieties, including Oak , Ash, and Hazel, with a thick undergrowth of Ivy and H awthorn. Within the Site, the area of woodland is demarcated by a barbed wire fence.
6.4 Along the north -western boundary of the Site, bordering Silver Street, hedgerow is present at the south-western end, adjacent to the wooded area, and a number of overhea d cables follow this boundary. The hedgerow stops where the trees meet the arable field and the boundary becomes tall grass with patchy brambles and occasional trees. The hedgerow returns towards the northern end of this side of the field, again with occasional trees present, including a large, well- established oak.
6.5 Close to the north -western edge of the field, almost opposite the buildings of Vern Leaze , two concreted areas are present, surrounding a number of utilities inspection covers (NGR: ST 99677 70133). The ground in this area also appears disturbed and numerous fragments of mode rn brick and tile are visible. The remains of several tree stumps are also present in-situ nearby.
Plate 8. The Site from the eastern corner (looking SW ) Plate 9. The western boundary of the Site and wooded area (looking SSW)
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 18
Figure 4 . Detailed site setting showing walkover survey photo viewpoints
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 19
Plate 10 . The wooded area and western boundary track Plate 11 . Stone pillars at south -western end of track, at (looking NE) junction with Silver Street (looking SW)
7 Setting
7.1 The setting of a heritage asset is concerned with the surroundings in which it is experienced (English Heritage 2011, 4). The extent of setting is not fixed and can change as the asset and the surroundings evolve ( ibid .). The significance of setting in relation to a heritage asset can also change and result in a positive, negative or neutral contribution to it ( ibid. ). Setting is predominantly considered in visual terms and historic relationships between places. Here setting relates to the Calne Conservation Area, Listed buildings and other heritage assets both within the research area (see section 4 ) and those within a wider 1km radius of the Site. The objective is to provide an indication of potential setting issues and the contribution the Site may make to the setting of heritage assets and the historic character of the area.
Methodology 7.2 The outlook from the Site was recorded from ground level in order to assess visibility towards any heritage assets. Thereafter a survey was conducted on foot covering the Conservation Area and visiting Listed buildings and heritage assets to establish whet her there was visibility towards the Site. Views from key routes into the town were also briefly considered in terms of the level at which the Site contributes to the historic character of the vista. Where heritage assets were inaccessible (private land), visibility was recorded from the nearest possible location.
Results 7.3 The viewpoints of the digital photographs taken looking towards the Site are shown on Figure 5 . The Site occupies a hillside to the south of the town of Calne and from its highest point, offers clear views of the rooftops of the town and Conservation Area to the north (Plate 12 ), and a number of Listed buildings to the south and west. However, the views from the northern boundary are limited by the modern housing development to the no rth of White Horse Way (Plate 13 ). Views to the south and east are impeded by the buildings of the John Bentley School and Calne Sports Centre ( Plate 14 ), as well as the imposing Oak trees that mark the track that forms the Site’s easter n boundary. From the eastern side of the Site, the buildings of the Grade II Listed house of Vern Leaze are visible through the trees ( Plate 15 ), and the Grade II Listed Pillars Lodge (Plate 16 ) can be glimpsed through the trees directly to the south-east of the Site. Two further Grade II Listed properties, including the farmhouse of Stockstreet Farm, are present to the south, although the view from the centre and south of the Site is limited by the wooded area at the Site’s southern tip ( Plate 17).
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 20
Plate 12 . The modern housing development and the rooftops of the Conservation Area from the centre of the Site (looking NE).
Plate 13. The residential development that restricts views from the northern boundary of the Site towards the Calne Conservation Area (looking N).
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 21
Plate 14 . The treeline and school buildings to the east of the Site (looking SE) .
Plate 15 . The Grade II Listed property of Vern Leaze visible through vegetation to the west of the Site (looking W) .
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 22
Plate 16 . The Grade II Listed Pillars Lodge to the south -west of the Site (looking SW) .
Plate 17 . The wooded area that restricts views from the south of the Site (looking S) .
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 23
7.4 A total of four recorded heritage assets were found to have visibility towards the Sit e. These are detailed in Table 2 . Visibility towards the Site is lost very quickly towards the north, and although the view is less impeded by topography to the south, the wooded area forms a considerable barrier. The Site is screened by this slo pe and modern housing from the Conservation Area to the south ( Plate 18 ) meaning that no part of the Site in its present form is visible from any point within the Conservation Area at ground level. To the north-east of the Site, the Grade II Listed building of Quemerford Lodge ( Plate 19 ) is located at the end of a path that leads to the Site’s north-eastern corner. However, the modern housing to the west, and the fencing and vegetation of the path, mean that the Site in its present form is not vis ible from the property ( Plate 20 ). Some 1km to the west of the Site, a cluster of Grade II L isted residential properties are located adjacent to the A4 (Wessington Avenue) Road. The slope of this road as it leaves Calne, along with further residential developments also prevent the Site from being visible from this point. However, a total of four heritage assets (all Listed buildings) were found to have visibility towards the Site. The Grade II Listed property of Verne Leaze is located directly east of the Site, adjacent to Silver Street, and has clear views of the Site, despite the hedge line (Plate 21 ). However, the wooded boundary of the property offers some limited screening ( see Plate 15 ). Pillars Lodge, located to the south-east of the Site, has direct views onto the wooded area at the Site’s southern tip and glimpses of the rest of the Site through the trees and th e Site’s western hedge boundary ( Plate 22 ). The wooded area to the south of the Site is also clearly visible from the Grade II Listed properties to the south of the Site. From the historic milestone located adjacent to Silver Street there is a direct view along the r oad to the wooded area ( Plate 23 ) while from Stockstreet Farm, the slope of the fields to the north of the property offer slightly more screening ( Plate 24 ). In both cases, the wooded area is visible although none of the current grassed area of the Site can be viewed.
7.5 Two Scheduled M onuments are present within the vicinity of the Site. These comprise the moated site and fishpond adjacent to Pinhills Farm (HE no. 1017398; 1 on Figure 2 ), located c. 1km west of the Site and the well preserved medieval rural settlement at Quemerford Farm (HE No. 1017056; 2 on Figure 2 ), located c. 1km to the east. Views from these locations have not been included within the settings assessment, although neither are visible from the Site, and the restrictions on views from heritage assets located much closer to the Site boundary (from topography and woodland) indicate that in its present form, the Site would not be visible from either of these monuments. The Historic Park and Garden of Bowood (HE No. 1000336; 3 on Figure 2) is located c. 900m to the south-west of the Site and a view from this asset has not been included due to it being entirely screened by topography and woodland.
Figure 2 HE No. Plate Name Summary Visual setting Historic Ref. No. setting
52 - 18 Calne Designated 2000. Visible from Site, N Conservation Largely 19 th century although views from Area residential Conservation Area entirely properties. screened by topography and residential development. 1 1017398 - Moated site The monument Not visible from the Site, N and fishpond includes a moated and views from monument north-west of site and associated completely screened by Pinhills Farm fishpond topography and woodland. immediately north- west of Pinhills Farm. 2 1017056 - Medieval rural The medieval rural Not visible from the Site, N settlement at settlement at and views from monument Quemerford Quemerford Farm is completely screened by well preserved and topography and woodland. is a good example of its class within this sub-Province. 3 1000336 - Bowood Bowood contains Not visible from the Site, N extensive and and views from monument complex 18 th and completely screened by 19 th century topography and woodland. pleasure grounds and a park
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 24
- 1247316 19, 20 Quemerford House. Mid -19 th No line of site from N Lodge century. ground level, screened by high fences and vegetation
- 1247357 15, 21 Verne Leaze House. Early -19th Although partially Y century. screened by vegetation, a clear view onto Site from drive of property.
- 1254453 16, 22 Pillars Lodge Bowood estate Wooded area in south of Y lodge, c. 1840 site can be seen clearly, as well as the hedges that form the western boundary. - 1261344 24 Stockstreet Farmhouse, dated Wooded area in south of Y Farmhouse 1823 on chimney Site can be seen despite some screening from topography of fields
- - 23 Milestone, Carved stone post Wooded area in south of Y Mile Elm, by the A3102 Site can be seen clearly Milestone up Silver Street. Cottage
Table 2. Heritage Assets with views of Site
Plate 18 . The view towards the Site from the southern edge of the Conservation Area (looking S).
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 25
Plate 19 . The Grade II Listed Quemerford Lodge (looking N).
Plate 20 . The restricted view from Grade II Listed Quemerford Lodge towards the Site (looking SW).
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 26
Plate 21 . The clear view onto the Site from the drive of Vern Leaze (lo oking E ).
Plate 22 . The view from Pillars Lodge with the wooded area to the south of the Site in the foreground (looking NE).
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 27
Plate 23 . The view from Silver street, adjacent to the historic milestone (looking NNE).
Plate 24 . The view from Grade II Listed Stockstreet Farm towards the Site. The rooftop of Pillars Lodge is visible to the east of the wooded area south of the Site (looking N).
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 28
Figure 5 . Historic setting
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 29
8. Discussion
8.1 The assessment has demonstrated that the Site has been in agricultural use since the late 18 th century, and possibly much longer. Cartographic and associa ted documentary evidence record that the Site lay outside of the Parish boundary until more recent times. The field was originally divided up into several smaller fields, the boundaries of which probably still survive as infilled ditches or ground disturbance from hedgerows and trees. The 2001 aerial phot ograph shows a linear crop-mark that probably represents one of these former boundaries. A small number of structures and features have been identified on the maps, but they would have had little impact on any potential earlier archaeological remains. Aeri al photographs also show that White Horse Way was constructed along the north-eastern boundary of the Site between 1971 and 1981, but the field boundaries on both sides remained in place until sometime between 1981 and 1991.
8.2 Previous archaeologic al investigations o n the Site, including the 1972 F ield Walking survey, 2010 geophysical survey and 2011 evaluation trenching programme have revealed archaeological activity within the Site dating to the prehistoric, Romano-British, medieval and post-medie val periods. This activity includes a probable Bronze Age ditch and pit in the south of the field, Romano-British pottery in the same area, and a possible medieval field boundary and a probable sunken floor from the same period in the west and south-west of the Site. Further to this, t he reinterpretation of the 1972 Field Walking suggests that there was significant prehistoric, Romano- British and medieval activity in the extreme south-west of the Site, probably including human burial from either the Medieval or Romano-British period, along with a significant area of m edieval activity (indicated by surface finds) south-west of the former field boundary in the centre of the Site.
8.3 In terms of setting, the Site is entirely sc reened from the majority of significant heritage assets within the vicinity. The Site cannot be viewed from the Calne Conservation Area, or either of the Scheduled Monuments within the research radius. The same applies for the historic parkland and garden at Bowood. However, the Site is in clear view of the Grade II Listed property of Verne Leaze directly to the west, and Pillars Lodge to the south-west of the Site has a clear view onto the wooded area in the south of the Site. Further south, the wooded area to the south of Site can be glimpsed from Stockstreet Farm and the location of an historic milestone on Silver Street. Initial plans for the development of the Site indicate that the wooded area will be retained , preserving the barrier between the heritage assets located directly adjacent and to the south of the Site and the proposed residential development. It will not affect assets located to the north and east (as well as those not adjoining the Site to the west) , which are entirely screened by topography and development.
8.4 The proposed development entails the construction of 154 dwellings with the associated access and infrastru cture across the majority of the Site area. The dwellings and utilities installation will require significant foundations and groundworks, and these works have the potential to impact on any further archaeological features that may be present. The previous evaluation works indicate that the majority of the archaeological activity is confined to the southern area of the Site, specifically the south-west corner of the Site. The 2011 evaluation works established that the majority of the archaeological features were located between 0.30m and 0.50m below the present ground surface, and would therefore likely be impacted by any intrusive groundworks. The area would need to be fully stripped and archaeologically recorded in order to expose and interpret any buried archaeologically features that may be present.
8.5 In conclusion, the evidence collated during this assessm ent suggests that there is potential for the survival of archaeological remains in the south and south-western part of the field. This potential relates to activity or settlement dating to the prehistoric, Romano-British and medieval periods, and could include human burial and, for the medieval period, smelting works. The remains of former field boundaries will also be present, which date from at least the 18th century but could be of significantly greater antiquity. Features relating to former structures and enclosures may also survive, dating from the 19th century onwards.
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 30
9. COAS acknowledgements
9.1 We would like to thank the following for their contribution to the successful completion of this project:
David Lohfink , Land & Planning Director, C.G Fry & Sons Tom Sunley, Historic Environment Record Data Manager, Wiltshire Archaeology Service Staff at Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre
10. Bibliography
British Geological Survey, 201 6 http://www.bgs.ac.uk (accessed: 23 February 2016)
Bull, R.J., 1980 (rev. 1990 -1) Some Aspects of the Calne Turnpike Roads 1706 - 1871. University undergraduate dissertation, typed manuscript held in Wiltshire & Swindon History Centre, ref. CAL.381
Calne.org.uk, 2016 Calne’s History http://calne.org.uk/townguide/history
Chartered Institute of Field Archaeologists Code of Conduct. Reading: CIfA (CIfA), December 2014
Chartered Institute for Archaeologists Standard and Guidance for commissioning work on (CIfA), 2014b archaeology and the historic environment Reading: CIfA
Chartered Institute for Archaeologists Standard and Guidance for historic environment (CIfA), 2014c desk-based assessment Reading: CIfA
COAS, 20 09 Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire. An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment. COAS, Unpublished report
COAS, 2010 Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire. Statement of (geophysical survey) results and further mitigation. COAS, Unpublished report
Cole, W., undated Recoll ections of an Old Working Man. Handwritten book held in Wiltshire & Swindon History Centre, ref. CAL.921
Crowley, D.A. (ed.), 2002 Victoria County History: A History of the County of Wiltshire: Volume 17: Calne. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx? compid=18029 Date accessed: 23 February 2016
Gover, J.E.B., Mawer, A. & Stenton, F.M., Wiltshire Towns: The Archaeological Potential . 1939 Devizes: Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society
Jackson, Rev. Canon J.E., 1889 ‘Calne’ in Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine Vol. 24, pp166-219. Devizes: Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society
Killings, D.B. (ed.), 1996 The Anglo -Saxon Chronicle at The Online Medieval and Classical Library http://omacl.org/Anglo/part3.html
Marsh, A.E.W., 1904 A History of the Borough and Town of Calne. Calne: Robert S. Heath
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 31
Morris, J. (ed.), 1979 Domesday Book: Wiltshire. Chichester: Phillimore
National Soil Resources Institute (NSRI), http://www.landis.org.uk/soilscapes/ Cranfield 2016 University (accessed: 23 February 2016)
North Wiltshire District Counci l, 2006 North Wiltshire Local Plan 2011 (adopted June 2006)
Robertson, A., 1970 The Great Road from London to Bath and Bristol: A Series of Maps Published in 1792 by A. Robertson. Monmouth: Brian Stevens
Structural Soils Limited, 2009 Interpretive Report on Ground Investigation at Silver Street Calne”. Report no. 722962. Unpublished
Tabor, R., 2011 Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire. An Archaeological Field Evaluation , COAS, Unpublished report
Wiltshire County Council, 2005 Wiltshire and Swindon Structure Plan 2016 (adopted April 2006)
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 32
Appendix 1. Heritage Assets within c. 500m of the Site (No. as indicated on map)
Historic England – Scheduled Monuments
Figure HE No. Name Summary NGR 2 Ref.
1 1017398 Moated site The monument includes a moated site and associated fishpond ST 98705 and fishpond immediately north- west of Pinhills Farm. Although a large number 70092 north-west of moated sites are known in England, relatively few survive in of Pinhills Wiltshire. This example is particularly important as it survives well Farm and has an above average level of historical documentation. The location of the moated site on a commanding hilltop adds to the importance of the site. Most moated sites are low lying and construction at such a height must have caused problems in the availability of a constant water supply. 2 1017056 Medieval The medieval rural settlement at Quemerford Farm is well preserved SU 00832 rural and is a good example of its class within this sub-Province. It will 69833, SU settlement contain archaeological remains and environmental evidence relating 00970 69844 at to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed. Quemerford
Historic England – Park and Garden
Figure HE No. Name Summary NGR 2 Ref.
3 1000336 Bowood Bowood contains extensive and complex pleasure grounds and a ST 97561 park. Its main phases of development date from the C18 and C19, 69689 including mid C18 work by Lancelot Brown and Robert Adam, late C18 work by Charles Hamilton and Josiah Lane, early C19 work by Robert Smirke and Charles Barry, and mid C19 work by John Spencer and George Kennedy.
Wiltshire Council Historic Environment Record
Figure 2 Monumen Monument Monument Summary NGR Ref. t No. Type Name
Monuments Prehistoric - Mesolithic 13 MWI73100 Findspot Flint A small flint assemblage considered to be of ST 9938 7094 Assemblage Mesolithic date was recovered during the Recovered cultivation of a garden. from a Garden in Calne Early Bronze Age to Late C19, 2350 BC to 1900 AD 20 & 21 MWI31302 Artefact Artefact The presence of quantities of medieval and post ST 9979 7013 Scatter Scatter at medieval pottery in defined areas might suggest Smellings Hill a house or settlements. Romano -British , 43 AD to 409 AD 22 MWI9196 Burial Romano - Two Romano -British coffins are known to have SU 0020 7030 British coffins been discovered on London Road, Calne. on London Road Early Medieval (Saxon), 410 AD to 1065 AD 5 MWI5188 Town Calne Town having Saxon origins. ST 9982 7103 Medieval, 1066 AD to 1539 AD 10 MWI5200 Castle Castle House Alleged site of a Medieval castle. ST 9965 7094 11 MWI5213 Building Castle House Substantial undated wall footings. ST 9973 7085 12 MWI5206 Industrial Site Church Street By -products and waste material from Medieval ST 9980 7080 metal working associated with 12th-14th century pits and a ditch were excavated in 1996. 33 MWI4659 Deserted Stock Street Possible site of deserted Medieval settlement. ST 9959 6952 Settlement Farm Medieval to Late C19, 1066 AD to 1900 AD 9 MW163783 Findspot Assorted Finds A box was found containing assorted finds. ST 9965 7095 in Castle
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 33
House
17 MWI4669 Settlement Pinhills Farm Farmstead with Medieval origins. ST 9878 6996 23 MWI72988 Ridge and Ridge and The earthwork remains of two fields of ridge and SU 0060 7043 Furrow Furrow, East furrow located to the east of Calne. of Calne 26, 27 & MWI44986 Building Building Building Platform and Ridge and Furrow in the SU 00100 28 platform, Platform and Playing Field of John Bentley School 69973 ridge and Ridge and furrow Furrow in the Playing Field of John Bentley School Post -medieval, 1540 AD to 1900 AD 6 MWI9217 Cemetery Cemetery in Post Medieval burials. SU 0001 7094 the Vicarage, Calne 34 MWI63440 Water Water Water meadows are visible on aerial photographs SU 0064 6945 Meadow Meadows, to the south of Quermerford. South of Quermerford C18, 1701 AD to 1800 AD 16 MWI66593 Farmstead Pinhills Farm Partially extant 18th century farmstead. ST 9874 7001 Late C18 to C20 14 MWI9472 Canal Wiltshire and Calne branch of the Wiltshire and Berkshire Berkshire Canal Canal
C19, 1801 AD to 1900 AD 4 MWI44991 Gate Pier Pillars on the Two pairs of large stone pillars, which could be ST 9944 6978 Track South of former gate posts, are present on either side of Pillars Lodge the track. 19 MWI69224 Outfarm Outfarm East Demolished 19th century outfarm. ST 9969 7011 of Vernleaze 25 MWI69225 Outfarm Tyning Barn Demolished 19th century outfarm. SU 0015 6999 29 MWI69220 Farmstead Stock Street Partially extant 19th century farmstead. ST 9958 6951 Farm 30 MWI69221 Farmstead Rookery Farm Partially extant 19th century farmstead. ST 9990 6955 31 MWI69222 Outfarm Stock Orchard Demolished 19th century outfarm. ST 9982 6941 32 MWI69219 Farmstead Quobbs Farm 19th century farmstead. ST 9936 6924 35 MWI69226 Outfarm Outfarm Demolished 19th century outfarm. SU 0043 6945 South- southwest of Quemerford Villa Early C19 to C20 15 MWI31298 Railway Calne and The railway line from Calne to Chippenham was Chippenham opened in 1863 and closed in 1965. Branch of the Great Western Railway Unknown 7 MWI5214 Associated NE of Church Excavation in 1989 revealed redeposited ground ST 9990 7090 Finds containing an assortment of human bones. 8 MWI5215 Burial Church Street , An undated, but Christian burial found during ST 9987 7092 close to the groundworks associated with pavement renewal Church in 1997, and subsequently excavated. 18 MWI31303 Ditch Ditch at A curving linear ditch at Smellings Hill may ST 9963 6995 Smellings Hill suggest an Iron Age enclosure or settlement on the summit of the hill. 24 MWI44985 Post hole Post Hole in A small single post hole was revealed during a SU 0021 6990 the Playing watching brief on pipeline repair. Field of John Bentley School Figure 2 Event ID Event Type Event Name Summary NGR Ref.
Events 36 EWI7901 Magnetometry Geophysical The geophysical survey indicated generally weak SU 0012 6944 Survey (2013) Survey at responses throughout the site, with short, Marden Farm fragmented and weak anomalies of uncertain origin located in most survey areas.
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 34
36 EWI7646 Trial Trench Evaluation at A total of thirteen trenches were excavated. SU 0010 6944 (2014) Marden Farm The evaluation identified a possible pond from which material of medieval date was retrieved. A network o palaoechannels in the north-western part of the site and two parallel modern tracks were also recorded. 37, 38 & EWI7265 Topographic Watching Brief A watching brief was carried out during the SU 0445 6928 39 Survey, During Repairs excavation of pits for the repair of the oil Watching Brief to a Pipeline, pipeline. Four undated pits (2007) Thatcham to were recorded in the Beckhampton area, an Calne undated post hole at Calne, and part of a deserted medieval village at Quemerford in Blackland Park was surveyed. 37, 38 & EWI7267 Desk Based Desk Based A desk based assessment was carried out ahead SU 0455 6922 39 Assessment Assessment of the excavation of pits for the repair of an oil (2007) for Repairs to pipeline. a Pipeline, Thatcham to Calne 40 EWI7411 Watching Brief Watching Brief Archaeological monitoring was carried out during SU 0067 6988 (2011) on Land to construction. No archaeological deposits or Rear of 97 features were Quemerford, present within the development area. Calne 41 EWI685 Analytical Earthwork A survey of earthworks within two fields SU 0096 6991 Earthwork Survey at revealed traces of former buildings and other Survey (2000) Quemerford features, perhaps Farm, Calne representing post-medieval encroachment and enclosure of part of Quemerford Common sometime after the 16th century, though an earlier origin cannot be ruled out. Drainage activity is also evident. 41 EWI3745 Analytical Earthwork An area of earthworks was surveyed and research SU 0104 6990 Earthwork Survey and was carried out into the area and the history of Survey Desk- Desk-based the based Assessment at surrounding landscape. It was suggested that the Assessment Quemerford, physical remains could not be seen to represent (1986) Near Calne settlement remains, though some portions might suggest scattered settlement, and it was observed that the fieldwork team found a notable lack of any settlement evidence in molehills and other ground disturbances in the area. 42 EWI7969 Casual Recording of a An assemblage of coins and other metal objects SU 0018 7028 Observation Coin recovered from a garden over a period of forty Assemblage years was from Calne recorded. The majority of the collection comprised Romano-British coins, over half of which dated from the 4th century, and Romano-British artefacts. Some later objects were also collected, including a Henry III long cross penny and Georgian and Victorian coins. 43 EWI7797 Trial Trench Evaluation at Over many years , Romano -British pottery, CBM, SU 0019 7027 (2012) 120 London Iron objects, Brooches and numerous coins have Road been found in gardens behind London Road and Churchill Close. The limited excavation results suggest that the nucleus of the site is to east of London Road probable under the existing houses in Churchill Close. 44 EWI6795 Fieldwalking Field Walking A systematic search of the field at Smellings Hill ST 9975 7009 (1972) at Smellings was undertaken using a 10 metre square grid Hill, Calne pattern. Quantities of pottery were found dating from Bronze Age to post medieval. 44 EWI7268 Desk Based Desk -Based The evidence collated during the assessment ST 9973 7007 Assessment Assessment on revealed that there is potential for the survival (COAS 2009) Land at Silver of archaeological Street remains in the southwestern part of the site, relating to activity or settlement dating to the Bronze Age, Iron Age
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 35
and Romano -British periods. There is also evidence for medieval or post medieval activity on the site, including a possible smelting works referred to in historic field and road names. 44 EWI7871 Magnetometry Geophysical Examination of the geophysical survey results ST 9975 7008 Survey (COAS Survey at revealed an underlying network of linear 2010) Silver Street, features likely to represent ditches with organic Calne or similar fills, orientated generally northwest- southeast. The survey also picked up a number of linear anomalies suggesting stone-filled ditches or gullies. Some could possibly relate to stone-filled or ceramic land drains. Other signals relate to features such as modern pipelines and demolished buildings, field boundaries and unknown disturbance. It was noted that cartographic and place name evidence suggests metalworking on or near the site, which could be responsible for some of the geophysical readings. Overall, the results appeared to indicate at least four major activity phases. 44 EWI7872 Trial Trench Evaluation at The evaluation was preceded by a geophysical ST 9975 7008 (COAS 2011) Land at Silver survey which, with the results of a programme of Street, Calne fieldwalking (the collection of surface finds on cultivated land) carried out in 1972, was used to target eighteen machine excavated trenches. The only magnetic anomalies from geophysical survey that the archaeological evaluation was able to confirm were field boundaries which existed until the late 20th century. However, field walking proved a good indicator for where underlying Prehistoric, Romano-British and medieval remains might be found. The results of the evaluation revealed no evidence for surviving archaeology earlier than the 18th century AD in part of the site northwest of a former boundary ditch which had divided the field midway along its length. However, reinterpretation of the field walking data after the excavation showed that there was likely to have been a significant area of medieval activity indicated by surface finds extending from 40m to 90m south west of the former boundary and up to 38m wide. Excavation discovered a possible medieval field boundary 60m south of the spread of material and a probable sunken floor from the same period 20m further south. A prehistoric ditch and pit were found in this south part of the field, as well Romano-British and Prehistoric finds which were not discovered in archaeological deposits. The reinterpretation of the field walking suggested that there was significant Prehistoric, Romano-British and medieval activity in the extreme south west of the site, probably including human burial in one of the two later periods. The finds from this evaluation warranted no further analysis but it was noted that any future development in the area of the larger spread of medieval surface finds and one of approximately 180m by 60m extending from the south west tip of the field eastwards along the south boundary would have high potential for revealing further archaeology. 45 EWI7088 Watching Brief Watching Brief On the east side of the A3102 road at least three ST 9844 6923 (2012) from Wan's of four ditches identified between Pillars Lodge Corner to and Holly Ditch
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 36
Chilvester Farm appeared related to boundaries shown on Hill, the Tithe Map of 1843. One was undated and Calne another contained 20th century finds. The other two seem to have originated in the Romano-British period. One was parallel to the drive serving Stock Street Farm which is thought to be the site of a Medieval settlement. The fourth and largest ditch had an ambivalent relationship to the Tithe Map but appears to have been re-used at least as late as the 14th or 15th century AD. The prolonged survival of boundaries suggests that the division, and possibly the pattern of tenure, over a substantial portion of the gentle west-facing slopes along this part of the pipeline route have been stable over a long period. Significant Late Iron Age and Romano-British ditches and other features were found along part of the route, ca. 150m west of Tossels Farm, where there had been no previously recorded archaeology. Roofing and other tile implied the local presence of a building of at least moderately high status although there was nothing from the other finds to support this. The only strong evidence of habitative settlement on the Site is represented by a ring gully which may have been a foundation trench for a roundhouse, possibly originating from the Late Iron Age. On the other hand there were clear indications that field boundaries had been revised during the occupation after at least one period of abandonment, prior to a final phase which itself seems likely to have terminated before the end of the Romano-British period. The volume of pottery suggests that contemporary habitative settlement was nearby when the boundaries were in use. In the area of the geophysical survey, only one of the linear features, probably a Holloway, was identified during monitoring of the subsequent groundworks. Pottery indicates that it is likely to have originated no later than the Romano-British period but a larger amount of iron-extraction debris in its upper fill and over much of the land surface north of the A3102 road is probably later, possibly Medieval. A few diagnostic Later Iron Age sherds were of a size and condition implying local activity in that period 46 EWI3804 Watching Brief Watching Brief Medieval and Romano -British pottery were SU 0700 8389 (1990) on the Calne- recovered, and a ditch, ridge and furrow, and Fairford the foundation remains of a Pipeline post medieval limestone building were recorded. 47 EWI7857 Casual Identification A small flint assemblage of Mesolithic date was ST 9938 7091 Observation and Recording recovered during the cultivation of a garden. of a Lithic Consisting of tools Assemblage and cores, this assemblage suggests a settlement from site where leather working and tool-making were Calne taking place. 47 EWI7934 Test Pit (2015) Evaluation at During excavation of the test pits, a variety of ST 9940 7094 23 Castle Walk post-medieval and modern finds of clay pipe, glass, brick, tile and metal were recovered. This suggests that the deposits that were dug through were all of 19th century or later date. 48 EWI6908 Evaluation Archaeological Archaeological field evaluation of the possible ST 9963 7084
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 37
(2010 -2012) Evaluation and site of Calne 'castle' and post -excavation Post assessment. Excavation Assessment for Castle Hill, Calne 48 EWI5104 Earth Geophysical No evidence of significant structural remains was ST 9965 7081 Resistance Survey at recorded. The results indicate the location of a Survey (2000) Calne Castle former pathway. As it is possible that the former castle was predominantly made of timber, it should be stressed that it is not feasible to identify such features using this technique. However, there is no evidence for ramparts in the survey data. 48 EWI7615 Ground Geophysical The survey covered all accessible parts of the ST 9966 7091 Penetrating Survey at garden to the south of the house. The results of Radar Survey Castle House the survey (2013) indicate the presence of linear and discrete anomalies. Shallow and near surface anomalies are likely to be associated with former garden features. Deeper anomalies appear to have a slightly different orientation and it is tentatively suggested that they represent fragments of structural remains. 49 EWI6826 Watching Brief Watching Brief No archaeological finds or features were ST 9997 7067 (2010) at Orchard identified House, 19 The Green, Calne 50 EWI4825 Watching Brief Watching Brief An intact post medieval limestone wall was ST 9982 7086 (1999) at 29 Church identified and remnants of a second section of Street, Calne walling running on an east/west alignment were also identified. 50 EWI3225 Evaluation Evaluation on The evaluation recorded the presence of ST 9982 7087 (1996) Land at the deposits of 5th to 7th century date, two Rear of medieval pits, undated cut Church Street, features and 12th to 14th century deposits and Calne cut features. 50 EWI3567 Watching Brief Watching Brief The partial remains of a single burial were ST 9986 7092 (1997) at Church exposed and recorded, and an earlier graveyard Street, Calne boundary noted to the north of the burial. 51 EWI6976 Geotechnical Watching Brief One test pit in the graveyard cut mostly through ST 9991 7091 Test Pit, on Test Pits at soil that had previously been disturbed, and Watching Brief St Mary Parish which consequently (2009) Church, contained many fragments of human bone. Calne Auguring of a test pit 51 EWI6977 Watching Brief Watching Brief Very little early pottery was recovered, but as ST 9991 7089 (2009) at St Mary the pits were only excavated to a maximum Parish Church, depth of 0.5 metres, Calne the possibility of finding any structures or artefacts from the Saxon period was unlikely.
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 38
Appendix 2. Historic maps, documents and photographs
Date Title/ description Repository Reference Comments ‘Plan of the Parish of Calne’ – WSHC Calne long Field boundaries illustrated and fields 1843 Calne Tithe map, long. Based on map numbered. Site divided into 4 fields plus Cruse 1828, corrected by Little woodland to south-west. Fields at north- & Weaver 1843 eastern end extend further than Site boundary. Woodland at south-west of Site Listed as ‘Plantations’, large triangular field called ‘Smeltings Mead’ and used for pasture and four fields across north-east of Site Listed as ‘Tomkin’s Mead’ and ‘Adjoining Bushes Field’ utilised for pasture and arable 1889 Ordnance Survey map, 1st WSHC ST 27 Field boundaries illustrated. Northern - edition, 1:10560 most field now subdivided with a double boundary and rectangular structure apparent between it and the adjacent field. Two rectangular structures also illustrated towards north-western side of field, opposite Highlands. Footpath shown crossing field to south-west. Several trees illustrated within the field as well as around the boundaries. Further north, on the outskirts of town, ‘Progress Works (Iron)’ illustrated 1896 Ordnance Survey map, 1 st WSHC ST 27 Not much detail. Near the northe rn edition, 1:63360. boundary of Site a circular feature is illustrated, which may be the well shown on the 1889 map slightly further north 1900 Ordnance Survey map, 2 nd WSHC ST 27/5 & Very similar layout to 1889 map. Double edition, 1:2500 27/9 boundary and rectangular structure still apparent towards north of Site. Series of rectangular structures / enclosures adjacent to north-western boundary opposite Highlands. Further rectangular structure / enclosure just east of footpath. 1912 Ordnance Survey map, Special WSHC ST 27/5 Double boundary between fields towards edition, 1:2500 north is now single boundary, with rectangular structure still present. Series of rectangular structures / enclosures opposite Highlands has altered layout 1923 Ordnance Survey map, 1:2500 WSHC ST 27/5 This sheet adjoins the following sheet (1924). One of the rectangular features opposite Highlands has now gone, leaving two, one hatched and one unhatched 1924 Ordnance Survey map, 1:2500 WSHC ST 27/9 Rectangular feature east of footpath has expanded into a series of three long rectangular features 1938 Ordnance Survey map, 1:2500 WSHC ST 27/5 Highlands is now shown as Vern Leaze. Series of rectangular features opposite Vern Leaze is now shown as just one, hatched, rectangular structure 1952 Ordnance Survey map, 1:2500, WSHC ST 27/5 Two dashed lines shown running close to 1938 revision with additions in the northern boundary of site, but not 1952 clear what they represent 1964 Ordnance Survey map, 1:2500, WSHC ST 27/5 Dashed lines not illustrated on this 1938 revision with additions in revision 1964
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 39
Appendix 3. Aerial photographic holdings relating to the Site and its environs
Sortie number Library Date Description Location Comments number Run 13 No. 221043 09/09/71 Vertical black and white Wiltshire Boundaries visible as per Archaeology historic mapping. Possible Service footpath or track apparent along what will become the north-eastern side of the Site, through a gap in the former hedgerow. Trees at south-western corner of Site appear less dense than currently. Run 15 No. 4181 018 02/08/81 Vertical black and white Wiltshire Boundaries still present. Archaeology Road is now present along Service the north-eastern side of the Site (White Horse Way). Possible footpath or track apparent in the south- western part of the Site. Run 17 No. 123 91 202 19/08/91 Vertical black and white Wiltshire Internal boundaries are now Archaeology absent within the Site and it Service appears to be very similar to its current layout. Field has been recently ploughed. Darker patch visible in similar location to the inspection covers noted in the walkover survey. Run 352 -16 No . 0311 28/07/01 Vertical colour Wiltshire Traces of what appears to be Archaeology the former NW-SE aligned Service boundary across the field can be seen as a slightly darker linear across paler plough lines. RAF/106G/UK/1415 282 14 APR 1946 Vertical black and white NMR 1:9800
RAF/106G/UK/1415 282 14 APR 1946 Vertical black and white NMR 1:9800
RAF/CPE/UK/1821 501 04 NOV 1946 Vertical black and white NMR 1:10000
RAF/CPE/UK/1821 501 04 NOV 1946 Vertical black and white NMR 1:10000
RAF/541/222 1205 02 FEB 1949 Vertical black and white NMR 1:9200
RAF/541/222 1205 02 FEB 1949 Vertical black and white NMR 1:9200
RAF/540/479 1720 22 APR 1951 Vertical black and white NMR 1:9960
RAF/540/479 1720 22 APR 1951 Vertical black and white NMR 1:9960
RAF/540/549 1845 14 JUL 1951 Vertical black and white NMR 1:10000
RAF/540/549 3026 14 JUL 1951 Vertical black and white NMR 1:10000
RAF/540/958 3026 01 DEC 1952 Vertical black and white NMR 1:11000
RAF/540/958 3171 01 DEC 1952 Vertical black and white NMR 1:11000
RAF/58/7059 3171 15 OCT 1965 Vertical black and white NMR 1:7000
OS/66061 10068 16 MAY 1966 Vertical black and white NMR 1:7500
OS/66061 10068 16 MAY 1966 Vertical black and white NMR 1:7500
RAF/543/3859 10447 13 JUN 1967 Vertical black and white NMR 1:10600
RAF/543/3859 10447 13 JUN 1967 Vertical black and white NMR 1:10600
OS/68079 10976 25 APR 1968 Vertical black and white NMR 1:12000
OS/68079 10976 25 APR 1968 Vertical black and white NMR 1:12000
OS/68079 10976 25 APR 1968 Vertical black and white NMR 1:12000
OS/70059 11484 28 APR 1970 Vertical black and white NMR 1:7500
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 40
OS/70059 11484 28 APR 1970 Vertical black and white NMR 1:7500
OS/73070 11804 10 APR 1973 Vertical black and white NMR 1:7900
OS/73070 11804 10 APR 1973 Vertical black and white NMR 1:7900
OS/89094 11804 28 APR 1989 Vertical black and white NMR 1:7500
OS/89094 15080 28 APR 1989 Vertical black and white NMR 1:7500
OS/89094 15080 28 APR 1989 Vertical black and white NMR 1:7500
OS/96131 15228 06 JUN 1996 Vertical black and white NMR 1:8200
OS/96131 15228 06 JUN 1996 Vertical black and white NMR 1:8200
OS/97049 15417 29 MAR 1997 Vertical black and white NMR 1:7500
OS/98437 15417 17 SEP 1998 Vertical black and white NMR 1:8800
OS/98437 15417 17 SEP 1998 Vertical black and white NMR 1:8800
OS/01902A 15429 06 MAR 2001 Vertical black and white NMR 1:9100
OS/01902A 15429 06 MAR 2001 Vertical black and white NMR 1:9100
OS/01902A 20866 06 MAR 2001 Vertical black and white NMR 1:9100
Land at Silver Street, Calne, Wiltshire . 41