Celebrating Success: Africa's Voice Over 50 Years 1963

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Celebrating Success: Africa's Voice Over 50 Years 1963 Celebrating Success: Africa’s voice over 50 years 1963 - 2013 Celebrating Success: Africa’s voice over 50 years 1963-2013 Contents Preface ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................vii Part I: 1963 Statements ......................................................................................................................................................................................ix His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia .................................................................................................................................................................1 His Excellency Ahmed Ben Bella, Prime Minister of Algeria ..............................................................................................................................................................7 His Majesty Mwami Nwambutsa IV, King of Burundi .............................................................................................................................................................................9 His Excellency Ahmadou Ahidjo, President of the Federal Republic of Cameroon ....................................................................................................... 11 His Excellency David Dacko, President of the Central African Republic ................................................................................................................................. 16 His Excellency François Tombalbaye, President of the Republic of Chad ............................................................................................................................ 19 His Excellency Fulbert Youlou, President of Congo (Brazzaville) .................................................................................................................................................. 21 His Excellency Joseph Kasa-Vubu, President of the Republic of Congo (Leopoldville) ................................................................................................. 26 His Excellency Hubert Maga, President of the Republic of Dahomey ..................................................................................................................................... 29 His Excellency Leon Mba, President of the Republic of Gabon .................................................................................................................................................... 32 His Excellency Kwame N’krumah, President of the Republic of Ghana .................................................................................................................................. 34 His Excellency Sekou Toure, President of the Republic of Guinea .............................................................................................................................................. 42 His Excellency Houphouet – Boigny, President of the Republic of Ivory Coast ................................................................................................................. 49 His Excellency William V. S. Tubman, President of the Republic of Liberia ............................................................................................................................ 56 His Royal Highness Hasan Rida, Crown Prince, Representing His Majesty King Idris I and Head of the Libyan Delegation .................. 58 His Excellency Philibert Tsiranana, President of the Malagasy Republic ................................................................................................................................. 61 His Excellency Modibo Keita, President of Mali ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 69 ii Celebrating Success: Africa’s voice over 50 years (1963-2013) Contents His Excellency Moktar Ould Daddah, President of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania ................................................................................................. 73 His Excellency Hamani Diori, President of the Republic of the Niger ....................................................................................................................................... 76 His Excellency Alhaji Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Prime Minister of the Federation of Nigeria .................................................................................. 79 His Excellency Habemeushi, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Rwanda, Representing His Excellency Gregoire Kayibanda, President of Rwanda ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 83 His Excellency Leopold Sedar Senghor, President of the Republic of Senegal .................................................................................................................. 85 His Excellency Milton Margai, Prime Minister of Sierra Leone ....................................................................................................................................................... 89 His Excellency Aden Abdulla Osman, President of the Somali Republic ............................................................................................................................... 90 His Excellency Tsehafi Tezaz Aklilou Habte-Wold, Prime Minister of Ethiopia ..................................................................................................................... 95 His Excellency El-Fariki Ibrahim Abboud, President of the Supreme Council and Prime Minister of the Republic of the Sudan....... 97 His Excellency Julius Nyerere, President of the Republic of Tanganyika ...............................................................................................................................100 His Excellency Habib Bourguiba, President of the Republic of Tunisia ..................................................................................................................................103 His Excellency Milton Obote, Prime Minister of Uganda ................................................................................................................................................................107 His Excellency Gamal Abdel Nasser, President of the United Arab Republic ...................................................................................................................... 10 His Excellency Maurice Yameogo, President of the Republic of Upper Volta ....................................................................................................................116 Mr. Ajuma Oginga-Odinga, Representing the African National Liberation Movements in Non-Independent Territories ....................120 Closing Remarks by His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I ..............................................................................................................................................................123 Closing Remarks by His Excellency Milton Obote, .............................................................................................................................................................................124 Closing Remarks by His Excellency Kwame N’krumah, ...................................................................................................................................................................126 Celebrating Success: Africa’s voice over 50 years (1963-2013) iii Contents Part II: May 2013 Statements His Excellency Hailemariam Dessalegn, Prime Minister of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and Chairperson of the African Union .................................................................................................................................................................................................................132 His Excellency Abdelaziz Bouteflika, President of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria .........................................................................135 His Excellency José Eduardo dos Santos, President of the Republic of Angola ...............................................................................................................136 His Excellency Boni Yayi, President of the Republic of Benin .......................................................................................................................................................138 His Excellency Seretse Khama Ian Khama, President of the Republic of Botswana ......................................................................................................141 His Excellency Blaise Compaore, President of Burkina Faso .........................................................................................................................................................143 His Excellency Pierre Nkurunziza, President of the Republic of Burundi ..............................................................................................................................145 His Excellency Paul Biya, President of the Republic of Cameroon ...........................................................................................................................................147
Recommended publications
  • The Poetics of Relationality: Mobility, Naming, and Sociability in Southeastern Senegal by Nikolas Sweet a Dissertation Submitte
    The Poetics of Relationality: Mobility, Naming, and Sociability in Southeastern Senegal By Nikolas Sweet A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in the University of Michigan 2019 Doctoral Committee Professor Judith Irvine, chair Associate Professor Michael Lempert Professor Mike McGovern Professor Barbra Meek Professor Derek Peterson Nikolas Sweet [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3957-2888 © 2019 Nikolas Sweet This dissertation is dedicated to Doba and to the people of Taabe. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The field work conducted for this dissertation was made possible with generous support from the National Science Foundation’s Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant, the Wenner-Gren Foundation’s Dissertation Fieldwork Grant, the National Science Foundation’s Graduate Research Fellowship Program, and the University of Michigan Rackham International Research Award. Many thanks also to the financial support from the following centers and institutes at the University of Michigan: The African Studies Center, the Department of Anthropology, Rackham Graduate School, the Department of Afroamerican and African Studies, the Mellon Institute, and the International Institute. I wish to thank Senegal’s Ministère de l'Education et de la Recherche for authorizing my research in Kédougou. I am deeply grateful to the West African Research Center (WARC) for hosting me as a scholar and providing me a welcoming center in Dakar. I would like to thank Mariane Wade, in particular, for her warmth and support during my intermittent stays in Dakar. This research can be seen as a decades-long interest in West Africa that began in the Peace Corps in 2006-2009.
    [Show full text]
  • The Afican Standby Force
    THE AFICAN STANDBY FORCE QUO VADIS? EDITORS Francois Vreÿ Thomas Mandrup The African Standby Force. Quo Vadis? Published by AFRICAN SUN MeDIA under the SUN PReSS imprint. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2017 AFRICAN SUN MeDIA and the editors This publication was subjected to an independent double-blind peer evaluation by the Publisher. The editors and the publisher have made every effort to obtain permission for and acknowledge the use of copyrighted material. Please refer enquiries to the publisher. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic, photographic or mechanical means, including photocopying and recording on record, tape or laser disk, on microfilm, via the Internet, by e-mail, or by any other information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission by the publisher. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the publisher. First edition, October 2017 ISBN 978-1-928357-56-8 ISBN 978-1-928357-57-5 (e-book) DOI: 10.18820/9781928357575 Set in 11/15 Minion Pr Cover design and typesetting by AFRICAN SUN MeDIA SUN PRESS is an imprint of AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. Academic, professional and reference works are published under this imprint in print and electronic format. This publication may be ordered directly from www.sun-e-shop.co.za. Produced by AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. www.africansunmedia.co.za africansunmedia.snapplify.com (e-books) www.sun-e-shop.co.za Contents List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................ iii 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 7 Francois Vreÿ & Thomas Mandrup 2. A Legal Basis for Legitimate AU Deployments: A Cautionary Tale ...................
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Ethiopia's Transition
    Managing Ethiopia’s Unsettled Transition $IULFD5HSRUW1 _ )HEUXDU\ +HDGTXDUWHUV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&ULVLV*URXS $YHQXH/RXLVH %UXVVHOV%HOJLXP 7HO )D[ EUXVVHOV#FULVLVJURXSRUJ Preventing War. Shaping Peace. Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Anatomy of a Crisis ........................................................................................................... 2 A. Popular Protests and Communal Clashes ................................................................. 3 B. The EPRDF’s Internal Fissures ................................................................................. 6 C. Economic Change and Social Malaise ....................................................................... 8 III. Abiy Ahmed Takes the Reins ............................................................................................ 12 A. A Wider Political Crisis .............................................................................................. 12 B. Abiy’s High-octane Ten Months ................................................................................ 15 IV. Internal Challenges and Opportunities ............................................................................ 21 A. Calming Ethnic and Communal Conflict ..................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Politiques Sociales Et Développement : Le Cas Du Congo-Brazzaville
    Document disponible sur le site de l’Observatoire : http://www.uqo.ca/observer POLITIQUES SOCIALES ET DÉVELOPPEMENT : LE CAS DU CONGO-BRAZZAVILLE Appolinaire Attant Ngouari Sous la direction de Yves Vaillancourt NOTE SUR L'AUTEUR : Appolinaire Attant Ngouari est du Congo-Brazzaviile, il est Analyste et Consultant en politique sociale auprès du Groupe conseil M & N. NOTE SUR LE DIRECTEUR : Yves Vaillancourt est un politicologue spécialisé dans les politiques sociales. Il est professeur titulaire à l’École de travail social de l’UQAM. Depuis sa retraire en septembre 2006, il est professeur associé et demeure actif au plan de la recherche partenariale en lien avec le Laboratoire de recherche sur les pratiques politiques sociales (LAREPPS), l’ARUC-Économie sociale, le Centre de recherche sur les innovations sociales (CRISES). Il est engagé aussi dans le réseau Création de richesse en contexte de précarité (CRCP) et membre du Groupe d’économie solidaire du Québec (GESQ). PUBLICATION CONJOINTE DE LA CHAIRE DE RECHERCHE DU CANADA EN DÉVELOPPEMENT DES COLLECTIVITÉS (CRDC) ET DU LABORATOIRE DE RECHERCHE SUR LES PRATIQUES POLITIQUES SOCIALES (LAREPPS). SÉRIE : Thèses de doctorat, no. 2 ISBN : 978-2-89251-329-5 AOÛT 2007 ii REMERCIEMENTS Cette recherche n’aurait pas été possible sans le concours de plusieurs personnes. Je tiens tout d’abord à témoigner ma reconnaissance toute particulière à mon directeur Yves Vaillancourt, qui a été d’une grande aide à chaque étape de cette recherche. Il a su me guider avec vigilance et perspicacité. Sa confiance, son optimisme ont su calmer mes inquiétudes. Un grand merci également pour m’avoir accueilli comme assistant de recherche dans son équipe, au Laboratoire de recherche sur les pratiques et les politiques sociales LAREPPS, coordonnée par Lucie Dumais que je tiens également à remercier.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 1 of 3 Minority Rights Group International : Congo : Congo Overview 7/21/2015
    Minority Rights Group International : Congo : Congo Overview Page 1 of 3 Connect: World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples Home About us Contact us News Updates Directory › Africa › Congo › CONGO OVERVIEW { Environment { Peoples { History { Governance { Current state of minorities and indigenous peoples Environment Straddling the equator, the Republic of Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) borders the Democratic Republic of Congo (Congo-Kinshasa) in the south and east, the Central African Republic and Cameroon in the north, and Gabon in the west. In the south-west, the Congo borders the Cabinda exclave of Angola and the Atlantic Ocean. Congo is sparsely populated outside of southern urban centres; much of the north is swampland. Tropical climate and vegetation predominate, but the climate is drier and cooler towards the ocean. The Republic of Congo has offshore oil reserves. Peoples Main languages: Lingala, Koutouba or Kikongo, Téké, French (official) Main religions: indigenous beliefs, syncretic Christianity, Islam Minority groups include Bakongo 1.8 million (48%), Batéké 630,000 (17%), M’Boshi 445,000 (12%) and BaAka 7,000–15,000. [Note: Population percentages come from the 2006 CIA World Factbook, and are converted to numbers using the CIA estimate for total population of 3.7 million. For BaAka, Ethnologue estimates a population of 15,000 as of 1986] The largest ethnic cluster is Bakongo, constituting 48 per cent of the population. Traditionally cassava farmers and fishing people, Bakongo women in particular are noted (sometimes with animosity) for their enterprise in cash-cropping and especially in trade. They have stood out as assiduous organizers, especially in religion and politics.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn of Africa
    UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE Simulation on Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn of Africa This simulation, while focused around the Ethiopia-Eritrea border conflict, is not an attempt to resolve that conflict: the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) already has a peace plan on the table to which the two parties in conflict have essentially agreed. Rather, participants are asked, in their roles as representatives of OAU member states, to devise a blueprint for preventing the Ethiopian-Eritrean conflict from spreading into neighboring countries and consuming the region in even greater violence. The conflict, a great concern particularly for Somalia and Sudan where civil wars have raged for years, has thrown regional alliances into confusion and is increasingly putting pressure on humanitarian NGOs and other regional parties to contain the conflict. The wars in the Horn of Africa have caused untold death and misery over the past few decades. Simulation participants are asked as well to deal with the many refugees and internally displaced persons in the Horn of Africa, a humanitarian crisis that strains the economies – and the political relations - of the countries in the region. In their roles as OAU representatives, participants in this intricate simulation witness first-hand the tremendous challenge of trying to obtain consensus among multiple actors with often competing agendas on the tools of conflict prevention. Simulation on Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn of Africa Simulation on Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn
    [Show full text]
  • Narrative and Meaning of Sawaba's Rebellion in Niger
    Sawaba's rebellion in Niger (1964-1965): narrative and meaning Walraven, K. van; Abbink, G.J.; Bruijn, M.E. de Citation Walraven, K. van. (2003). Sawaba's rebellion in Niger (1964-1965): narrative and meaning. In G. J. Abbink & M. E. de Bruijn (Eds.), African dynamics (pp. 218-252). Leiden: Brill. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/12903 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/12903 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). 9 Sawaba’s rebellion in Niger (1964-1965): Narrative and meaning Klaas van Walraven One of the least-studied revolts in post-colonial Africa, the invasion of Niger in 1964 by guerrillas of the outlawed Sawaba party was a dismal failure and culminated in a failed attempt on the life of President Diori in the spring of 1965. Personal aspirations for higher education, access to jobs and social advancement, probably constituted the driving force of Sawaba’s rank and file. Lured by the party leader, Djibo Bakary, with promises of scholarships abroad, they went to the far corners of the world, for what turned out to be guerrilla training. The leadership’s motivations were grounded in a personal desire for political power, justified by a cocktail of militant nationalism, Marxism-Leninism and Maoist beliefs. Sawaba, however, failed to grasp the weakness of its domestic support base. The mystifying dimensions of revolutionary ideologies may have encouraged Djibo to ignore the facts on the ground and order his foot soldiers to march to their deaths.
    [Show full text]
  • The Africa Union Handbook
    African Union Handbook African THE YEAR OF REFUGEES, RETURNEES AND INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS: Towards Durable Solutions to Forced Displacement in Africa The logo for the 2019 Theme of the Year has been built around the crisis facing refugees in Africa. New Zealand is proud to once again partner with the African Union “Whereas migration is a common Commission to produce the latest version of the African Union Handbook. phenomenon as people have always relocated for various reasons, in the With new and updated information about the Union, its organs and related case of Africa, the continent is painted as a miserable place bodies, the Handbook serves as a factual and concise reference guide to all because migration is as a result of aspects of the African Union and its Commission, and remains an invaluable civil strife, poverty and a myriad of tool for anyone working with, and within, the AU system. other factors, thereby promoting the narrative that Africa cannot care for Through its ambitious integration agenda, African Union members have its people. Africa knows how to take care of its own in each regard no committed themselves to aspire to a world where international connections matter what, and many African between peoples and nations are the most powerful tools for creating countries continue to welcome and prosperous societies based on inclusive growth and sustainable development. host refugees while working to resolve the issues that caused them At a time when the need for collective global action and multilateralism has to flee their homes. never been clearer, New Zealand expresses its profound respect to the African For the 2019 Theme, an identity has Union for its commitments made under Agenda 2063 towards achieving an been developed of a mother with integrated, inclusive and united Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Interpreting Sanctions in Africa and Southeast Asia
    IRE0010.1177/0047117815600934Hellquist<italic>International Relations</italic>International Relations 600934research-article2015 CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Institutional Repository of the Freie Universität Berlin Article International Relations 2015, Vol. 29(3) 319 –333 Interpreting sanctions in © The Author(s) 2015 Reprints and permissions: Africa and Southeast Asia sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0047117815600934 ire.sagepub.com Elin Hellquist Free University of Berlin and Stockholm University Abstract The Organization of African Unity (OAU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) were both born to stabilise vulnerable state borders by practising non-interference in domestic affairs. Today, the OAU’s successor, the African Union (AU), uses sanctions against unconstitutional changes of government, while ASEAN continues to rule out any collective punitive action against members. To explain these divergent trajectories, this article first shows how different traditions produced different ways of engaging with sanctions in the early formative cases of South Africa and Vietnam. Thereafter, it examines how these traditions were selectively re-thought when confronted with the dilemmas of international sanctions against Libya and Myanmar. The interpretive approach enables a nuanced account of continuity and change in beliefs about sanctions. The AU’s sanctions doctrine has updated rather than broken with a traditional interpretation of non-interference. For ASEAN, the longstanding tradition of informality – and not strict adherence to non-interference – has continued to rule out regional sanctions. Keywords African Union, ASEAN, comparative regionalism, non-interference, Organization of African Unity, sanctions Regional cooperation in Africa and Southeast Asia began with a similar aim: to protect the sovereignty of vulnerable postcolonial states.
    [Show full text]
  • Niger Country Brief: Property Rights and Land Markets
    NIGER COUNTRY BRIEF: PROPERTY RIGHTS AND LAND MARKETS Yazon Gnoumou Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison with Peter C. Bloch Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison Under Subcontract to Development Alternatives, Inc. Financed by U.S. Agency for International Development, BASIS IQC LAG-I-00-98-0026-0 March 2003 Niger i Brief Contents Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Purpose of the country brief 1 1.2 Contents of the document 1 2. PROFILE OF NIGER AND ITS AGRICULTURE SECTOR AND AGRARIAN STRUCTURE 2 2.1 General background of the country 2 2.2 General background of the economy and agriculture 2 2.3 Land tenure background 3 2.4 Land conflicts and resolution mechanisms 3 3. EVIDENCE OF LAND MARKETS IN NIGER 5 4. INTERVENTIONS ON PROPERTY RIGHTS AND LAND MARKETS 7 4.1 The colonial regime 7 4.2 The Hamani Diori regime 7 4.3 The Kountché regime 8 4.4 The Rural Code 9 4.5 Problems facing the Rural Code 10 4.6 The Land Commissions 10 5. ASSESSMENT OF INTERVENTIONS ON PROPERTY RIGHTS AND LAND MARKET DEVELOPMENT 11 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 13 BIBLIOGRAPHY 15 APPENDIX I. SELECTED INDICATORS 25 Niger ii Brief NIGER COUNTRY BRIEF: PROPERTY RIGHTS AND LAND MARKETS Yazon Gnoumou with Peter C. Bloch 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 PURPOSE OF THE COUNTRY BRIEF The purpose of the country brief is to determine to which extent USAID’s programs to improve land markets and property rights have contributed to secure tenure and lower transactions costs in developing countries and countries in transition, thereby helping to achieve economic growth and sustainable development.
    [Show full text]
  • FSC Mauritius) Celebrated the International Africa Day on 23Rd May 2014 at the FSC House
    Celebration of the International Africa Day The Financial Services Commission, Mauritius (FSC Mauritius) celebrated the International Africa Day on 23rd May 2014 at the FSC House. The event was held in the presence of Mr. Rajeshsharma Ramloll, Board Member of the FSC Mauritius, Ms. Clairette Ah-Hen, the Chief Executive and the FSC staff. Representatives of African Embassies and Consulates, expatriates from the African Continent (working in the financial services industry in Ebène) including FSC licensees whose major client base is in Africa, as well as, expatriate students from other African Countries who are currently studying Finance at Masters level at the University of Mauritius were also invited. As an integral part of the African continent, the FSC Mauritius plays a vital role in policy making through its active membership and participation in a number of regional organisations, namely the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Committee for Insurance, Securities and Non-Bank Authorities (CISNA), the International Organisation of Securities Commission (IOSCO) Africa Middle East Regional Committee (AMERC) and the Financial Stability Board's Regional Consultative Group (FSB-RCG) for Sub Saharan Africa. The function was officially opened with the National Anthems of Mauritius and of the African Union. In her welcoming address, the FSC Chief Executive spoke on the strong cultural, economic and bilateral ties between Mauritius and mainland Africa. Ms. Clairette Ah-Hen said that Mauritius holds a high respect for the African continent, and reiterated the commitment of the FSC to contribute further towards reinforcing Mauritius’ partnership with Africa. The event was followed by presentations and testimonies from African students on their respective countries namely Congo Brazaville, Eritrea, Nigeria, Kingdom of Lesotho, Sierra Leone and Zambia.
    [Show full text]
  • Ficha País De Benin
    OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Benín República de Benín La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y de Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los me- dios de comunicación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios no oficiales. La presente ficha país no defiende posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. AGOSTO 2021 1. DATOS BÁSICOS Benín 1.1. Características generales NIGER Situación: La República de Benín está situada en África Occidental, entre el Sahel y el Golfo de Guinea, a 6-12º latitud N y 2º longitud Este. Limita con el Océano Atlántico en una franja costera de 121 km. Malanville BURKINA FASO Población: 12,1 millones (UNDP, 2020) Nombre oficial: República de Benín Superficie: 112.622 km² Ségbana Límites: Benin limita al norte con Burkina Faso y Níger, al sur con el Océano Atlántico al este con Nigeria y al oeste con Togo (1.989 km de fronteras). Banikoara Capital: Porto Novo es la capital oficial, sede de la Asamblea Nacional Kandi (268.000 habitantes); Cotonú es la sede del Gobierno y la ciudad más po- blada (750.000). Otras ciudades: Abomey – Calavi la ciudad más antigua (600.000); Parakou, Tanguieta Djougou, Bohicon y Kandi, las ciudades con más de 100.000 habitantes. Natitingou Idioma: Francés (lengua oficial); lenguas autóctonas: fon, bariba, yoruba, Bokoumbé adja, houeda y fulfulde. Religión y creencias: Cristianos católicos, evangélicos, presbiterianos (50%), Nikki Ndali musulmanes (30%), tradicional (animistas, vudú, 20%).
    [Show full text]