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A Greek Revival , 73, 74, 100, 176, Adam, Robert , 66, 68, 69, 98 177 agricultural depression , 141, 148–50, Neoclassical , 53, 66–70, 72, 74, 152, 154, 186, 273, 368 82, 89, 98, 99, 176–8, 215, agricultural revolution, 18, 19, 21, 111 219, 313, 367 agriculture , 13, 14, 18–21, 36–43, Palladian , 53, 54, 61–7, 74, 82, 84, 109, 110, 141, 142, 148–50, 89, 95–9, 187, 197, 215, 367 155, 362, 366, 368 Roman originals , 53, 66–8, 70, economies of scale , 20, 32, 366 177, 178 enclosure, 19, 21, 37 architecture, Modern , 69, 312–22, improvements , 18, 19, 37 329–40, 347–9, 370 productivity , 19–21, 110 Art Deco , 317, 318, 329, 330 tripartite structure , 20, 366 International Style , 315, 316 American War of Independence , 7, Neo-Modernist , 321, 332, 339, 12, 38, 39, 164, 366, 367 340, 371 Amsterdam , 229 post-war reconstruction , 319, ancien régime, 5–10, 170, 367, 368 321, 331, 370 architecture, Classical architecture, Picturesque, 54, 72–4, 184 Baroque , 52, 53, 56–61, 74, 82, Gothic Revival , 70–74, 99, 100, 84, 89, 93, 95, 97, 185, 191, 176, 179–82, 192, 193, 215, 217, 328, 367 327

© Th e Editor(s) (if applicable) and Th e Author(s) 2016 417 R. Barras, A Wealth of Buildings: Marking the Rhythm of English History, DOI 10.1057/978-1-349-94980-9 418 Index

architecture, Post-Modern , 319–22, merchant banks (see separate 334–41, 371 entry ) High-Tech , 321, 336, 337, 340 multinational banks (see separate aristocracy , 5–7, 26, 28, 29–36, entry ) 45–50, 74–7, 84–9, 93–8, private banks , 23, 111, 229, 230, 141–50, 186–93, 355, 362–8 235 decline , 148–50, 186, 364, 368 banks, commercial , 234–6, 254, extravagance , 31, 47, 48, 50, 74, 255, 258, 263 87, 89, 191–3 Barclays , 235, 255, 263, 288, 349 incomes , 33–5, 43, 76, 77, 94–8, centralization of capital , 234, 235, 141, 148, 186, 187, 191–3, 255 363 Lloyds , 235, 255, 263, 271 indebtedness , 42, 43, 48, 191 Midland , 235, 255, 329, 346, wealth , 30–5, 76, 77, 97, 147–50, 347 362, 366 National Westminster , 235, 258, Arkwright, Richard , 119, 134, 152, 263, 332, 347 153, 164 profi tability , 235, 236, 255 Arup, Ove , 335, 336 Royal Bank of Scotland , 263, 271 Ashridge Park, Hertfordshire, 91, 99, banks, investment , 260–4, 270–2, 100 287, 349, 370 Asquith, Herbert , 132, 133 Goldman Sachs , 287, 290, 349 Attlee, Clement , 249 , 271 profi tability, 287 banks, merchant , 229, 230, 233–5, B 254, 260, 294 bankers , 28, 46, 100, 101, 150–2, Barings , 100, 101, 145, 154, 229, 143–5, 154, 233, 264, 287–91 230, 234 banking profi tability, 234, 235 commercial banks (see separate Rothschilds , 145, 152, 154, 229, entry ) 230, 234 country banks , 23, 111, 118, 229 takeover by investment banks , foreign banks , 235, 258, 259 260 global banking system , 260–4, banks, multinational , 232, 236, 255, 370 258 investment banks (see separate Hong Kong and Shanghai entry ) Banking Corporation (HSBC) , joint-stock banks , 230, 232, 234, 232, 236, 263, 338, 349, 351 294 Baring, Sir Francis , 100 Index 419

Barry, Charles , 178, 179 British world system , 238–43, Bearwood, Berkshire , 188, 195, 196 253–7, 368 Beckford, Alderman William , 28, 49, overseas investment (see separate 72, 99 entry ) Beckford, William , 72, 99, 356 Brown, Lancelot ‘Capability’ , 70, 72 Bentham, Jeremy , 131 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom , 168, Birmingham civic buildings , 219, 220 170, 172, 175, 356 Council House , 212, 220 Brydges, James, duke of Chandos , Town Hall , 176, 177, 212, 219 48, 62, 95 Victoria Law Courts , 183, 212, building cycles , 26, 267, 268, 215, 220 292–303, 308–10 Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire , 59, long cycles , 267, 269, 294 60, 90, 93, 94, 198, 356 major cycles , 267, 294 bourgeoisie , 28–31, 75, 82–89, 93, building industry , 75, 159 98–100, 127, 134–6, 142–7, building investment , 26, 74–93, 150–5, 186, 187, 193–7, 367, 155–60, 186–97, 200–21, 368 291–312, 341–51, 353–7, commercial , 28–31, 46, 75, 142, 360–71 143, 150–2, 194, 195, 202, Buildings of England , vii, ix, 77, 193, 367 202 fi nancial , 28, 29, 46, 75, 142–7, building technology , 170–6, 185, 150–2, 154, 194, 195, 367, 216, 295, 296, 299, 300, 368 314–16, 321, 348 industrial , 28, 29, 79, 134–6, Burke, Edmund , 8, 29 142–7, 150–3, 186, 187, 202, 367, 368 Boyle, Richard, earl of Burlington , C 32, 63, 64 Campbell, Colen , 2, 61–4, 95, 96 Bradford civic buildings , 181, 218, Vitruvius Britannicus , 2, 61 219 canals , 33, 100, 112, 120, 148, 149, bridges 157–65, 356, 368 Clifton Gorge , 172, 175 canal mania , 160, 164, 165 Menai Strait , 172, 175 competition from railways , 120, Bristol civic buildings , 213, 220 165 British Empire , 10–13, 22, 23, 238, investment returns , 165 239, 366, 368 sources of capital , 163 conversion to Commonwealth , Canary Wharf , 298, 299, 332, 338, 243, 253, 256 339, 348–51 420 Index

Canary Wharf (cont.) fractions of capital , 142–4, 166, Citigroup Centre , 325, 339, 349 273, 367, 368 HSBC Tower , 325, 338, 349, 351 ideology , 142–4, 375, 376 One , 325, 332, plutocracy , 143–7, 287–91, 368, 338, 341, 348, 355, 356 370 , 325, 339, 349 Cassel, Ernest , 237 Canons, Middlesex , 48, 90, 95 Castle Drogo, Devon , 185, 196 capital , 109, 111, 117–19, 122, 123, Castle Howard, Yorkshire , 59, 60 126, 163, 165–7, 230, 234–6, Cavendish, William, fi rst duke of 244, 245, 248–50, 266, 269, Devonshire , 58, 94 270, 279, 284, 285 Cavendish, William, sixth duke of centralization , 122, 167, 234, Devonshire , 43, 191 236, 250, 255 Chamberlain, Joseph , 220 concentration , 122, 230, 250 Chartist movement , 104, 129, 130 human , 117, 125, 244, 279, 285 Chatsworth, Derbyshire , 58, 90, physical , 117, 244, 249, 279, 188, 191, 198 369, 378 Chicago offi ce towers , 314, 330 capitalism , 13–30, 108–27, 133–40, Chiswick House, London , 32, 64 142–7, 155–60, 228–37, 242, Churchill, John, duke of 253–64, 284–7, 355, 356, Marlborough , 11, 59, 94 360, 361, 366–70 City of London , 23, 24, 28, 46, 126, agrarian , 18–21, 29, 30, 110, 143–7, 151, 152, 226–37, 141, 150, 355, 360, 361, 366 239–43, 253–64, 287, 288, commercial , 21–9, 110, 126, 151, 291, 292, 296, 297, 368, 370 228, 242, 355, 360, 367 Big Bang , 259, 260, 298, 309 fi nancial , 21–9, 111, 126, 151, dominance of British economy , 229–37, 242, 253–64, 360, 126, 144, 242, 263, 264, 370 361, 367, 370 economic structure , 233, 236, gentlemanly , 26, 144, 145, 233, 237, 262, 263, 291, 292, 296, 260, 294, 375 297 industrial , 104, 108–27, 133–40, domestic role , 126, 230, 235, 155–7, 173, 174, 242, 356, 237, 254, 255 360, 361, 367, 368 global role, 228–30, 232–6, monopoly , 250, 286 239–43, 253, 254, 256–64, 368 oligopolistic , 124, 233, 255, 260, City of London institutions 262, 286 Bank of England , 23, 25, 229 capitalist class , 26–9, 127, 133–6, banks (see separate entries ) 140–7, 150–5, 233, 237, building societies , 233, 255, 259 273–5, 285–91, 367–70 hedge funds , 261, 262 Index 421

insurance companies (see separate Lloyd’s Building , 324, 336, 337, entry ) 346 Lloyds insurance market , 23, 229, London Bridge Tower (Th e 336 Shard) , 223–7, 326, 340, 343, pension funds , 255, 308 349, 355 Stock Exchange , 23, 229–31, , 324, 333, 334, 237, 255, 256, 259 337, 347 City of London offi ce building , Midland Bank Headquarters, 323, 292–312, 341–51, 371 329, 346, 347 building technology (see separate NatWest Tower , 324, 332, 340, entry ) 347, 348 height restrictions , 295, 297 No. 1 Poultry , 325, 337, 346 major building cycle , 294–303, Paternoster Square , 334, 335, 337 308–10 Prudential Assurance Building , Offi ce Development Permits 323, 327, 328, 346 (ODPs) , 297, 298, 308 Sun Life Assurance Building , 323, plot ratios , 297, 298 327, 344, 346 productivity , 295, 296, 299–302 Swiss Re Tower (Th e Gherkin), speculative development , 298, 226, 325, 339, 340, 349 299, 308, 309, 346 , 227, 325, 339, City of London offi ce buildings 349 Adelaide House , 323, 330, 331 City of London offi ce market, 297–9, , 324, 332, 348 303–12, 343, 344, 349–51, 371 Centre , 325, 326, 335, accelerating obsolescence , 302, 339, 349 305 Bucklersbury House , 324, 331, development profi ts , 308, 309, 332, 347 347 Commercial Union Building , institutional investors , 306–10 324, 332, 333 investment returns , 304–12 Daily Express Building , 324, 329, overseas investors , 310, 312, 330, 349 349–51 20 (Th e Walkie- property booms (see separate Talkie) , 226, 227, 326, 340 entry ) Finsbury Circus , 328, 329 property companies (see separate , 326, 340 entry ) Holland House , 323, 329, 330 civic building , 159, 199–221, 369, Leadenhall Building (Th e 379 Cheesegrater), 226, 326, 340, civic pride , 103–6, 201, 202, 215, 349 369, 379 422 Index civic building (cont.) Coke, Th omas, earl of Leicester , 42, climaxes , 201–6 63, 96, 97 competitive rivalry , 202, 208, Conservative Government 1979–90 , 215, 216, 218 251, 252, 259, 280, construction costs , 202, 206–21 282, 284 functional types , 200–2, 204–6, conspicuous consumption , 31, 47, 208–10 48, 146, 147, 376 innovation cycle , 210, 211 conspicuous investment , 43, 48–50, regional split , 201–4, 211 366 civic buildings consumer prices , 14, 15, 36, 37, 42, exchanges , 200, 202, 206, 211 251, 309 law courts, 200, 202, 211, 220 , 38, 128, 129 libraries , 201, 202, 206, 208, 211, cotton industry , 23, 103–5, 109, 221 110, 114–6, 119, 120, 122, market halls , 172, 173, 201, 202, 137, 152, 153, 158, 248 206, 208, 216, 219, 220 Lancashire , 103, 120, 152, 153 museums , 201, 202, 206, 216, mills , 104, 114, 120, 157, 171 220 triangular trade , 23, 120 size , 206–8, 212, 213 country house building , 49–54, town halls , 200, 202, 208, 210, 74–101, 186–98, 355, 356, 211–21, 252, 303 366–8 class , 29–36, 45–50, 55, 56, 133–47, climaxes , 77–82, 186, 187 287–91, 357–76 construction costs , 76, 88, 89, ascendant , 30, 31, 46, 47, 133–6, 93–101, 187–97 359–71 construction rate , 84–8, 187 confl ict , 7, 8, 55, 56, 129, 132–4, fi nancial burden , 43, 77, 87, 94, 136–40, 359, 360, 363, 365, 95, 97, 99, 191, 197 367 funding sources , 43, 76, 94–100, dominant , vii, 29–36, 142–7, 186, 187, 191–7 287–91, 359–71, 373–6 regional split , 78–80, 187 leisure class , 45–50, 55, 56, 376 vintages , 81–4, 88, 89, 186 proletariat , 8, 17, 136–40 country house plan , 3, 50–4, 58–60, structure , 34, 35, 133–40, 142–7, 62–6, 69, 72, 179, 184 359, 361 compact block , 50, 62, 63, 87 Cobbett, William , 9 entrance hall , 4, 52, 53, 60, 63, Cobden, Richard, 106, 140, 143, 144 64, 66, 69 Cockerell, Charles , 327 saloon , 4, 52, 53, 60, 63, 65, 66 Codrington, Christopher , 99 wings , 52, 56, 57, 59, 62, 63 Index 423 country houses , 1–4, 48–56, 58–101, Disraeli, Benjamin , 130, 138 179–82, 184–98, 366–8 Dodington, George , 95 bourgeois villas , 64, 74, 82–9, 96, Dodington Park, Gloucestershire , 98–101, 184, 185, 193–7 90, 99 conveniences , 50, 52, 187, 192, 193 Drummond, Henry , 100 gardens , 50, 52–4, 65, 70, 72, 73 Dutch Wars , 10 ownership , 82–9, 186, 187 size , 84–7, 187 survival , 197, 198 E country house structure East India Company , 12, 22, 28, 46, facade , 3, 58–60, 62, 63, 69 239 piano nobile , 3, 62, 69 Eaton Hall, Cheshire , 180, 181, 188, portico , 3, 60, 62–4, 69 192, 193, 356 country house styles Eckstein, Friedrich , 197 Arts and Crafts , 185 economic cycles , 265–72 Baroque , 52, 53, 58–61, 93–5 asset price bubbles , 268, 270, Gothick , 71, 72 271, 294 Gothic Revival , 72, 74, 99, 100, real estate cycle , 267, 268, 270–2, 179–81, 191–4 292–4 Jacobethan , 180, 193, 195 economic growth , 13–18, 115–26, Neoclassical , 53, 67–70, 98, 99 155–7, 243–53, 367, 369 Neo-Georgian , 185, 196 capital , 118, 157, 244, 245, 250, Old English , 184, 196 252 Palladian , 1, 2, 53, 54, 61–6, labour , 15, 118, 138, 244, 245 95–8, 197 output , 14, 15, 115–8, 123, 230, Renaissance , 178, 179, 195 244, 248, 250–2 Tudorbethan , 180, 184 productivity , 14, 15, 118–20, Cragside, Northumberland , 184, 196 123, 124, 138, 139, 245, Crystal Palace , 173, 174, 238, 313, 247–52 337 trade , 22, 23, 119, 122, 240, 253 Curzon, Sir Nathaniel , 66, 98 economic restructuring , 13–15, 109–15, 243–53 mergers , 122, 124, 248, 250, 260 D rationalization , 247–52 Defoe, Daniel , 30, 31, 48 shift to industry , 13–15, 109–15 Th e Complete English Tradesman, 30 shift to services , 126, 244, 248, deindustrialization , 244, 251, 252, 250, 252, 253 370 Edward VII , 147, 237 424 Index

egalitarianism , 273, 276–9, 283 government bonds , 23, 25, 40, Egerton, Francis, duke of 230, 236, 237, 255, 271 Bridgewater , 164 securitized assets , 261, 270–2 Egerton, John, earl of Bridgewater , fi nancialization , 256, 257, 273, 287, 100 303, 351, 370 Elvetham Hall, Hampshire , 180 fi nancial services , 23–6, 111, Engels, Friedrich , 104, 127, 137, 228–37, 244, 253–64, 287, 138, 142 288, 370 Th e Condition of the Working Class adoption of ICT , 252, 253, 260, in England , 104 261 engineers , 163, 167, 170–6, 335, deregulation , 251, 253, 257–60, 336, 369 298 structural innovation , 171–3, innovation , 252, 253, 261, 270 335 Finch, Daniel, earl of Nottingham , Enlightenment , 113, 126, 313 94, 95 First World War , 133, 139, 185, 197, 237, 240, 242–4, 253, 254, F 275, 276, 278, 369 factory system , 104, 121, 122, 131, economic consequences , 243, 132, 136–9 253, 254, 275, 276 economies of scale , 121, 122 fi scal-military state , 10–13, 21, employment of women and 24, 74, 111, 112, 127, 228, children , 121, 136–8 366 working hours , 137–9 Flitcroft, Henry , 63, 97 Fane, John, earl of Westmorland , 63, Fonthill Abbey, Wiltshire , 71, 72, 96 90, 99 fi nancial crises Foster, Norman , 226, 321, 338, 339, Banking Crash 2008 , 252, 261, 349, 351 264, 265, 270–2, 287, 299, franchise , 6–10, 127–30, 275–7 310, 350, 351, 370 First Reform Act , 9, 10, 127, 128, South Sea Bubble , 24, 265, 266 367, 368 Wall Street Crash , 268, 269 Second Reform Act , 130 fi nancial instruments Th ird Reform Act , 130 bills of exchange , 23, 229, 230 universal adult suff rage , 276, 277 company stocks , 23, 119, 230, French Revolution , 8, 12, 50, 69, 231, 236, 237, 255, 256 168, 367 derivatives , 261, 263, 270, 271 French Wars , 9, 13, 15, 26, 27, Eurocurrencies , 258, 259, 263 37–9, 112, 229, 230, 243 Index 425 functional imperative , vii, viii, 77, Great Depression , 245, 248, 253, 201, 343, 362 254, 268, 269, 273, 296 Great Exhibition , 173, 238 Great Levelling , 275–80, 369 G welfare state , 273, 276–9 Gay, John , 4 Great Western Railway , 168, 170, Th e Beggar’s Opera, 4 356 gentry , 26, 28–36, 45–50, 55, 56, Greenwich Palace , 57 74–7, 82–9, 365–7 Gregory Gregory , 180, 191 greater gentry , 28, 31–5, 45, 50, Grenville, Richard, Earl Temple , 98 74, 78, 89, 96, 366 Grey, Earl Charles , 9 lesser gentry , 28, 31–5, 365, 366 Gropius, Walter , 315, 316 middling gentry , 1, 2, 34, 35, 60, Grosvenor, Hugh, fi rst duke of 78, 88, 89, 96 Westminster , 193 wealth , 28, 30, 32, 34, 35, Grosvenor, Sir Richard , 45 48, 76 Gibbs, James , 2, 62 A Book of Architecture, 62 H Gladstone, William , 130, 146, 195 Hampton Court , 58, 101, 355 globalization , 224, 225, 232–4, Harlaxton Manor, Lincolnshire , 180, 238–42, 256–64, 269–72, 188, 191 286, 287, 303, 310, 312, Hawksmoor, Nicholas , 58, 59 349–51, 370, 376 hegemonic building , ix, 376–9 global super-rich , 225, 286–91, symbolic capital , 378 370, 376 hegemony , ix, 29, 30, 142–5, 232, Glorious Revolution , 2, 5, 9, 61, 233, 288, 366, 369–76 111, 228, 366 ideology , 142, 143, 283, 288, government fi nance , 24–7, 131, 228, 374, 375 275, 277–9, 282, 283 punctuated , 371–6 bond yields , 25, 38, 40, 307, Hilferding, Rudolf , 242 310–12 Finance Capital, 242 national debt , 25–7, 228, 243, Hoare, Henry , 63, 96 249, 264, 366 Hobson, John , 241 taxation (see separate entry ) Imperialism , 241 Gramsci, Antonio , 373 Holkham Hall, Norfolk , 1, 63, 65, Grand Junction Canal , 165, 170, 90, 96, 97 356 Holles, John, duke of Newcastle , Grand Tour , 35, 63, 75 33, 39 426 Index

Houghton Hall, Norfolk , 1–4, 62, Commercial Union , 236, 332, 333 63, 90, 96 investment portfolios , 236, 255, Howard, Charles, earl of Carlisle , 59, 306, 307, 312 94 Legal and General , 308, 331, 347 Prudential , 236, 308, 327, 328, 346 I investment , 19, 20, 33, 42, 44, 45, iconic buildings , vii-ix, 50, 199, 303, 110–14, 117–24, 153, 322, 351, 353–72 155–70, 240–2, 244–50, 252, India , 12, 22, 239, 241, 256 254, 266, 267, 368–70 industrial decline , 122–6, 240, 241, agriculture, 19, 20, 42, 157 243–7, 251, 252, 369, 370 infrastructure , 33, 112, 120, 121, causes , 123–6, 240, 245, 247 155–70, 368, 369 industrialists , 134–6, 144–6, 151–4, manufacturing industries , 110, 196 111–14, 117–20, 123, 124, social origins , 134, 145, 153 157, 248, 249, 254 wealth , 28, 151–4 overseas (see separate entry ) Industrial Revolution , 13–18, service industries , 247, 248, 250, 108–22, 139, 155–7, 356, 253 367, 368, 375 urban development , 44, 45, causes , 109–14 157–9, 370 coal production , 112, 113, 116 iron-framed buildings , 171, 369 fi rst phase , 14, 15, 115–20, 157, 367 second phase , 115–22, 157, 368 J steam power , 113, 114, 117, 120 Jacobite rebellion , 11 inequality , 15, 17, 32–4, 55, 56, Jessop, William , 163, 165, 170 104, 139, 244, 275–9, 284–7, Jones, Inigo , 3, 44, 53, 58, 60–2, 64, 366, 367, 369 68, 178, 329 narrowing , 139, 244, 276–9, 285, Jones-Loyd, Samuel, baron 369 Overstone , 154 widening , 15, 33, 34, 275, 284–6, 366, 367 information and communication K technology (ICT) , 252, 260, Kedleston Hall, Derbyshire , 66, 90, 98 261, 297, 303 Kent, William , 2, 64, 65, 70 insurance companies , 229, 236, 255, Kerr, Robert , 195 294, 296, 306–8, 310, 312 Th e Gentleman’s House, 195 Index 427

L Lloyd George, David , 133, 276 Labour Government 1945–51 , 249, local government , 199–202 277–9, 369 Locke, John , 5 Lancashire civic buildings , 204, Two Treatises of Government, 5 211–17 London , 43–7, 122 Bolton market hall , 212, 216 , 355, 356 Bolton town hall , 212, 215 Canary Wharf (see separate Lancaster town hall , 213, 217 entry ) Liverpool, St George’s Hall , 178, County Hall , 221 211, 212, 217, 218 , 44, 173 Preston, Harris museum , 212, Crossrail , 356, 357 216 railway stations , 172, 178, 182 Town Hall , 212, 215 town houses , 44, 49, 191, 366, land market , 31, 36–43, 141, 149, 378 150 West End , 46, 73, 97, 288 landowners , 29–36, 45–50, 55, 56, London estates 77–101, 140–4, 147–50, Bedford Estate , 45, 97 186–93 Grosvenor Estate , 45, 148 aristocracy (see separate entry ) London to Birmingham Railway , gentry (see separate entry ) 167, 168, 170, 178 landownership , 31–6, 44, 45, 140–2, longue durée, 359 147–50 Luddite movement , 8 shares by class , 32–5, 148 Lutyens, Edwin , 185, 196, 329, size of estates , 34, 148 346 urban estates , 33, 45, 144, 148 landscape gardening , 50, 52, 54, 65, 70, 72, 73 M Le Corbusier , 315, 316 Manchester , 44, 103–8, 181, 211, Leeds civic buildings 215 Kirkgate Market Hall , 213, cotton industry , 103–5, 120, 219 122 Town Hall , 182, 212, 217 Peterloo Massacre , 9, 105 Lever, William, Viscount poverty , 104, 105, 137 Leverhulme, 146 Manchester civic buildings Leveson-Gower, George, duke of Free Trade Hall , 105, 183 Sutherland , 147, 148 John Rylands Library , 211, 212, Liberal Government 1906–14 , 132, 215 133, 149, 278, 369 Royal Exchange , 212, 215 428 Index

Manchester civic buildings (cont.) Morrison family , 152, 154 Town Hall , 105–8, 170, 192, Morris, William , 185 193, 211, 212, 215, 328, 346 manufacturing industry, 14–16, 109, 112–26, 157, 158, 248–51, 368 N automobiles , 117, 123, 248, 250 Nash, John , 72, 73, 176 chemicals , 112, 117, 248 national identity , 6, 375 cotton (see separate entry ) national product , 13–15, 117–19, electrical , 117, 123, 248 244, 248, 250–2, 273–5 electronics , 250 neoliberalism , 273, 283, 284, 376 engineering , 112, 115, 117, 120 New York offi ce towers , 313, 314, iron and steel , 109, 115, 117, 317–19, 330, 331 120, 122, 249 Nine Years War , 11, 26 metal-working , 109, 110, 112, 123, 158 shipbuilding , 112, 117 O woollen textiles , 109, 112, 123, O ffi ce of the King’s Works , 58, 61 158, 248 Old Corruption , 8, 9 Marx, Karl , 127, 136, 142, 265 OPEC oil price rises , 251, 270, 298, mercantilism , 21, 22, 110, 128, 129, 309 239, 364, 366 Ottershaw Park, Surrey , 189, 197 merchants , 25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 46, overseas investment , 126, 144, 234, 150–2, 154, 365, 367 237, 240–3, 254, 256, 263 wealth , 23, 25, 28, 31, 150–2 returns , 241, 242 Mereworth, Kent , 62, 63, 90, 96 Mill, John Stuart , 131, 283 On Liberty, 131 P mode of production , 13, 18, 21, Paine, Th omas , 8 108, 109, 126, 127, 134, 142, Rights of Man, 8 155, 158, 374, 377 , 170, 175, Modern Domesday survey , 148, 154 179, 356, 357 Modernism , 176, 185, 312–22, Palladio, Andrea , 61, 63, 64 329–31, 334, 338, 339, 370, Four Books of Architecture, 61 376 Paris, modernization , 112, 119, 125–33, Louvre , 57 247, 249, 273, 276, 369 Versailles 12 , 57 monarchy , 2, 5, 6, 53, 362, 364, Parliament , 5–10, 47, 127–30, 133, 365, 375 275, 276, 365, 366 Index 429 path dependence , 123, 124, 242, Queen’s House, Greenwich , 3, 63, 371, 372 329 Paxton, Joseph , 173 Peckforton Castle, Cheshire , 179, 188, 191 R Peel, Sir Robert , 128, 153 railways , 120, 121, 157, 158, Pelli, César , 338, 339 165–70, 230, 234, 237, 256, Piano, Renzo , 224–6 369 Pitt, William the Younger , 7, 26, 35 investment returns , 166, 167 population growth , 14, 15, 137, network expansion , 121, 158, 244, 245, 276 168, 169 Post-Modernism , 319–22, 334, 335, railway companies , 148, 159, 337 166, 167, 169, 230, 234, 237, price infl ation 1970s , 251, 298, 309 256 private property rights , 13, 19, 111, railway mania , 160, 168, 230 127 sources of capital , 166, 234, 237 property booms , 267–72, 294–303, real estate investment , 267–71, 306–10 303–12, 349–51 early 1970s , 269, 298, 308, 309 globalization , 270, 310, 312, late 1980s , 270, 298, 299, 309, 349–51 310 property booms (see separate mid 2000s , 270, 271, 299, 310 entry ) property companies , 304–10 recessions British Land , 349 1974/5 , 251, 270, 298, 309 , 299, 350, 1980/1 , 251, 298 351 1991/2 , 270, 299, 309 City of London Real Property Great Recession 2008/9 , 270–2, Company , 306, 307 310 Land Securities , 307 Repton, Humphry , 72, 73 Olympia and York , 299, 350 rhythm of history , vii, ix, 357–72 Pugin, Augustus , 174, 179, 180 chronology , 360–71 Contrasts , 174 Rogers, Richard , 226, 321, 336, 340, punctuated equilibrium , 373, 376 349, 351 Rothschild family , 145, 152, 154, 180, 182, 194, 195 Q Ruskin, John , 174, 180, 181 Qatar Investment Authority , 224, Th e Stones of Venice, 174, 180 350, 351 Russell, John, duke of Bedford , 97 430 Index

S Sullivan, Louis , 314, 331 Salvin, Anthony , 179, 192 Swift, Jonathan , 24 Schumpeter, Joseph , 169, 266, 266 Syon House, Middlesex , 69 creative destruction , 169 Scientifi c Revolution , 113, 126, 313 Second World War , 245, 249, 256, T 258, 269, 277, 296, 307 Talman, William , 58 economic consequences , 249, 256 taxation , 24–6, 111, 131, 133, 228, Seifert, Richard , 331, 332, 334 275–8, 282, 283, 327, 366, 369 Sellar, Irvine , 224, 351 income tax , 26, 131, 133, 275, service industries , 15, 244, 247, 248, 277, 278, 282, 283 250, 252, 253 inheritance tax , 131, 133, 277, fi nancial services (see separate 278, 283 entry ) land tax , 24, 25, 32, 133 innovation , 248, 252 technological revolutions , 114, 115, productivity , 247, 252, 253 117, 119–21, 123, 124, 155, service revolution , 244, 253 157, 158, 160–70, 244, 248, Seven Years War , 12, 28 250, 252, 260, 369 Shaw, Norman , 184, 196 general purpose technology , 114, Smirke, Robert , 73, 74, 100, 176 117, 248, 252 Smith, Adam , 30, 129 Telford, Th omas , 163, 172 Th e Wealth of Nations , 129 Teulon, Samuel , 179, 180 Soane, John , 70 Th atcher, Margaret , 251, 280 social reforms, 105, 130–3, 276–9 Th e Grange, Northington, Southill, Bedfordshire , 90, 98 Hampshire , 90, 100 state, role of , 111, 112, 127, 130, Tollemache, Baron John , 179, 191 131, 199–202, 276, 278, 357 trade , 21–3, 25, 30, 31, 110, 194, Stephenson, Robert , 168, 170–2 228, 229, 232–4, 238–40, Stirling, James , 322, 337 242, 253, 254, 256, 257, 269, Stonehenge , 377 366, 368 Stourhead, Wiltshire , 62, 63, 96 colonial , 22, 25, 28, 31, 110 Stowe, Buckinghamshire , 53, 65, 90, slave trade , 22, 23, 98, 194 98 trade defi cit , 240, 256, 272 St Paul’s Cathedral , 58, 215, 291, trade unions , 132, 136, 139, 140, 332, 334, 355 275–7, 280, 282, 370 Stratton Park, Hampshire , 100, 101 membership , 139, 275, 277, 280, Strawberry Hill, Middlesex , 71, 73 282 Index 431

strikes , 133, 139, 251, 282 Waterhouse, Alfred , 106, 180, 181, turnpike roads , 112, 160–2 192, 327, 346 Watson-Wentworth, Th omas, marquess of Rockingham , 97, U 98 unifi ed growth theory , 14, 17, 127, Watt, James , 114 244 Wedgewood, Josiah , 111, 134, 152, urbanization , 43–5, 110, 122, 164 157–60, 291, 292, 368, 369 Wentworth Woodhouse, Yorkshire , transport-building cycle , 157, 158 63, 90, 97 urban population , 43, 110 Whig supremacy , 7, 11, 53, 67, 95 Whitbread, Samuel , 98, 152 Wilkes, John , 7 V Williams, Owen , 329, 330 Vanbrugh, Sir John , 58, 61, 93, 95 Wills family , 153, 168 van der Rohe, Mies , 315, 316, 318, Witley Park, Surrey , 189, 196 332, 337 Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire , Veblen, Th orstein , 47, 48, 376 90, 97 Vitruvius , 67 Wren, Sir Christopher , 57, 58, 61 Wright, Whitaker , 196, 197 Wyatt, James , 70, 72, 99 W Waddesdon Manor , 182, 188, 195 wages , 14, 15, 17, 21, 137–40, 244, Y 250, 252, 284 Yorkshire civic buildings , 204, subsistence , 21, 47, 137, 138 217–19 Walpole, Horace , 71, 96 Halifax, , 212, Walpole, Sir Robert , 1–4, 11, 62, 71, 219 96 Hull Guildhall , 213, 219 Wanstead House, London , 62, 96 Middlesbrough Town Hall , 212, War of Austrian Succession , 11, 38, 218 39 Sheffi eld Town Hall , 183, 212, War of Spanish Succession , 11, 48, 94 218