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Illuminating Eclipses: Astronomy and Chronology in King Lear
Brief Chronicles Vol. II (2010) 32 Illuminating Eclipses: Astronomy and Chronology in King Lear Hanno Wember ohann Gottfried Herder wrote his famous essay Shakespeare in 1772. He was (as Wieland, Lessing and, of course, Goethe and Schiller) one of the 18th century German writers “who first embraced Shakespeare and welcomed his Jgenius as a dramatist.”1 In his 1980 introduction to Herder’s essay, Konrad Nussbächer wrote: “Shakespeare is not, as it appeared in the 18th century, a natural genius growing up in the wild, but a highly cultured, artful Renaissance poet and practitioner of the stage.” Astronomy was one of the liberal arts and sciences a “highly cultured” man of Renaissance England was expected to know. This essay will review a few illuminating examples of Shakespeare’s profound knowledge of astronomy, and will examine a new astronomical reference that could shed significant new light on Shakespearean chronology. Shakespeare’s Astronomy In many regards Shakespeare had a better knowledge of the relationship between the moon and the tides2 than his distinguished contemporary Galileo (1564 - 1642), who tried to explain the tides by the two motions of the earth, correlating to the day and the year.3 This was an erroneous explanation for ebb and flow. But while Galileo refused to acknowledge any tidal influence of the moon, Bernardo knew better, referring to the moon as the Brief Chronicles Vol. II (2010) 33 moist star Upon whose influence Neptune’s empire stands (Hamlet, I.1.135)4 To Prince Henry, likewise, the moon commands the tides: The fortune of us that are moon’s men doth ebb and flow like the sea, being governed as the sea is by the moon…..Now in as low an ebb as the foot of the ladder, and by and by in as high a flow as the ridge of the gallows. -
Variation of Secondary Cosmic Gamma Ray Flux During Lunar Eclipse
Variation of secondary cosmic gamma ray flux during lunar eclipse S. Roy* , S. Chatterjee , S. Chakraborty** , S. Biswas , S. Das , S. K. Ghosh , S. Raha Department of Physics (CAPSS), Bose Institute, Kolkata, India. E-mail: [email protected] Introduction Astronomical events such as Solar eclipses and Lunar eclipses provide the opportunity for studying the disturbance produced in the atmosphere and its effect on cosmic ray intensity. There are earlier reports on decrease in secondary cosmic gamma ray (SCGR) flux during solar eclipse and enhancement of the same during lunar eclipse [1-4]. We have measured the variation of SCGR flux during two lunar eclipses that took place in India in the year 2018, one on 31st of January and the other on 27th of July. Both the measurements have been carried out in the Detector laboratory of Bose Institute, Kolkata, India, using NaI (Tl) scintillator detector. We observed slight increment of SCGR during the lunar eclipse of January. We did not observe any significant changes in SCGR during lunar eclipse of July. Experimental Setup ❖ NaI(Tl) scintillator detector is used. Size of the crystal: 5.1cm × 5.1cm ❖ Gamma ray sources used for detector calibration: 137Cs (662 keV), ❖ PMT bias: +600V. Signals are amplified and shaped before sending 60Co (1173 keV and 1332 keV) and 22Na (551 keV) them to MCA for energy spectrum accumulation ORTEC-556 ORTEC-671 Schematic of the signal processing electronics Picture of the experimental setup Gamma ray spectra with different configurations of lead shielding ADC -
Viewing an Eclipse Safely
ECLIPSES SOLAR an eclipse safely How to observe SOLAR ECLIPSE, OCTOBER 2014, BY LEMAN NORTHWAY Solar eclipses are quite rare and are often a major event. The SOLAR ECLIPSES Moon passes right in front of the Sun, blotting out its disc. Every time a solar eclipse occurs there are various things to look for. However, it is extremely dangerous to just go out and look up. The Sun is so bright that just looking at it can blind you, so you’ll need to prepare beforehand. There are various ways to observe eclipses safely, using both everyday materials and telescopes or binoculars. So read this leaflet Introduction to find out what happens during an eclipse and how you can see all the stages of the event safely. This booklet was written by the Royal Astronomical Society with The Society for Popular Astronomy and is endorsed by the British Astronomical Association The Royal Astronomical The Society for Popular Formed in 1890, the Society, founded in Astronomy is for British Astronomical 1820, encourages and beginners of all ages. Our Association has an promotes the study of aim is to make astronomy international reputation astronomy, solar-system fun, and our magazine, for the quality of science, geophysics and Popular Astronomy, is full its observational closely related branches of information to help and scientific work. of science. you get to know the Membership is open to www.ras.org.uk sky and get involved. We even have a special Young all persons interested in HIGGS-BOSON.COM JOHNSON: PAUL BY D Stargazers section, run by TV’s Lucie Green. -
I. ASYMMETRY of ECLIPSES. CALENDAR CYCLES Igor Taganov & Ville-V.E
I. ASYMMETRY OF ECLIPSES. CALENDAR CYCLES Igor Taganov & Ville-V.E. Saari 1.1 Metaphysics of solar eclipses p. 12 1.2 Calendar cycles of solar eclipses p. 20 Literature p. 26 To describe the two main types of solar eclipses in modern astronomy the old Latin terms – umbra, antumbra and penumbra are still used (Fig. 1.1). A “partial eclipse” (c. 35 %) occurs when the Sun and Moon are not exactly in line and the Moon only partially obscures the Sun. The term “central eclipse” (c. 65 %) is often used as a generic term for eclipses when the Sun and Moon are exactly in line. The strict definition of a central eclipse is an eclipse, during which the central line of the Moon’s umbra touches the Earth’s surface. However, extremely rare the part of the Moon’s umbra intersects with Earth, producing an annular or total eclipse, but not its central line. Such event is called a “non-central” total or annular eclipse [2]. Fig. 1.1. Main types of solar eclipses The central solar eclipses are subdivided into three main groups: a “total eclipse” (c. 27 %) occurs when the dark silhouette of the Moon completely obscures the Sun; an “annular eclipse” (c. 33 %) occurs when the Sun and Moon are exactly in line, but the apparent size of the Moon is smaller than that of the Sun; a “hybrid eclipse” or annular/total eclipse (c. 5 %) at certain sites on the Earth’s surface appears as a total eclipse, whereas at other sites it looks as annular. -
Roll 5, Side A
doi: 10.1038/nature07130 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Correction notice Calendars with Olympiad display and eclipse prediction on the Antikythera Mechanism Tony Freeth, Alexander Jones, John M. Steele & Yanis Bitsakis Nature 454, 614–617 (2008) In the version of the Supplementary Information originally posted online, there were minor errors in Supplementary Figs 20 and 25. In Supplementary Fig. 20, some glyphs were accidently omitted between months 26 and 67; in Supplementary Fig. 25, seven glyphs in the left-hand semicircle were inscribed one month too early. These have been corrected in the new version of the Supplementary Information; see Supplementary Information Table of Contents for details. doi: 10.1038/nature07130 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Calendars with Olympiad display and eclipse prediction on the Antikythera Mechanism SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Tony Freeth1,2, Alexander Jones3, John M. Steele4 & Yanis Bitsakis1,5 1 Antikythera Mechanism Research Project, 3 Tyrwhitt Crescent, Roath Park, Cardiff CF23 5QP, UK. 2 Images First Ltd, 10 Hereford Road, South Ealing, London W5 4SE, UK. 3 Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, 15 East 84th Street, New York, NY 10028, USA. 4 Department of Physics, University of Durham, Rochester Building, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK. 5 Centre for History and Palaeography, 3, P. Skouze str., GR-10560 Athens, Greece www.nature.com/nature doi: 10.1038/nature07130 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Calendars with Olympiad display and eclipse prediction on the Antikythera Mechanism Supplementary Notes Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. OVERVIEW OF THE ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM 1 1.1 The Fragments 1 1.2 The Architecture of the Mechanism 1 2. DATA ACQUISITION & ANALYSIS 4 2.1 Data Acquisition 4 2.2 Data Analysis 5 3. -
1986Aj 92.120Id the Astronomical Journal Volume 92, Number 5 November 1986 Modeling Pluto-Charon Mutual Eclipse Events. I. First
THE ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL VOLUME 92, NUMBER 5 NOVEMBER 1986 92.120ID MODELING PLUTO-CHARON MUTUAL ECLIPSE EVENTS. I. FIRST-ORDER MODELS R. Scott Dunbar and Edward F. Tedesco Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109 1986AJ Received 29 May 1986; revised 7August 1986 ABSTRACT We present numerical and analytical models describing the light curves resulting from mutual events between close planetary binaries, with particular application to the Pluto-Charon system. These models are referred to as “first-order” models because they incorporate the effects of shadowing in such sys- tems, in contrast to “zeroth-order” models, which do not include shadowing. The shadows cast between close binaries of similar size (as in the case of Pluto and Charon) can be treated as extensions of the eclipsing bodies themselves at small solar phase angles. Shadowing plays a major role in the morphology of mutual event light curves. The numerical approach is a straightforward, but computationally inten- sive, discrete-element integration. The analytical approach uses a conceptually simple model of three circular disks, representing the planet, satellite, and shadow, and computes the complex geometric relationship among these three disks to obtain the eclipse magnitude at each time step. The results of the two models agree to well within the expected light-curve measurement error. A preliminary model fit to the depths of five mutual eclipse events observed in 1985 and 1986 gives eclipse light-curve-derived estimates of the orbit radius C = 16.5 + 0.5 Pluto radii, the radius ratio B0 = 0.65 + 0.03, and the Charon:Pluto albedo ratio K — 0.55 + 0.15. -
Geminos and Babylonian Astronomy
Geminos and Babylonian astronomy J. M. Steele Introduction Geminos’ Introduction to the Phenomena is one of several introductions to astronomy written by Greek and Latin authors during the last couple of centuries bc and the first few centuries ad.1 Geminos’ work is unusual, however, in including some fairly detailed—and accurate—technical information about Babylonian astronomy, some of which is explicitly attributed to the “Chal- deans.” Indeed, before the rediscovery of cuneiform sources in the nineteenth century, Gem- inos provided the most detailed information on Babylonian astronomy available, aside from the reports of several eclipse and planetary observations quoted by Ptolemy in the Almagest. Early-modern histories of astronomy, those that did not simply quote fantastical accounts of pre-Greek astronomy based upon the Bible and Josephus, relied heavily upon Geminos for their discussion of Babylonian (or “Chaldean”) astronomy.2 What can be learnt of Babylonian astron- omy from Geminos is, of course, extremely limited and restricted to those topics which have a place in an introduction to astronomy as this discipline was understood in the Greek world. Thus, aspects of Babylonian astronomy which relate to the celestial sphere (e.g. the zodiac and the ris- ing times of the ecliptic), the luni-solar calendar (e.g. intercalation and the 19-year (“Metonic”) cycle), and lunar motion, are included, but Geminos tells us nothing about Babylonian planetary theory (the planets are only touched upon briefly by Geminos), predictive astronomy that uses planetary and lunar periods, observational astronomy, or the problem of lunar visibility, which formed major parts of Babylonian astronomical practice. -
Solar and Lunar Eclipses Reading
Eclipses What would you think if you were walking home from school on a sunny afternoon and the sun began to disappear? Would you be frightened? On rare occasions, the moon completely blocks the sun. The sky grows as dark as night even in the middle of a clear day. The air gets cool and the sky becomes an eerie color. If you don’t know what is happening, you can become very frightened. The moon doesn’t usually go directly between Earth and the sun or directly behind Earth. As the diagram below shows, the moon’s orbit around Earth is slightly tilted with respect to Earth’s orbit around the sun. As a result, in most months the moon revolves completely around Earth without the moon moving into Earth’s shadow or the moon’s shadow hitting Earth. When the moon’s shadow hits Earth or Earth’s shadow hits the moon, an eclipse occurs. An eclipse (ih klips) occurs when an object in space comes between the sun and a third object, and casts a shadow on that object. There are two types of eclipses: solar eclipses and lunar eclipses. (The words solar and lunar come from the Latin words for “sun” and “moon.”) The Tilt of the Moon’s Orbit The moon’s orbit is tilted with respect to Earth’s orbit. So the moon rarely goes directly between Earth and the sun. Solar Eclipses During a new moon, the moon is almost exactly between Earth and the sun. But most months, as you have seen, the moon travels a little above or below the sun in the sky. -
The Moon and Eclipses
Lecture 10 The Moon and Eclipses Jiong Qiu, MSU Physics Department Guiding Questions 1. Why does the Moon keep the same face to us? 2. Is the Moon completely covered with craters? What is the difference between highlands and maria? 3. Does the Moon’s interior have a similar structure to the interior of the Earth? 4. Why does the Moon go through phases? At a given phase, when does the Moon rise or set with respect to the Sun? 5. What is the difference between a lunar eclipse and a solar eclipse? During what phases do they occur? 6. How often do lunar eclipses happen? When one is taking place, where do you have to be to see it? 7. How often do solar eclipses happen? Why are they visible only from certain special locations on Earth? 10.1 Introduction The moon looks 14% bigger at perigee than at apogee. The Moon wobbles. 59% of its surface can be seen from the Earth. The Moon can not hold the atmosphere The Moon does NOT have an atmosphere and the Moon does NOT have liquid water. Q: what factors determine the presence of an atmosphere? The Moon probably formed from debris cast into space when a huge planetesimal struck the proto-Earth. 10.2 Exploration of the Moon Unmanned exploration: 1950, Lunas 1-3 -- 1960s, Ranger -- 1966-67, Lunar Orbiters -- 1966-68, Surveyors (first soft landing) -- 1966-76, Lunas 9-24 (soft landing) -- 1989-93, Galileo -- 1994, Clementine -- 1998, Lunar Prospector Achievement: high-resolution lunar surface images; surface composition; evidence of ice patches around the south pole. -
The Draconic Gearing of the Antikythera Mechanism: Assembling the Fragment D, Its Role and Operation
The Draconic gearing of the Antikythera Mechanism: Assembling the Fragment D, its role and operation A.Voulgaris1, C.Mouratidis2, A.Vossinakis3, G.Bokovos4 (Submitted 14 January 2020) 1Municipality of Thessaloniki, Directorate Culture and Tourism, Thessaloniki, GR-54625, Greece 2Hellenic Ministry of Education, Research and Religious Affairs, Kos, GR-85300, Greece 3Thessaloniki Astronomy Club, Thessaloniki, GR-54646, Greece 4Thessaloniki Science Center and Technology Museum-Planetarium, Thermi, GR-57001, Greece Abstract The unplaced Fragment D of the Antikythera Mechanism with an unknown operation was a mystery since the beginning of its discovery. The gear-r1, which was detected on the Fragment radiographies by C. Karakalos, is preserved in excellent condition, but this was not enough to correlate it to the existing gear trainings of the Mechanism. The suggestion that this gear could be a part of the hypothetical planet indication gearing is still a hypothesis since no mechanical evidence has been preserved. After the analysis of AMRP tomographies of Fragment D and its mechanical characteristics revealed that it could be part of the Draconic gearing. Although the Draconic cycle was well known during the Mechanism’s era as represents the fourth Lunar cycle, it seems that it is missing from the Antikythera Mechanism. The study of Fragment D was supported by the bronze reconstruction of the Draconic gearing by the authors. The adaptation of the Draconic gearing on the Antikythera Mechanism improves its functionality and gives answers on several questions. 1. Introduction. The Antikythera Mechanism, a geared machine based on the lunar cycles The Antikythera Mechanism a creation of an ingenious manufacturer of the Hellenistic era was a geared machine capable of performing complex astronomical calculations, mostly based on the lunar periodic cycles. -
022520 Solar Eclipse Lesson Plan Sae,Rdh
Lesson Plan: Solar & Lunar Eclipses Background The Earth is a planet that, together with seven other planets, forms our solar system in which all of the planets revolve around the Sun. The time that it takes for the Earth to revolve around the Sun is 365 days, or one year. The Earth also rotates around its own axis, making a complete rotation every 24 hours, or one day. The Earth has one Moon, which revolves around the Earth once every month, or approximately every 30 days. The revolution of the Moon around the Earth is not perfectly circular, but it follows an elliptical (or oval-shaped) path. When their revolutions cause the Sun, Earth and Moon to be aligned, special events called “eclipses” occur. A solar eclipse occurs when part or all of the Sun is blocked out by the Moon as viewed from the Earth (Figure 1). This occurs on average 1-2 times per year (see Note 1 for solar eclipses in 2020-2021). A total solar eclipse occurs when the entire Sun is blocked by the Moon due to the alignment of the Sun, Earth and Moon, and a partial solar eclipse occurs when only part of the Sun is blocked by the Moon when it crosses the path of the light of the Sun onto Earth. Your location on Earth at the time of the eclipse determines whether you see a total or partial eclipse. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon is at its farthest point in its elliptical path of orbit around the Earth, so it is only capable of blocking out part of the Sun, leaving the periphery of the Sun still visible. -
Eclipse Safety Information Found on the Inside of Each Pair of Solar Eclipse Glasses
Dear Parent/Guardian: Due to the fact that Beaufort County is in the path of the Solar Eclipse, students will not have school on August 21, 2017. We encourage you and your family to take advantage of this rare scientific event, but please do so safely. Beaufort County School District has ordered custom solar eclipse glasses manufactured by American Paper Optics for every student who attends a Beaufort County Public School. Please read the Solar Eclipse safety information found on the inside of each pair of Solar Eclipse glasses. There is also additional safety information found on the next page. Each school will distribute the glasses to their students. The students have been actively engaged in lessons that will help them better understand the solar eclipse, so please do not hesitate to ask them what they have learned in class. Here are some basic facts about the Solar Eclipse to help start the conversation: 1. This will be the first total solar eclipse in the continental U.S. in 38 years. The last one occurred February 26, 1979. Unfortunately, not many people saw it because it clipped just five states in the Northwest and the weather for the most part was bleak. Before that one, you have to go back to March 7, 1970. 2. A solar eclipse is a lineup of the Sun, the Moon, and Earth. The Moon, directly between the Sun and Earth, casts a shadow on our planet. If you’re in the dark part of that shadow (the umbra), you’ll see a total eclipse.