The State of Downeast Maine the State of Downeast Maine
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The State of Downeast Maine The State of Downeast Maine Tamer Hassan, Andrea Notopoulos, and Brooke Wanlass Executive Summary The State of Downeast Maine is the fifth chapter in The State of Maine’s Environment 2010, a report produced by the Environmental Policy Group in the Environmental Studies Program at Colby College in Waterville, Maine. This is the sixth State of Maine’s Environment report published since 2004. The Downeast region of Maine includes Hancock and Washington Counties. The area has a wealth of natural resources and the forestry, fishing, and tourism industries are the foundation of the local economy. The Downeast also has the lowest level of per-capita income and the highest rate of unemployment in the state. Since the 1980s, employment in the natural resource-based industries has declined, tourism has grown, and employment in the service sector has increased. Cost cutting measures in forest products production have led to a decline in employment in the forestry industry and the conversion of land to non-industrial ownership. Conservation of land and resources has grown, with 60% of all land conservation now in the private sector. Twenty-nine percent of Washington County and 15% of Hancock County are currently conserved. Depletion of the area’s fisheries has led to a decline in employment and revenue from fishing. Lobster are currently the primary source of income in the fishing industry, representing 45% of landings, but this resource is unevenly distributed along the Downeast coast and of more benefit to the economy of Hancock County. Tourism in the Downeast is concentrated in Hancock County, which has the top six overnight and top five day tourism destinations in the Downeast. There is a lack of infrastructure to provide wireless internet in both counties, and businesses, organizations, and individuals lack access to communication and research technology. We recommend a number of policy approaches for future management of the Downeast’s resources. The state of Maine could provide tax credits to forest landowners who receive certification such as American Tree Farm System certification to encourage small-scale, sustainably managed forest operations. The state could also offer tax incentives for technology research and development such as the High-Technology Investment Tax Credit to encourage businesses to invest in the area. The Maine Department of Transportation could expand the Explore Maine program to facilitate travel of tourists throughout the Downeast. Finally, land trusts utilize the Maine Land Trust Network to increase collaboration and participate in the Maine State Planning Office’s conservation easement registry to aid the development of a conserved land database that may guide future conservation planning. Introduction The Downeast region of Maine includes Hancock and Washington Counties. It is an area rich in natural resources but also has high rates of unemployment and low levels of income among its population. This report explores the drivers behind the current state of Downeast Maine, questioning how the region’s resources can be used for economic benefit while they are conserved for the future. The Downeast region as defined by the distribution of its natural resources is a transboundary area, crossing the US-Canadian border and extending from the Penobscot Bay in the south to the St. Croix Watershed in New Brunswick (Fig 1.1a) (TNC 2010). It is a single watershed with one common drainage flow and similar biodiversity and geological composition (EPA 2009). The area’s land cover is 77% forest, 11% open water, and 8% wetland. Only 1% of the area is developed (ISRWB 2008). The Downeast’s open landscapes serve ecological purposes and provide the people of the area with essential resources. Forests filter nitrogen pollution, absorb rainfall, regulate stream flow and temperature, stabilize soil, and provide wildlife habitat (ISRWB 2008). They also support local economies through the forestry industry. The region’s watersheds are some of the most unimpaired in the state, sustaining biodiversity while providing communities with waters for drinking, household use, agriculture, manufacturing, and recreation (EPA 2009). Wetlands protect water quality, provide wildlife habitat, prevent flooding, and stabilize shorelines (ISRWB 2008). Offshore fisheries support groundfish, shellfish, lobster, and other species that are the basis of the coastal fishing economy. The area’s coastlines provide the basis for the region’s growing tourism economy. Government regulations are generally limited by state-drawn borders and resources in the Downeast are divided by national jurisdiction. Within US boundaries, the Downeast is geographically and culturally defined by residents as the lands of Hancock and Washington Counties in the state of Maine (Fig 5.1b). Fig 5.1a The Downeast ecoregion (NBDE, 2010; EPA, 2009) Fig 5.1b Downeast Maine including Washington and Hancock Counties Methods Our research builds on preliminary discussions that occurred at an August conference at the Schoodic Research and Information Center on Downeast Maine. We used this dialog as a framework to identify future research areas. We conducted a literature review and visited Hancock County in September, 2010, to gather background and historical information on Hancock and Washington Counties. We used a geographic information system (GIS) regional map to combine the areas of the Downeast Watershed in Maine, as defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA 2009), and the St. Croix Watershed, as defined by the New Brunswick Department of Environment (NBDE 2007). We derived demographic data from the US Census Bureau. We used population and age group data from the 2006-2008 American Community Survey 3- Year Estimates and 2000-2008 Annual Estimates and data on per-capita income from the Bureau of Economic Analysis database (US Census 2010). We derived economic data on the forestry and fishing industries from the US Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA 2010). We used employment data from the 2000 Census to assemble a GIS map showing employment in Hancock and Washington Counties (USCB 2000). We used data on forest certification from the 2005 Biennial Report of the Maine Forest Service (MFS 2005). We used GIS information on land ownership based on a map created by the James W. Sewall Company in Maine (James W. Sewall Company 2008). The health of fish stocks were difficult to contextualize given a lack of historical data as a source of comparison (Ames 2010). We assessed changes in the fishing industry over time through a review of literature, personal interviews, and recent data on landings, the value of landings, and fishery license holdings. We obtained landings data by county starting in 1960 from the Atlantic Coastal Cooperative Statistics Program (ACCSP 2010). License information was prepared by Kevin Athearn of the University of Maine and based on raw data from Keith Fougere of the Maine Department of Marine Resources (Athearn 2010). Lobster harvest and value information was derived from the Maine Department of Marine Resources Historical Fisheries Landings Data (MDMR 2010). We generated a GIS map showing change in property value based on a map by Beth Darling for Colby College’s Atlas of Maine 2008 (Darling 2008). Tourism data with respect to the economic impacts of Acadia National Park were derived from the Michigan State University website. In order to quantify the economic impacts of Acadia on the Downeast region, we used the Money Generation model (MGM), developed by the National Park Service and Michigan State University to aid parks in estimating local economic impacts of visitor spending. The MGM model estimates what park visitors spend in the area surroundings parks and quantifies the impacts of this spending in terms of sales, income, jobs, and local tax receipts (NPS 2004). We used 2004 and 2008 visitation data commissioned by Davidson Peterson Associates and obtained from the Maine Office of Tourism website (MOT 2008). Land conservation data is based on an assessment of the area conducted by the Maine Land Trust Network, a literature review, and interviews with staff of local conservation organizations. Data for the land conservation map was derived from the Maine Office of GIS, based on April 2010 updates and mapped using ArcGIS. The Downeast Lakes Land Trust provided spatial data of the Downeast Lakes Forestry Partnership. We obtained data on broadband availability and the abundance of cellular towers in the state from the Maine Office of GIS. We used ArcGIS to create a map illustrating broadband service types and cell phone availability in Maine, with a focus on the Downeast region. Our research is a collection of synthesized data analyses, literature reviews and expert opinions. It does not incorporate direct input from residents of Downeast Maine. Further research is required to integrate community participation. The State of Downeast Maine This report begins with an overview of economic and demographic trends in Hancock and Washington Counties. It then explores five specific areas which have influenced the state of the area, addressing forestry, fishing, tourism, land conservation, and telecommunications technology. Each section includes a background history, an overview of relevant laws, institutions, and stakeholders, an assessment of the current state of the area, and policy recommendations. Economic and Demographic Trends The lands and resources of Downeast Maine have supported the livelihoods of local communities in