Commissionof the EuropeanCommunities

The Agricultural Situation in the Community

1985Report

Reportpublished in conjunctionwith the 'Nineteenth GeneralReport on the Activitiesof the EuropeanCommunities'

BRUSSELS. LUXEMBOURG. 1986 This publicationis also availablein the followinglanguages:

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@ CopyrightECSC-EEC-EAEC, Brussels . Luxembourg,1986

Printed in Belgium Foreword

Prepared in conjunction with the Nineteenth General Report on the activities of the European Communities (1985), this is the eleventh report on the agricultural situation in the Community published by the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. It was completed on 4 November 1985 and adopted by the Commission on 18 November 1985.

It has two parts. The first covers the main events of 1985 : the general economic and political contdxt, developments on the agricultural markets, the economic situation for farmers and consumers, the Community's external relations as far as they concern agriculture, policy on agricultural structures, the financing of the common agricultural policy, and the harmonization of national agricultural legislation within the Community framework.

In view of the exceptional importance of the event, a special chapter is devoted to the agricultural aspects of the accession of and Spain to the Communities : this includes a description of agriculture in the two new Member States, a review of the problems raised in the agricultural field as a result of the enlargement, and a summary of the arrangements made to ensure that integration is as harmonious as .

The second part is a sizeable statistical annex providing in a single grouping all the main statistics needed for a proper understanding of the various aspects of Community agriculture: the agricultural economy, the economic situation of farms, agricultural prices, consumption of food products, the Community's trade in agricultural products, financial aspects of the common agricultural structures in the Community, and the market for the Community's ag;ricultural products.

The statistical information in this reporr is based mainly on data supplied by the Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat) ; the Directorate- General for Agriculture has updated these data in certain casesand has also used them as a basis for certain additional calculations.

Some of the subjects in this report have been dealt with elsewhere in separate studies written by the Commission's staff. For detailed information on one or more particular aspects of Community agriculture, the reader will find in this report 4 FoREwoRD

'COM' referencesto the corresponding documents: the documents and the studies 'Green published in the Europe' series are available from the Commission's departments, and the other documents mentioned can be obtained from the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Contents

Page

l. - Agriculture in 1984 I - Main eventsof the past 12 months 10

ll. - Agricultural aspects of Community enlargement to include Portugal and Spain 13 - Agriculturein Portugaland Spain 13 - The problemsraised by the enlargementof the Community 24 - The solutionschosen 29 - Conclusion 39

lll. - The economic situation in the Gommunity 61 - The situationin 1985/86 61 - Medium-termoutlook 62

lV. - The agricultural prices for 1985/86 65 - Prices 65 - Agri-monetarymeasures 67 - Related measures 67

V. - Outlook for the common agricultural policy - The Commision's Green Paper 71 - |ntrod uction 71 - The CAP must rise to new challenges 71 - The Commission'sGreen Paper 73 - The markets 74 - Alternativeproducts and new uses of agricultural products 75 - Exports 76 - lmports 76 - Incomesupports 77 - Specificobjectives - flexible methods 79 6 coNTh,NTS

Vl. - Agricultural structures - Introduction - The common agriculturalstructures policy 3l - The new agriculturalstructures policy 88 - Researchand development 94 - Forestryschemes 95

Vll. - Agricultural production and income 101 The agriculturalproduction in 1985 101 - Prices 105 - lncomesin agriculture 109

Vlll. - Markets lor agricultural products 115 - Introduction 115 - 118 - Animal feed 120 - Mirk 122 - Beef 125 - 127 - Sugar 129 - The outlook 131

lX. - The consumer 133 - Influenceof the generaleconomic environment on the consumer 133 - Changingconsumption patterns 133 - Securityof supply 135 - Householdexpenditure on food consumption 136 - Producerand consumerprices 137 - World market prices 139 - Specialmeasures benefiting consumers 139 - Consultationof consumer org anizalions 140

X. - The Community's external relations 143 - Overall survey 143 - Relationswith developingcountries 143 - Relationswith the ACP Statesand OCT 144 - Relationswith Mediterraneancountries 144 - International organizations 145 - Internationalagreements on agriculturalcommodities 148 - Food aid 148 - Bilateralrelations 149 CONTENTS 7

Xl. - Harmonizationof national laws 153 - Veterinaryand animal husbandrylegislation 153 - Plant health 155 - Seeds and propagatingmaterial 157 - Animal feedingstuffs 157 - Nationalexpenditure on agriculture 158

Xll. - Financing of the common agricultural policy 161 - EAGGFfinancial resources 161 - EAGGFGuarantee section 165 - EAGGFGuidance section 169

Xlll. - Agricultural developments: Statisticalinformation 175

| - Agriculturein 1985

L. The outstandingdevelopment for the Community in 1985was of coursethe conclusion of the Act of Accession of Spain and Portugal. A different Community-l2 countriesinstead of 10-was born on 1 January1985, marking a new departure for green Europe and bringing in two Member Stateswith major farming sectorshaving severalspecial features of their own.

2. The Community also completed the general review of its policy on agricultural structures. The1972 socio-structural directives were replaced by a new'horizontal' regulation, designed to improve the efficiency of structures and better adapted to the context in which farming is now developing in the Community. I7ith the adoption of the new regulation and the approval of a general Community allocation for the improvement of processing and marketing of agricultural products, all the across-the-board instruments of the Community policy on agricultural structures have been renewed. In the Mediterranean regions, their value is bound to be further enhanced by the Integrated Mediterranean Programmes, also adopted in 1985, designed to promote the economic and social development of essentially rural areas which are among the poorest in the Community.

3. On the agricultural markets,there was srill a wide gap betweensupply and demandfor many products.This led to problemsof mountingcomplexity, wirness the difficulties the Council had to contend with when establishingprices for 7985/ 86.

Accordingly,the Commissionembarked upon a major policy reviewoperarion on the'perspectives'forthe commonagricultural policy. A GreenPaper, published in July 1985,is a practicalexpression of this forward analysis;the Paperprovides a basis for the consultations under way with all parties concerned in an effort to pinpoint the options open to farming in the Community in the medium and long term. 10 AGRTcULTURErN 198s

Main events of the past 12 months

28. 11.1984 To facilitate discussion in the Council on the review of the Community policy on agricultural structures, the Commission adopts for submission to the Council proposals concerning the future financing of the EAGGF Guidance Section and the foreseeable level of expenditure in respect of policy on structures for the coming five years (1985-89). 3/4.12.L984 Agreement at the Dublin European Council on the reform of the wine market organization and on further negotiation with Spain and Portugal, with a general reservation by Greece (vital interest) otr the enlargement pending unanimous approval in the Council of the Integrated Mediterranean Programmes. t0/L4.12.1984 Parliament rejects by 32l votes against, 3 in favour and L6 abstentions the draft 1985 'which budget covers only L0 months'. The Community will be financed by provisional twelfths (in fact, for the first six months of 1985). t9. 12. t984 Council agreement on extending until 31 March 1987 the use of the ECU in the common agricultural policy. 1.1. 1985 Second stage in the dismantling of the positive MCAs new green rate for the mark and the guilder, and reduction by half of the MCAs on pigmeat. 30.1. 1985 The Commission proposes for 1,985/86 either the retention of the current prices, or small increases up to 2"/", or reductions for cereals and rapeseed (for which the guarantee thresholds had been exceeded) and for citrus , tomatoes and certain varieties of tobacco (becauseof the market situation). The Commission proposes that the negative MCAs be discontinued in France and Greece and an adaptation of the positive MCAs in Germany and the towards alignment of the MCAs on milk and cereals on the MCAs applied to the other products. The Commission announced a general debate within the Community institutions and with the farmers' 'perspectives' organizations on the future for European agriculture, before the end of the first half of 1985. 19.2. 1985 The Council approves the 1985 food aid figures: cereals, 927 700 tonnes' and then 232 000 tonnes; skimmed-milk powder, 108 600 tonnes; butteroil, 28 700 tonnes; sugar, 11 000 tonnes; seed and oil, 9100 tonnes; other products,2Ll700 tonnes. 20.2.1985 The Commission adopts a Communication to the Council to renew its March 1983 proposal on the Integrated Mediterranean Programmes. 25/27 . 2. 1985 The Council reaches agreement on the adaptation of the wine arrangements' further to the conclusions of the Dublin European Council. 11/13.3. 1985 General Council Decision on the review of the policy on agricultural structures: qualified majority vote in the Agricultural Council after L8 months' negotiations; opinion of the Council (Economic and Financial Affairs) on the overall financial allocation for the policy on structures chargeable to the EAGGF Guidance Selection. AGRICULTURE IN 1985 11

Date Event

21.3.1985 Through an agreement on the financing of the 1,985 budget by non-refundable advance payments under an intergovernmental agreement, the Council enables the budgetary procedure to be resumed. The Council adopts a common standpoint on the 'own' new resources; this will be submitted to the Member States for ratification according to their several constitutional procedures. 27/29 . 3. 1985 Political agreement between the L0-country Community and the two prospective members on the essential aspects of the matters still outstanding : agriculture, 'own fisheries, social affairs, resources' and the status of the Canary Islands. 30.3. 1985 Declaration of the Council of Foreign Ministers on the Mediterranean policy of the enlarged Community. 29/30.3.198s The Brussels European Council establishes an agreement on the Integreted Mediterranean Programmes, enabling the Greek reservation to be withdrawn and the agreement on the enlargement of the Community to become effective. 23/24.4.1985 The Council establishes the draft 1985 budget. 6/10.5.1985 Parliament's first reading of the new 1985 draft budget. 16.5. 1985 The Council approves a political agreement on the agricultural prices and related measures for 1985/ 86 for all products except cereals and rapeseed, by concensus with two abstentions (German delegation concerning the milk sector and the Greek delegation concerning Mediterranean products). Agri-monetary measures are approved including devaluation of the representative rates of the French franc, the drachma and the lira (negative-MCA currencies). During the negotiations - the prices had been on the agendas of six Council meetings - the original proposal to cut cereals prices by 3 .6% was reduced to 1".8%. 22.5. 1985 The Council's second reading of the 1985 draft budget. 28.5. 1985 Informal meeting of the Agriculture Ministers in Siena to start the review of the 'perspectives' of the common agricultural policy. 11/12.6. 1,995 Voting in the Council of Ministers of Agriculture (second voting procedure) for cereals and rapeseed prices fails to yield qualified majority required. 12.6.198s Signing in Lisbon and Madrid of the Act of Accession of Spain and Portugal to the Community. 12.5. 1985 The Council adopts eight veterinary directives : three concerning classical swine fever and African swine fever, three concerning medical examinations for persons working with and handling meat or meat products, and two others organizing micro- biological controls. 13. 6. 1985 Parliament adopts the 1985 budget. 14.6.1985 The Commission adopts the 1986 preliminary draft budget. 19.6. 1985 The Commission adopts interim measures applying the new cereals and rape prices, for which majority support had been recorded in the Council on L6 May 1985. 25.6.1985 Full agreement in the Council of Foreign Ministers on the regulation implementing the Integrated Mediterranean Programmes. 12 AGRTcULTURErN l98i

Date Event

L7.7 . 198s The Council approves Community participation in the financingof schemesto offset income losses for Dutch farmers resulting from the dismantlement of the positive MCAs (agreed in March 1934). L8.7 . 1985 The Commission proposes to the Council that it adapt, becauseof the enlargement, the trade parts of the cooperation or association agreementslinking the Community with southern Mediterranean countries. 18.7. 1985 The Commission proposes to the Council arrangements for sugar for the next five marketing years from 1 July 1986. 22.7. 1985 The central rates are adjusted under the European Monetary System, entailing changes in the MCAs for Greece and the United Kingdom. The adiustments made are : devaluation of the lira by 6o/o,revaluation by 2% of all the currencies complying with the 2.25"/o fluctuation margin (European esnake'), alignment of the notional central rates for sterling (revaluation by 7.47To) and the drachma (devaluation by 11.54%) on their acutal market rates. This means a devaluation of the ECU by 0.15%. 23.7. 1985 The Commission sendsto the Council and Parliament a Communication concerning 'perspectives' 'Green the for the common agricultural policy: the Paper'. 5. 8. 1985 After t4 years' work, the Council adopted a directive concerning health protection and inspection for intra-Community trade in heat-treated milk. 13/t6. 9. 198s The Commission activates several interventions schemes for table wine for 1984/85. - 15% distillation (10 m hl) of quantities under long-term storage contracts, and for 1985/86 -preventive distillation 6 or L3 hl/ha according to wine-growing areas (i.e. 8 m hl). 18.9 . 1985 The Council adopts the draft 1986 budget by qualified maiority for 10 members of the Community. 24.9 . 198s At an informal meeting, the Ministers of Agriculture hold a tentative general discussion of the Green Paper. Parliament's Committee on Agriculture and the Agriculture Section of the Economic and Social Committee also discussin September the outlook for the common agricultural policy. The agricultural organizations are consulted and express their views. 25.9. 1985 The Commission lays before the Council a Communication on Community guidelines for economic cooperation with the Mediterranean countries (supplement- ing the trade section proposed in J,rly 1985). 30.9.1985 Special session of GATT members to prep are a further round of multilateral trade negotiations (including agricultural products). 3. 10.1985 Opinion of the governing body of the Committee of Agricultural Organizations in the EEC (COPA) on the Green Paper. 31.10.1985 Opinion of the Economic and Social Committee on the Green Paper. 14/t5. 1. t985 Opinion of Parliament on the Green Paper. ll- Agriculturalaspects of Communityenlarge- mentto includePortugal and Spain

4. Following Denmark, Ireland, the United Kingdom and Greece, two new countries-Portugal and spain-joined the community on 1 January 1986. The new enlargement, bringing in virtually the whole of the Iberian peninsula, is welcomed by the present members because it is entirely consistenf"with, and indeed a major contribution to, the drive towards European integration.

Agriculture lay at the heart of the prorracted accession negotiations. The prospective integration into the C()mmunity of two large agricultural systems with specific characteristics of their orvn-which in fact the new members regard as 'old' assets in their membership of the common market-at a time when the Community had embarked on the reform of its agricultural policy, raised problems which, in their diversity and scale, went far beyond anything encountered in connection with previous enlargements.

In many respects, the third enlargement of the community is something of a gamble: it speculates on the ability of the community of Ten to adapt to the situation created by the integration of Portuguese and Spanish agriculture and the ability of the new mernbers to bridge the wide gap which still separates them in a 'green number of spheres from the remainder of the community. It is up to the Community', now of Twelve, to rise to this new challenge.

Agriculture in Portugaland Spain

5. Farming in Portugal and Spain is of great importance for employment and trade in the two countries (about 23"/" of total employment in Portugal, and about 18% of total employment in spain; nearly 15% of all exporrs of the two countries are of agricultural products). This means that while it now contributes lessto gross domestic product (its share in this aggregate is somewhere between 6 and7"/o, 14 AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSoF CoMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN compared with rather less than 4o/o in the old Community), farming is still an essential component of their economies. 1

Dominant characteristics

6. Much like that of the south of France, the Italian Mezzogiorno and Greece, Portuguese and Spanish agriculture is Mediterrranean in character, with a preponderance of crop-farming (55% of the value of total agricultural output as against 45"/o in the Community of Ten), within which products typical of the southern regions enjoy precedence, and less stockfarming than in the northern regions of the Community. Owing to natural conditions, but also by tradition, the various agricultural regions tend to specialize as regards production.

General description

7. Contrasting with the Community of Ten, Portugal and Spain are heavily wooded countries (a third of the total area as against only a fifth in the Community of Ten), with little land permanently under grass compared with arable land and, above all, with land used for permanent crops (vines, fruit trees, olive trees).

Whereas the proportion of the utilized agricultural area under cerealsis much the same in the Community of Ten as in the new Member States, apart from a few exceptions as regards some varieties, crops which prefer a southern climate (vines, olive trees, fruit and vegetables, , flowers and ornamental plants and sunflowers) are far more important in Portugal and Spain, where they account for nearly a quarter of agricultural land, as against only 1'1"/" in the Community of Ten. Most of this difference is accounted for by vines and olive trees (roughly 60/o andS% of the utilized agricultural area in Portugal and Spain and 2.5o/o and2o/o in the Community of Ten respectively).

Crops of relativelyminor importancein the old Community occupya prominent positionin Portugaland Spain:pulses, almond trees, citrus fruit. Conversely,crops which are of major importancein the northern regionsare geographicallylimited

'Key 1 The agricultural statistics for the two new Member States are given in Annex II: figures for agriculture in the Community of Twelve'. AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 15

here ( in Spain), are small (sugarbeet in Portugal grown only in the ), or are not grown at all (rape).

Between the two new Member States, the differences lie mainly in the greater importance of cash crops in Spain (sunflower, fruit and vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants, cotton), and crops typical of a poor agriculture (rye) or reflecting national consumer habits (potatoes, and rice) in Portugal.

8. The small area used for fodder crops (a quarter of agricultural land in Portugal and Spain as against a half in the Community of Ten) reflects the lesserimportance of stockfarming in the two new Member Siates. Aimittedly, sheep, goai and pig numbers are much the same as in the rest of the Community, but there arefar fewer cattle (see following table).

Livestock numbers in the Communiry of Ten, Portugal and Spain

(Number of livestock per 100 ha of utilized agricultural land)

Livestock EUR 10 Spain Portugal

Cattle 78 19 32 of which: cows 25 5 10 Pigs 77 4t 58 Sheep 71, 68 48 Goats 8 9 t7

Sozrces:EUR10:Communitysurveyso{catdeherdmdpigherdlgS3.Surveyofthesructureofagricultualholdings(1979-80')(1981 tor (Jrece) as regardsshep and goaß. Po!frgal: agricultural suneys 1979180(mainland Ponugal) md 7977 l{zores md Madeira). Spain: 1982 agricultural sutvey.

The main agricubural regions

9. Spanish milk production is concentrated chiefly in the north-wesr, from Galicia to the Basque country and along the foothills of the Pyrenees.The first of theseareas, with its hilly ground and typical maritime climate, has small farms with 16 AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSoF CoMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN

Figure 1 AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 17

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To the south of the Cantabrian mountains the landscape changes completely: the immense Castilian plateau, which accounts for half of mainland Spain hemmed in by mountains which separate it from the coastal regions, its climate is continental with long periods of drought, except in a few mountainous areas where rainfall is abundant. Cereals, particularly , vines (vineyards of Castile, notably Rioja, and particularly of La Mancha), olive trees and almond trees predominate, while sheepand pigs are the main livestock. Most of Spain's big farms are mainly in this region.

On the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts and in the plains of Andalusia the climate becomes Mediterranean: fruit and vegetables, vines (Pened6s,Catalonia, Malaga, Montilla in Andalusia), and almonds are the main products. Jerez,'S7hereas the Catalan coast enjoys some humidity, elsewhere the best productive regions depend on irrigation: the Ebro valley (rice), the Guadalquivir valley (open- 'huertas' field crops-wheat, sugarbeet, cotton) and above all the of the Valencia region (rice, tomatoes, citrus fruit, almonds, apples, peaches and apricots).

In the Balearic Islands, agriculture concentrates on the production of fruit (almonds, figs, carobs, apricots), vegetables,olives and vines and pigfarming. In the Canary Islands, 1 800 km from Madrid, off the coast of Morocco, a warm climate and fertile soil favour temperate crops (potatoes, tomatoes, vines) and tropical crops (bananas, sugar cane, coffee).

10, To the south of Galicia, with similar natural features, north-west Portugal (Entre Duoro e Minho) is a region of on small farms devoted to livestock, mainly for milk production, and the production of maize, fruit and vegetables.There are vineyards here, including vineyards for green ('vinhos verdes')1 and, in the most exposed areaswhere the climate becomesMediterranean in nature, olive trees and trees. In the east, the mountain plateaux of Tras-

'S7ine obtained from unripe . AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 19 os-Montes are given over to stockfarming and the valleys to the production of fruit and vegetables, maize and vines. The slopes of the are used for the cultivation of olives, figs, almonds and above all grapes for Port wines.

Further south, the region of Beira Litoral and Beira Interior concentrate on rice production in the irrigated areas near to the coast, stockfarming in the uphill areas to the east, and elsewhere on cereals, fruit, olives and vines (Dao wines). On the banks of the lower Tagus (Ribatejo), large concerns use the flood plain for the cultivation of rice and market garden-type products and the breeding of fighting bulls.

In the south of the country, the , a dry plain farmed by large concerns, is 'granary', historically Portugal's but rice, olives and citrus fruit are also grown there. Fruit (almonds, figs, carobs and oranges), olives, rice and vegetables are grown in the Algarve.

The Madeira archipelago, which lies more than 900 km from Lisbon on the same latitude as Morocco, enjoys a special climate suitable for crops such as vines, sugar cane, temperate and tropical fruit and vegetables,flowers and cereals.Farmers in the Azores, in mid-Atlantic some 1 500 km from the Portuguese coast, concentrate on stockfarming, particularly dairy farming. The main crops in the Azores are maize, fruit, vegetables, sugarbeet. grapes and tea.

Strengths and weaknesses

11. In this vast area of wide contrasts, Spanish agriculture is comparable with that of the other large countries of the Community, for it shares their diversity, ranging from the vigorous and prosperous regions to areas of near-wilderness I the advantages formed by the various Mediterranean products are matched by definite weaknesseswith regard to stockfarming and the main crops. The situation of Portuguese agriculture is much less favourable: a few strong areas are overshadowed by far-reaching structural deficiencies for most products.

Dynamic Mediterranean products

12. In Spainthe biggestexport crops,which are generallyproduced in irrigated areasand yield excellentreturns at low cost, are citrus fruit (Spainis the world's 20 AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSoF CoMMUNITY ENLARGT,MENT To INCLUDE PoRTUGAL AND SPAIN leading exporter of oranges and mandarins), melons, watermelons, strawberries, tomatoes, onions, cucumbers, peppers, marrows and courgettes, aubergines, artichokes, French beans, lettuces and endives.

Spanish vineyards, which form the largest total in the world in size, export some 5 to 6 million hectolitres a year despite lower averageyields than in the wine-growing countries of the Community of Ten. The olive plantations, which cover more than two million ha, yield exportable quanrities of oil varying between some tens of thousands and more than 100 000 tonnes ayear. Spain is also the rvorld's leading producer and exporter of almonds.

In Portugal,the main agriculturalassets'are limited to wines (Port,Madeira, green wines, Dao wines), products, and the animal feedingstuffs industry, which obtains its inputs from 'third' countriesat world prices.

Thanks to a reafforestation drive sustained over many years, occupies a leading place in both countries, and makes a significant contribution to their exports. This is particularly true for Portugal, which is the world's leading producer of and whose exports of timber, cork and derived products account for nearly t5% of agricultural and food exports.

Stockfarming, cereals, major crops: difficuh sectors

13. Spain is unable to meet domestic demand for any of the cereals (except rice), beef/veal, most milk products, sugar and oilseeds. In the case of Portugal, the list covers most agricultural products, a fact which reflects the overall weakness of Portuguese agriculture.

'tüüorking on a relatively smaller overall scale than in the Community of Ten, stockfarmers in the new Member Stateshave generally been unable to meet in full the growing demand for livestock products (meat, milk products) which has built up as a result of the rise in the standard of living and, in the case of Portugal, the flow of immigration from former colonies. The expansion of stockfarming is impeded by its production structures: in Spain, averagesheepflocks are larger than AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 21 in the Community of Ten (90 animals as against 80), whereas for other species, numbers are on averagehalf (pigs) or a third (cattle) the figures in the Community of Ten; in Portugal, average stock numbers are a third (goats) a fifth (sheep)or a seventh (cattle and pigs) the size of those in the Community of Ten.1

\üüithin the large extensive livestock farms in southern Portugal and Spain and the modern production units in the poultry and, to a lesserextent, pig sectors, farmers do not yet have the resourcesto develop a stockfarming sector comparable in size and performance with the average of the remainder of the Community.

Equally conspicuous is the weakness of certain major crops. For example, using proportionately the same area of land as in Portugal and Spain with a high level of general consumption, the Community of Ten produces 10% more cereals than it uses whereas the new Member States cannot cover their requirements. The low yields of crops in dry conditions (depending on variety, a half or a third of average yields in the Community of Ten and in some cases even less) has prevented the increasing demand from being met, resulting in a major rise in imports of raw materials for feedingstuffs-fodder cereals and oilseeds now for close on 40% of agricultural and food imports.

The structural problem

14. The low yields of certain crops of major importance for national supply and the precarious situation of certain sectors are in fact only one aspect of the main problem affecting agriculture in the new Member States, i.e. production structures which are on average inefficient. In the Community of Ten, agriculture accounts for roughly 8% of employment but only 4o/oof national product. This 2 to 1 ratio, which reflects the relative inefficiency of farming as compared with other economic activities, is as high as 3 to 1 in Spain and even 4 to 1 in Portugal; differences as wide as this cannot be accounted for solely by lower farmgate prices or by lower capital intensitv.

The natural conditions farmers have to contend with in the two countries are often unfavourable: mountainous terrain (Spain is the second most mountainous

1 Pigfarmers in Portugal and Spain also have to contend with African swine fever, endemic in both countries 22 AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSC)F CoMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT To INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN country in Europe after Switzerland), poor soil in several regions, inadequate or uneven rainfall. But other factors, relating to farming structures and to the absence of modern production techniques, also help to account for the low rates of efficiency, especially in Portugal.

15. Irrigation, which is a fundamental factor in increasing productivity in Mediterranean agriculture,l is unevenly developed according to crops. It is, moreover, probably inadequate in Spain despite its extent in relation to the immense size of the dry areas (the irrigated area accounts for 7'1,.4"/oof the utilized agricultural area as against almost 15% in Italy) or in decay and generally reliant on rather primitive techniques in Portugal (10% of irrigated land uses facilties built since 1935; only 5% of irrigated land relies on mechanization).

The quantities of artificial fertilizers used are two-thirds or half those usedin the Community of Ten and the same is true as regards the number of tractors and combine harvestersper unit of land.

16. Small farms, which arc aheady very numerous in the Community of Ten, dominate agriculture in Portugal and Spain: 87% of Portuguese farms are smaller than 5 ha,94o/o smaller than 10 ha; in Spain, the respective figures are7lo/o and 80%. In the two new Member Statessmall intensive farms predominate in the north and large agricultural estatesin the south. More than half of farm heads are over 55 years ofage and the younger age groups (up to 45) are less representedthan in the Community of Ten.

17. Heavy investment over many years had enabled Spain to increasethe extent of its irrigated areas, to develop mechanization and the use of fertilizers and plant health products and to speed up land consolidation. As a result the Spanish agricultural structures exhibit great diversity, from the small fragmented holdings in the mountainous regions of the north and north-west to the efficient agriculture of the irrigated production areas along the Mediterranean coast and the lower reaches of the major rivers.

1 In Spain, the yield of olive trees is twice as high, that of wheat, maize, new potatoes, sugarbeet and sunflower 2.5 times as high, and that of open-air tomatoes, table grapes and most annual fodder cereals 3 times as high as it would be without irrigation. AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 23

By contrast, the structural weaknessof Portugueseagriculture is fairly general.The handicapsalready mentioned are evenmore seriousthan the situation in Spain. Addedto this, the standardof educationof farmersis very low (30% of farm heads are illiterate and another 30% can read and write but have no qualifications), vocational training is inadequate and no proper guidance or experimentation svstemexists.

Portugueseand Spanish agriculture in the new Community context

18. Thus the Community now acquires two agricultural systemswith production structures which are-in varying degrees, according to the case-in many respects deficient. Apart from this common feature, and those described above, the contributioni made by Spanish agriculture on the one hand and Portuguese agriculture on the other to the agricultural common market differ very much in scale.

'S7ith Spain, the Community has acquired a major agricultural system-__second largest itr t.t-r of area in the Community of Twelv*which substantially alters- thJparameters of the Community's agriculture equation (employment, number of farÄs, areas,livestock numbers) and the situation for Mediterranean products. For these produ.cts mofeover, particularly the key and vegetables, Spain was in a ,t.orrg competitive posiiion thanks to favourable natural conditions, low prodriction costs and real commercial vigour. Conversely, changeswere required in stockfarming and the cerealssector if Spain was not to be swamped by competition from the members of the old Community of Ten.

The contribution made by Portugueseagriculture is, of course, a much smaller one. Its main features are the few products which constitute its strong points and, above all, a large number of farms providing work for almost a million farmers and farm workers. Owing to its underproductive nature, the integration of Portuguese agriculture into the Community system as a whole was a difficult undertaking. Entering a new competitive battle without much in the way of heavy weapons, Portuguese agriculture had to be given special treatment if the reorganization so obviously tt.ädrd in most of its sectors was to be properly implemented. 24 AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNTTY ENLARGEMENT To INCLUDE,PoRTUGAL AND SPAIN

Green Europe from Ten to Twelve: the problems raised by the enlargementof the Community

19. The accessionof Portugal and Spain will mean the addition of three million farms, a labour force of three million and some 30 million ha to the Communitv's agricultural production potential and an increasein the Community's consumptibn potential of 48 million people.l

This major change in rerms of quantity, comparable with that resulting from the first two enlargements rogether, will also entail a change in the agricultural Iandscapeof the Community, reflecting the major characteristics of the agriculture of the new Member States:

(i) greater importance of Mediterranean crops (vines, olives, rice, fruit and vegetables),relative reduction in the importance of major crops in the northern regions of the Community (wheat, rape, sugarbeet) and, above all, in livestock products, more particularly cattle-raising;

(ii) aggravation of the structural problems of Community agriculture owing to the constitution of a new very large agricultural area made up of the southern regions of the community, accounting for more than 65"/oof thecommunity's farms. Farming structures in this area will in many respectslack the strength of those elsewhere.

It is these two major characteristics of the agriculture of the Twelve, together with the special features of the market organizations in Portugal and Spain in the years preceding their accession which engender most of the specific problems raised in the agricultural sphere by the third enlargemenr.

The new competitive situation

20. Portugueseand spanishoutput of Mediterraneanproducts will boost communityproduction in proportionsvarying from}}"/o to over100% according to product (apricots, citrus fruit, onions, rice, olive oil, tomatoes, wine, peaches, etc), whereas, in other sectors, the increase will be generally more modest: from 8 to 12"/o for sugar, beef/veal, wheat and pigmeat. spanish producdon will account for most of these increases.

1 The statisticson agriculture in the Community of Twelve are ro be found in Annex II: 'Key figures on agriculturein the Community of Twelve,. AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 25

If certain Mediterranean products (wine, citrus fruit, apricots, melons, strawberries, table grapes, almonds, nuts, aubergines, artichokes, tomatoes, early potatoes, lettuces) had been allowed to move freely within the Community as soon as the new countries joined, the growth in trade would have led to stiff competition between regions of the enlarged Community, turning rapidly to the advantage of the new members. Production costs in the new countries are generally lower even at an identical level of performance, and until recently, they had subjected only a small fraction of their output of fruit and vegetables to the marketing disciplines which have to be observed by growers in the Ten (quality standards, market intervention).

Conversely, the more vulnerable sectors of Portuguese agriculture would probably not have been able to withstand the sudden confrontation with the production of the other Member States which would have followed an unrestriced extension of the common agricultural market. Several varieties of fruit and vegetables produced in the Community of Ten could, moreover, have replaced Spanish produce on its own market whereas at the moment they are sold there, if at all, in only small quantities.

'sensitive' Special arrangements therefore had to be made for these sectors so as to enable both sides gradually to adapt to the new conditions arising from enlargement and in this way allow interpenetration to take place without hardship or bankruptcies.

2L. Apart from thesedevelopments, products from Portugal and Spain could, 'Community through the effect of preference'l, compete with the produce from 'third' certain countries of the Mediterranean area with which the Community maintainsspecial relations and which enjoy preferentialaccess to the Community market. The countrieswhich could be affectedin this way are: Morocco (citrus fruit, tomatoes,early potatoes, wine), Tunisia (oliveoil, citrus fruit), Cyprus(early potatoes, wine and table grapes,citrus fruit), Israel (citrus fruit, fruit juices, early potatoes,cut flowers),Yugoslavia and the Maghreb countries(wine). Aware of its responsibilitiesin this part of the world, the Community alsohas had to seekways

The mechanisms of the common agricultural policy are an inducement to Community consumers to obtain their supplies primarily from Community producers. 26 AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN of tempering any damage which the situation it has itself created might cause these .o.rrrtrirr, and grant special treatment to their exports to the Community after enlargement.

A new dimension to the structural problems of Community agriculture

22. The accession of the new Member States means that the Community agricultural system now has a higher proportion of small farms and a larger- number of elderly farmers. Its average efficiency in both technical terms (yields) and economic terms (wealth) produced by each person engaged in agriculture compared with that of other sectorsl is necessarilyreduced. The contrast between the agricultural structures of the north and the south of the Community has become more pronounced. Enlargement has therefore made the need for a significant improvement in the agricultural structures of the Community even more urgent' particularly in the southern regions, where the structural deficiencies are most marked and where competition resulting from the reciprocal opening up of the market of the Community of Ten and the two new arrivals will be felt most actuely.

Considerablepotential for production

23. The output of the Ten and that of the new Member Statesdo, to some extent' complement one another: the Community of Ten has a surplus in most cereals, sugar, potatoes, meat and milk products, whereas Portugal and Spain are net importirs of these commodities. Spain exports oranges, table grapes and nuts- (almonds, hazelnuts), of which the old Communtiy is a net importer. However, if the production levels reached on both sides prior to enlargement remain unchanged, surplusescould arise of increasein the enlarged Community as regards olive oil, rice, certain fruits and vegetables, processed tomatoes and wine.

Although its productivity is low in some sectors, Portuguese and Spanish agriculture do show considerable potential for productivity gains. These will from the extension of irrigation, the consolidation and restructuring of farms,"i.t,l. increaseduse of modern proäuction techniques, and the resowing of at least part of the fallow land, which, in Spain, totals 4.8 million ha, i.e. 17.5% of available

1 The calculation includes farmgate price and capital intensity differences, as well as productivity differences proper. AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 27 agricultural area. In this connection, the stimulus of EEC farm prices (except for sugarbeet and milk, farmgate prices in Spain before it joined were lower than in the Community of Ten, in some cases much lower) could well serve to boost production, particulady of fruit and vegetables, wine, and in the medium term, olive oil.

At a time when the Community had begun to control its agricultural production in line with demand, steps had to be taken to ensure that the application of the common agricultural policy to Portugal and Spain would not cause production to develop in a manner incompatible with the disciplines which the Community must now accept, although the disciplines might have to be applied with more flexibility in certain situations.

Market organizations with special features

24. The accessionof Portugal and Spain entails the adoption $y those countries of established Community law in the agricultural field, i.e. all those parts of Community legislation which underlie the common agricultural policy and all other provisions having a bearing on the implementation of that policy. Like every Member State, the newcomers therefore will have to apply the rules of the EEC market organizations, which now supersede those of rtheir own market organizations.

The situation if, of course, not a new one for the Community, It had already been carried out by Denmark, Greece,Ireland and the United Kingdbm. However, in the case of Portugal and Spain, there were special difficulties, resulting from the particular characteristics of their market organizations at the time when membership was being negotiated.

25. In both cases,the market organizations in a number of sectors were based on a management system where the State played a preponderant role going far beyond the types of mechanism used for the purposes of the common agricultural policy.

In Spain, State intervention concerned products regarded as sensitive.According to the case,it could take the form ofcontrol exercised at production level (restriction of areas planted with rice, for example, so as to ensure that specific areas were planted), or on the internal, commercial level (buying-in and sales monopoly for common wheat and durum wheat, exclusive regional concessionsgranted to 28 AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF. CoMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT To INCLUDE PoRTUGAL AND SPAIN for the sale of pasteurized milk). It was practised above all in foreign trade, where a State-trading system controlled by a public agency was applied to the key imports (cereals,milk products and meats), with restricitons under which the quantities to be imported were limited to the supplies neededto bridge the gap between national output and national demand.

The export sectors (olive oil, table olives, fresh and processed fruit and vegetables, certain wines) were subject to a'commercial organization'system, operating on the basis of joint by government bodies and export concerns to restructure exports and modernize marketing systems.

In Portugal, the influence of the State was more comprehensive, covering most agricultural products. In form, it varied from arrangemenrs under which both domestic trade (purchasing and sales monopolies for Portuguese production or control of marketing) and external trade (State trading for imports, administrative licences for imports and exports) were governed by the State to arrangements under which the State controlled only external trade, with or without intervention on the domestic market (cereals, vegetable oils and fars, wine, fresh fruit and vegetables, livestock products and sugar). rü7ith the basic aim of underpinning farmgate prices for essential products whilst keeping comsumer prices relatively low, the market organizations excercised control over consumer prices and a range of public aids which could be paid at various stages in the production-processing-marketing chain.

26. In addition to thesegeneral problems, rhere was quite a large number of more specific problems. It was above all in the fresh fruit and vegetables sector that the differences between the national schemes and the Community regime were most marked: only a small part of production was standardized, producer groups played only a modest role, and there was no price-reporting system for defined products on representative markets, although all of these arrangements are essential features of the market organizations in the Community.

27. The characteristics of the organization of the market in fresh fruit and vegetables in Portugal and Spain made even a gradual application of the Community organization as from the date of accessionimpossible. In the sectors subject to government intervention in external trade, the market was genuinely AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 29

transparent, in respect neither of requirements nor of prices; producers and processors were quite unprepared for the reactions which disposal on an open market demands.'Where it also influenced the internal market, the government did not encourage the establishment of markets on which prices are determined on the basis of free commercial transactions and had prevented or impeded the development of the private marketing infrastructures which were to replace the public organization after accession.

This means that the application to Portugal and Spain of mechanisms of the EEC market organizations gave rise in some sectors to problems comparable to those arising from the special features of their agriculture or the impact of the new members' agriculture within that of the enlarged Community.

GreenEurope from Ten to Twelve:the solutionschosen

28. The accession negotiations, which began on 17 October 1978 for Portugal and on 5 February 1,979 for Spain, were completed on 12 lune 1985 with the signature of the instruments relating to their accession,so that it took more than six years to hammer out mutually acceptable solutions to the various problems raised by the integration of the new members into the Community.

During that period, Portugal and Spain began to make the adjustments necessary with a view to their accession: gradual introduction of certain aspectsof the EEC market organizations, elimination of certain schemes incompatible with Community rules, restructuring of agricultural sectors threatened by competition from the other Member States.

The Community of Ten adjusted its market organization for fresh fruit and vegetablesby strengthening its support for producer groups and making additions to the list of products ranking for Community protection. It reformed its wine market organization so as to control the growth of supply. It also introduced a major schemeto improve the economic and social situation of is southern regions (Integrated Mediterranean Programmes) and contributed to the improvement of the agricultural structures in Portugal by granting pre-accession aids. 30 AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSoF CoMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN

The common agricultural policy will be operated fully in Portugal and Spain only after a period of transition.l At the same time, the Community will provide aid for the implementation of a programma to restructure Portuguese agriculture; the schemes provided for under the Integrated Mediterranean Programmes will be implemented in certain regions of the old Community.

Lastly,new links will beestablished with the Community'spartners so asto temper any effects which the integration of the new Member Statesmay have on their trade.

A new style of transition period

29. Each enlargement of the Community has been facilitated by transitional arrangements designedto enable the new Member Statesto phase in the rules of the common agricultural policy, assistmutual adaptation by the new partners and thus ensure the harmonious integration of the new members after an adequate period of time.

The diversity of the problems raised in the agricultural field by the third enlargement meant that a special type of transition period had to be decided on for the full introduction of the common organization of the agricultural market to Portugal and Spain.

The period of transition will run for ten years from the date of accession2 and, depending on the product, will entail arrangements comparable to those made when countries have ioined in the past ('conventional' transition) or action of a new type, with a preliminary stage used for the establishment of the infrastructure and facilities needed for the proper operation of the EEC market organizations in the new Member States,followed by a second stage during which the new mechanisms will be applied and at the same time prices and aids will be aligned on those in the

The common agricultural policy will apply to all of Portugal. In Spain, it will not apply to the Canary 'Plazas' Islands or to the of Ceuta and Melilla. The transition period began on 1 January 1986, the date the two countries joined. However, the clausesin the Aöts of Accäsion on iroduciion of and trade in agricultural products apply in the new countries from 1 March 1986 on1y, as a two-month period of grade was needed to give the Community institutions enough iime to adopt a relatively large number of instruments implementing the Act. AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 3I old Community (transition'by stages').For sensitiveproducts, there will also be an arrangement for monitoring trade between the old Community and each of the two new members: the Supplementary Trade Mechanism (STM).

' Conuentional' transition

30. The mechanisms of the EEC market organizations can be phased in from the outset for certain Portuguese products and most Spanish products.l

The'conventional'transition period applied to them will involve, over a period of sevenyears, the alignment of Portugueseand Spanish prices and aids on those in the old Community, with,

(i) where appropriate,'accession' compensatory amounts,

(ii) elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade between the old Community and the new Member States,

(iii) adoption by the new countries of the Common Customs Tariff for their trade with'third' countries,

(iv) application by the new countries of the preferential schemes operated by the 'third' Community in respect of imports from a number of countries.

There will be a safeguard clause for 10 years in respect of trade between the old Community and Portugal and Spain.

A 1O-year period was also agreed for the elimination of certain public aids to agriculture which were incompatible with Community rules but the elimination of which upon accession would have seriously depressed farmgate prices or forced up consumer prices.

These aids, which thus can be retained on a temporary basis, normally being phased out by the end of the transition period, will, however, have to be paid for by

In Portugal, oils and fats, sugar, processed fruit and vegetables, sheep- and goatmeat, tobacco, flax and hemp, hops, seeds, dried fodder, peas and field beans and sweet lupins, live plants and flowers, silkworms and beekeeping; in Spain, all products subject to common organization, with the sole exception of fresh fruit and vegetables. 32 AGRTCULTURALASPECTS oF CoMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT To INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN the Portuguese and Spanish authorities. During the same period, the new Member States will be free to apply, in certain circumstances, quantitative restrictions on 'third' imports from countries of a number of sensitive products. 1 These arrangements should make it possible to eliminate gradually a number of special schemes, possible to eliminate gradually a number of special schemes, characteristic of the Portuguese and Spanish agricultural policies pursued before they joined, leaving the farmers concerned time to adapt to the new situation.

The other main features of conventional transition for Portugal and Spain concern mainly:

(i) price alignment, where the prices in Portugal and Spain exceedthe Community prices, a situation much commoner than in the caseof previous enlargements, especially in Portugal ;

(ii) situations existing in the new Member Statesor liable to emergein the enlarged Community. For example, for oils and fats, the control in Portugal and Spain for five years of the relationship between the consumer prices of olive oil and competing oils, and of the quantities of oilseeds marketed, should prevent a decline in the consumption of olive oil, at a time when there is already a danger of surpluses building up.

Transition by stages

31. In a number of casesthe application as from accession of the EEC market organization mechanisms would have raised such difficulties that it would have been impossible to implement the conventional transitional arrangements. Problems which emerged lay in the fundamental differences in the organization of the markets and also, in the caseof Portugal, in the structural weakness of certain sectors in the face of competition, even where gradually introduced, from like sectors in the Community of Ten and in the lack of staff and administrative and technical machinery needed to perform as from accession the operations provided for under Community regulations (intervention, sampling, refunds, etc.).

Since it would have been impossible to cope with these difficulties to the necessary extent during the period leading up to accession,a new form of transition, i.e. by stages, had to be devised. In Portugal, it covers in fact the bulk of agricultural

These take the form of annual quotas which will be increased; they are available, without discrimination, to all operators. AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 33

TRANSITIONBY STAGES

SPAIN PORTUGAL

ACCESStON r. | .t986

FIRSTSTAGE ruru1 5Ycars, but may ru 2 [s reduecüto 3 yern ^ 3t.t2 .t988 %%o t. t.t989

3t.r2.1989 l. 1.1990 % %n4

SECOND STAGE 31.12.1990 r. | . t99l T Implementation of EEC market organizations m

Alignment of prices and aids on C-ommunity levels

C-ompletioo of custoos union and of freedom of movemenr T in the enlarged Corumunity TN T TT T TT n TT END OF TRANSITION 3t. t2. t995

Figure 3 34 AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSoF CoMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN production: milk and milk products, beef/veal, pigmeat, poultry, eggs, cereals, rice, fresh fruit and vegetables, wine products. In the case of Spain, it applies only to fresh fruit and vegetables.

32. The first stage, which will last four years in Spain and five years (possibly shortened to three) in Portugal, will be devoted to carrying out the necessary restructuring operations and above all, introducing the basic mechanisms of the EEC market organizations, the full activation of which has been deferred until the end of the first stage. The market organizations defined will therefore remain 'national' 'general but will have to be adapted in line with objectives', 'specific supplemented where appropriate by objectives'; these will vary according to the product concerned, so that integration into the common agricultural policy can be completed by the end of the first stage ;1 expenditure on market management will be borne by the national budgets.2 During the first stage, the sectors concerned will not be fully associated with their counterparts in the Community of Ten. The national system previously applied in 'third' trade with the Community of Ten and in exports to countries has been maintained; likewise, the Community of Ten will, in its trade with the new Member States in the products concerned, apply the system which it applies to 'third' countries, subject to a few adjustments. Nonetheless, it was agreed that action should be taken, as far as possible, on integration as soon as the new countries joined: for example, the Community 'third' arrangements concerning irnports from countries will apply for Portugal and Spain from the beginning of the transition period, in respect of mechanisms and level of protection; resources generated will accrue, however, to the national authorities. Likewise, the gradual elimination of customs duties between the Community of Ten and the new Member States began on both sides as from accession.Lastly, Portugal and Spain are subject to disciplines relating to prices, aids and production so as to move closer to the policy followed in this field by the Community and enable the measuresentailed by the second stage to be applied in the best possible conditions.

33. The second stage, which will last until the end of the transition period, will have the same features as the conventional transition period. As in the case of the

I See Annex I for the general or specific obiectives for each sector concerned. 2 In Spain, however, tü-e Community will hilp to finance intervention ope-rations cdrried out during the first itage by fiuit and vegetabie producär organizations in respectbf products complying with common quality standards to the extent, for each product, of the proportion of_production covered by produär organizations recognized by the Coirrmission as being-compatiblä with Community rules in terms of constitution and operation. AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 35 latter,aids which areincompatible with Communityrules will bepermitted subject to certainconditions and on a temporarybasis, as will quantitativerestrictions on imports from 'third' countries. Throughout the period of transition, a safeguard clausewill apply in trade between the Community of Ten, Portugal and Spain.

For sensitive products: the Supplementary Trade Mechanism

34. As an adjunct to the arrangemerits, a monitoring system of a new type applies to trade between the old Community and the new Member States in all sensitive products:1 the Supplementary Trade Mechanism (STM).

35. The STM consistsbasically in the establishment,product by product, at the beginningof each marketing year on the basisof production and consumption estimates,of a 'forward timetable' for the developmentof trade and of an 'indicativeimport ceiling'for the marketconcerned. Where the ceilingis reachedor exceeded,or where the target markets may be disrupted, various measuresmay be activatedwhich; in certaincircumstances, may entailthe curtailmentor suspension of imports.

For those sensitiveproducts subjectto conventional transition, the STM will apply throughout the transition period; for products subjectto transition by stages,it concernsonly the secondstage, as the effect of the mechanismsset up for the first stageis that there will be no full integration of the markets concernedat that time.

1 The following are subject to the STM: (0 trade in both directions between the Community of Ten and Portugal; olive oil, oilcakes, flowers, etc., and various fruit-based products. A list of products subject to the system of transition by stages which may be subject to the STM during the second stage will be drawn up before the end of the first stage. (ii) imports into the Community of Ten from Spain: wine products, new potatoes, fresh fruit and vegetables; (iii) imports into Spain frim the Community of Ten: wine products, bovine animals and meats, certain milk products, several rypes of fruit and vegetables, common wheat of breadmaking quality; The list of products subiect to the STM may be changed. 36 AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSoF CoMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT To INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN

36. The successiveindicative ceilings fixed 'must reflecta certainsteady progress in relation to traditional trade flows'. Designedas it is, the STM can be seenas a flexible mechanismallowing the monitoring and steadydevelopment of trade in sensitiveproducts whilst avoidingany abrupt increasesin certaintrade flows and repeatedrecourse to safeguardmeasures by the partneraffected. It shouldresult in the gradual achievementof completely free movement of products within the agricultural common market by the time the transition period expires.

Controlling production potential while allowing Portuguese agriculture some room for manoeuvre

37. The mechanisms designed to control agricultural production in the Community (guaranteethresholds, quotas, other similar measures)will apply as from accessionto all the Spanishsectors concerned at the productionlevels reached prior to accession. -\ In Portugal, the samemechanisms will apply to products subjectto conventional transition (sugar,oilseeds, certain processed fruits and vegetables),but, in respect of productssubject to transition by stages,the production rulesapplied allow for the needfor productivity improvements.This arrangement,felt to be indispensable for the maintenanceof competitive agriculture, will apply only during the first stage.1 Otherwise,the Community disciplineswill apply in the sameway asto the least-favouredregions of the Community.

By meansof thesearrangements, control over Spanishproduction, much the larger of the two systems,is ensuredfrom the outset. Portugueseagriculture too must comply with Community regulations,but productivity gainscould well mean an increasein the output of certain products.

More intensive structural measures

38. The arrangements agreed for the introduction of the EEC market

The concession is rather less flexible for the wine secor, where a system for the control of planting similar to that in the old Communirv is to be introduced. AGRICI.]LTURALASPECTS OF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 37 organizationsin Portugaland Spainwill be backedup by schemeswarranted by the new dimension of the structural problems of agriculture in the enlarged Communitv.

39. The Community policy on agricultural structures will apply in full in the new Member States as soon as they join. The most handicapped Spanish regions will enjoy the most favourable arrangements which the Community of Ten applied to its least-favoured regions under its'horizontal'measures.l However, it is in Portugal that the Community effort to improve agricultural structures will be the most intensive.

40. Even before accession,the Community of Ten provided support for various proiects in the Portuguese agricultural sector in the form of two pre-accessionaid schemes,entailing total amounts of 23 million and 50 million ECU.

As from accession, the most favourable provisions in the application of Community horizontal measureswill apply throughout Portugal. Furthermore, as 'specific an extension and amplification of the pre-accession aid schemes, a programme for the development of Portugueseagriculture' will be put into effect as from accession as an adjunct to the Community's normal structural measures. Endowed with a Community allocation of around 700 million ECU for a period of ten years, the programme comprises shoft-term measures (agricultural advisory services, improvement of farming conditions, processing installations and the marketing of agricultural products), medium-term measures (infrastructure, irrigation, guidance, training and agricultural research) and long-term measures (land consolidation or enlargement of farms, retirement incentives for elderly farmers and encouragement for the setting up of young farmers) for structural improvement.

By including a structural category amoung the special provisions for the transition period applying to Portuguese agriculture, the aim of the programme is to provide the latter with the means for restructuring and thus facilitate its full integration into the Community system as a whole at the end of the transition period.

41. At the same time, for a period of seven years, the Integrated Mediterranean Programmes (IMP) will be put into effect in the southern regions of the Community

l.e. those which can be applied throughout the Community. 38 AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSoF CoMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN of Ten.l To encourage the adaptation of these regions to the new circumstances created by enlargement, the Community will channel the available resources- 4 100 million ECU2 (2 000 million reserved for Greece)-into activities likely to have a multiplier effect in the development of rural areas: agriculture, but also fisheries, food processing, very small firms, industry, services. In the agriculture field, the measuresprovided for in the IMPs can supplement or consolidate existing Community measures,some of which, moreover, enjoy larger Community finance in the Mediterranean regions.

Thanks to these measures and the updating of the Community policy on agricultural structures undertaken in 1,984 and 1985 (measures designed to strengthen marketing and processing structures for agricultural products and improve the efficiency of agricultural structures), the enlarged Community will henceforth be able to take more dynamic action on structures in its rural areas, which will be mainly of benefit to the Mediterranean regions.

New relationswith'third' countries

42. tü7henPortugal and Spain joined the common market, the Community, under the rules of the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), to which it is a contracting party, was to start negotiations with the other GATT members to assessthe impact of the enlargement on imports from non-member countries. The eniargement will entail substantial liberalization of imports into the two new member countries, which should constitute sufficient compensation for certain adjustments of customs duties which will be made.

43. The main effect of the enlargement has been to speed up a review of the overall Mediterranean policy which the Community implemented inidally in7972 but which had not proved entirely satisfactory. Under the new Mediterranean

With the exception of the large cities and urban coastal belts, in France, Dröme, Ardöche and the regions of Languedoc-Roussillon, Corsica, Provence-Alpes-Cöte d'Azur, Aquitaine and Midi- Py:ren6ees; in Iäly, the entire Mezzogiorno and the reglons of , Tuscany, and , and certain lagoons in the northern Adriatic as regards aquaculture schemes; the entire territorv of Greece. 2 500;illion ECU of the total of 4 100 million ECU will be drawn from the Community's structural 'Guidance' funds (European Regional Development Fund, European Social Fund, section of the European Agriculturäl Guidance anld Guarantee Fund), while the remaining 1 600 million EC will be provided in the form of a special budget appropriation. AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTI]GAL AND SPAIN 39 policy (as proposed), the main objective for the Community will be to allow the mainienanie, äuring the transition period, of traditional imports 1 of agricultural products originating in Mediterranean countries. For this purpose' for products iovered by the (including citrus fruits, wine and new potatoes), the duties wili be phased"gr.i*etttt out during the same periods and at the same tempo as that agreed for the elimination of duties in respect of Portugal and Spain, up to traditional quantities by country of origin and by product. Special arrangements have been agreed for olive oil from Tunisia.

Theseprovisions should ensurethat, for their stapleproducts, the Mediterranean countries will enjoy accessto the Community market for their exports unaffected by the enlargement.

Conclusion

44. The arrangements agreed for the integration of Portugal and Spain into the Community agricultural system and those parallel arrangements in other fields are a reflection of the problems-numerous and often original in nature-raised by the third enlargement. The effectiveness of the arrangements will be gauged by hory well the sp-cific targets assigned to them are achieved over and above the gradual and full äpplication of the rules of the common agricultural policy in the two Member States,i.e.:

(i) restructuring of Portuguese agriculture to enable Portuguese farmers to meet comperition from the other Member Statesby providing protection for most of its pioduction (the first stage of transition by stages and the SMT) and specific structural measures before accession and throughout the transition period;

(ii) the control of the development of the substantial agricultural potential' protecting sensitive Spanish sectors so as to give them time to adapt (SMT)' itr.oo."gi.rg moderniiation of 's less-favoured areas (the

'l'984. Average quantities for the years 1980 to 40 AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT To INCLUDE PoRTUGAL AND SPAIN

most favourable provisions of the policy on agriculture structures) ; (iii) enabling the sectors and regions of the Community of Ten concerned to adapt smoothly to the new context created by enlargement by providing a few years' protection from Spanish fruit and vegetables (first stage of transition period) and wines (SMT) and restructuring the economy of the rural parts of the southern regions (IMP) ; (iv) preventing enlargement from jeopardizing the traditional agricultural exports 'third' of Mediterranean countries to the Community by ensuring that during the transition period they receive treatment which is no less favourable than that applied to the new Member States.

45. The third enlargement of the Community differs sharply from previous enlargements because of the way it further enhances the agricultural component of European integration: although relatively modest in economic terms, the integration of the Portuguese and Spanish agricultural systems is unprecedented from the point of view of the number of farms, employment and agricultural potential, the budgetary impact of their integration is of a quite different order; the adaptations to be made on both sidesin certain sectorsand certain regions will be of a new variety.

Enlargement has not in itself provoked the reform of the common agricultural policy as regards Mediterranean products, the implementation of the IMP or the revision of the Mediterranean policy, but it has unquestionalby helped to accelerate them.

In both these ways, the accessionof Portugal and Spain will mark a new point of departure not only for the Community itself but also for Community agriculture. AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 41,

ANNEXI

Obiectivesfor the first stageof the transitional period

SPÄIN

Product General objectives

F'reshfruit and the progressive applicatjon of ega-lity standards to all the products vegetables concerned and strict application of the requirements arising therefrom; the development of producer groups within the meaning of Community rules; the setting up of a body and creation of a material and human infrastructure suitable for carrying out public intervention operations provided for under Community rules; the setting up of a network for the daily recording of prices on representative markets to be defined on the basis of the various products; the liberalization of trade with a view to introdücing a system of free competition and of free accessto the Spanish market and of adaptation of 'sectoral the trade adjustments' to exports in order to make them cömpatible with the requirements of freedom of movemenr.

PORTUGAL

Product Specific obiectives

Fresh fruit elimination of the Junta Nacional das Frutas (JNF) as a State body at the end and vegetables of the first stage; development of producer organizations within the meaning of the Community rules; progressive and generalized application of common quality standards; setting up an intervention body and creating a material and human infrastructure to facilitate intervention operations; free formation of prices and their daily recording on representative markets to be defined on the basis of the different products; creation of an information service on agricultural markets in order to record rates daily and the appropriate training of the administrative departments indispensable to the smooth functioning of the common organizaiion of the markets.

Milk and milk abolition of the Junta Nacional dos Produtos Pecuarios (JNFP) as a State products body at the end of the first stage and the progressive liberalization of internal trade, imports and exports with a view to setting up an arrangement for free competition and free access to the Portuguese market; creation of an intervention agency and the formation of a material and human infrastructure to facilitate intervention operations ; 42 AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN

Milk and milk modification of the existing prices structure so as to enable their free products(cont'd) formation on the market modification of the relation as to value between the fat part and the""d protein part of milk used in Portugal to align it on the relation retained in the Community; harmon ization of domestic prices for milk, butter and dried milk obtaining in mainland Portugal with those obtaining in the Azores;

Community law, the progressive introduction of the scheme for Community aid; ".d abolition of the exclusiveness of milk collection zones and of the exclusiveness of pasteurization ; creation of an information service for agricultural markets with a view to the recording of price levels and an appropriate formation of administrative departments, thäse being essential for the smooth running of the common orfanization of the markets in the sector concerned I implementation of measures intended to promote the modernization of production, processing and marketing structures.

Beef/veal elimination of the JNPP as a State body at the end of the first stage' and the- liberalization of imports and exports and the progressive liberalization of domestic trade with a view to introducing a system of free competition and of free access to the Portuguese market; creation of an intervention body and formation of a material and human infrastructure to facilitate intervention operations and the appropriate rraining of the administrative departments, which are indispensable to the smooth functioning of the common organization of the markets in the sector in question; free formation of prices on representative markets to be established; creation of an infoimation ,.rrri.. on agricultural markets in order to record prices and the introduction of the Community grading scale for carcases with a view to quotation comparability; implementation of measures intended to promote the modernization of pröd.r.tion, processing and marketing structures aiming at increasing the productivity of stockfarming and better profitability for the sector; trade liberalization on the zoo-technical level.

Pigmeat elimination of the JNPP as a State body at the end of the first stage' and the progressive liberalization of domestic trade, imports exports with a "1d view to ensuring a system of free competition and free access to the Portuguese market; creation of an intervention body and formation of. a material and human infrastructure facilitating intervention operations, adapted to the new conditions of the Portuguese market; free formation of prices on representative markets to be established; creation of an infoimation r.tui.. on agricultural markets in order to record prices and the appropriate training of the administrative departments' which are indispänsable to the smooth functioning of the common organization of markets ; im-plementation of measures intended to promote the modernization of pröd.t.tion, processing and marketing structures aiming at better profitability for the sector; pursuit it t.nsification of the campaign against African swine fever and in particular"nd the development of closed-circuit production units. AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 43

Eggt elimination of the JNPP as a State body at the end of the first stage, and poultrymeat liberalization of imports and exports with a view to introducing a system of to the Portuguese market and the free competition ..""4 free actess progressive libe ralization of the domestic market ; free price formation; creation of an information service on agricultural markets in order to record prices; - i-plementation of measures intended to promote the modernization of production and processing structures.

Cereals and rice dismantling of the marketing monopoly held by the Empresa Publica de Abastecimento de Cereais (EPAC) at the end of the first stage at the latest and the progressive liberalization of domestic trade with a view to introducing a system of free competition to the Portuguese market; progressivö elimination of the impört monopoly held by EPAC over a period of four years; setting up ^n intervention body and creating a material and human infrastructure to facilitate intervention operations; free price formation; creation of an information service on agricultural markets in order to record prices and the appropriate training of the administrative services indispensable to the smooth functioning of the EEC market organization.

Wine the abolition of the Junta Nacional do Vinho (JNV) as a State body at the end of the first stage, and the adaptation of the other public bodies in the wine sector, during the first stage, and the liberalization of domestic trade, imports and exports and the transfer of State-controlled activities with regard to storage and distillation, to producers and producer associations.; thä progressive introduction of the arrangements for, and the control of, planting, similar to the Community arrangements and control, enabling efficient vine-planting rules to be established; the realization of a proiect for ampelography (the classification of vine varieties) and for synonymy (equivälence between names of varieties of vines in Portugal on the one hand and equivalence between Portuguese names and names used in the Community as at present constituted on the other), to take place before the introduction of a system of statistical surveys on areas under vines within the meaning of Community rules and the realization of specific work on the viticultural land register; the creation or transfer of distillation centres in sufficient numbers and of sufficient capacity-of to enable wine deliveries to be accomplished; the creation an information service for agricultural marketes entailing in particular the ascertainment of prices and regular statistical analysis; ihe training of the administrativö departments indispensable to the smooth running of the common organization of the market in wine; the progressive adaptation of the Portuguese price system to the Community price system; ihe prohibition of irrigation of wine- vineyards and all new planting in irrigated areas; the implementation, in the context of the planting rules, of a plan to restructure and convert Portuguese vineyards in line with the obiectives of the common policy on wine.

AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDH, PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 45

ANNEXII

Key figures for agriculture in the Community of Twelve L. Basic data

2. Use of land

3. Main crops

4. Livestock numbers and structure of holdings 5. Output of main agricultural prüutrcts 6. Average yields

7. Agricultural output value 8. Consumption and self-sufficiency

9. Employment in agriculture 10. Structure of agricultural ho!"lings 11. Production structures t2. Extern al trade in agricultural and food products 46 AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN

ÄNNEX II

Key figures for agriculture in the Community of Twelve

t. Basicdata

L Characteristics D F I NL B

Total area (km2) 248 692 549 087 301 278 37 291 30 520 2 585 Population (1983) (1 000 inhabitants) 61 423 54 729 s6 836 t4 367 9 856 366 GDP/inhabitant (1983) Standard purchasing power - SPP 11977 tt 776 9 102 1,0702 1Lt76 11 833 Unemployment rate (1983) (% of working civilian population) 6.4 7.9 8.7 11..9 11.7 3.2

Utilized agriculttrral are^ (1983) (1 000 ha) L2 079 31570 17 560 2 015 L 428 tz8 Employed in'agriculture, forestry, hunting, fishing' sector (1983) number (1 000) 1 372 1,697 2 526 249 106 7 percentage of active civilian population in employment 5.4 7.8 t2.L 4.9 2.9 4.8 Number of agricultural holdings (1 000 holdings) 850 1 255 2 832 149 115 5 UAA per holding (1980) (h") 14.4 23.3 5.6 1,3.7 1"2.3 25.L Total agricultural production (1983) (million ECU) 27 004 38037 31 935 L2 909 4 744 L54 Agriculture as proportion of GDP (1933) (GVA/GDP) 7o 1.8 4.0 6.4 4.4 2.6 3.1 Agriculture and food imports as proportion of total imports 1].8 (1.993) "/, 14.8 13.6 L8.4 17.3 Agriculture and food exports as proportion of total exPorts I (1,983)% 6.0 18.1 7.3 23.7 11.3 Balance of external trade in agric- ultural and food products I - -2 (1983) (million ECU) - 1.4L77 2 547 1,0691. 5 333 077 Proportion of total household con- sumption accounted for bY foodstuffs, beverages and tob- acco (1982) % 19.3 2l.l 30.2 19.7 21,.4 20.6

- Source.. Eurostat, Instituto Nacional de Estadistica - Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Estatistica Lisboa and estimates of the EC Commission. na: not available. AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 47

UK IRL DK GR EUR 10 E P EUR 12

244 111 70 283 43 080 1,31957 1 6s8884 504 800 92 070 2 255754

56 377 3 508 5 tt4 9 850 272 426 38 106 9 969 320 501

l0 238 7 040 l2 053 5 759 10 s93 7 61,6 5 001 10064

10.8 14.8 9.7 7.8 8.8 18.0 7.3 9.7

18690 5 642 2 849 9 234 101 196 27 30s 4 380 132880

628 1,89 208 I 051 8 033 1,947 974 t0 954 2.7 16.8 8.4 28.5 7.5 17.9 23.1 8.9

269 224 123 999 6 820 2 213 782 9 815 63.7 22.6 23.8 3.7 13.2 10.7 5.6 12.0

18953 3 429 5 886 7 138 150 189 15 725 2 188 1,681,02

2.1, 10.7 4.7 15.5 3.6 5.9 6.5 3.8

15.3 14.9 15.5 16.4 15.3 1,5.4 1,9.1 12.5

7.6 29.6 34.3 35.1 8.8 16.6 14.1 8.6

-9 505 1 301 3 475 -9 - 23 596 - 1, 325 -l 032 - 16 588

20.8 42.3 25.1 41.5 17.7 31,.7 37.0 na 48 AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSoF CoMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT To INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN

2. Use of land

(Area in I 000 ha)

Characteristics EUR 10 Spain Portugal E,UR12

Total territory 165888 s0 471 9 207 225 566 Inland waters 2 960 531 44 3 535 Land (total) t62 928 49 940 9 163 222 031 \üfoodland 34 322 15 598 2 968 52 888 Other areas 27 408 7 037 I 815 36 260

Utilized agricultural area (UAA) areas 101198 27 305 4 380 132883 percentage of total ^rea 61,.1% s4.1% 47.6% 58.9Yo

Arable land: area 49 492 15 s59 2 905 67 5s7 percenr age of UAA 48.5Y" s7.0 % 66.3 Yo s0.8% Perman ent grazing land : area 45 857 6 706 761 53 324 percentage of UAA 4s.3% 24.6% 17.4% 40.1% Permanent crops: atea 5 818 5 040 713 l1 571 percentage of UAA s.8 % 1,9.4% 16.3% 8.7 Yo Gardens : area 431 431 percentage of UAA 0.4 % 0.3 Yo

Sources: E,UR 10 - Eurostat- figures for 1983. Spain - Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Madrid - figures for 1980; not including Canary Islands. Portugal - Instituto Nacional de Estatistica, Lisboa, figures 1979. AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 49

3. Main crops (Area in 1000 ha)

EUR 10 Spain Portugal EUR 12

Crop o/" ot o/o of to of of Area Area "/o UAA of UAA Area UAA Area UAA

Cereals (total excluding rice) 27 663 27.1 7 393 27.0 1 167 26.7 36 223 27.3 of which: common wheat 1.0992 10.8 2 46t 9.0 354 8.1 t6 128 12.1 durum wheat 2 178 2.1 I43 0.5 grain maize 3 014 2.9 354 1.3 376 8.6 3 744 2.8 8 900 8.8 3 735 1,3.7 77 1.2 12712 9.6 rye 726 0.7 222 0.8 194 4.4 | 142 0.9 Rice 204 0.2 41, 0.1 34 0.8 279 0.2 Sugarbeet | 686 t.7 249 0.9 0.3 0.0 | 935 1.5 Oilseeds (total) | 887 1.8 950 3.5 30 0.7 2 867 2.2 of which: rape 1 107 1,.1 1,107 0.8 sunflower 512 0.5 926 3.4 28 0.6 t 466 r.l Olive trees 1 9tZ 1.9 2 090 7.6 317 7.2 4 31,9 3.2 Cotton 165 0.2 40 0.1 205 0.2 Tobacco 182 0.2 20 0.0 0.8 0.0 203 0.1 Hops 27 0.0 2 0.0 na na 29 0.0 Potatoes 1 094 1,.1 340 1.2 t23 2.8 1 557 1.2 Fresh vegetables (total) L 3s4 1.3 454 1.7 296 6.8 2 104 1.6 of which: tomatoes 205 0.2 60 0.2 18 0.4 283 0.2 onions 67 0.1 34 0.1 na na 101 0.1 Fresh fruit (total excl. citrus) 6 018 5.8 4 894 77.9 857 19.6 1,1,769 9.9 of which: apples 245 0.3 62 0.2 26 0.6 333 0.2 pears 95 0.1 37 0.1 9 0.0 1,41 0.1 peaches 147 0.2 51 0.2 8 0.0 206 0.1 apricots 36 0.0 22 0.1 2 0.0 60 0.0 melons 40 0.0 63 0.2 na na 103 0.1 Citrus fruit (total) 235 0.2 236 0.9 29 0.7 500 0.4 of which: oranges and mandarins 178 0.2 183 0.7 24 0.6 385 0.3 lemons 53 0.1 48 0.2 4 0.1 105 0.1 Almonds 165 0.2 558 2.1 41, 0.9 774 0.6 Vines 2 512 2.5 | 697 6.3 279 6.3 4 488 3.4 Flowers and ornamental plants 53 0.0 290 1.1 0.3 0.0 343 0.3 Green fodder 3 901 3.4 t 282 4.7 346 7.9 5 529 4.2 Fallow land and green fertilizers I 538 1.5 4 785 17.5 na na 6 323 4.8

Sorrces.' Eurostat - Instituto Nacional de Estadistica - Madrid, Instiruto Nacional de Estatistica - Lisboa - figues for 1983. Spain - Oilseeds: suflower, soya, safflower, hemp, flu md groundnut. - Pörtugal Cereals (mtal): wheät, lriin maire, Larhf,'rye, ; Oilsceds, sunflower md safflower seds; Fresh vegetabla (total) r French bearo, broad beans od tomatoes; Tomatcs, for prccsing, mainland Potugal. Fresh ftuit: apples, pers, peacha, apricots, plums, cherries, figs, persimmons, quiches, medlars, pomegranates, pineaoole. banmas. The EUR 12 figure for fallow iani has been calculated without the figurs for Portugal, which are uavailable. na: not available. -: non-existent. 50 AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSoF coMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN

4. Livestock numbers and structure of holdings (Liuestock numbers: in 1000) (Holdings: in 1000)

EUR 10 Spain Portugal EUR 12

Species Live- Animals Live- Animals Live- Animals Live- Animals stock Holdings per stock Holdings per stock Holdings per stock Holdings per numbers holding numbers holding numbers holding numbers holding

Cattle 78 931 2 406 32.8 4 552 453 10.0 374 299 4"6 84 857 3 158 269 of which: dairy cows 25 512 t 62r r5.7 1 501 304 4.9 428 na na 27 013 | 925 14.0 Pigs 78 265 | 862 42.0 9 736 524 18.6 2 534 416 6.t 90 535 2 802 32.3 Sheep 63 291 793 79.8 1.6004 r7l 93.6 2106 r39 15.1 81 401 1 103 73.8 Goats 6 999 596 1,1,.7 2 22r t65 13.5 747 L76 4.2 9 967 937 10.6 Solipeds r L90 449 2.7 497 345 t.4 212 183 1.2 L 899 977 r.9

Sorras: EURl0: Eurostat,lgS3surveysofcanleandpignumbers;1979180surveyonthestiuctureofagriculturalholdings(1981for Grece) as regardsshep, goats and solipeds, Pornrgal: Instituto Nacional'de Esiatistica,iiibio", agri*lfrial cosuses cuied out in 7979/80 (mainlud) atd 1977 (Anres and Madeira). Spain: Instituto Nacional de Estadistica,Madrid: 1982 agricultural census. na : not available. The EUR 12 figues for the dairy cow numbqs do not covq Portugal since no figure are available for the numbs of holdings concerned. AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 51

5. Output of main agricultural products (in 1000 tonnes except uhere otheruise stated)

Spain Portugal

EUR 10 E,UR 12 Agricultural products in% in% Output of Output of EUR 10 EUR 10

Cereals (total excluding rice) 13ss87 t4 632 10.8 t 1,27 0.8 lst 346 of which: common wh-eat 60 477 4 503 7.6 395 4.7 65 475 durum wheat 4 722 304 6.4 47 0.1 5 073 grain maize 1,9972 z 21,3 11,.1, 486 2.4 22 67t barley 40 641, 7 542 18.6 80 0.2 48 263 rYe 2 624 253 9.6 L09 4.2 2 986 Rice 1 123 359 32.0 L29 11,.6 t 61,1, Sugar t3 337 I 021, 7 .7 0 0.0 14 358 Oilseeds (total) 4 256 760 17I 1,9 0.0 5 035 of which j rape_ 2 897 2 897 suirflower 97s 6s4 67.1 18 1.8 1 647 Olive oil 9s4 470 49.3 51 5.3 1475 Cotton 165 185 11,2.1 350 Tobacco 328 41, L2.8 t 0.3 370 Hoos 51 2 0.4 2 0.4 55 Potätoes 32 398 5 44s 16.8 970 3.0 38 813 Fresh vegetables (total) 29 324 8 939 30.5 1 647 0.6 39 910 of whrch : tomatoes 9 175 2 386 26.0 779 8.5 1,2340 onions 1,710 1 003 58.7 67 3.9 2 780 Fresh fruit (total excluding citrus fruit) 17 098 3 497 20.5 405 2.4 21 000 of which: apples 5 830 962 1,6.5 110 r.9 6 902 pears 2 059 47t 22.9 61, 3.0 2 59t peaches 2 251 434 19.3 32 1.4 2 717 apricots 372 180 48.4 6 1.6 558 melons 701, 792 113.0 na na 1, 493 Citrus fruit (total) 4 072 3 138 77.0 1s0 3.7 7 360 of which : oianges and mandarins 2 899 2 463 85.0 122 4.2 5 484 lemons 91,3 421 46.'.1 19 2.0 1 353 Almonds 1,49 189 126.9 1,6 10.7 354 Süine (1000 hl) 160081 39 44s 24.6 10 093 6.3 209 619 Beef/veal 6 854 420 6.t 110 r.6 7 384 Pigmeat t0 302 1 085 10.5 1,41 1.4 1,1528 Shtqp and goatmeat 709 1,41 1,9.8 23 3.2 873 Poultrvmeat 4 315 850 1,9.7 169 3.9 5 334 J 4 203 671, 1,6.0 67 r.6 4 94r Cbws'milk 721 005 6 080 5.0 803 0.7 127 888

Sorrces r Euostat - Imtituto Nacional de Estadistica, Madrid, Instimto Nacional de Estatistica, Lisboa, OECD averags 1981, 1982, 1983 for livestock products. Averages 1982' 7983, 1984 for crops. Spain - Oilseeds: sunflower, soya, safflower, hemp, flax and gromdbut. Pomgal - Cereals (total): wheat, grain maize, barley, rye. Oilseeds: safflower md sunflower. For Spain and Pomrgal cows' milk production covers only that of dairy cows. na : not available. -. non-exist€nt. 52 AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF CoMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT To INCLUDE PoRTUGAL AND SPAIN

6. Average yields

(1.00 kg/ha except where otheruise indicated)

Agricultural products EUR 10 Spain Portugal EUR 12

Oereals (total, excl. rice) 49.0 19.8 9.7 41.8 of which: common wheat 55.0 18.7 12.5 43.7 durum wheat 21.7 21,.5 grain maize 66.3 62.5 13.0 6A.6 barley 45.7 20.2 10.3 38.0 rye 36.r L6.2 5.6 26.r Ricc 55.0 87.6 37.9 57.7 Sugarbeet 489.4 364.0 415.8 480.2 Oilseeds (total) 22.6 8.0 6.3 17.5 of which : rape 38.2 38.2 sunflower 1,9"0 7.0 6.4 1,1.2 Olives for oil 27.6 11.5 10.6 17.3 Cotton (textile) 1,3.5 31.1 16.3 Tobacco 18.0 20.0 10.0 18.7 H.rpt t8.9 10.0 na 18.9 Potatoes 258.0 1,60.1, 78.9 249.3 Tomatoes 447.5 397.7 432.8 436.0 Onions 255.2 119.2 na 235.2 Apples 238.0 144.4 41.1, 207.3 Pcars 216.7 1,27.4 65.5 1,84.6 Peaches 1,56.1, 9t.l 34.6 131,.9 Apricots 103.3 81.8 30.0 93.0 Melons t7s.3 125.7 na 145.0 Oranges and mandarins 182.0 154.4 50.7 149.8 [,emons t72.3 87.7 47.5 128.9 Almonds 9.0 3.3 3.9 4.6 Vines for wine-making grapes (hl/ha) 67.1 23.0 36.1 48.4 Dairy cows (kg/head) 4 258 3 173 2 433 4 151

.S(rrltes: L,urostat, lnstiruto Nacional de Estadistica - Madrid, Insdruto Nacional de Estatistica - Lisboa, avaage for 1982,1983,7984 cxccpt for vines for wine grapes: averages 1980/87 - 798U82 - 7982/83. na: not available- -: llon{xrstcnt. lltlR I 2: Thc yields are obtained by dividing the production figures for tlre main agricultural products by the corresponding areas (se forcgoing tablcs). AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 53

7 . Agricultural output value

Final agricultural production EUR 10 Spain Portugal EUR 12

value (million ECU) 1s0189 1,5725 2 188 168 1,02 o/" of value of final agricultural output of EUR 10 100 10.5 1.7 Itz.2

Composition of final agricultural output (as % of final agricultural output)

Products EUR 10 Spain Portugal EUR 12

Cereals and rice 12.L 8.3 tt.7 Fresh vegetables 7.5 12.2 8.0 Fresh fruit (excluding citrus) 4.t 7.2 4.4 Citrus 0.9 5.1 L.3 Wine and must 4.8 4.2 na 4.7 Pulses 0.2 0.6 0.2 Olive oil 1.3 5.6 t.7 Root crops 4.5 Industrial crops 2.2 13.3 12.7 Other crop products 5.9

Total crop products 43.5 55.5 na 44.7

Milk 20.2 9.4 19.2 Beef/veal 14.7 Pigmeat 11.0 Sheep and goatmeat 1.7 29.4 na 32.7 Poultrymeat 4.3 Other animals 1,.3 Eggs 3.0 4.5 3.1 Other animal products 0.3 0.2 0.3

Total animal products s5.5 43.5 na 55.3

Socrccs: EUR 10 - Eurostat- Figurq for 1983. 'Cuentos Spain - Value of total agricultural output - Figurcs for 1983 del semt agrario', No 9, July 1984. Portugal - Instituto Nacional de Estatistica- Lisbon * Figure for 1981. na: not available. Thc composition of final agricultural production for EUR 12 has been calculated excluding Portugal in the absenceof figurs for this couttv. 54 AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSoF CoMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT To INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN

8. Consumption and self-sufficiency (consumption per head of population) (degree of self-sufficiency: "/")

EUR 10 Spain Portugal EUR 12

Con- Con- Con- Con- Products Degree of Degree of Degree of Degree of sumption sumption sumption sumption self- self- self- self- per head per head per head per head suffi- suffi- suffi- suffi- of popu- of popu- popu- ciency ciency Popu- ciency ciency lation lation latione latione

Cereals (excluding rice) 83 t09 69 s7 100 27 82 100 of which:wheat 73 1,25 65 81 69 35 72 120 grain maize 679 1, 33 23 19 665 barley 0 1.14 64 L48 0 107 Rice (paddy) 3 130 6 118 t6 98 4 L25 Potatoes 75 1,02 97 99 91 86 78 101 Sugar 34 141 27 96 270 33 133 Fresh vegetables 106 100 L47 119 142 128 112 103 Fresh fruit (excluding citrus fruit) 60 84 68 ttz 29 101 50 88 Citrus fruit 28 45 24 283 14 100 27 69 Processed tomatoes t2 149 4 343 14 370 t1 1,66 Olive oil 4 100 9 126 na na na na Butter 6 L3l 0 100 148 5 t3l Fresh milk products (excluding cream) 102 101 12L 100 na na 104 100 Skimmed-milk powder 1, 132 I 26 na na 1 129 Cheese 13 107 5 91, 490 12 106 Meats (excluding offal) 82 100 7l 98 51 95 80 100 of which beef/veal 25 104 12 92 t2 84 23 102 pigmeat 37 102 27 99 t6 98 35 101 sheep and goatmeat 474 4 99 399 478 poultrymeat t4 1,11 24 99 1,6 100 15 108 t4 103 'S7ineEggt L4 103 t7 103 na na (litres/h ead/y ear) 45 102 49 It7 na na na na

Sources: EUR 10 Eurostat, averages l98l/82, 1982/83, 1983/84 for crop products; averages 198'1,, 1982, 1983 for livestock products. Spain Anuario de llstadistica Agraria 1982 - Madrid - Figures for 1981 (L981./82 marketing year for crop products). Portugal Averages 1978, 1979, 1980, continental Portugal only; Crop products: Instituto Nacional de Estatistica and Eurostat; Livestock products : OECD. na: not available. TheEUR 12 figures for fresh milk products, skimmed-milkpowder and eggshave ben calculated on the basis ofthe figuro for EUR 10 and Spain only. AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 55

9. Employment in agriculture

Characteristics Units EUR 10 Spain Portugal EUR 12

'agriculture' Number employed in forestry, hunting, fishing' sector (1983) 1 000 8 033 L 947 974 t0 954 - - - - Change t983/1970 Yo 35.3 46.8 2.2 3s.7 Percentage of working civilian population em- o/ ployed in the sector (1983) to 7.5 17.9 23.1 8.9 Percentage of persons employed in the sector who are wage earners (1983) % 26.5 28.7 21,.1 26.3 Percentäge of persons employed in the sector who are women (1983) % 3s.6 27.1 49.7 35.4

Breakdown of farm heads by age: under 35 % 9.0 I 8.7 I o/ L6.3 s1.t between 35 and 44 to 16.8 | 46.e l between 45 and 54 o/o 26.8 ) 25.5 ) o/ between 55 and 64 to 25.4 27.5 24.7 25.8 o/ 65 and over /o 22.0 25.6 24.8 23.1

Sorrces: Euostat, Employmmt statistics. Breakdown of farm heads by age'

- EUR 10 Eurost - Soain - 1982 Asdculmral Census' - iä"iry"t - ililß6 Agri."lual Censu, holdings having ben the subject of a routine qu€stionnaire, roinlmd Potugal only.

L0. Structure of agricultural holdings

Charac,teristics EUR 10 Spain Portugal EUR 12

Number of holdings 6 820 400 2 213 L4l 782 144 9 815685

Utilized agricultural ^rea per holding (ha) t3,2 r0,7 516 12,0 Breakdown of holdings by utilized agricul- tural area (in % ) less than t ha 20.0 31,.L 44.6 24.4 from Lto Zha ts.6 1,6.6 22.0 16.3 from 2to 5ha 21.0 21.8 20.0 2l.l from 5 to 10 ha 1,3.6 12.4 7.7 12.9 from 10 to 20 ha 12.4 8.3 3.3 10.7 I I from 20 to 30 ha 6.6 3.2 l' 1.5 | 10.2 from 30 to 50 ha 5.9 2.8 ) ) from 50 to 100 ha 3.5 2.2 0.4 3.0 over 100 ha 1.4 1..6 0.5 1.4

Sources: EUR 10 - Eurostat - 7979/80 survey of the structure of agricultural holdings 1979/S0 (1981 for Greece). Soain - 1982 asiculrural cosus. t[.;TiaJ;;i""lt"ral area per holding has beencalolated by dividing the total utilired agricultural uea by the number of holdings portugal - 1979/80 agricult,rlal cens.rs (mainland Portugal only; holdings the subiect of routine questionnaire). 56 AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT To INCLUDE PoRTUGAL AND SPAIN

11. Production structures

Characteristics EUR 10 Spain Portugal EUR 12

Irrigated areas: areas (1000 ha) 4 535 3 123 668 8 327 percentage of utilized agricultural area 5.1 11.4 15.3 6.3

Crops under glass: areas (1000 ha) 34 r69 0.8 204 percentage of udlized agricultural area 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.2

Consumptionof artificial fertilizers(in kg/ ha UAA) : N 74 32 34 64 P205 4l 15 18 35 K20 4l 9 9 33 Tractors: number (1000) 5 066 563 82 5 71,L per 100 ha UAA 4.9 2.1 1.9 4.3 Combineharvesters: number (1000) 489 43 It s43 per 100 ha of cereals 1.8 0.6 na na

Sosrces:EUR10 - Eurostat-inigated_aeasmdcropsuderglassr \979/S0tsutveyof agriculturalholdings(1981forGree); consumption of ftniliars: 1980/81 mukcine year: ractoß: 1977 firues: combine haryesters:1975. - !p"ir hstituto Nacional de Estadistica- Madrid.1982 figures. Portugal - Imtiroto Nacional de Esatistica - Lisbon. Crops udir glas: 1979180agriolrural census(conrinental Portugal - holdings subjea of routine questionnaire)j traaosl combine hmisters od thrahärs (nainland onii), consumption of fenilizm: 1982 figura. na: not available. AGRICULTURAL ASPECTSOF COMMUNITY ENLARGEMENT TO INCLUDE PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 57

12. External trade in agricultural and food products (1983)l

I2.1. Basic figures

(million ECU)

EUR 10 Spain Portugal

of which of which with with value value lue EUR 10 EUR 10 (in %) (in %)

Imports all products 329 529 32 377 32.3 9 162 39.8 agricultural and food products s0 362 4 974 1,9.3 1 749 7.7 Exports all products 303 026 21 955 48.0 5 105 s8.5 agricultural and food products 26 766 3 649 s4.5 717 48.8 Balance all products -26 503 -t0 422 x -4 057 agricultural and food products -23 596 1325 x -t 032

Sources: EUR 10 - Eurostat. Spain and Portugal: UN (Comtrade).

12.2. Trade between Spain and Portugal

(million ECU)

Imports into Exports from Portugal Portugal Balancc from to Spain Spain

all products 471 2L0 - 261 agricultural and food products 35 32 3

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q) t-{N cO$ta\ONOOO\O!i NcO+ lA\ONOOO\O a (\l L Fl ti F{ t-f Ff F{ Fi F-{ Ff F.{ s v') lll - The economicsituation in the Community

The situation in 1985/86:a slow recovery

46. The recoveryin the Europeaneconomy has now beenunder way for about two and a half years.In 1985,it is estimatedthat GDP growth for the Community as a whole came to 2.3o/o,compared with 2.2% tor 7984. Thus, in 1985, Community GDP was running 5.9o/oahead of the total reachedat the last cyclical peak in 1980.

The Commission'slatest forecast points to the persistenceof this trend for 1985, yielding an incrementof about 2.5"/ofor the full year over 1985.

47. This meansthat the growth outlook is only fair, although,in severalrespects, there are encouragingsigns for certain parameters.Thus, the recoveryis beginning to generatea slight improvementin overall employment,which, after declining from 1981 to 1983, showed a 0.2"/o gain in 1,984in the Community. The Commissionestimates that this aggregaterose by 0.4"/oin 1985 and predicts a further improvementof 0.5% in 1986.This is not lessfavourable than the 1961- 1980average, but is far short of needs,given the growth in the supplyof labour and the large pool of unemployment when the recovery started.

48. Communityexports rose by 7.2o/oin 1984,but imporrsincreased by nearlyas much--5.6%-while internal demandgrew by only 1.8%. In theseconditions, the net effect of the growth of exports and imports in volume was negligible(with, however, sharp differencesfrom Member State to Member State). On the other hand,private investmentin capitalgoods showed a definiteimprovement and, for the Community as a whole, is the fastest-growing demand component. After declining over the three years from 1981 to 1983, a recoverystarted in 1984, followed by growth in termsof volumeof 70"/oin 1985.This averagefigure for the Community as a whole masks some much sharper increasesin this type of investmentin certain countries(Denmark, the Netherlandsand Germany). 62 THE ECoNOMIC SITUATION IN THE COMMUNITY

49. However, aggregate investment is still slack. In L985, it failed to exceed, in volume, the 1980 figure, and it is still running at about 14% below the 1973 level. Figures on utilization of capacity are also relevant in this connection. Despite the slow growth of production and high unemployment, the Community's economy is already being hampered by constraints due to inadequate production capacity. This is clear evidence of the need for sustained growth in investment in additional capacity.

50. Generally speaking, efforts to stabilize prices have yielded remarkable progresson convergentlines. Greeceis now the only Member Statewhich has not effectivelycurbed the upward price movement.Average Community inflation, (as measuredby the GDP deflator) is estimated at 5.2o/ofor 1985, and should, accordingto Commissionforecasts, decline to 4.1o/"in 1986.

Unemployment, in sharp contrast, has grown further. Hardly any of the countries have escaped this unwelcome development, and the labour market situation has become overwhelmingly the Community's most disturbing disequilibrium.

Medium-termoutlook: lisk factors

51. Assuming the rest of the world has a fairly stable influence on the Community's economy, and generally unchanged economic policies and behaviour patterns in the Community, the Commission predicts a fairly constant medium- term economic growth rate of about 2.5"/" per year on average for the rest of this decade. Inflation could well settle at an average of about 4.27o , with GDP in money terms increasing at just under 7o/o per year. Unemployment will probably not contract to any substantial extent and the crucial problem of the situation on the labour market will remain unsolved.

52- However, it goes without saying, that the hypothesis of a stable general environment is an optimistic one: in the last 10 years, the world economy has suffered severe disturbance on several occasions-these included sharp oil price increases, wide variations in interest rates and exchange rates, and the foreign debt crisis. In the next few years, disturbance from outside could well be caused by: THE ECONOMIC SITUATION IN THE COMMUNITY 63

(i) a processof correcting the United Statesexternal deficit and the budget deficit accompanyingit, and exchangerate disequilibria; (ii) the renewedoutbreak of the debt crisis; (iii) a sharp fall in oil prices. Thesepossible disturbances could well bring benefits as well as difficulties but, at any rate for the time being, the risks do seemto outweigh the advantages.

lV - The agriculturalprices for lgBS/Bo

53. The efforts to adapt the common agricultural policy (cAp) in order to bring farm prices more closely into line with real market conditions, which last year took an important step forward with the decisions in March 7984 (a cautious policy on prices, milk quotas, etc), failed however to solve all the problems since the market situation did not improve, and indeed in certain cases there was an actual deterioration. For a number of key items, community production is still growing morerapidly than demand in the Community, and this is also the casein respect of world production and effective demand.

54. In taking account in particular of the situation on the markets, the Commission proposed for 1985/86 for most items price increasesranging from 0 to 27o (expressed in ECU). For cerrain irems, lower prices were proposed, either because the guarantee threshold had been overrrun (cereals and rapeseed) or because the market situation required this (tobacco and certain ?ruits and vegetables).

The Commission also took the view that a further step should be taken with regard to the dismantlement of the monetary compensatory amounts (MCAs).

55. After a large number of council meetings, the commission, in the light of views expressed in the discussions, submitted on 13 May a compromise proposal covering price adjustments for cereals (reduction lowered from 3.6"/o to 1.8%), sheepmeat, certain fruits and tobacco. Also, related or supplemenrary measures were proposed, mainly for cereals,oliaginous products, peas and field beans, milk products, fruit and vegetables,and currants. The Comrniision also proposed in the package a number of adjustments of the negative MCAs and the suipension of the proposal to dismantle positive MCAs.

The agricubural prices 'r7hen 55- it met on 16 May, the council thus reachedan agreement(except for cerealsand rapeseed)broadiy endorsingthe Commission'sfroposals. 66 THE AGRICULTURAL PRICESFoR 1985/86

It decided to hold unchanged the prices for sugar and wine, beef/veal and pigmea-t, rice, olive oil and lupins,-and to concede i.r.r."t. of from I to 2"/o for milk, "n sheepmeatl, soya, dried fodder, flax, hemp, cotton and sunflower' For tobacco and Med'iterranean-type fruits and vegetables, the Council approved smaller reductions than those propär.d by the CoÄmission. For cereals (except durum wheat) and i"p"r..d, the Ctuncil was unable to achieve a compromise' even.on a reduction of only 1.87o: one of the delegations took the view that essential interests were invälved for the country it refresented, and the voting procedure therefore yielded that the no definite results. O.t ig June, the Commission adopted a formal finding Council had failed to act änd decided to implement, both for intervention and at frontiers, the price reductions as expressed ln ECU and the related measures for which a majority agreement had been found at previous Council meetings. This meant intervention price reductions of 7.8"/o for rapeseed and cereals (except durum wheat), with no change for durum wheat.

Effect of Council decisions on prices in ECU and in national currencies for the main items' including intärim measuresadopted by the Commission f/.)

Change in prices Change in prices in national in ECU currency

- Common wheat* 1.8 + 0.1 0 + 4.3 Durum wheat* - Barleyo 1.8 0 - 1.8 + 1.0 'S7hiteMaizeo sugar + 1.3 + 2.7 0 + 6.4 Olive oil - - Rapeseedo 1.8 0.9 0 + 2.4 Table wines - + Oranges 1.6 4.0 Apples 0 + 2.1 - 0.9 + 3.3 Peaches - Tomatoes 2.0 + L.7 Milk + 1.5 + 2.8 Beef/veal 0 + 1.2 0 + 0.6 Pigmeat + Sheepmeat +1 4.7

Average, all products + 1.8

* lnterim rneasures adopted by the Commission-

o/o 1 For sheepmear prices: unchanged in 1985 and 2 increase after 1.1.1'986. THE AGRICULTURAL PRICESFOR 1985/86 67

Agri-rnonetary medsure s

57. In view of the rigour of its price decisions, the council decided not to dismantle the positive monetary compensatory amounts (MCAs). on the other hand, it dismantled all the negative MCAs, in force at the time, which, in the relevant Member states, (France, Italy and Greece) entailed increasesof the ECU prices of agricultural products once expressed in national currency. The price decisions and the currency adjustments meant an average increase in the common agricultural prices at Community level for 1985/86 compared with 1984/85 of 0.1% in ECU and 1.8% in national currency.

58. Subsequent changes in the spot exchange rates of the lira and the drachma, and, in particular, the consequences of the re-alignment of central rates on 20 July 1985 under the European Monetary System (EMS) for the lira and the devaluation of the market exchange rate for the drachma, led to the reintroduction of negative MCAs for these two currencies.

59. The new arrangements for calculating the MCAs adopted by the council in 1984, designed to avoid the creation of positive MCAs in the future and facilitate 'monetary the elimination of any gaps', made it possible to consolidate all the agri- monetary provisions in 1985. As a result, the provisions previously spread over a large number of regulations have now been brought together in a single self- contained set.1

Related metsures

60. The rigour of the decisions on prices was slightly tempered for certain products: some schemes, favourable to farmers, -.r. t.re*ed (beef/veal premiums; aid to private storage of wines and musts, but paid for now by the governments and nor by the Community). The Council also agreed to adapt along lines more favourable to farmers existing schemes as shorter deadlines for paymeni for products sent to intervention. on the other hand, the council maintained its policy of controlling supply by implementing for 7985/86 the milk quota reducion agreed in 1984, .nt"ilittg reduction of 872 000 tonnes of milk. Some adjustments were made for lreland, but" the breakdown between Member States and for quantities delivered and quantities guaranteed was not reviewed. In addition to some adjustments in the management of the milk quota system, the Council extended for 12 months the facilitv for

Council Regulations (EEC) Nos. 1,676to 1678/85, OJ L 164,24.6.1985. 68 THE AGRICULTURAL pRIcES FoR rgls/s5 rransfer within a Member States of quantities unused at regional level. Also it authorized the Member States to allocate levies charged to financing definitive withdrawal from milk production and lowered the rate of the co-responsibility levy for milk.

Average increase in common agricultural prices over previous year (including theäff..t of the Commission's interim measures adopted on 79.6.1985)

t983/84 1,984/r985 1,985/86

Common prices in Common prices in Common prices in Infla- Infla- Infla- tion tion tion National 19833 National 1,9843 National 19853 Ecul Ecul Ecul currency2 currency2 currency2

- BR Deutschland 4.1 2.0 3.3 0.5 0.6s 1.9 + 0.3 + 0.3 2.1 -0.6 + 5.0 7.0 - 0.1 + r.7 5.7 France 4.0 9.4 9.8 -0.2 Italia 4.5 8.7 15.0 - 0.4 + 6.4 10.7 + 3.3 8.1 - Nederland 4.0 2.6 1.9 0.5 0.55 2.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 2.3 - Belgique/Belgiö 4.4 7.7 5.9 0.6 + 3.9 5.3 +0.2 + 0.2 4.7 - Luxembourg 3.9 7.2 8.5 0.5 + 4.0 5.8 + 0.6 + 0.6 4.2 - United Kingdom 4.7 4.1, 5.0 0.6 0.6 4.4 +0.2 + 0.2 5.5 -0.6 Ireland 4.2 9.0 L0.4 + 3.9 6.6 +0.4 + 0.4 6.1 -0.7 Danmark 4.0 4.7 8.1 + 1.5 5.8 + 0.1 + 0.1 3.9 Ellas (a) 5.6 25.8 1,9.8 + 0.4 + t7 .6 1,9.9 + 0.4 + 13.6 17.1 -0.5 EUR 10 4.2 6.9 7.8 + 3.35 5.7 +0.1 + 1.8 5.1

I Common prices in ECU (intervention price or equivalent prices) weighted by national agricultural producion' green included in the price z ö"-.ä" ;;il; l; EcU ;;;;"rt"d irtd r"tional or"en.y ät th" gr*i rate *ith adjuments of rates "ll deisions ör adopted since the price decisions of the preceding marketing year. 3 Rate of inflation for the whole economv (GDP deflarcr) for the relevmt calendar year. 4 lncluda alinment of the Greek price on the common '""äb'iit'prices following accesion agrtrments' 5 frä;ti;;;;?'i;;ärä"üälü 6iit'J oä"t,i""-ö"-'Ä"' Mär r""m I Jaiuary1e85 onwards, the impac on incomcof which is offiet by nationalarrangemm-ts with a Commmity financialconribution.

Iüith regard ro processed tomatoes, the Council agreed to limit the quantities able to benefit fromäid, and the limitation was broken down by Member State and by firms. The budgetary constrainr is now complied with in that where the reference quantities ou.rron, the aid is paid only for the quantity guaranteed; in addition, the aid is reduced"r. in proportion with the excess. THE AGRICULTURAL PRICESFOR 1,985/86 69

The Council maintained its efforts to encourage quality production (double zero rapeseed, fruit and vegetables), to guide production more effectively (tobacco, protein plants) and to harmonize national markets (beef carcase classification scale).

61. However, the difficulties that arose in the negotiations in the Council on prices and related measures for t985/86 showed clearly the limits to the present iituation. The growth in production, the slowdown in consumption, the need to support incomäs, the buägetary constraint and the Community's international responsiblities have become factors which it is very hard to reconcile. The present frainework of the common agricultural policy must therefore be reviewed to determine the way ahead. Accordingly, in its Green Paper, the Commission submitted to the police-makers and farmers' federations the fundamental question as to what the orientation of the CAP should be for coming years. v - Perspectivesfor the common agricultural policy:The Commission'sGreen Paper

lntroduction

62. The common agricultural policy remains one of the pillars of European cooperation. Its develäpmenthas continued despite-many economic and political obsiacles.It has consistentlybeen acknowledgedas an instrument which is indispensableto the p.o..ri of economic integration of the Member States' changes occurring in agriculture itself and in the general community and intern-ationaleconämic.Jnt.*, havein the past entailedmany adaptationsto the -".hirr..y established, but they have not affected in any crucial manner the fundamentalprinciples, which are:

(i) a singlemarket;

(ii) Community preference;

(iii) foint financittg of the CAP on a basis of solidarity.

The commonagricultural policy must rise to new challenges...

63. Recent structural and short-term changes in agricrrlture and the fundamental changes in the general economic environment have generated or aggravated certain diseq"uilibria for which the common agricultural policy must find a response:

(i) agriculture is closely dovetailed into the overall economy and therefore .ipor.d to the many adaptation processesthe economy must undergo. In the coirtext of economic growth aihieved into the middle of the seventies, 72 PE,RSPECTIVESFoR THE CoMMoN AGRICULTURAL PoLICY

agricultural production achieved high growth rates resulting from the application of technical and biological progress, with the numbeÄ of farmers and farmworkers declining sharply. This adaptation process is not yet complete. For one thing, higher productivity growth rates must be e*pectäd, given the emergence of new agricultural technology and, secondly, tüe high rate of general une_mployment is curbing the drift fiom the land. High priäs are an obstacle to land mobility, and therefore to adaptation of struitgles in agriculture;

(ii) asproduction and consumpdon of agricultural products have been growing at different rates, heavy surpluseshave built up, much criticized by the fubfic. For a number of products, there are no adequate markets eiiher within the Community or outside. The increasein quaniities has, however, not solved the incomes problem. The range of incomes within agriculture is very wide and some farmers operate at subsistence levels, with no alternative occupation available;

(iii) from region to region, the disparities in terms of relative weighting of agriculture in the economy, productivity and incomes are generally oiid.t t'h"rt from country to country. Also, the least-favoured regiois often'suffer from combinations of disadvantages: heavy concealed unemployment (under- employment) in agriculture, high levels of unemploym.trt,i."uy pressure of population, and a large proportion of employm.t t foi by farming; "..o.rrrted

(iv) external trade has soared. The community is still the world's main importer, but it ranks second as exporter. Disequiiibria in the import arrangements, notably the lack of any protection cov-ring, for example, vegetable-oils anj fats and grain substitutes, has serious impfiätions for productfun, rrade flows and the budget;

... while maintaining a social fabric in the rural areas

64. The-communiry must_nowmake up its mind whether the aim is to keep a largenumber of personsworking in agriculture or not. But the needto maintain the social fabric in rural areas,to conservethe natural environment and to safeguard the countrysidedeveloped over two 'green millennia of farming meansthat the ."rJfo, Eulop!'protecting employmentin agricultureand servingthe long-term" interest of all the cirizens of Europe is ovirwhelming. If this policy chäice is PERSPECTIVESFOR THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY 73

endorsed by the community institutions-as is already the case for the commission-the challenge which must be met is that of finding a way of maintaining alarge number of farmers and farmworkers without an unacceptable squandering of economic and financial resources.Agriculture, like the r.rtbf th. economy, must obey the laws of supply and demand. An unremitting build-up of surplusescannot be a satisfactory choice under the CAp. The Community's roli as an exporter of agricultural produce cannot be strengthened if it is treated merely as a method of disposing of surpluses. Moreover, the problems of the third world, where millions go hungry, cannot, in the long term, bi solved by the farmers of the developed countries, but musr be met by the development of agriculture in the countries concerned.

The Commission'sGreen Paper

65. On 13 July 1985 the Commission released a communication concerning the outlook for the cAP, known as the'Green Paper' (coM (s5) 333 final), in whth it analysesproblems, pinpoints main areasof study, and presentsoptions with a view to a wide-ranging debate. After thorough discussion with the other community institutions (Parliament, Council and the Economic and Social committee) and with representatives of agricultural, industrial and trade organizations, the Commission will submit appropriate proposals.

66. The options set our in the Green Paper refer mainly to medium- and long-term objectives. Their aim is to facilitate the definition of a realistic strategy for agriculture:

(i) the equilibrium of the agricultural markers,

(ii) the development of alternative products,

(iii) research into new uses of agricultural products,

(iv) external trade,

(v) the link between agriculture and the environment,

(vi) the need for rural and regional development. 7 4 PI'RSPECTIVESFOR THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY

The most important of these are described below, with details concerning the Commission's options.

The markets: lower prices or quantitativerestrictions?

67. The entire discussionhinges on developmentson the markets. The drive to bring demand and supply closei into line have in the past and more recently in the 7984/85 and 7985/86i.ic" rerriewsled to detailed policy discussionson the right way to tackle the problems arising; a result has been the introduction of special diräct schemesdesigned to stabilize quantities' guaranteethresholds, quotas' etc'

68. In view of the more rapid developmentof technicalprogress at a time when effectivedemand is losing rnomentumf fuller control of the growth of agricultural productionin the Community must be achieved.This meansthat a realisticpolicy iith rega.d to pricing must be pursued, with the emphasis on the economic function of prices.Two conclusionsmay be drawn from past experience:

(i) the levelat which pricesare set must be suchas to givefarmers a clearmessage; this approachmuit be pronouncedenough to ensurethat its effect is not offset by the resultsof technicalprogress;

(ii) the needto mainrain this policy over severalyears if it is to have full effect on production growth rates.

If these two conditions are not met, there is a serious danger that the policy with regard to prices may have no effect on production.

69. This policy should serve to curb expenditure on markef management. lhe funds relea^sedwould thus be available for-other measures, notably for schemes for the improvement of structures. On the other hand, the Commission seesquotas as sometÄing of a last resort, that should definitely not be used for all products.- They are not sultable as a permanent instrument of agricultural policy. Though effective in the short term foicontrolling production, they have in fact more disadvantages than advantages,as they involve intractable problems of negotiation' management' supervision .eui.*, and also tend to fosiilize production structures' inhibiting "-ttd PERSPECTIVESFOR THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY 7 5 the progressof productivity and preventing optimum location of production in the Community; quota systemsmean guaranteed incomes not justifiedby the market, 'right with a to produce'; there is also a danger that they will facilitate the 'renationalization' of the CAP.

Alternative products and new uses of agricultural products

70. Crop products are the main type of product which the Commission feels offer scope for conversion from surplus items to those for which there are better outlets. The best prospects are for raw materials for bio-industry which, at the present time, are imported in large quantities: fibre, industrial oils and fats, and various proteins.

Research in this field has made such progress in recent years that economic conditions are now favourable to the development of a bio-industry based on raw materials of agricultural origin. These opportunities would be further enhanced if the results of research could be disseminated more promptly.

71. The Commission had also referred to the new applications of agricultural products. Sugar and starch are raw materials covered by the chemical and pharmaceutical industries for the manufacture of paper and textiles. Their use is inhibited by high prices. Agricultural policy is endeavouring to create the conditions in which this outlet can be developed.

At the present time, the use of bio-ethanol (alcohol derived from agricultural products) as a fuel is the subject of much discussion. A Council decision requiring the use of leadless petrol from 1989 onwards offers opportunities for the future. However, at this stage its use is hampered because costs are so high in terms of selling prices. Nor should it be thought that disposal of agricultural products in the form of bio-ethanol can be a short-term solution to the surplusesthat have built up for certain products. 76 PERSPECTIVESFOR THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY

Exports: are they the responsibilityof the Community or the producers?

72. The Community's expanding role in world trade in agricultural produce gives it a responsibility towards the world market. Since it became a net exporter' on a structural basis, of most staple items, the unrestricted maintenance of export refunds has meant that products enjoy the same price and disposal "*ported guarantees as the product sold on dhe internal market. The price gap as between Inte.nal and worlä markets and the export risk have thus remained entirely a charge on the Community budget. If the Community is to continue participating in the development of world exports of agricultural and food products, the question does ariseäs to what adjustments must be made to present arrangements so that farmers can be involved in the cost of disposing of their products either by quota restriction of guaranteed quantities or by coresponsibility levies.

lmports: more balanced external protection?

73. Community arrangements concerning agricultural imports reflect preoccup- ations and interistt .t th. time the EEC market otganizations were set up in the sixties. The main features are protection based on variable levies for the main products typical of farming in the Community and low protection or no protection ät ail for products of which the Community consumed far more than it could produce. Th.t. arrangements having been negotiated in GATT, any-changes in the lbound'protection, which in many casesconstitute concessionsoffsetting certain concessiänsobtained by the Community, must be negotiated with other trading countries in advance, and compensation must be provided.

If the system were to be reformed, it might be possible to agree on a ffade-off between high protection and low protection, without increasing the overall protection of Co--,rttity agriculture. This would involve difficult international 'bound' negotiations because raiiing some of the low or zero tariffs could well affict certain countries whiih would have little to gain from the reductions of the high levels of protection the Community would be offering in return. PERSPECTIVESFOR THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY 77

Nor must it be forgotten that the adjustments entailed to achieve a more balanced framework of external protection would have a varying impact on the various types of production within the Community.

Needfor rural developmentand income support

74. The reform of the CAP along ch- lines suggested above, and, in particular' a policy on prices more closely related to real market conditions, could well create äifficulties for a number of farms, by encroaching on the incomes accruing from the sale of their products.

Entire areas of the Community could well run into serious difficulties. These are essentially rural areas suffering from a combination of socio-economic disadvantages with the predomin Lnceof farming, so that there are few alternatives in terms of jobs and incomes.

There are two approaches to this difficulty:

(i) a structural policy in the broad sense, covering, in particular, the regional dimension of tire problem,

(ii) income aids.

75 . The policy on structures should be concerned with rural areas in difficulty and with farms which, with public aid, are in a position to implement the adjustments needed to accommodate a market-related policy on prices, without conflicting with this policy.

Action illustrating this approachis as follows:

(i) the promorion of alternativeproducts and new usesof agriculturalproducts in order to create other income and employment opportunities in farming; 78 PERSPECTIVESFoR THE CoMMoN AGRICULTURAL PoLICY

(ii) aid to the development of the economic environment in rural areas in order to create additional income and employment opportunities outside farming.

This type of action is necessary.However, it has definite limits:

(i) many of the measures concerned would be in the nature of investments, i.e. they would yield full effect only afrer some years;

(ii) there may be a number of regional situations in which the scope for creating alternative employment is very limited or would be very costly, but where farming on a permanent basis is needed to conserve and protect the countryside and to maintain a desirable minimum economic and social fabric.

76. The Commission's communication acknowledges that direct aids to incomes could become necessary.A number of options are available in this connection, which, combined or adapted in various ways, would provide a range of schemes tailored to the various situations arising in European farming. The Commission stresssesthat such schemeswould have to be neutral with respect to production and compatible with the policy on markets.

Four fundamental types of aid scheme are suggested as a basis for discussion in the Green Paper: an early retirement scheme, a schemecomprising a structural policy component, a social approach, and a buying-out scheme for environment protection purposes.

The Commission had already recommended (in COM (S3) 500) that some or all of these aids be financed from the Community budget.

The Community must be involved since:

(i) the income support provided by the CAP would be partly transferredfrom the support by the market organizationsto that of direct aids to incomes;

(ii) in any case, Community financing is a necessaryadjunct ro Community rules and criteria, so that conditions of free competition in agriculture and in the Community can be preserved;

(iii) for aids paid to protect the environment, such schemeswould be organized in the Community interest as much as in that of the Member Statesor the regions. PERSPECTIVESFOR THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY 79

Specificobjectives-flexible methods

77. The agricultural markets (and external trade) the policy on structures' regional anJ social policy are the fields in which the common agricultural policy *i'il harreto be adaited. They are in fact four closely interdependentfields; the solutions to be impiemented must cover them all at the same time. The optioxs agreedmust remailncompatible with the generaleconomic context and allow for piog..r, in the process of integration towards . \(ithin this iruÄ.*ork, the objectives must be defined in very precise terms and ways and- meansof aihieving them must be sought with proper regard for the wide range of heterogeneousfeatures of the agricultural sector.

Vl Agriculturalstructures

Introduction

78. Agriculture in the Community has undergone a very profound transform- ation since the establishment of the common agricultural policy in 1962. This transformation has been mainly due to the development and application of new farm technology on quite a massive scale. An enormous substitution of capital for labour has taken place and is still continuing.

In the coming years the application of new technology is likely to acceleratefurther spurred on by developments in bio-technology which are currently taking place.

The structural evolution of agriculture, however, is unlikely to keep pace with these developments. The economic recession which has continued for almost twelve years had reduced the migration of surplus labour from agriculture to quite a significant extent. Thus one of the more potent factors influencing structural change in agriculture has now been considerably weakened.

Moreover the rapid increase in the development and application of new farm technology, allied to a relatively low income elasticity of demand for food, has led to the emergenceof structural surpluses in the case of many farm products. As a result the number of products for which adequate market opportunities still exist is very limited.

It is against this general background, therefore, that the new agricultural structures policy, adopted by the Council of Ministers in March 1985 was initially conceived. Prior to discussingthe details of this new policy, however, the main lines of which were presented in the 1984 report, it would seemappropriate to trace the evolution of the former policy to-date.

The greater part of this chapter therefore is devoted to describing the evolution and implementation of the common agricultural structures policy. At the same time an account is given of the programme concerning the coordination of agricultural 82 AGRICULTURALSTRUCTURES research at Community level as well as of developments in the forestry area.

The commonagricultural structures policy

79. The common agricultural structures policy has been developed in successive stagesover the past two decadesor so. Initially it was limited to the financing of individual projects for structural improvement. Subsequently, a more global approach was adopted with the decision by the Council on the three basic reform Directives in 7972. In succeedingstages the policy assumed a more regional bias, beginning in 1975 with the adoption of measures to compensate farmers for permanent natural handicaps which hinder farm development, followed by a series of specific regional measures in 1,978/79 and subsequent years. These regional measuresalso included pilot schemesin integrated rural development which were initiated in 1981. Meanwhile a special common measure aimed at improving the '1,977. market structure for agricultural products was adopted in

However, the radical changes which occurred in the general socio-economic situation since 7972 have reduced the efficiency of the agricultural structures policy to a very significant extent. Unemployment has become a critical problem throughout the Community. The evolution of agricultural incomes has slowed down while economic disparities have increased among the various regions. Furthermore the trend towards increasing surpluses on the markets for the main agricultural products no longer allows for the intensification of farm production. On the contrary it has necessitated the pursuit of a prudent price policy. This unfavourable situation severely limited the possibilities for the successful implementation of the common agricultural structures policy, in particular the measures dealing with the modernization of farms and the cessation of farming.

Modernization of farms

80. By the endof 1.983atotal of some202000 farm developmentplans had been approvedat Community levelunder DirectiveT2/'1.59/EEC.The number of plans approvedannually in the Community asa whole increasedsteadily from 11 300 in 1974to29 300in 1.978.8y1980 the figurehad droppedto 27 700.Ln7982and 1983 AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES 83 only 15 400 and L4 000 plans respectively were approved. This reduction possibly reflects the impact of the prudent price policy conducted against a background of increasing production costs and increasing interest rates, all of which resulted in fewer farmers with the necessaryfinancial means to avail themselvesof the policy.

Cessation of farming

81. Land mobility in the context of Directive72/1.60/EEC has been minimal. By the end of 1983, some 92 000 farmers had ceasedfarming under this Directive therebyreleasing some 1 250 000ha of land to some177 500farms. However, only 'J.So/o of the land releasedwent to developmentfarms. Moreover, the averagesize increaseof the latter was no more than 5 ha. Thus, as an instrument for the stimulation of land mobility for structural reform purposesthe Directivehad an extremelylimited impact.In thesecircumstances, the progressiveintensification of farm production, largely within the framework of the existing farm structure, has beenreflected mainly in increasinglevels of investmentin equipmentand livestock. Some 40% of developmentplans provided for investmentin cattle and cattle housing.In this sensethe policy has contributedto an increasein the output of surplusfarm products.

Socio-economic guidance and vocational training

82. The mosteffective implementation of DirectiveT2/761/EECwould appearto havebeen in Germanyand France.Germany accounts for overtwo-thirds of socio- economicadvisers in serviceunder title I of the Directive.France on the other hand, accountedfor over three-quartersof the total numberof participantsat basicand advancedtraining coursesduring the period 1,978-82.

Less-favoured areas

83. Some 538 000 farmers, or 42o/oof those located in the less-favoured areas, benefited in 1983 from the compensatory allowance payable under Directive 84 AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES

75/268/EEC.1 The average allowance was 880 ECU per farm, representing an increase of some L87" over the previous year. These figures do not include data from Italy and the Netherlands, which are not available. In 1985, the Council approved the extension of the lessfavoured areasin Ireland and Greece.Such areas now account for over 45"/" of the total UAA in the Communitv.

Other specific measures

84. In Ireland the successful implementation of the common measure on the stimulation of agricultural development in the less favoured areas of the !üest of Irelandl continues. By the end of 1984, procedures for the subdivision of 8 800 ha of land held in common ownership were initiated; some 3 276 ha were approved for afforestation as were 1 3t2 farm improvement plans. Some 123 000 ha have been drained under the programme to accelerate drainage operations in the less- favoured areas of the West of Ireland.2 The implementation of the common measure for the development of beef cattle production in Ireland and Northern Ireland3 has also been very successful.The period of validity of this measure has '!üork been extended by Council decision, until the end of 1986. is well advanced under the programme to promote drainage in catchment areas including land on both sides of the border between Ireland and Northern lreland.a

85. Some 118 projects involving a Community contribution of 35,5 million ECU have been initiated under the common measure to improve public amenities in less- favoured areasof the Federal Republic of Germany.5 In France the implementation of the programme to accelerate the restructuring and conversion of vineyards in certain Mediterranean regions3ended in August 1985. Some 40 000 ha of vineyards which could not be restructured under this Directive will be taken over bv the

1 oJ L 128,19. 5. 1975. z oJ L 180,14.7 .1980. 3 oJ L 206,29.7 . 1978. 4 oJ L 111, 23. 4. 1981. 5 oJ L 43, 20.2. tg7g. 6 oJ L 197,2A.7.1991. AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES 85 horizontal measure concerning collective projects for the restructuring of vinevards. l

86. The preparation of the programme concerning the flood protection in the Herault Valley2took muchlonger than initially envisaged.Work beganin 1985and will be completed by the irrigation canal to control the floods in the Agde commune.Progress continues with the developmentof agriculturein the French overseasDepartments3, although irrigation in Reunion has been held up due to delays in the execution of the necessaryinfrastructural works which do not fall within the scopeof the Directive. Finally, under the programmefor the acceleration and guidanceof collectiveirrigation works in Corsica,2only 25% of the target has beenachieved. This amounts to an area of 3 146 ha completely irrigated, and 275 ha partially irrigated. The main reasonfor the delay has beenthe shortageof funds at Member Statelevel.

87. In Italy, the programme for the acceleration and guidance of collective irrigation works in the Mezzogiornoa ended in November 1984. Six specific programmes, covering the total fund committed to the programme, were approved under this measure. By the middle of the year, 14 programmes, covering two-thirds of the regions, were approved in the context of the measure for the adaptation and modernization of the structure of production of beef and veal, sheepmeat and goatmeat.3 Clearly the implementation of this measure is already highly successful.

88. In Greece, six specific measures are in various stages of implementation. By the end of 7984, 296 groups, involving 51 066 producers and 165 794 ha, were recognized under the programme on producer groups and associations thereof in the cotton sector.S The implementation of the investment programme under this measure is proceeding favourably with the exception of that relating to ginning and storage. Delays in the latter area necessitated an amendment to the original programme in 1985. The implementation of the programme concerning the

1 oJ L 57, 29.2.1980. 2 0J L 38, 14.2. 1979. 3 oJ L 197 20.7. 1981. '1,66,23.6.1978., 4 0J L s oJ L 51,23.2. 1982. 86 AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES acceleration of agricultural development in certain regions of the country t has been delayed to some extent. The extension in 1984 of the area of application of this measure should allow for its more intensive implementation in 1985.

Two further measures were adopted in March 1985 in the conte*t of the Greek memorandum. These comprise the granting of aid (a) for the transhumance of sheep, goats and cattle, and (b) for the strengthening of quality control services in respect of agricultural products2 In April 1985 the Council adopted a special measure aimed at improving the structure of vineyards in Greece.3This measure aims at restructuring some 20 000 ha over 10 years at an estimated cost to the Community of 55 million ECU.

89. In the United Kingdom a programme for the stimulation of agricultural development in the less-favoured areas of Northern Irelanda was implemented in January 1982. This measure has been extremely successful.By the end of 1984, some 2 652 kms of farm roads had been improved or constructed and 446 farm improvement plans had been approved. By contrast the measure relating to the improvement of processing and marketing conditions in the cattle feed sector in Northern Irelanda was not implemented until December 7984.In July 1985, the Council decided to extend the period of validity of this measure until the end of 1987.

90. The period of validity of the common measure to improve public amenities in certain rural areas in Italy and Frances was extended by Council Decision until the end of 1985 so as to permit the completion of projects.

91 . Finally, in Italy, France and Greece the implementation of the programme of land restructuring, reconversion and improvement undertaken in the context of the special measure for improving the production and marketing of Community citrus fruit6 was much slower than that initially envisaged.By contrast the aspect of the programme relating to the processing, conditioning and marketing of citrus fruit is on target.

1 oJ L 214, 19.7. 1.982. 2 oJ L 84,27.3.1985. 3 oJ L 97, 4. 4. tgg'. 4 oJ L"1.97,20.7.1991. 5 oJ L 2A4,28.7.1979. 't 6 oJ L 40, 20.5. tggz. AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES 87

Integrated development programmes

92. The integrated development programmes in the Western Isles of Scotlandl and in the Department of the Lozöre (France)l are now fully and successfully implemented. An effective coordination of the use of the various development funds concerned has been one of the hallmarks of the Scottish programme. The success of the French programme to-date has to be measured against major difficulties of implementation due to the remoteness of the area allied to its adverse topography.

Integrated Mediterranean Programmes

93. The Integrated Mediterranean Programmes were adopted by the Council on 23 May 19852. Details of pilot schemes undertaken in preparation for the implementation of the programmes were given in the 1984 Report. In that year the degree of utilization of the funds available to the three Member States concerned for the operation of the pilot schemeswas as follows : France 86.2o/0,ltaly 83.4"/o and Greece 84.6"/".Four additional preparatory measureswere initiated in Italy in August 1985. These concerned certain internal areas of Sicily, Calabria, Basilicata and Tuscany.

Processing and marketing of agricultural products

94. Up to the end of 7984, the Commissionhad approved 153 programmes involving a total investment of 10 051 million ECU, under Regulation (EEC) No 355/77. Aids granted by the Community cover only a relatively limited part of this total investment,however. Up to September1985 a further 47 programmeswere submitted.Of this number 33 concernedsectors for which programmeshadalready been approved, but for which additional financing was necessaryto improve processingand marketing structures.

oJ L 197,20.7.1981. oJ L 197, 27.7 . 1985. 88 AGRICULTURALSTRUCTURES

The new agriculturalstructures policy

95. The new agricultural structures policy, as embodied in Regulation (EEC) No 797/85 on improving the efficiency of agricultural structures,1 is basedon two main considerations. In the first case,there is need to take account of the adverseimpact of the continuing economic recession on farm development. Secondly, given the accumulation of structural surpluses in the case of many farm products, improvement in production efficiency must now take place without contributing further to this problem.

The policy covers a number of specific areas of activities, all of which are intended to contribute to the improvement of the structural situation of agriculture. These include:

(i) investments in agricultural holdings and the installation of young farmers, (ii) other measures to assisr agricultural holdings, (iii) specific measures to assist mountain and hill farming and farming in certain less-favoured areas,

(iv) private forestry development, (v) vocational training.

The specific provisions of the new policy are as follows:

Farm investment

96. In order to qualify for investment aid a farmer must (i) practise farming as a main occupation, (ii) have adequateoccupational skill and comperence, (iii) submit an improvementplan for his holding. This plan must show that the investmentsare iustified, and that its completion will bring about a lasting and substantial improvement in the economic situation of the holding, (iv) undertaketo keep simplified farm accounts.However this condition doesnot apply during the first three yearsof duration of the policy in the less-favoured areasof Greeceand the Italian Mezzogiorno, on holdings employing lessthan one man-work unit and whoseprojected investments are lessthan 25 000 ECU.

oJ L 93, 30.3.1985. AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES 89

Only farmers whose income is below the reference income, fixed at a level not exceeding the average gross wage of non-agricultural workers in the region, may qualify for aid. Moreover, the improvement plan may not provide for the achievement of a labour income in excess of 120% of such a reference income.

The system of aid may be applicable to investments relating to

(i) the qualitative improvement and conversion of production in line with market requirements,

(ii) the adaptation of the holding for the purposes of reducing production costs, improving living and working conditions and saving energy,

(iii) the protection and improvement of the environment.

It shall be in the form of capital granrs or rhe equivalent thereof in interest rate subsidies or deferred payments or a combination of the two. It shall cover aids in respect of the investment necessary to carry out the improvement plan with the exception of expenditure incurred in buying land or livestock in the form of pigs, poultry and calves for slaughter. It may also cover guarantees for loans contracted and the interest thereon where the security or personal guarantee provided is insufficient.

Aid is payable on a total investment of 60 000 ECU per man-work unit or L20 000 ECU per holding. The latter limit is increasedto 360 000 ECU in the caseof group- operated holdings. The maximum value of the aid, payable for fixed assets in the form of a capital grant may amount to 35% of the volume of the investment in normal farming areas and 45"/" in other areas. The corresponding figures for non- fixed assets are2Oo/oand30"/" respectively. However, in the case of Greece, Ireland and Italy these rates may be increased by l0% of the total investment for a period of 30 months from the entry into force of the Regulation.

Restrictions on investments aids

97. As a generalrule aid shallnot begranted in respectof investmentsrelating to milk production the effect of which is to exceed the reference quantity (quota) 90 AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES determined in accordance with Regulation (EEC) No 857/84,r as amended by Regulation (EEC) No 590/85.2 However, where an additional reference quantity has been granted beforehand or obtained by means of a transfer in accordance with the terms of this Regulation additional investment aid shall apply. But in this latter case, the granting of the aid shall be subject to the condition that the investment does not serve to raise the number of dairy cows to more than 40 per man-work unit or 50 per holding. If the holding has more than 1.5 man-work units, aid is limited to investments which lead to an increasein the number of dairy cows of no more than 15"/".

98. As regards the pig sector, aid to investments which rcsult in an increase in production capacity shall be restricted, with regard to requests submitted before 31 December 7986,to investments serving to reach 500 places for fattening pigs per holding.

As regards requests submitted during 7987 the aid shall be limited to investments serving to reach 400 places. The place required for one breeding sow is deemed to correspond to 5.5 fattening pig places. A further Council Decision shall be required to fix the aid system for 1988 and 7989.

National aid

99. National aids may be granted under the same conditions and in addition to those already indicated with regard to farm improvement but only insofar as they apply to the construction of farm buildings, to the relocation of farm building where this is done in the public interest, and to land improvement operations. However, the granting of such aids is subject to the proviso that they are in conformity with Articles 92 to 94 of the Treaty.

National aids may also be granted to farmers who do not satisfy the conditions specified in relation to those who implement an improvement plan; but in principle such aids must be at least 25% less than those granted to the latter. Exceptions to this rule shall apply, however, in the caseof aids to investments in relation to energy saving, the protection and improvement of the environment and land improve- ment. Member States may also grant temporary aid for investments up to 25 000 ECU in small agricultural holdings which do not satisfy the conditions specified in relation to those who implement an improvement plan.

oJ L 90,1.4.1984. oJ L 58, 8. 3. 1985. AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES 9T

Young farmers

100. The special aids for young farmers take the form of : (a) a premium on first installation provided that the young farmer practises farming as a main occupation, has adequate vocational skill and competence at the time of his installation or within 2 years of his installation, and that the holding can provide sufficient work for at least one man-work unit. The premium may comprise a maximum eligible amount ot7 500 ECU or the equivalent in terms of an interest rate subsidy. In addition a special interest rate subsidy up to a maximum of 5% may be granted on loans taken out with a view to covering the costs arising from the installation. (b) Additional investment aid up to a maximum of 25o/oof that granted under the conditions attached to the implementation of the farm improvement plan, already referred to. The granting of this aid is subl'ect to the condition that the young farmer submits such an improvement plan within 5 years of his initial installation on a holding and that he possessesthe occupational skills aheady referred to above.

Other aid measures

101. Specifically with a view to improving farm incomes and living and working conditions in farming, launching aids are provided for the establishment of mutual aid services, farm replacement and farm management services and for the keeping of farm accounts. The maximum level of aid is fixed: (i) at 15 000 ECU per recognized group in the case of mutual aid services, (ii) at 12 000 ECU per relief worker employed on a full-time basis, in the case of farm replacement services, (iii) at 12 000 ECU per member of staff employed on a full-time basis in the caseof farm management services, (iv) in the case of farm accounts, at an amount ranging from 700 to 1 050 ECU spread over at least four years during which management accounts are kept on the farm.

L02. Furthermore, the policy provides for the financing of (i) pilot schemes to demonstrate to farmers the real possibilities of production systems, methods and techniques for achieving the objectives of the investment aid system, 92 AGRICULTURALSTRUCTURES

(ii) measuresnecessary for the dissemination,at Communitylevel, of the resultsof the work done and the experiencegained as regards the improvement of agricultural structures,

(iii) studied to assessthe economic efficiency of measuresto be implemented under the new policy.

Environmentally sensitive areas

103. Member Statesare authorized to grant aids to farmers under special national schemes in environmentally sensitive areas to encourage the introduction or continued use of agricultural production practices compatible with the requirements of conserving the natural habitat and ensuring adequate incomes for farmers. Such an aid system, however, must be in conformity with the provisions of Articles 92 to 94 of the Treatv.

Forestry measureson agricultural holdings

104. Specialaids are provided to farmers,practising farming as a main occupation, for the afforestation of agricultural land and for investment in woodland improvements involving the provision of shelter belts, firebreaks, waterpointsand forest roads.Some 80% of the costsincurred by Member States with regard to afforestation and forest roads and 600/oof the costs of the other work, shall be eligible for Community financing. However, the maximum eligible level of investment amounts to 40 000 ECU per holding. As regards individual measuresthe maximum eligible amountsare as follows:

(i) for woodlandimprovement and the provisionof shelterbelts : 300ECU per ha, subjectto an overall maximum of 10 000 ECU per holding in the caseof woodland improvement;

(ii) for afforestation : 1 400 ECU per h";

(iii) for firebreaks and waterpoints : 90 ECU per ha;

(iv) for forest roads : 14 400 ECU per kilometer. AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES 93

Vocational training

105. \üith a view to providing systems of vocational training for farm people which fit the needsof modern agriculture, the provisions of DirectiveT2/761/EEC have been strengthened. In effect, the maximum eligible expenditure per training course participant has been increased to 4 500 ECU per person completing the appropriate course. Young farmers are obliged to complete a training course of at least 150 hours in order to fulfil the conditions attached to their receipt of the special installation aid referred to already.

Less favoured areas

106. The provisions of Directive 75/268/EEC have been strengthenedin a number of respects: (i) the maximum eligibleamount of investmentin farm tourism and craftswhich may be provided for in the farm improvementplan has been increasedto 40 000 ECU; (ii) the number of dairy cows which may benefit from the payment of the full compensatoryallowance in the less-favouredareas has beenincreased to 20; (iii) farm areasused as a basisfor paymentof the compensatoryallowance which are afforestedmay continue to be taken into account for the payment of this allowancefor a maximum of 15 yearsfrom the date of afforestation; (iv) aids to joint investment schemes for fodder production and pasture improvement,and, in mountain areas,to joint investmentin water points and minor roadsfor immediateaccess to pasturesand sheltersfor herds,have been increased.The new levelof aid which is eligiblefor Community financingmay not exceed100 000 ECU per joint investmentproject, 500 ECU per ha of pastureimproved or equippedand 5 000 ECU per ha irrigated.

Specific regional measures

107. In order to help removethe structuralor infrastructuralhandicaps suffered by agriculture in certain areas,the policy provides a framework whereby the Council,acting on a proposalfrom the Commission,may adopt specificmeasures to encourageagriculture as a whole in the region concerned.Such measures, however, are to be in harmony with any developmentschemes simultaneously undertakenin non-agriculturalsectors as well as with the needsof environmental protection. 94 AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES

108. A special aid is provided towards the establishment of training centres to assist less-favoured areas where no such centres yet exist provided that the establishment of such centres does not qualify for other Community aid. The maximum amount of aid per centre which is eligible for Community assistanceis 400000 ECU.

Processingand marketing of agricultural products

109. Detailsof policy amendmentsin this areawere already provided in the 1984 Report. However, although Council Regulation (EEC) No 1932/84r amending Regulation (EEC)No 355/77was adoptedby the Council on 19 June 1984,the financialestimate associated with the new measurewas not adopteduntil 26 March 1985. In this context, Regulation (EEC) No 877/852provides for an estimated 1 343 million ECU asthe contributionof the Communityto this commonmeasure during the S-yearperiod 1985-89.

Research and development

110. In accordancewith CouncilDecision 83/647/EEC of 12 December19833 no more than 30 million ECU, as against 55 million ECU proposed by the Commission,was allocatedto the agricultural researchprogramme during the period 1984-88.As a result, the content of some researchprogrammes notably thoserelating to Animal Husbandry,Plant Productivity,Agro-Food and the Less FavouredAreas outside of the Mediterranean,had to be severelycut back in order to comply with this financial constraint. However, the Decision obliges the Commissionto submit, prior to 31 December1985, a progressreport to the Council and on the implementation of the research programme.On the basisof this report the Council will review the programme, including its financial aspects,prior to 30 April 1986.

In particular, this report shall emphasizethe effectsof the budgetarycut-back on the programmesconcerned. Moreover, it shall be accompaniedby a proposalfor a supplementaryfinancial contribution which would allow for the implementation of the totality of the researchprogrammes as describedin Decision83/647/EEC.

1oJ L 180,7 .7 . 1984. 2oJ L 95, 4. 4. 1985. 3oJ L 358,22.12.1993. AGRICULTURALSTRUCTURES 95

During 1985,an amount of 12 679 000 ECU was committed under 130 research contracts in the context of the researchprogramme. This amount representsthe Community contribution, amounting to a maximum of 50"/o of the eligible expenditure.

L11. Also, in accordance with the wishes of the European Parliament, a preparatory programme of researchon agricultural surpluseswas initiated. A total of 1 million ECU was committed to L0 researchcontracts in the areasof milk, sugar and starch. Furthermore, this programme entailed the organization of a research seminar which aimed at evaluating current scientific knowledge in relation to the transformation of plant materials for various uses-food, energy, fine chemicals, pharmaceutical products, etc.

Some 110 meetings, including expert groups and workshops, involving some 2 500 Community researchworkers were held in 1985 in the context of the coordination aspects of the research programme.

112. Finally, in September 1985, the Commission issued two publications in relation to its activities in the field of agricultural research. The one, entitled 'Coordinated Agricultural Research:' describes the main research findings under 'Five the 1979-83 programme. The other entitled Years Forward: Coordinated Agricultural Research in the European Economic Community (1984-88)' gives a detailed account of the content, aims and objectives of the current research programme.

Forestryschemes

113. In forestry matters 1.982 wasa yearof policy study for the Commission and 1983 the year of actual proposals. Intense negotiations at Council level were conducted in 1984 without the emergence of any tangible results. Last year was therefore seen by many observers as a critical one for the future of Community initiatives in forestry.

But the year proclaimed'lforld Forest Year by the FAO got off to a poor start for the Community. For one thing, it had proved impossible to securean extension of the period of validity of the only Regulation specifically devoted to forestry (No 269/79) before it expired on 31 December 1984, and second by the negociations on most of the forestry proposals before the Council were meeting intransigent opposition from certain Member States. 96 AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES

Proposals devoted principally to forestry, such as those on woodl production and its industrial usesand on the protection of forests2were being met by objections on grounds of principle that were difficult to surmount, and it seemedprobable that part or all of the forestry components of measures of more general scope, including those for a new structures policy and for IMPs3 would have to be dropped to save the rest. Thus 1985 could have turned out to be either the best or worst of years for forestry matters in the Community ) a year of positive decisions or one of fresh disappointments.

In fact, the outcome of this critical year was on the whole satisfactory.

It was satisfactory in that the Community moved on from the state of political indecision on forestry of previous years. Even if-regrettably-a number of decisions were negative, including the Council's refusal to pursue consideration of either the proposal on improving the protection of forests against acid rain and fire, for which 1985 was one of the most catastrophic years the Community had known, or the proposal for a resolution on Community policy on wood production and its industrial uses at least the situation was clarified, and the Commission now has much firmer ground on which to base further reflection and possibly adjustments to its original proposals.

But 1985 was satisfactory mainly because of positive Council decisions in two areas.

(a) Forestry schemes have been included in the new policy on agricultural structures (Regulation (EEC) No 797/854). The Council broke new ground by approving for the first time a forestry measure of general application throughout the Community. Although restricted to certain categories of agricultural holding and likely to be of seriously diminished impact becauseless money has been made available for it than was originally proposed, it none the less reflects a shift towards forestry in the agricultural policy which is significant at a time when the CAP is under review.

1 COM(83)200 final., 30.5.1983. 2 COM(S3)375 final.,14. 5.1983. 3 OJ L "1,97,27.7.1985,pages 1 to 9. 4 OJ L 93, 30.3.1985, pages 1 to 18. AGF|.ICULTURALSTRUCTURES 97

Under the Regulation, afforestation of agricultural land also for the first time qualifies for an annual compensatory allowance in certain areas, fixed according to the severity of the permanent natural handicaps to agriculture therein.

Lastly, the new Regulation also makes provision for aiding action to remove structural or infrastructure hindrances to agriculture in certain areas. Afforestation and improvement of deteriorated forest, together with related work, will naturally qualify for assistance.

(b) The measuresin support of forestry from which certain Mediterranean regions of the Community have benefited since 7979 were continued by the renewal of Regulation (EEC) No 269/79 until 31 December 1985 and then by incorporation of its provisions into the Integrated Mediterranean Programmes.

The 1985 forestry decisions are thus clear evidenceof the Council's readinessto put on a permanent footing the important work that it has authorized in past years by dovetailing this work into the general framework of the agricultural and regional development policies. New prospects have also thereby been opened up. But while the Council is no longer hesitating to approve forestry development work, it is doing so in the framework of policies other than a purely forestry one and remains reluctant to sanction any development of a real Community forestry policy, despite the encouragement that it has received from Parliament. 1

114. In 1985 the Commission also continued the seriesof preparatory schemesit had started in 1984 to improve the protection of forests against fire and acid rain. These schemes, which are a contribution to the implementation of experimental projects in the Member States concerned, will put the Commission in a better position when the time comes to adopt implementing provisions for the measures that the Council will have approved.

115. The Community's forestry work can be presenteddiagramatically in the following way:

1 See Parliament's resolution of 14 November 1,983: OJ C307, pages t23 to 1,27. 98 AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES

THE COMMUNITY'SFORESTRY WORK

RESET\RCH

REGIONALPOLICY

FORESTRY AGRICULTURE TIMBE

ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT

EMPLOYMENT

FORESTRYAND THE WOOD-USINGINDUSTRIES,NOCOMMUNITY T INVOLVEMENT FORESTRYAND THE WOOD-USINGINDUSTRIES,COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT o PREPARTORYFOREST PROTECTION SCHEMES t:] COMMUNITYINVOLVEMENT IN OTHERSECTORS

Figwre 4 AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES 99

Certain Community policies,including the agricultural,environmental, regional, developmentand researchpolicies, appear to have found in forestry scopefor an extensionof activities, and Community forestry is benefiting from the new interest shown.

Despitethe lack of a proper Community forestrypolicy, the Community hasfor a number of yearsbeen initiating schemesthe cumulative impact of which is far from negligible.The Community'sfinancial commitment to the schemesover the period 1980to 1984was almost 470 million ECU. In all probability the 1985decisions will result in an increasein the amountspaid out.

This new interestin forestry in severalCommunity policy areasis not unconnected with the increasingpart that forestry is being called on to play in the searchfor new equilibria that the presentsocial and economiccrisis is necessitating.

Community forestry schemes from 1980 to L984

m ECU

Forestry development in the Mediterranean regions (EAGGF) 274 Forestry proiects in developing countries (EDF) 75 Fclrestry schemes forming part of regional development programmes (ERDF and EAGGF) 90 Research (all programmes) *25 F

Total 469

116. The diversity of the Community's forestry schemeshas advantagesbut also a number of drawbacks which the Commission intends to deal with. 1OO AGRICULTURALSTRUCTURES

The Community's forestry activities cannot continue to develop any longer in the present piecemeal fashion without a threat to their overall effectiveness. These schemes must be coordinated to make sure that they form a coherent whole properly related to an explicit forestry strategy.

This led the Commission to decide:

(1) to promote forestry to the rank of a sector of responsibility entrusted in its own right to one of its Members, and (2) to present a Community forestry action programme to the Council and to Parliament.

In line with this commitment the Commission drew up a consultative report on forestry that it is intended to use for initiation of a very wide-ranging consultation on the aims of its forestry operations, their impact and the resourcesthat should be mobilized.

Following this general consultation, the Commission will lay before the Council a forestry action programme with a first set of proposals corresponding to the strategy defined in the programme and enjoying priority treatment. Vll - Agriculturalproductionand income in 1985

Agriculturalproduction in 1985

117. Productionin the Community was set back by bad weatherin many areas during 1985.Frosts and a late springaffected fruit and olive cropsin the south and -."tri a slow start to the crop growing seasonin northern parts. Conditions for harvestingforage and cerealcrops were very poor in northern, and especiallynorth- wesr, Europe, but it is likely that the main effects will be felt in the winter of.1985 / 86. ConveÄelymost of Francebelow the Loire valleyexperienced summer drought.

Crop proCuctionhas been hit andwill be significantlylower in quantity and quality than in 1984.However rhe steadyincrease in productivity meansthat output will still be abovethe averagefor the last 5 years.In the livestock sectorthere has beena more pronounceddrop in milk production, as 1985is the first full calendaryear underthe quota r6gime.A smallincrease in output for the other livestocksectors is expected.

118. Cerealproduction in 1985fell to about 141 million tonnes,5% below the recordharvesiof 1984,but still well abovethe L98L-84average production of 132 m tonnes.The mainpart of the reductionsare in France(- 8%)' the U.K. (-7%) and Germany (-5%); thesecountries together account for three-quartersof the Community's cerealproduction.

The areasown to cerealswas slightly less in L985compared to 1984(- 1%). Wheat (softwheat) production dropped by 11"/o,durumwheat by 13% and barleyby 6%. However grain maizeproduction increasedby 5% to a new record of over 21 m tonnes. l0Z AGRTcULTURAL pRoDUCTToN AND TNCoME rN 1985

119. Sugar beet production is estimated to have fallen by 37o, especially due to a reduction in France of 5%. France cultivates one third ofthe crop and reduced its sownareaby7"/" thisseason.ThebiggestcutinproductionwasintheUK (-73"/"). Actual sugar yield will be even less due to falls in sugar content of the crop. In Greece there was a dramatic rise in the area sown and in production (*43"/o), however, Greece is only a small producer at Community level.

It is too early to assessthe crop but the outlook is bad as production of earlies was poor and the growing season short due to delayed planting.

120. Production of oilseed rape fell slightly (- I'/.). France, the biggest producer with almost 40"/o of the crop, showed a 3"/" fall but output rose by 72o/o in Germany. The 1985 crop for the Community has been estimated at 3.4 m tonnes, which is70"/" more than the 2 m tonnes harvested in 1981.It is too early to estimate the olive oil crop output, but the Italian crop prospects were severely hit by winter frosts. Production of sunflower seed increased by l/3 in 1985, due especially to expansion in the crop area. This crop now accounts fot 30"/" of oilseed production in the Comm_unity.

L21. Amongst protein crops, pea production and dried fodder production suffered from winter crop damage and fell by 20"/o. There was little change in production of field beans or lupins.

122. Despitean 1,lo/odrop in production in 1985 the tomato crop was above average.The main influence was a 70o/ofall in Italy, where half of the crop is grown.

123. Apple production was below average,with a 9"/" fall in production in 1985, due especially to a smaller Italian crop (one third of production is in Italy). Also German production dropped by 20"/". production was above average, despite a 16o/ofall in 1985, as were stone fruits (3% drop in production in 1985). AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND INCOME IN 1985 103

'!üine 124. production is expectedto fall by about 13"/o for the Community in 1985.The biggestdrop is in Germany(- 40%),althoughthere was an exceptional harvest theri-in 1984. A fall of about L4"/o is estimated for Italy, the largest producer, and a fall of about 6"/" for France.

125. For milk a more accelerateddecline in productionof about 57o occurredin 1985,compared ro a dropof 2o/oin 1984.This reversalin trend from steadilyrising output in t^hepast hascome from the implementationof production limits under the qrrot. ,yrt"-. Coincidentally dairy cow numbersdropped by 3o/"during 7984 and this trend continuedinto 1985.

126. Following a big upswingof beefproduction in 7984( + 8%), due especially to disposalsfroÄ the dairy herd, a modestincrease of 7-2"/ois expectedfor 1985. Total production was about 7 .3 m tonnes.

127. Productionof sheepmeatcontinued to rise slowly in 1985,by about-2"/". This is in line with the trend since 1981. The size of breedingflocks increasedin the UK and Ireland"u.."g. but fell in France.

128. Pig suppliesrose 2"/o in 1985to about 10 m tonnes.The largestproduction increaseJweäinthe Netherlands,the UK andDenmark. The Communitybreeding herd was 4o/olarger in August 1985 than at the same time the previous year.

129. Poultrymeatproduction rose by 1.3% in 1985but it was closeto the annual averagefor 1981-84.

130. Egg production remainedunchanged in 1985' I04 AGRICULTURAL pRoDUCTToN AND TNCoME rN 1985

PATTERNOF EECAGRICUTTURAL PRODUCTION COMMUNITY OF TEN- 1983

TOTALLIVESTOCK PRODUCTS 56,9 Ar.f/r..| 144 o/^ , ,v Mitk t9,8

Pigmeotll,5

Othercrop products 6,6

Industriolcrops 1,9 Eggs ond poultry7,7 Roots ond brossicos4,2

Sheepmeotond gootmeot 1,7 Wineond musts 57 Otherlivestock products 1,8

Cereolsond rice l2,l Freshfruit ondvegetobles 12,6

TOTALCROP PRODUCTS 43,I Soarce; EUROSTAT

Figure 5

Structure of production and medium-term trends

131- The structureof agriculturalproduction in the community is given in the figure above.Each segmentrepresents the proportion of eachcommodity by value in total production.A moredetailed breakdown for mostof the Member Statescan be found in Table 03 of the statisticalsecrion of this reporr. The three major sectors-milk, beef and veal, and 6s1sal5-logethermake up almost half of the Community's agricultural output. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND INCOME IN 1985 105

TABLE A

Output by volume of the maior agricultural products - EUR 10 Volume index at constant prices (baseL00 : average1,974-76)

Annual rates of change 7o

1980 1981. 1982 1983 1984 84/83 aver- 19851 85/841 age 84/75

Milk 115 I16 1,19 123 L21 115 - s 2.3P 2.1 Beef & veal 105 L04 102 r06 115P tt7 +2 + 8.0P 1.6 Pigmeat t20 121 122 124 t25P 128 +2 + 0.9P 2.5 Cereals t34 130 144 1.32 161, 151 -6 +22.0 5.4 Fruit Ec Veg. t04 104 112 110

All products LL3 r13 119 118 lZPP L1,9P - 3 0.1P 2.2

Source.' Eurostat, Economic Accounts for Agriculture. P : Provisional. t DG VI forccasts.

L32. Trends in the volume of production of a selection of the most important commodities are shown in Table A. They are in index form based on the average production around the year 1975 (avenge 1974-76). For overall production, the estimated index for 1985 shows a l9o/" increasein the volume of output relative to 10 years before. This is equivalent to an annual rate of increase of 1.-8%.For milk, production is estimated to be 15% more in 1985 than in1975, despite the recent downward turn in production. Most dramatically, the quantity of cerealsproduced in 1985 was about 50% above that of 1975, an annual increase of 4.2"/o.

Prices Producerprices

133. In 1985 farmgate prices are estimated to show a small increase of 3.3o/", which is a slight fall in real terms relative to 1984 (seeTable B). In current terms 106 AGRTcULTURAL pRoDUCTToN AND TNCoME rN 1e85 changesof 2.9"/ofor crop productsand 3.5% for livestockproducts were recorded. The change in institutional prices (those for the agricultural price fixing for the 1985/86season) was 1.87o,a little lessthan that recordedfor all products.In real terms,the biggestfall in priceswas in Ireland (- 8.2"/")and the United Kingdom (-6.9"/0). Pricechanges over the last 2 yearsare given in Table B.

TABLE B

Product price changesand inflation in 1984 and 1985 (estimates)

% changes1985/84 To changes1984/83

Real Real Agricultural Inflation Agricultural lnflation change change pnces ratel prlces ratesl in prices in prices

- EUR 10 + 3.3 5.1 - 1.7 + 4.5 + 5.7 L.l - D 3.0 2.1 - 5.0 1.3 + I.9 3.1 - F + 1,.2 5.7 - 4.3 + 3.3 + 7.0 3.5 - I + 6.5 8.1 - 1.5 + 6.9 + 10.7 3.4 - NL 1.5 2.3 - 3.7 + 1.8 + 2.6 0.8 - B 0.3 4.7 - 4.8 + L.9 + 5.3 3.2 L + 1.7 4.2 - 2.2 0.1 + 5.8 - 5.6 UK 1.8 5.5 - 6.9 + 0.2 + 4.4 - 4.4 IRL 2.5 6.1 - 8.2 + 1.0 + 6.6 - 4.4 DK + 2.2 3.9 - 5.9 + 2.7 + 5.8 - 2.9 GR + 17.L t7.1 - 0.1 + 20.4 + 19.9 + 0.4

Sources.' Eurostat Agricultural Prices; DG II. l Index of implicit price of Gross Domestic Product.

134. Medium-term trends in producerprices are shown in Table C. The wide differencesbetween Member Statesare largely due to very different inflation rates. In real terms there has been a reversalin the trend of producer price rises in 1982 and 1983,with a no changesituation in7982, and then a price fall in 1983,this continuing in 1.984and 1985. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND INCOME IN 1985 107

TABLE C

Index of agricultural producer prices

All agricultural output (baseL00 - averageEUR 10 for 1980)

1980 1983 1,984 19851

FR of Germany 100 109 107 1,04 France 100 1,37 141 143 Italy 100 143 153 163 Netherlands 100 115 117 115 Belgium 100 t43 1s3 1s3 Luxembourg 100 135 t34 136 United Kingdom 100 r37 1.32 t23 Ireland 100 136 138 135 Denmark 100 131 13s 1,32 Greece 100 L67 21,0 227 EUR 10 100 133 139 t44

Source: Eurostat Agricultural Prices. 1 Estimates.

Input prices

135. As for producer prices,input pricesin 1985 varied considerablybetween countries, with a fall of 3.7o/ofor the Netherlands to a rise of 15% in Greece(see Table D). Input pricesfell in most countries,relative to 7984levels. In real terms therewere falls in all Member States.The rangewas from - 6.8% in Denmark to + t.8% in Greece.The Communityaverage change was - 3.6% in realterms. Price changesfor the period 1980-1985are shown in Table E. 108 AGRTcULTURAL pRoDUCTToN AND TNCoME rN 198s

TABLE D

lnput price changes and inflation in 1984 and 1985 (estimates)

% changes 1985/84 7o changes"l,984/83

Agricul- In- Real Agricul- In- Rcal tural flation tural flation .change .change inputs 1 tateZ ln prlces inputs 1 rate2 ln prrces

EUR 10 + 1,.4 5.1 - 3.6 + 6.3 + 5.7 * 1.6 D 1.5 2.t - 3.5 + 2.2 + 1..9 + 0.3 F + 2.6 5.7 - 2.9 + 7.4 + 7.0 +0.4 I + 2.1 8.1 - 5.6 + 9.0 +10.7 -1.5 NL 3.7 2.3 - 5.9 + 3.4 + 2.6 + 0.8 B 1,.4 4.7 - 5.8 + 6.0 + 5.3 + 0.8 L T,6 4.2 - 5.6 + 6.6 + 5.8 + 0.7 UK + 1..6 5.5 - 6.7 + 3.9 + 4.4 - 0.5 IRL + 2.8 6.L - 3.L + 5.9 + 6.6 + 0.3 DK 3.2 3.9 - 6.8 +5.8 +5.8 0 GR + 15.0 17.1 - 1.8 + 14.9 + 19.9 - 4.2

Sorrces.'EurostatAgricultural Prico; DG tr. 1 lntermediateconsumption inpus - feedingsmffs,reeds, fertilizas, spraysand farm overheadsbut not wagesor investmmt gmds. z Index of implicit price of Gross DomesticProduct.

TABLE E 'HJ:gJt'üi Anagricurturl?ffi#,i:::i[ä'1 10for 1e80)

1980 1983 1984 1,9852

FR of Germany 100 115 1,17 115 France 100 139 1,49 153 Italy 100 147 MA 163 Netherlands 100 118 122 Lt7 Belgium 100 131 139 137 Luxembourg 100 130 138 t36 United Kingdonn 100 126 13r 133 Ireland 100 137 t47 151 Denmark 100 139 1,47 L42 Greece 100 178 204 234

EUR 10 100 133 141 143

Sozrcer Eurostat Agriolual Prices, I Inrermediare consumption inputs - feedingsruffs, seeds, fenilirets, sprays and farm overheads but not wages or investment goods. z Estimates. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND INCOME IN 1985 IO9

136. There was a price squeezein agriculture in 1983 and7984. This means that the relationship between the price per unit output and price per unit input (intermediate comsumptionl) deteriorated, though at a lower rate than in the 2 previous years. In 1983 and 1984 the output/input price ratio had fallen by about 1,o/oper annum. However in 1985 there has been a reversal, with a relaxation of the price squeeze. The output/input ratio improved by about 2o/o due to a higher rate of decrease in input prices.

137. The price of investment goocls expected to increase only very slightly in real terms in 1985, compared to a rise of about 5% in 1984. Thus the rate of price increasereturns close to the rate ofinfiation as it had been in the L981-1983 period.

Incomesin agriculture

1984and 1985

138. For 1985 estimates at the time of going to press indicate a fall in income per person2in real terms for the Community. This is a downturn after the rise (of about 4%) in 1984, and if these first estimates are accurate v,'ill bring average 1985 incomes to the level of L983 and to about the average for the period 7981 to 1984. The most significant drops in income, in real terms, are expected in France, Belgium, the UK a,id Ireland, notably countries most seriously affected by bad weather conditions in 1985. Profitability seems to be very different for the various farming enterprises in 1985. For cerealsthere has been a sharp reduction in margins due to lower yields, prices, quality and the relatively high level of returns in the previous year. However returns from other field crops are expected to be better than for cereals. Those from are estimated to show a big improvement compared to 1984, with some improvement also for permanent crops (principally fruit and wine). Amongst the livestock enterprises little change in returns from dairying is expected. The drop in output resulting from the quota policy has been offset particularly by big reductions in the use of concentrated feeding-stuffs. Profits from beef production will be down, whilst those for pig production are expected to be much better than in 1984.

1 See note to Table D above 2 Net Value Added per person employed in agriculture. 110 AGRTcULTURALpRoDUCTToN AND TNCoME rN 198s

NET VALUE-ADDED(I)PER PERSONEMPLOYED(z) IN AGRICULTURE

f30 {-r --. I q. l .1 t20 a ilo --\-^/- \ ^l I l-.al roo DEUTSCHLAND l-t-- z \ 90 I w frF-

140 t30 t \ \- t20 \ ilo \_-4,- .)- -\ ll I Fo-; -O too FRANCE \ I 90 ilo too 90 80

t30 I I r20 NEDERLAND t2' q. t- ilo l I 't--l' \ |/-, \o-.- t/ loo \-- -./ -rL -\ \o/' \ 90 -/

r30 -.o-l EA ilo \ _^ -r i\ \ 7\ tl \ ./ \ -'.- --2 v-l roo --t te.-- 7----= ---f BELGroluBELGTE \o-.i 90 v T- r50 r40 -LUX EMBOIURG a /\ r30 7 r20 \l ilo --- -f / \ \r; -\ roo /D \.- I \o- 90 \-/ 80 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 198[l 1984 (l) At foctorcod in reol lerms (GDPdeflotor) (2) ln lobour unils. (3) "F)gO" = O lg?g, lggo,lggl Sqtrce: EUROSTAT-Secforol incomeindex. volues orcilobb on 15.1O.85

Figwre 6.1 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND INCOME IN 1985 III

NET VALUE-ADDED(I)PER PERSON EMPLOYED(2I IN AGRICULTURE

(lggoDr3l= loo t40 t30 t20 ilo roo UNTTEDKINGDOM 90 r50 r40 r30 r20 ilo roo 90 r@ tl r50 DANMARK 140 tl / r30 / r20 ,^ t10 *l -.-4 \o- roo 2t:. \ 90 \.; 80 r20 I ,/\ -/' ilo ELLAS \./ too I ' 90 l/t - ^r/ o+ =o-\ -a-/ 80 - cJt- 70 r20 ilo roo 90 80

Figure5.2 ll2 AGRTcULTURAL pRoDUCTToN AND TNCoME rN 1985

139. ln1984r (seefigure 6.7 and6.2) therewas a markedrise in income2in most Member States, ranging from f 36"/" in Denmark (though there had been an important decline there in 1983), followed by Greece (+17%) and the UK (+ 10%). Only in Belgiumwas there a fall (-7"/o), with also very small drops in Italy (-1%) and Luxembourg(-0.5%).

Medium-term trends (see figure 7)

140. Community net income from agriculture rose slightly in real terms over the '1,975-84, period equivalentto a rate of 0.3"/" per annum. Grossincome increased more rapidly, at 0.9o/oper annum, implying that the proportion of incomegoing into servicingcapital items on the farm (buildings,machinery and equipment)has increased.Flowever, final output, the total value of production from farming' rose at a much more rapid rate of 2.3o/oper annum. Consequentlythe share of net income in final output (that is, the proportion of production which ends up as income)slipped from 53% in 7975to 44o/"in 1984 (seefigure 7).

Absolute incomes in agriculture (Tables 1.3.1.and 1.3.2)

14L. All the changesin income referred to so far have been national or Community averagesfor either the sectoror per person occupiedin agriculture. In reality incomes vary greatly in different regions and on different farms, either becauseof the sizeof the farm business(corresponding to resourcesavailable) or the type of production.For this a considerationof absoluteincomes is necessary and is givenfor commercialfarms in Tables13.1 and 13.2of the statisticalsection of this report. Income,output and costsare shown for the Member States,different economic sizesof farm and the main poduction fypes, as collected through the Community Farm AccountancyData Network.

For more details on changes in 1984, see Green Europe Newsflash No 29, March L985. Net Value Added per person employed in agriculture. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND INCOME IN 1985 I1,3

FINAL PRODUCTION,INTERMEDIATE CONSUMPTION AND VALUE.ADDED IN AGRICULTURE EUR- IO

1000million ECU of currenlprices ond exchongeroles

100

80

oo

40

Net volue-odded of morket prices 20

o 75 76 77 78 79 81 82 83 Source:UIIROSTAT - AgriculüuralrEconomic Aceounts

Figure 7

Vlll - Marketsfor agriculturalproducts

lntroduction

142. A detailed and comprehensive analysis of developments in the various 'The markets for agricultural products is presented in situation of agricultural markets-1985 Report'.1 Statistical information on each market in provided in the 'M' tables labelled (contained in the final chapter of this report).

14i. This chapter reviews the main developments in market policy over the last year. This review confirms the necessity to complete the adaptation of the Common Agricultural Policy set in train by the Commission and which the Council has begun. Since this review is essentially retrospective, statistics and commentary refer '10' to the Community of unless otherwise stated.

144. The major development in market policy has been the wider recognition that market management has increasingly become an exercise in the management of stocks of agricultural commodities. The book value of goods held by Intervention Agencies now exceeds 9 000 million ECU and the quantities involved not only depress market prices within the Community and contribute to lower prices on the international markets, but also incur very substantial costs for storage and interest payments.

These figures demonstrate why a major preoccupation for the Commission, when managing the agricultural markets, has been to limit the increase in intervention stores and to dispose of the continually ageing products held in store.

'COM' Published as a document at the end of 1985. T16 MARKETS FoR AGRICULTURAL PRoDUCTS

EC stock situation for the main commodities

Stock held on Cost p.a. for quantity held Book Value on 30. 9.1.985 (Public) Mio ECU 30.9.84 30.9.85 30.9. 85 Mio ECU Mio t Mio t Storage I Interest Totall

Butter (Interv.) 1.038 0.994 3 281 120 262 382 Butter (Private) 0.216 0.222 27 27 S.M.P. 0.873 0.487 726 It 50 71 BeeP 0.503 0.790 2 072 173 1,69 342 Sub-total Animal products 6 079 331 49L 822 Common wheat 3.na 11.155 2 087 161 169 330 Durum wheat 0.782 0.786 147 -- 1.2 20 32 Barley 1.160 i.992 747 58 65 123 Rye 0.310 0.918 171 14 1,4 27 Sub-total cereals 5.982 16.851 3 152 24s 268 513

Total 9 23t 57s 759 1335

'loss' 1 N.B.: This does not allow for the when stocks are sold from Intervention. 2 Based on bone-in values.

145. The stock situtation shown above reflects the stagnation of domestic demand coupled with persistent over-production of the main commodities. Traditional outlets on the world market have been squeezed by the shortage of solvent demand, although the unit cost (to EAGGF) when export sales have been made has been less.than might have been expected due to the high value of the US $ for most of the period under review.

145. The year has been marked by three factors which have exacerbated market uncertainty:

(i) the volatility (see figure 8) of the USD has increased uncertainty for traders, and the Commission has also had to adjust refunds frequently in order to avoid undercutting the wodd market price;

(ii) the response of milk producers to milk quotas obliged to limit production was initially to change to a less intensive feed regime, but recently more intensive MARKETS FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 1T7

culling of cows coupled with the maintenance of intensive feed r6gimes (which have been relatively cheap during the last year) has taken place;

(iii) the failure of the Council to conclude the 1.985/86price review for cereals and rapeseed made traders nervous, and little forward business was completed which has led to a congested market this autumn.

The developmentl of the value of the USD against the ECU since the beginning of the 1984/85 cereals marketing year.

MINIMUMAND MAXIMUM VALUES OF THE DCX.LARIN TERMS OF THE ECU (ltbohsfrom 3O.O7.1984 to O3.ll.1985)

r.55

r.50

1,45

r.40

t.35

r.30

r.25

r.20

l.r5

t.to

Figure 8

1 The graphic shows the weekly maximum and minimum values of l USD against the ECU. 118 MARKETS FoR AGRICULTURAL PRoDUCTS

Cereals (TablesM.1)

General

147. The bulk of cerealsproduced and consumedin the Communityare wheat and barley for which the Community has a net export balance. Significant quantities of maize are produced although substantial imports are made in order to meet domestic demand. Since 1973 the total area devoted to cereals has increased moderately. There has been a substantial switch from barley to common wheat notably winter wheat, which reflects the greater profitability of this grain.

148. The major use for grains is for feeding animals. However the limited increase in demand from the livestock sector has been largely met by both indigenous and imported cereals substitutes. Most of these substitutes are by- products and are priced according to what the market will bear. Therefore despite a depressed market for cereals, sales of cereals to the livestock sector would appear to have reached saturation point at current price levels.

The 1984/85 marketing year

14g. The 1984 year saw ideal growing conditionsfor high-yieldingvarietits of wheat(and barley). The recordharvest of 151million tons significantlyoutstripped demand.The world market was sustainedby substantialdemand from the USSR. The competitive situation of Community exporters was improved by abundant supplies,low domesticprices and a very strong dollar. This fortuitous conjunction of factors enabledthe Community to export a record 27 million tonnes of cereals including 17 million tonnes of wheat. Neverthelessthis was insufficient to absorb the build-up of record public stocks.

The 1985/86 marketing year

150. 1985 saw poor growing conditions, in pafticular the exceptionally wet weather in northern Europe destroyed some of the crop and produced a poor MARKETS FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS TI9 quality harvest. Neverthelessthe robust characteristicsof modern varieties have contributed to a harvest of 14L million tonnes. In consequencesupplies at the beginningof the 1985/86marketingye r, taking accountof carry-overstocks, are at the same level as at the beginning of the 1984/85 marketing year.

Supply and demand for cereals (EUR 10)

(Mio t)

\üTheatl Barley Total Cereals

t984/85 1985/86 1984/85 1985/86 t984/85 1985/86

Opening stocks 9.32 t6.82 L.gz 2.72 L3.12 23.72 Production 76.2 68.0 44.0 40.8 151 r4l Imports 2.7 2.5 0.0 0.1 7.1 6.7 Supplies 87.2 87.3 46.0 43.6 171.2 171.4 Human Consumpt. 25.5 26.5 0.2 0.1 30.4 30.2 Animal Feed 21.5 22.0 26.3 25.5 71.5 72.0 Seeds etc. z.L 4.3 7.1 7.0 14.9' 15.0 Demand 53.0 52.8 33.s 32.6 1,t6.8 t17.2 Balance 34.0 34.5 12.5 11.0 54.4 54.2 of which Exports 17.2 9.8 30.7 Closing stocks 16.92 2.72 23.72

Source: EC Commission. 1 Includs durum wheat. 2loclodalnt"tveotionStockswhichhaverirenfrom4.4Miotore(31.7.84)tol4.OMiotons(31.7.85)odtolSMiotonsat(30.9.85).

151. The absencelof institutionalprices for the 1985/86marketing year initially madetraders nervousand little forward businesswas concluded.Since export sales have been sluggish, uncommitted supplies are now greater than a year ago providing a poor short-term outlook for the cerealsmarket.

- 1 The interim decisions taken by the Commission are described in Chapter 3 Reform of the CAP and the 1985/86 price review. LzO MARKETS FoR AGRICULTURAL PRoDUCTS

Animal leed

General

152. Theglobal demand for animalfeed was remarkably stable for a decade,with the trend being for a modest increaseover the years of about 0.5% per annum. The beef and dairy sector had a stable requirement while the pigmeat and poultry sectors were the growth areas. According to the latest figures available (regrettably rather old) most feed is produced on the farm and the proportion of cereals in bought-in feed represents a quite modest share.

The importance of various sources of animal feed in 1982/83 (%)

Domestic Imported Total A B A B AB Common whear 4.9 2.8 0.1 0.0 5.0 2.8 Barley 8.8 4.6 0.1 0.0 8.9 4.6 Maize 5.9 2.6 0.8 0.4 6.7 3.0 Other Cereals 2.4 1.4 0.0 4.2 2.4 1.6 Sub-total cereals2 22.0 11.5 1.0 0.5 23.0 12.0 Soya 0.0 0.0 5.4 13.3 5.4 13.3 Other oilseeds 0.8 1.6 1.9 3.2 2.6 4.8 Sub-total - Oil-cake 0.8 1,.6 7.3 16.4 8.0 18.0 Manioc 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.2 2.1 0.2 Molasses 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.s Industrial by-prod. (vegetable) 3.8 3.7 1.4 1.6 5.2 5.3 Industrial by-prod. (animal) 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.7 Industrial by-prod. (marine) 0.4 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.4 Vegetable oils and fats 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 Animal oils and fats 0.6 0.0 4.2 0.0 0.8 0.0 Dairy products 2.3 2.3 0.0 0.0 2.3 2.3 Other 1.0 1.2 0.s 0.7 1.5 1.9 Sub-total 8.6 9.2 5.2 3.2 13.8 12.4 'saleable'3 Sub-total 31.4 22.3 13.4 20.1 44.8 42.4 On-farm supplies 4 55.2 57.6 0.0 0.0 55.2 57.5 Total 86.6 79.9 13.4 20.r 100.0 100.0

A : based on energy content. B : based on protein value.l Source.' Eurostat. 'Crude 1 Protein measured in Protein Units'. ? Of which 457o consumed on the fqm, 15% sold between farms, 40olo consumed via compound feed industry. 3 Includes cereals consumed on the farm. 4 Grass, hay and silage. MARKETS FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS I2I

The range of products usedfor animal feed representsthe dietary requirementsof livestock,within a context of availabilityand price. Only marginaladjustments in the feedintake are likely and it is unrealisticto anticipatea further major increasein the importanceof a particular commercialfeed source.

153. More recently, lower cerealsprices coupled with a strong dollar have renderedcereals more competitive with substitutes.On the basisof the protein and energycontent of common wheat, barley, manioc and soya, the graphic below showsthe improvement in the competitive position of cerealsnotably wheat, since the beginning of the 7984/1985 marketing year.

The development of pricesl in the feed market

THE DEVELOPMENTOF PRICESIN THE FEED MARKET

x'xl 1984 1985 _l::l;*::l:l':::ilffl:::::[l*transPortat40$/t}r""afromccrcals

'.: : .::.'.' .:: .' 3:31iSll illl;:: I ?,ii3lli:lx, i:;::: i:[: ;H:::i:l . ,ranspo^a,40$,, ] n".afrom o,her sources

Figure 9

Pricesconverted to USD, I tonne of common wheat (lowestprice) equivalentto 1.1 tonnesof barley; L tonne of common wheat equivalentto 0.87 tonnesof manioc and 0,20 tonnes of soya, 1 tonne of barley equivalent to 019 tonnes of manioc and 0.18 tonnes of soya. , 122 MARKETS FoR AGRTcULTURAL pRoDUCTs

154. In spite of the stagnationof demand for animal feed provoked by the sharp decline in the dairy herd following the implementation of milk quotas, the improved competitive position of cerealsnotably wheat has improved the volume of salesof grain for feed.

Cereals used for animal feed

(Mio tonnes)

73/74 74/7s 75/76 76/77 77/78 78/79 79/80 80/81 81,/82 82/83 83/84 84/85

Wheat t2 12 1.0 10 tt 12 t2 13 14 15 20 2t Barley 27 26 25 25 27 28 28 29 27 27 26 26 Maize 24 22 23 24 23 23 23 20 20 18 18 17 Other 13 t3 13 10 10 10 10 9 8 9 7 7

Total 75 73 70 69 70 73 73 7l 69 69 70 7L

Source: Eurostat and Commission of the EC.

Milk (Tables M.13)

General

155. The runawaygrowth in milk output hasbeen arrested by the imposition of quotas both on 'Deliveriesto dairies' and 'Direct sales'.

Milk quotas Production of milk which had soaredto 712 million tonnesin 1983 (of which 104 million tons was deliveredto dairies) was cut back to 110.5million tonnesin 1984 and is expected to fall to lO7 million tons in 1985 and 106 million tonnes thereafter.l Initial experience with the quota system confirms this view with 'Deliveries to dairies'for the first l2-month period being under-usedat 99 million tonnes.

1 These figures are higher than those generally quoted because they include milk produced and used on the farm. MARKETS FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 123

Milk quotas (1000 t)

(2.4.7984- 31.3. 1985) (1.4.198s- 31.3.1986)

Deliver- Deliver- Direct Direct ies to Total ies to Total sales sales dairies dairies

Germany 23 487 305 23 792 23 423 130 23 ss3 France 25 585 1 183 26 768 25 494 t 0L4 26 s08 Italy 8 798 1 tt6 9 914 8 798 | 1,16 9 914 Netherland 12 052 145 1,2197 tt 929 1,45 12 074 Belgium 3 1,63 480 3 643 3 L3l 480 3 6rl Luxembourg 1 293 | 294 290 1, 291 UK1 ls ss2 398 15 950 15 395 395 15 790 Ireland 1 5 583 t6 5 599 s 583 16 s s99 Denmark 4932 1 4933 4882 t 4883 Greece 472 11,6 588 467 1,16 583

EUR 10 99 917 3 76r r03 678 99 392 3 4t4 102 806

I including the allocation from the Community reserve.

1,55. This reductionin productionis beingachieved by a more extensiveculling of cows particularly those not suited to intensive production. The specializeddairy herd hasfallen from 25.765million headat the end of 1983to24.844 million at the end of 7984 andto23.95O million at the end 1985; thereafterit is expectedto continue to fall by 300 000 to 400 000 head per year. After 1986,production levels will be maintained by the steady improvement in yields.

157. The apparentstagnation of domesticdemand for dairy productsmasks a fall in demandfor butter compensatedby increasingdemand for other dairy products. The scaleof the dairy surplus is still of substantial proportions. Depending upon the basis for estimation the excess(at current levels of aid) is of the order of 15 million tonnes of milk (fat equivalent)or 2 to 4 million tons if exports (andimports) are taken into account; thesefigures do not take account of existing stock levels. 124 MARKETS FoR AGRICULTURAL PRoDUCTS

The 1984/85and 1985/86 marketingyears

158. The initial transition to a quota system was cushioned byt

(i) a more generous allocation of quotas for the first l}-month period;

(ii) a greater flexibility in the rules governirg the transfer of quotas;

(iii) national outgoers schemeswhere (national) governments purchased produc- tion rights and re-allocated these quotas to other milk producers.

In general, quotas were slightly under-utilized with a total of 99 million tonnes being delivered to dairies during the first 12-month referenceperiod, so that few producerswere obliged to pay the 'super-levy'.

159. The production of butter has slowedunder the impact of the quota system which reduced deliveries of milk to dairies and the expansion of other outlets, notably cheesesand whole milk powder. Nevertheless, the surge in butter production i n 1982, 19 8 3 and early 198 4 hasleft a legacyof stocks-many of which arenow veryold. The adjustmentsduring the 1984/85and7985/86 price reviews of the relative values of the fat and protein components of milk has had a positive effect.The reduction in the inflated price of butter hasstimulated demand (notably in Germany) and the decline in normal butter saleshas been arrested.

160. The stock situation hasencouraged the Commissionto intensify its efforts to disposeof accumulatedstocks of butter and SMP on the Community market. Over the last eighteenmonths these have included subsidizedsales to

(i) various social groups including the armed forces;

(ii) the ice-cream industry;

(iii) the cakes and pastry industry;

(iv) industry for processing into concentrated butter and butteroil (which represent markets where there is potential for growth). MARKETS FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 125

In addition a substantialspecial sale of old butter was made to the USSRwhile the same quantity of fresh or relatively new butter was made available to domestic consumersvia the 'ChristmasButter' scheme.

Cattlefarmers were again able to purchaseskimmed-milk powder, as in the past,at reducedprices.

161. On world levelthe cut-backin Community production was outweighedby expansionin the other countries.This coupledwith the shortageof solventdemand has restricted the opportunities for commercial salesto well below the volumes enjoyed at the beginning of the decade, except for the cheesemarket which continues to expand.

162. \ühile Community stocksof SMP aredeclining steadily due to a substantial decreasein production and to the various domesticdisposal schemes in operation, butter stocksremain at very high levels.The ageof someof thesestocks gives rise for concern. At present 1.2 million tonnes of butter are in store (0.2 million in subsidizedprivate store) and nearly half of this stock hasbeen stored for more than eighteenmonths. The Commissionis activelyevaluating possible new outlets for thesestocks.

Beef (Tables M. 14\

General

163. The generalpattern of supplyand demandfor beefhas been disrupted by a number of factorsof which the dominant one has beenthe imposition of a quota systemin the dairy sector.This has had the double effect of saturating the market with additional cow beef as culling of the dairy herd intensified and of fundamentally altering the structure of Community production sincethe majority ofbeefis derivedfrom the dairy herd.The graphicillustrates the expectedchange in the pattern of production. T26 MARKETS FoR AGRICULTURAL PRoDUCTS

BEEF/VEAL

. CONSUUPTION

-'I-'-

73 74 75 76 77 78 re, 80 81 82 83 84 8s

Figure 10 The effect on the beef market of the transition to quotas in the dairy sector.

The 1984/85 marketing year

164. Thesurge in theslaughtering of cowsdepressed prices for all bovineanimals at a time when production was in any casereaching a cyclical peak. Fortunately the wodd's other main suppliers had limited supplies for exports and this enabled 'l-984. Community traders to export a record quantity of beef during Lower prices stimulated domestic demand. Nevertheless there was a steady build-up in stocks held in intervention during the autumn of 1984.

The 1985/86marketing year

L65. Cowculling continues to depressthe beef market as the dairy herd contracts under the impact of the quota system. Export business has slackened as other traditional exporters return to the market. The heavy ra;infall in the summer of MARKETS FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS I27

1985 has damaged extensive pasture areas and there has been a surge in slaughteringas producers anticipate the prospectof feedingcosts rising through the winter. This has provoked a resurgenceof salesto intervention as cattle come off the summergrass. Public stocks (at end October) now exceed700 000 tonnes.

Wine (Tables M. 9)

General

1.66. The wine markethas two distinct segments:the'table wine' marketand the 'quality' wine market. The 'quality' wine market is essentiallyself-supporting' while the'table wine' markethas been under stress for sometime with a substantial imbalancebetween production and consumption. Although the areaunder vinesin the Community has reduced,the regular renewal of old stock with higher yielding new varietieshas led to an increasein production.In parallel,consumer tastes have changedand demand for table wine is in steady decline in the major producing countries.The expansionof wine consumptionin the non-producercountries, stimulated by the approximation of excise duties on drinks with an alcoholic content, hasnot narrowed the gap betweensupply and demand.As the producer of half of the world's wine the Community is a major exporter.

167. The persistentstructural surplus in the market for table wine convincedthe Council that a reform of this market r6gime was imperative. The changesmay be summarizedas: (i) a structural programmeaimed at encouragingthe grubbing up of vines and Iimiting replanting rights particularly in areaswhere alternative cultivation is possible,in order to reducethe productivepotential; (ii) a freezeof the Guide Priceswhile a surpluspersists; (iii) reinforcingthe distillation rulesin order that'Obligatory Distillation'would be operationaland appliedmore equitablyin yearswhen a substantialsurplus occurred; 'Obligatory (iv) reducingthe price paid for wines submitted for Distillation' in order to discouragefuture surplusproduction. It is expectedthat the combination of thesemeasures will bring a better balanceto the market for 'Table wines' by the end of the 1,980s(see graphic). 128 MARKETS FoR AGRICULTURAL PRoDUCTS

The supply and demand for wine

WINE EURIO

200

r90

180 TJSABLEPRODIJCTION

t70

r60

r50

140

130 INTERNAL CONSUUTION

t20

ilo 72/73 74/75 76/77 78/79 80/8t 82t8ß 84/85 86t87 88/89 90/91 gzl93

lnternal consumption excluding quantities distilled with the aid of subsidies

Figure 11

The 1984/85 marketing year

168. For the secondyear in successionit wasnecessary to distil morethan 2O%of production.Nevertheless the marketwäs depressed by the substantialstocks which existed. MARKETS FOR A(;RICULTURAL PRODUCTS I29

The 1985/86 marketing year

169. This is the first marketing year under the improved market organization and as such it should be regarded as a year of transition. The structural measureshave yet to have an effect, while the more demanding rules on distillation will ensure that distillation removes around 20o/oof 1985 production from the market. Prices are firmer as stock levels reduce to more reasonable levels.

Of particular concern is the problem of the build-up of stocks of alcohol derived from wine. The Commissionhas madeproposals to the Councill on the general rules governing the disposal of such alcohol which should be adopted by the Council by the time this report is published.

Sugar(Tables M. 3)

General

170. Since the revised sugar market organization was adopted in 1981, a dominant feature of the World and Community markets has been over-supply.

Supply and demand for Sugar (Million tonnes)

Production Consump- EC Excessl Stock Total AandB tion Quota \üTorldr 1981/82 100.8 92.2 8.6 33.0 1982/83 100.6 94.s 6.L 38.7 t983/84 98.1 96.2 r.9 40.3 1984/85 100.9 97.9 3.0 41.5 1985/95" 97.7 EEC1 1951/82 15.0 11.5 9.6 1,.9 2.6 t982/83 13.9 l,t.4 9.5 1.9 3.0 1983/84 11.0 10.9 9.3 1.6 1,.7 1984/85 12.5 lt.t 9.5 1.6 2.0 798s/86 12.2 1,1.2 9.5 1.7 1.8

1 'raw \[orld: Expressed in sugar' I Excess : Production - Consumption. 'white EEC: Expressed in sugar' I Excess : A and B quota production - Consumption. o Estimate.

1 COM (84) 227 final 12 June 1984 130 MARKETS FoR AGRICULTURAL PRoDUCTS

Although priceson the world market have recoveredfrom the record low levelsof June 1985, future prospectsare bleak. Heavy over-capacityon the wodd market continues, which directly affects the incomes of Community producers who continue to expoft albeit at reduced levels. The Community market is over- supplied particularly when one remembers the commitment of the European Community to import 1.3 million tonnesof sugarfrom India and the ACP countries at the level of prices guaranteedto Community production.

171. The current Community market organizationis basedon a quota system with the disposalof the surplus being financed by producers.The Commissionhas proposedl that the presentproduction arrangementsbe continued with an increase in the leviespaid by producersin order to provide a more realistic financial basisfor the storage and disposal of surplus sugar.

L72. The need for a more realistic financial basis is highlighted by the costs of disposal in recent years. The production costs of the world's most competitive producers are around 12 cents per pound (the EC's intervention price is around 14-1,5 centsper pound, the USA's Loan Pricei s 17.7 5 centsper pound while major importers such as Japan and the USSRhave even higher producer prices).

173. Meanwhile world market prices for raw sugar on the New York market haveslumped from 11.8cents/pound in t98l/82 to an averageof 3.7 cents/pound in 1,984/85. The bottom of the trough occurred in MaylJune when the New York Spot Price sank to 2.5 cents/pound.Action by the Commissionwhich publicly announced that is was not prepared to follow prices down, contributed to a recovery and prices are now above 5 cents/pound.

174. Positivefactors are increaseddemand in the chemicalindustry, which may absorb another half million tonnes per annum by the beginning of the 1990s,and the prospect of enlargementto include the Iberian peninsula (which is a deficit area).The Commissionhas taken accountof thesefactors in proposingunchanged quota levels for the next five years of the market organization.

'Proposal 1 COM(85) 433 final - for a Council Regulation amending Regulation (EEC) No 1785/87 on the common organization of the markets in the sugar sector. MARKETS FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS I31,

The outlook

175. A major eventwill occuron 1 March 1986: the beginningof the progressive integration of Spain and Portugal into the Community market organizations.For many productsthis will significantlyalter the patterq of supply and demandand have an impact on the trade flows between the Community and the rest of the world. The Community's position as the world's largestimporter of food and agricultural products will be reinforced, while her export potential will also '12' ' ' increase.The Community of is describedin , in this publication.

'The 176. The Commission engaged in consultations on Perspectives for European Agriculture'. It has set out the case for adapting the Common Agricultural Policy to current realities. The most notable feature (and achievement) of European agriculture is that there is no longer any major commodity, suitable for production within the Community for which we are in structural deficit (Cereals, sugar, olive oil and wine, certain fruits and vegetables, dairy products, beef pigmeat, eggs and poultry meat). r

177. Vüith so many Community markets saturated, and with poor prospects for increased solvent demand or reduced competing supply qn world markets, it is clear that existing market instruments are insufficient to fring about a healthier market balance or even prevent some surplus stocks becoming unmanageable and unfinancable. Even in those sectors in which substantial reform has already been achieved (e.g. milk products and wine) much remains to be done by way of stock reduction and supply management. The substantial reorientation required in other sectors (e.g. cereals and beef) will further exacerbate the problem of reconciling the objective of better market balance on the one hand and that of maintaining farm incomes on the other hand-a contradiction which can o4ly be resolved through major change of approach within the common agricrlltural policy and the redefinition of medium term perspectives for farming as envisaged in the Green Paper,

lX - The consumer

influenceof the general economicenvironment on the consumer

178. As in previous years consumer interests were influenced by the general economicsituation, the main featuresof which were as follows:

(i) a continuing moderate economicgrowth rate with growth in GDP in volume terms of 2.3o/"in 1985 as opposedto 2.2"/oin 1984;

(ii) a decelerationof inflation-a predicted5.2o/o for 1985as opposedto 6.2"/"in t984;

(iii) almost static unemployment figures with 77.2"/o of the labour force unemployedin 1985-a small increaseover 10.8% in 1984

Changingconsumption patterns (Table 25)

179. The growth in the Community population has for a number of years been very low at about 0.2o/op.a.; this rate of growth cannot in itself bring about a significant increase in consumption of foodstuffs. Consumption of food is now influenced mainly by changes in per capita rates as a result of trends in prices, incomes and eating habits.

Particular features of average per capita consumption in the Community, as shown by a retrospective analysis covering at least 10 years are as follows:

(il a drop in consumption of wine, sugar and potatoes; 134 THE coNSUMER

(ii) stable consumption of cerealsand rice, fruit and other citrus, beef, veal, sheepmeat,butter and eggs.

(iii) growing consumption of vegetables,citrus fruit, vegetableoils and fats, fresh milk products,pigmeat and poultrymeat.

180. The tables below show consumption of selectedvegetable and animal products.

Per capita consumption of main food products (kg per inhabitant per year unless otherwise indicated)

Extremes Product Maximum Minimum

Cereals (excluding rice) 84 Italia, Ellas r2z Nederland 60 Rice 3 UEBL/BLEU l Deutschland f5 I Ellas J Ireland I Z Danmark ) Sugar 35 Danmark 43 Ellas 27 Potatoes 76 Ireland 1,22 Italia 40 Vegetables (including preserves) 105 Ellas 1,93 Danmark 60 Fruit other than citrus (including preserves and fruit fuices) 6A Deutschland 81 Ireland 3l Citrus fruit 28 Ellas 56 Danmark 9 Wine (litres/capita) 46 France 89 Ireland 3 Vegetable oils and fats 1 12 Italia 22 Nederland 4 Milk (fresh products other than cream) 100 Ireland 189 Ellas 43 Butter (fat) 5 Ireland 1,1 Ellas 1 Meat excluding offal 83 France 100 Ellas 65 of which beef and veal 25 France 32 Danmark 1,2 pigmeat 37 Deutschland 58 Ellas 18 poultrymeat 1,4 Italia 18 Danmark 9 sheepmeat and goatmeat 4 Ellas 15 Deutschland, Italia, Nederland, Danmark 1 Eggs (including processed products) France Italia, Nederland IL

Source: Eurostat - Crop products : averages for 7980/81, 7981/82, 1982/83; - Livestock products: average for 1981 , 1982, 1983. I EUR g. THE CONSUMER 135

181. For some products the differences in per capita consumption between Member States have been growing narrower for some years-mainly sugar, rice, fruit and vegetables and eggs-buithis is a slow trend and considerable differences remain; fuithermore, several products, such as citrus fruit, are showing no tendeniy at all to converge, and äifferences in butter consumption are even tending- to inc.ease.Clear differeices in national eating habits persist: high consumption of France, pigmeat in potatoes-G.r-".y, and milk products in Ireland, beef/veal and wine in cereals, vigetable fats and poultrymeat in ltaly, to mention only the most salient examples. Thi contrast bet*äen the southern and northern regions of-the Community remains striking: more cereals, fruit and vegetables, vegetable fats, wine, sheeimeat and go"t-ät in the south; and more potatoes' sugar' butter and pigmeat in the north.

Certain disparities in taxation in the Member States may reinforce these differences. For e*ample, the rates of VAT payable on foodstuffs vary from one Member State to In some Member States VAT also varies from one product to another."ttoih...

Security of supply (Table 26)

182. In 1985 there were once again no difficulties with regard to the supply of foodstuffs in the Community. More thang}o/oof Community agricultural produce- is coveredby the common agricultural policy. This hasprovided reliable suppliesof most foodstuffs.

Products for which the Community self-sufficiencyrate is relatively low were sufficiently plentiful on the world market to ensuresupplies at satisfactoryprices. The fairly ltw prices for oilseedsand vegetablefats, proteins and protein-rich products, which are imported at zero or minimal duty into the Community, änabledlivestock to be fed at reasonablecost. This is turn meant very reasonable consumerprices for pigmeat, poultrymeat, €gBS,edible oils, margarine and other vegetablefats.

The table below showsdegree of self-sufficiencyin the Community of 10 and in the Member States 136 THE coNSUMER

Classification of the main agricultural products in the Communiry (EUR 10) according to degree of self-sufficiencyl

Exceeding 100% Below 100"/o

'$7hole-milk powder 361 Oats 98 Rice 69 Concentrated milk 1,69 Potatoes 101 Fresh fruit 84 Skimmed-milk powder 142 Egss 103 Sheepmeat Sugar 141 Fie-sh products milk - 101 ^ a+d goatmeat 74 'S[heatBuIter 13L Rye 97 uraln matze 79 124 Pigmeat 102 Citrus fruit 45 Barlev 1,14 Fr-eshveeetables 99 Vegetable oils Poulti'vmeat 1,11 Wine 1,02 änd fatsz 38 Cheesö r07 Beef/veal 104

1 Crop products: aver^ge for 1981, 1982, 1,983; livestock products: average for 1981, 1982,1983. 2 Average for 1980/87, l98l/82,7982/83.

Householdexpenditure on food consumption(Table 241

183. The percentageof householdexpenditure on foodstuffs,drinks and tobacco has been falling in the Community. Ln1982final consumption of householdsper headof foodstuffs, drink and tobacco was 1137 ECU. This represented77.7o/o of a total Community pro capita expenditure. Nevertheless, the movement varies considerably from one Member State to another. The percentageof expenditure on foodstuffs is still falling in France, Luxembourgand the United Kingdom, while it hasremained steady since 1978 in Ireland,1,979 in Germanyand the Netherlands,1980 in Denmarkand 1981in Italy and Greece.In Belgium, the downward trend reversedin 1982 and a significant increasewas recorded, resulting from a greaterincrease in pricesand the volumeof food consumption than the increasein consumer expenditure as a whole.

184. The table below illustratesfour groups on the basisof the percentageof expenditure on foodstuffs: Greece (35%), Italy and Ireland (25%), France, THE CONSUMER I37

Belgium,Luxembourg and Denmark (15 to 18%), Germany,the Nethedandsand the United Kingdom (15%). A wide rangeof factors,including levels of disposable income, relative changesin food prices, national policies affecting consumption, and eating habits account for these differences.

Household expenditure on food consumption in 1983 (as a percentage of total household consumer expenditure)

Items of expenditure p1 FI NL B 11 UK IRLl DK GR1

Foodstuffs 14.7 17.5 2s.6 L5.L 18.3 t6.3 t4.7 23.L 16.7 3s.6 Drinks 2.9 2.5 2.1 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.5 13.9 4.6 3.3 Tobacco 1.7 1.t 2.2 7.9 1.8 2.6 3.0 4.3 3.2 2.6 Foodstuffs, drinks and tobacco 19.3 2t.t 29.9 t9.6 22.3 21.2 20.2 41.3 24.5 41.5

Source.' Eurostat. 1 tggz figures.

Producer and consumer prices (Table 15)

185. The 1985/86 farm price fixing was a protractedoperation which saw the Councilof AgricultureMinisters meeting as late in the yearas June 11 and 72in an attempt to fix cereals and oilseed-rapeprices. Cereals were an area in which, according to the guarantee thresho'ld mechanism previously approved by the Council, 7985/86should haveseen an abatementin institutional pricesof 5%. In fact the impossibility of reachingagreement in the Council on cerealsprices led to the Commissiontaking conservatorymeasures to fix the price reductionat 1.8%.1 Once again the overall effect of the stability on farm priceswill be to limit effective increasesin Community-wideconsumer prices for food. As in previous years agriculture has been a factor in curbing inflation as farmgate priceshave risen substantiallymore slowly than food pricesin the shopsand much less than those of either servicesand products.

1 See chapter IV for details. 138 THE coNsuMER

Furthermore, farmgate prices for certain products (cereals, beef and sheepmeat, wine and certain fruits and vegetables) areat the moment lower than intervention prices as fixed by the Council.

Consumer prices of foodstuffs and producer prices of agricultural produce 1980-84 EUR 10 (lndex: 7980 : 100) 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

General index of consurner prices : Index 100 Itt.7 123.0 t32.4 140.7 Annual rate of increase (% ) Lr.7 10.9 9.8 8.9 lndex of consumer prices of foodstuffs :1 Index 100 11,1,.7 t23.9 L32.6 142.t Annual rate of increase (%) tt.7 11.3 9.9 9.2 lndex of agricuhural producer prices (aII products) : Index 100 106.2 109.5 108.5 107.2 Annual rate of increase (% ) 6.2 4.6 2.8 1.8 lndex of producer prices of crop Pro- ducts : Index 100 107.0 105.7 r07.4 106.8 Annual rate of increase (% ) 7.0 2.8 2.4 1.7 Index of producer prices of liuestock products : Index 100 1,05.9 111.0 109.0 1,07.4 Annual rate of increase (% ) s.9 5.4 2.9 1.8

Source: Eurostat. 1 Not including drinks or catering.

Apart from 7976 when the drought forced up crop prices sharply, farmgate price movements have consistently lagged behind those of retail food prices and consumer prices overall. (The exception was 1982 when rates of increasewere much the same).The agricultural price policy guidelinesapproved by the Council in March 1984 and reconfirmed in the 1985/86 price round should benefit consumersthrough the maintenanceof moderate increasesin food prices. THE CONSUMER T39

World market prices and Communitysupplies

186. [n recentyears, world market prices for agricultural products have differed widely from (and have generally been lower than) those obtaining in the Community.ln1984,the riseof the dollar, in which mostraw materialsare quoted, led to a substantialincrease in world prices-in ECU terms of certain agricultural products.This hasmade Community products such as cereals more competitive on ihe world market, while the Community systemof levieson imports hasprevented dollar movementsfrom affecting Community prices.

Special measuresbenefiting consumers

187. The subsidy for the use of butter in pastry products, ice-cream and sugar confectionery has continued into 1985 and the year also saw special sales of 'Christmas butter' and a reduced price butter scheme for Berlin (a pilot scheme designed to help ascertain the effectiveness of specific cut-price sales). Measures to promote milk products and olive oil have continued in 1985 as have the production and consumption aids on olive oil which allow this relatively expensive oil to compete in the Community with seed oils. However, the Commission does not foresee a repetition of the Christmas butter scheme for Christmas 1985/86 as the measure has proved expensive and not cost-effective in terms of increased butter sales. Instead, the Commission is proposing a scheme for butteroil for cookery.

L88. For beef and veal, measurespermitting Member States to grant aid for the purchase of reduced-price beef/veal by certain under-privileged social qroups jthose receiving unemployment and social security benefits) have continued. The aid,50"/o subsidized by the Community, has now been in force for 10 years.

189. In 1985 the Community pursued its programme of harmonization of national legislation on animal and plant health, animal feedingstuffs,public health and seedsand reproductivematerial.l

'Harmonization 1 In this connection, see the Chapter entitled of Laws', page 153 of this Report' I40 THE coNSUMER

These provisions are of benefit to the consumer.The following are of particular interest:

(i) the Commission'stightening up of the rules on the useof certainsubstances with hormonal effectsin livestock-rearingand on the additivesauthorized for usein livestockfeed:

(ii) provisions relating to health production measuresapplicable to imports of meat from non-Communitycountries;

(iii) the on-going effort to eradicate livestock diseases.

190. The Commission's''White Paper' for the EuropeanCouncil held in in June which proposes the completion of the internal market by 7992 with elimination of physical,technical and fiscal barriers to trade should, if its proposals are applied, see benefits for the consumer in, amongst other areas, total harmonization of sanitary controls for food products which havepreviously varied in standard from Member State to Member State.

Consultation of consumer organizations

191. The consumer organizations are consulted regularly on both an institutionalized and an informal basis.Commission staff have regulady attended the meetingsof the Consumers' Consultative Committee (CCC) during the year 1985 and consumer representativeswere vocal on the Agricultural Advisory 'man Committeeswhere their opinions often brought a touch of the in the street' and his requirementsto the technicalor economically-motivateddiscussions of the interest groups representedtherein. Areas of particular concern to consumer organizationsthis yearhave been the useof hormonesin livestock(call for a total ban), the salesof substituteproducts (call for clear labelling),and salesof wine containing anti-freeze (call for strict controls) and, of course, retail prices of foodstuffs (demandthat they be kept at reasonablylow levels,preferably through a Community food policy).

192. Whereasthe consumerorganizations were critical of proposalssubmitted by the Commission in July 1983 for a reform of the CAP, (consideringthem inadequate to achieve the aim of radical reform) they have welcomed the THE CONSUMER I4I

Commission's'green paper' on the Perspectivesfor the common agriculture policy, describing it as the most positive Commission document so far on the future of European agriculture from the consumer's viewpoint.

In their reaction to this document they repeated their call for stricter sanitary controls, abandonment of hormonal and artificial fattening agents, a ban on certain chemical pesticides and greater care for the environment. They suggested that the Commission should better employ its funds in guiding the consumer towards a healthy diet rather than using them to promote the sale of surplus products. However, they congratulated the Commission on its forward view of the CAP in the context of the rural env -nlment and the role of prices as a social function in mainrenance of incomes. f ne CCC felt that its views were finally being taken note of bv the Commission.

X - The Community'sexternal relations

Overall survey

193. The Portugueseand Spanishaccession negotiations were completed in 1985, and the accessiontreaties were signedon 12 June. To mark the occasiona special article was published outlining the main provisions of the agreementsand the implications for agriculture; it is reproduced at the beginning of this report.

L94. The Community was also an active participant in the various international forums, bilateral and multil ateral, whose work has a bearing on its food and agricultural policies.

Relationswith developingcountries

195. The Council adopted a Commission proposal for further improvements to the Community's scheme of generalized preferences for 1985. More generous access is now offered for shellfish, processed tropical products and some dried pulses, and bamboo shoots are included in the scheme for the first time. For unmanufactured tobacco, the preferential margin on the tariff quota and the ceiling have been improved.

GSP agricultural imports were worth 2.1 million ECU in 1984, well up on the 'l'.7 previous year's total of million ECU. I44 THE CoMMUNITY'S EXTERNAL RELATIoNs

Relations with the ACP States and OCT

1"96. The third ACP-EEC Conyention ('Lom6 III') was signedin Lom6 on 8 December1984.

The second Lom6 Convention expired on 28 February 1985, so pending ratification of Lom6 III, the Community took action to allow the interim implementation of its provisions on agriculture (similar arrangements apply to agricultural imports from 'OCT'). the overseas countries and territories, known as the

The measures taken apply to Greenland as well, which left the Community and in 1985 became one of the OCT.

The arrangements now in force mean that practically all ACP or OCT exports of food and agricultural products enter the Community either duty-free or at a preferential rate of duty. In the case of beef/veal, rice, and some fruit and vegetables, however, these concessions are subject to special conditions and apply only within annual or multiannual quantitative limits.

Relations with Mediterranean countries

197. In a statement on 30 Marchl concerning the Mediterranean policy of the enlarged Community, the Council reaffirmed the importance of the cooperation and association arrangements linking the Community with the countries around the Mediterranean, and the need to strengthen these relationships after the forthcoming enlargement. Broadly, the aim of the Community's policy in this area is to contribute to the economic development of the Mediterranean non-member countries and foster smooth and balanced trade and relations with them.

1 Sr(8s)206. THE COMMUNITY'S EXTERNAL RELATIONS 145

It thereforeplans to seethat traditional trade flows are maintained, and to provide effectivesupport for its partners'efforts to diversify their agriculture, becomemore self-sufficient in food, and reduce their dependenceon imports.

As noted at point 43, the Commissionhas presentedthe Council with a set of proposalsproviding for the necessaryamendments to the existing agreementsand the possiblerenewal of the agreementwith Yugoslavia,which has expired.

Internationalorgan izations

World Food Council

198. The rüüorldFood Council held its 11th ministerialmeeting in Parisfrom 10 to 13 June. The agendacovered a rangeof international issuesincluding the famine and economiccrisis in Africa, the needto give undernourishedgroups better access to food supplies,and the external economic factors standing in the way of food supply objectives.

On behalf of the Community, Mr Andriessencommented on the paradox of developing countries struggling to feed their people by producing more food or buying it on the world market, while the developedworld neededto reduce its surplusesby curbing production and finding new export openings.

GATT

'S7ork 199. on agricultural trade under the aegis of GATT (the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) again centred on the proceedings of the Committee on Trade in Agriculture and the active cooperation which takes place under the International Dairy Arrangementand the Arrangementregarding bovine meat. 146 THE coMMuNrry's EXTERNALRELATToNs

200. In November 7984 the Contracting Parties adopted recommendations for the future work of the Committee on Trade in Agriculture. On the basis of these recommendations and with the active participation of the Community, the Committee carried out a study of ways to improve the conditions of international trade in agricultural products. A progress report will be presented to the Contracting Parties in November 1985.

201. \7ith a view to a possible new round of multilateral trade negotiations which, among many other important sub;'ects,would also cover agriculture, the Community submitted the following statement to the GATT in July 1985:

'As regards negotiations on agriculture, the Community confirms its readiness to work towards improvements within the existing framework of the rules and disciplines in GATT covering all measures affecting trade in agricultural products, both as to imports and as to exports, taking full account of the specific characteristics and problems in agriculture. In the Community's view, agreement on such improvements should be sought within the body specially established to that effect, that is the Committee on Trade in Agriculture.

The Community is determined that the fundamental objectives and mechanisms, both internal and external, of the common agricultural policy shall not be placed in question.'

202. In the autumnof 1984,the International Dairy Arrangement reached a crisis situation as some of its minimum prices, fixed in US dollars, were no longer in line with market conditions and the disposal of old stocks of Community butter had a major impact on the world market.

In early 1985, the United States and Austria denounced the Arrangement, and, eventually, after protracted negotiations, it was agreed to reduce the minimum prices for butter, butteroil and whole-milk powder with effect from 5 June 1985 and to allow the sale of l8-month old buttär below the new minimum price.

203. In June 7984 the International Meat Council set up a working party to examine whether the current situation and probable development of the international market for beef/veal posed any threat of a serious imbalance. On THE COMMUNITY'S EXTERNAL RELATIONS I47 l March the working party concluded its studies.Although it failed to agree on joint recommendationsthe analytical work was useful in itself and contributes to a better understanding of the conditions of international meat trade.

FAO

204. The Community participatedin the FAO's various activitiesin 1985,the 40th anniversaryof the organization'sfounding. The main topics of discussion were world food security, rural development, food aid, the crisis in Africa and agricultural trade, the overall goal being a renewed commitment to eliminate hunger.

205. The Community took part in the FAO Ministerial Conferenceand in meetingsof the Council,the Committeeon Commodity Problems,the Committee on Agriculture, the various intergovernmentalcommodity groups, the Committee on'World Food Securityand the Committeeon Food Aid Policiesand Programmes. It continuedto participatein the information andearly warning system on food and agriculture.

206. [The FAO Ministerial Conferenceheld in November adoptedresolutions concerning a world food security pact and a code of conduct on the use of pesticides.The Community and its Member Statessupported both resolutions.]

OECD

207. The Commission participated actively in the work of the OECD's Committee for Agriculture and its working groups. This work largely concernsthe analysis of markets for agricultural products and the assessmentof and recommendationson policiesrelevant to agriculturein OECD membercountries. Throughout 1985,the Commissionservices cooperated in the implementationof a mandate adopted by the OECD Council to develop possible approach for a balancedand global reduction of protection of agriculture. 148 THE coMMUNITy's EXTERNAL RELATIoNS

Internationalagreements on agriculturalcommodities

208. On 18 December 1984, the Council decided that the Community should join the International Sugar Agreement 1984. This administrative agreement duly entered into force on 1 January 1985.It is the first time the Community has been a member of an international sugar agreement.

209. The Community continued to take an active part in the work of the International \7heat Council and in that of the Food Aid Committee, under the International'!üheat Agreement. At the Community's instigation, a working group was set up with a view to preparing the ground for the negotiation of a new Agreement to replace the present one, which expires on 30 June 1986. Although the Community had hoped that a new Agreement might include economic provisions, opposition from the United States, the largest wheat exporter, has made this impossible.

210. Preparatory work began in Madrid, with the participation of the Community, on a possible new International Olive Oil Agreement to succeed that of 1979, which expires on 31 December 1986.

Food aid

211. On 19February 1985 the Councillaid down implementingrules for food aid policy and managementin 1985. The Community decidedto make availablein 1985 1 159000 tonnesof cereals,a total exceedingthe quantity it is requiredto provide under the Food Aid Convention(a total of 1650 000 tonnesfor the EEC and the Member States,of which 927 663 tonnes are provided by the Community and722237 tonnes by the Member States).

The Community also provided other kinds of food aid, including:

(i) 108600 tonnesof skimmed-milkpowcer,

(ii) 28 700 tonnesof butteroil,

(iii) approximately 11 000 tonnes of sugar,

(iv) 9 100 tonnes of , THE COMMUNITY'S EXTERNAL RELATIONS I49 and other products(dried fish, red beans,etc.) of a quantity equivalentto27L700 tonnes of cereals.

Under the Dublin Plan (December1984), the Community and the Member States undertook to provide 1 200 000 tonnes of cereals to drought-stricken African countries, which constituted an extra contribution of 700 000 tonnes ( equivalent).

Bilateral relations

212. The appointment of the new Commission provided a fresh impetus for high level contacts between the Community and its main agricultural trading partners' notably Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States of America. Numeious ministerial level contacts were made both in the context of the normal development of relations between the Community and these major agricultural trading countries, and in connection with specific bilateral issues.

The specific issuesinvolved a direct range of problems concerning a wide spectrum of subiects.

213. Notable issues were, with Canada, the conclusion of an agreement between it and the Community concerning imports of beef and veal into that country. This agreement, valid for 1985, was negotiated after Canada had introduced import restrictions on the quantity of beef and veal that would be permitted to enter Canada, from all suppliers, during 1985. In relation to the quantities fixed by tht Canadian authoriti-s, the agreement negotiated provided for a considerable increase in the amount of beef which could be imported into Canada from the Community in 1985. The amount agreed was, however, lower than that exported to Canada in 7984 under normal market conditions.

21.4. In connection with the United States, difficulties were encountered by Community exporrers of sugar containing articles which were subiect to import quotas in the wake of a Presidential proclamation of 28 January 1985. The quotas säverely limited access to the United States market and the Community formally contested the action. Shortly afterwards a second Presidential proclamation was made which resulted in an extensive re-opening of the United States market for most of the products in question. 150 THE CoMMUNITY'S EXTERNAL RELATIoNS

215. During the summer,two further problemsarose. One was in connection with a United States claim for compensation against the Community on the grounds that concessionsfor citrus fruit granted by the Community to Mediterraneancountries had impaired benefitsaccruing to the United Statesunder the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

Retaliating, the United Statesincreased on L November duties chargedon imports of pasta products of Community origin. The Communiry counreredby raising the duties on imports of nuts and lemons from the United States.

The other problem which arosein the summer related to us imports of wine from the Community. A number of petitioners filed a suit with the authorities for the introduction of anti-dumping and countervailing duties on ordinary table wines from Italy, Franceand the FederalRepublic of Germany. This petition was denied by the US InternationalTrade Commissionin October 1985.

216. On a more general level, the Community closely monitored the preparation of the 1985 us Farm Bill and the implementation of rhe export enhancement programme announced on 15 May.

217. After contacts between the Community and New Zealand agreed in september to revitalize dairy cooperarion-a development of considerable significance given the current difficult state of the international dairy market and the fact that the Community and New zealandlead the world by a wide margin as exporters.

218. The Temporary Arrangement for a concerted discipline between the Community and Austria concerningreciprocal trade in cheesewas extendedfor a further year.

219. The Temporary Arrangement for concerteddiscipline betweenFinland and the Community concerning reciprocal trade in cheese was replaced by an THE COMMUNITY'S EXTERNAL RELATIONS 151 agreement of indefinite duration, but with a review and termination clause. The ttä* should be more responsive to market trends and easier to administer."gt..-ent

220. The Temporary Arrangement between Norway and the Community on of -indefinitejoint discipline in their trade in cheese was likewise replaced by an agreement duration which, thanks to the experience gained, should work better than the Arrangement.

221. On 30 JulyJapanannounced a three-yearprogramme of measuresdesigned to improve toits market. Tariffs on some1 800 products will be cut by 20o/o in 1g86. Of"...rr particular interest to the Community are the tariff reductions on alcoholicdrinks, sinceit is Japan'smain supplierof theseproducts. However, as the sectoris highly ptot..t.ä in Japan, and very high taxes are imposedon quality products, the Öommunity does not regard the tariff cuts as sufficient to allow a substantial increasein its exports to Japan.

222. The Commission extended the arrangement with Poland on imports of processedsoft fruit for 1985/86. More specific import-price provisions were' however, agreedfor frozen raspberriesand raspberry pulp.

XI - Harmonizationof laws

223. The Community continued its work on harmonizing the agricultural laws of the Member States. This work serves to consolidate the common market by eliminating obstaclesto trade and ensuringequal rules of competitions; it also ensuressufficient product quality, guaranteeingprotection of consumersand the environment. It is an essential aspect of the proper operation of the common agricultural policy.

224. Comparedwith 1984and earlier yearsdefinite progresshas been made, with the adoption by the Council of a large number of important directiveson veterinary matters,animal nutrition and seeds.

225. The priority nature of this harmonization was emphasizedby the Commissionin its White Paperon the completion of the internal market presented to the Milan European Council in June. The proposed aim in this field is the abolition of controls at the internal frontiers, to be achievedby the adoption of common rules and standards leading to a common level. This is an extremely important programme in that it should result in the attainment of a singleinternal market bv 1992.

Veterinary and animal husbandry legislation

226. The adoption by the Council on 5 August of a Directive on health and animal health problems affecting intra-Community trade in heat-treated milkl

1 OJ L226,24.9.1985,p. 13. 154 HARMoNTzATToNoF LA\rs

opened the way for Community harmonization in the area of milk and milk products. This wide-ranging directive covers trade in pasteurized, UHT and sterilizedmilk and will help dismantle existing barriers causedby disparitiesin the health laws on milk. The numerous necessaryimplementing texts have yet to be adopted.

227. In the animal health area, the Council adopted provisions covering both trade and measuresto combat the main livestock diseases.The control of classical swine fever was stepped up by introducing an emergency vaccination policy and by providing for the possibility of creating high health-risk areas.l Provision was made for Community financial assistance in combating foot-and-mouth disease caused by non-exotic viruses.2The purpose is to encourage Member Statesto act as soon as the first outbreaks occur.

228. As regards trade in live cattle and pigs, and in fresh meat, the Council discontinuedthe specialarrangements applying to Ireland and the United Kingdom in respectof Northern Ireland and exempting them from the rules relating to foot- and-mouth disease.3A permanentscheme, which is subjectto review, was thus introduced, laying down rules that will apply both to counrries which have a vaccination programme and to those which do not. The technical provisiohs relating to brucellosiswere adjusted in the light of new scientific knowledge and advancesin the techniquesof diagnosis.a

229. A Community scheme was drawn up concerning African swine fever.S

230. In the area of public health, the Council adopted an across-rhe-board solution covering the rules relating to the medical examination of persons

1 Council Directive 85/645/EEC- OJ L 339,27. 12. 1984,p. 33. 2 Council Decision 85/212/EEC- OJ L96, 3.4.1985,p.32. 3 Council Directive 85/643/EEC- OJ L 339,27. 12. 1984,p.27. 4 Council Directive 85/644/EEC - OJ L 339,27 . 12. 1984,p. 30. s Council Directive 85/320/EEC- OJ L 168,28.6.1985,p.36, Council Directive 85/321/EEC- OJ L 768,28.6.1985, p.39, Council Directive 85/322/EEC- OJ L 168,28. 6.1985, p. 41. HARMONIZATION OF LA\üTS 155

I employed to work with or handle fresh meat and meat products. In slaughierhousesand cutting plants microbiological controls are to be carried out in accordancewith Communitv rules.2

231. Similarly, control measuresto guaranteethe uniform application of the prohibition of certain substanceshaving a hormonal action and of substances havinga thyrostaticaction were drawn up by the Council.3Following-preliminary discuJsionswithin Parliamentand the Council, the Commissionmodified its initial proposal concerninghormones in order to provide for the prohibition of their use in stock fartening.+the Commissionalso presentedthe Council with a proposal for- a directive ott Ä. examination of animals and fresh meat for the presenceof residues.sIt is necessaryto have a generalset of rules governing checkscarried out in the Communitv.

232. The Council prolonged the authorization for the production nationally of certain types of pouftrymeal, particulady roped poultry.6 The Council undertook to review thesematters before 15 August 1985.

233. Pending-Council the adoption of arrangements covering trade with non-member countries, the mäde provision for Community inspection of establishments in non-member countries.T

234. An across-the-board solution was adopted on the financing of health inspections and controls of fresh meat and poultrymeat. e This represents a significant first step towards Community harmonization in this area. The Council has provided for the collection of a fee to cover the costs incurred in carrying out

CouncilDirective 85/325/EEC - OJ L 168,28. 6.1985, p.47, Council Directive85/326/EEC - OJ L t68, 28.6. L985,P. 48, Council Directive 85/327/EEC - OJ L 168, 28.6. 1985,p- 49. CouncilDirective 85/323IEEC - OJ L 168,28.6.1985,p'43, CouncilDirective 85/325IEEC - OJ L 168,28.6.1985' p. 45. 3 Council Directive85/358/EEC - OJ L 191',23.7 . 1985,p. 46. 4 oJ c L06,27 .3.1.985. 5 oJ c 132,31.5.1985. 6 Council Directive 85/642/EEC- OJ L 339,27 . 12. 1984,p. 26. 7 CouncilDirective 85/32SIEEC - OJ L 168,28.6.1985, p. 50. 8 CouncilDirective 85/73IEEC - OJ L32, 5.2.1985,p. 14. 756 HARMoNTzATToNoF LAws health inspections and controls of community meat and meat from non-member countries.

235. In the area of animal protection, the Commission forwarded to the Council a report outlining progress on research into the protection of animals being transported internationally.

236. The Council actively pursued discussions on the proposal for a council Directive laying down minimum standards for the protection of laying hens kept in battery cages.

Plant health

237. The council continued its examination of the proposal to improve the general provisions of the Community plant health regime referred to in the 1984 Report, but again without reaching agreement.The improvements relate to the rulesto be applied in intra-Community trade in plants and plant producs imported from third countriesand to measuresto reducethe incidenceof plant health import checksin intra-Community trade.

238. with regard to pesticides,the commission took further stepsto phaseout completely the marketing and use within the Community of plant protection products containing mercury and persistentorganochlorine compounds. DDT, for example,will shortly be totally prohibited as a plant protection product within the Community.

?39. The council againfailed to reachagreement on the commission'sproposals for fixing maximum levelsfor pesticideresidues in cerealsand products öf animal origin referred to in the 1984 Report. The principal problem outstanding is the procedure by which these basic measuresshould be subsequenrlymanaged. The Commissionconsiders that it is necessarynow to establishmore effectivedecision- making proceduresin order to completethe internal market in accordancewith the Iühite Paper. HARMONIZATION OF LAITS 1.57

Seeds and propagating material

240. By two Decisions of 27 June the Council adopted a new regime, basedon strictercriteria than in the past and applicablefrom 1 July 1985,concerning the equivalenceof certain seedsmultiplied and produced in 21 third countries. The Council and the Commission also took measuresduring the year concerning the equivalenceof checks on the maintenance of varieties carried out in 10 third countries. These initiatives will facilitate seedimports from third countries.

24L. At the end of the year the Commissionmade proposals to the Council for cerrain technical adaptationsto the various directivesin this field made necessary by the accessionof Spain and Portugal.

Animal feedingstuffs

242. The Council finally adopted on 29 November l984the third amendment to the basic directive on feed additives, which will enable the identity and distribution of additives to be better monitored, thereby improving consumer protection. The Commission also adopted a series of directives updating, in the light of recent technical and scientific progress, the Community lists of additives and bioproteins whose use is authorized in the Community. In order to clarify the Community legislation in this field, the Commission consolidated the 50 directives amending the annexes to Directive 70/524/EEC on additives.

243. Among the important measures adopted was a reduction in the conditions for the use of copper, in Member States in which the intensive rearing of pigs is carried on, in o.d.. to avert the threat to the environment caused by spreading liquid manure containing copper on the ground. As the Commission has already stated in its Green Paper, the problem of the nuisance caused in certain sensitive areas by intensive stock-rearing should persuade the Community to adopt the common stock-rearing standards it intends proposing to the Council in the short term. 158 HARMoNTzATToNoF LA\rs

244. The Council, for its part, began examining the Commission proposal to amend the Council Directives on undesirable substanc"esand products and the rules for marketing compound feed. These proposals form part of the measures undertaken by the Commission to make animal feed safer to use and to ensure the free movement of compound feed and livestock products.

Nationalexpenditure on agriculture

245. Apart from the work of applying the rules on competition in the Treaty, a feature of 1985 was the publication of the study entitled 'Public expenditure on agriculture.l

The study was the outcome of two years' work and was in responseto a request by the European council of 27 November 1981, which had asked the Commission to examine the economic impact of national aids for agriculture. In view of the size of the task the Commission decided to entrust the preparation of the study to a group of private experts belonging to various consultancy bodies.2

246. The study comprises a Community report and nine national reports and covers the period 7975 to 1980 for the nine Member Srates ar that time; Greek national expenditure is therefore not covered in the reports.

The Council required an evaluation of the economic effects of national aids for agriculture on farm incomes, intra-Community trade, farm output, financial solidarity and the CAP. In order to be able to approach these questions, the experts began by examining the various types of national expenditure on agriculture, classifying them in common categories in order to make comparisons. They used as a basic source of information the national inventories of aids for agriculture supplied to the Commission by Member States; where necessary they supplemented these data with surveys conducted in situand by cross-checking with the figures for regional and national agricultural budgets. This involved a considerable workload, given the variety inherent in the national systems of granting aids for agriculture. It was not possible, however, under existing working

The public expenditurereferred to herecovers a rangeof measureswider than aidsas understood by the Treaty and by secondaryCommunity lesislatiön. SEMA-METRA, IFOJnstitut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Price Waterhouse, J.M. Didier & Associates. HARMONIZATION OF LA\üTS I59 conditions, to quantify the economic effects of the aids for want of being able to devise an econometric model covering the various parameters involved (the socio- economic environment of which agriculture forms a part, the variety of situations, etc.).

247. The merit of the work is to pinpoint the problems and clarify the various contexts in which national aids are granted for agriculture, by means of explanations and analyses of the main types of aid broken down by Member State. The experts agree however that the study represents only a preliminary attempt to compare data and situations which differ greatly from one Member State to another. The survey of national expenditure on agriculture which is presented is not exhaustive since total public financing of agriculture is difficult to assess, especially as regards aids granted in the form of tax or social benefits.

National public expenditure on agriculture

16 ECU

D F I NL B LUX UK IRL DK EEC

1975 1, 589.4 2 241.0 2 595.9200.5 101.3 1,4.4 1 493.7 L76.7 134.0 8 s46.9 1976 t 51,3.4 2 770.6 1 810.5236.3 115.5 zt.9 1 206.1, 21.5.1 1,58.2 8 047.7 1,977 1, 568.2 2 950.5 1 942.4 258.5 1,44.9 28.9 931..9 239.2 177.1 8 241,.6 1,978 1,670.5 2 239.7 2 067.1,288.5 1,97.5 16.3 68s.9 297.3 224.7 7 687.7 1979 1670.4 2 515.4 2 164.8 307.s 236.2 18.5 855.4 281,.3 277.2 8 236.7 1980 1,636.5 2 731.6 2 882.2 330.0 229.7 n a 1 075.5 360.9 273.9 9 520.31

The figures include *poditure on agricultural roearch but do not include tu expenditue ud expoditure on rccial scurity for farmere. 1 Not including Luembourg. n.a.: not available.

XII- Financingof the common agricultural policy(CAP)

EAGGF linancial resources

General

248. The EAGGF (EuropeanAgricultural Guidance and GuaranteeFund) has two sections:the GuaranteeSection, from which expenditureincurred under the EEC agricultural market organizationsis financed,and the GuidanceSection, from whichtEC expenditure on agricultural structures is financed. The EAGGF also contriburesto the financing of expenditureincurred under the EEC fisheriesmarket organization and in connection with the policy on fisheries structures. 'fund', The EAGGF is not really a separate but a set of appropriations in the Community's general budget, and the resourcesare approved according to the normal budgetary procedure, as for other Community expenditure.

The CAP has revenuesas well as expenditure, namely the ordinary leviescharged on imports into the Community on agricultural products coming under EEC markei organizations and the speciallevies charged under the EEC sugar market organizations.These funds accrueto the Community as its own resources.

Since 1977, Community dairy farmers have also been making a financial contribution,known asthe'co-responsibility levy'. The proceedsof the levy,which 'own do not rank as the Community's resources',are classifiedas forming part of the intervention operations designedto stabilizethe agricultural markets. ln 1984, a quora sysremwas started in the dairy sector ensuring reasonableprices to dairy farmers for limited quantities of milk. Quota overruns attract an additional levy, over and above the co-responsibility levy. The funds are used to finance special schemesand contributeto äxpenditureon disposingof dairy surpluses.In 1984,this 162 FINANCING oF THE CoMMoN AGRICULTURAL PoLICY

financialcontribution from dairy farmerstotalled 749.2 million ECU, and on 31 July 1985the total wasabout 355 million ECU.

Financing of the CAP in 1985

24g. The operation of the GuaranteeSection was hamperedthroughout most of the first half of 1985by the lack of a budget,as the Presidentof Parliamentdeclared the 1985 budget finally adopted only on 13 June.

The original draft budgetestablished by the Council had beenrejected in December by Parliament, which took the view that it coveredrevenue and expenditurefor 10 'own months and not for L2. The Council had based its draft on available resources',then limited to Lo/oof the common basisof assessmentof VAT. To balance revenue and expenditure the Council had reduced certain compulsory expenditures,including those coming under the Guarantee Section.

Becauseof this, Community expenditure was covered from 1 January 1985 onwards according to the provisional twelfths system, as in 1980. This arrangementallows of uninterrupted operation of the Community and its policies until the budget is adopted, but within restricted procedures.Partly becauseof a rate of paymentslower than the appropriationsin the first half of 1985, the provisional twelfths system did not throw up any major difficulties for the GuaranteeSection. In April, the Commissionsubmitted Letter of AmendmentNo 3 to its original preliminary draft budget. This enabled the authorities to start the budgetary procedure again, which was then concluded on 13 June. In this connection,the Commissionadjusted its estimatesto allow both for changesin the short-term situation which had occurred since the autumn of 7984 and for its proposalsto the Council concerningagricultural pricesand relatedmeasures-thus bringing total EAGGF appropriationsfor 1985to L9 979.L million ECU. All this expenditurewas financed on the basisof an inter-governmentalagreement placing at the disposal of the Community additional funds beyond the own resources availableto balancethe budget,in the form ofa non-refundableadvance ofl981 million ECU.

\7ith the budget adopted in June, total GuaranteeSection appropriations came to 19 979.7 million ECU, including the fisheriesmarket organization(24.1 million ECU). The original draft budget appropriated 18 000 million ECU to the GuaranteeSection (including 24.1 million ECU for fisheries). FINANCING OF THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY T63

Expenditure and revenue

250. The table below shows EAGGF expenditure over six years, and also gives ner CAP expenditure, i.e. after deduction of ordinary levies and the sugar levies. The table shows that net EAGGF expenditure has been rising steadily since 1981 and may be expectedto reachabout 19 000 million in 1986,almost double the 1981 figure.

Expenditure

(million ECU)

L981 t982 1983 1984 19854 L986s

EAGGF Guaran- tee 1,0980.21 t2 405.6 15 8tL.62 18 346.53 19 979.1, 21,053.3 EAGGF Guidance (payments) 576.4 650.0 728.0 676.2 659.7 7 55.2 Total gross expenditure tl 556.6 13 055.6 t6 539.6 t9 022.7 20 638.8 2l 808.5 Ordinary levies 1 264.9 1 522.0 | 347.1 1 259.9 1 081.5 1 584.9 Sugar levies 482.5 705.8 948.0 L L76.4 1 025.0 t 113.8 Total net expenditure 9 809.2 t0 827.8 14 244.5 t6 586.4 18 532.3 t9 109.8

NB: 1981-1985: EUR 10. 1986 : EUR 12. I Allowine for a reduction in q*nditue of 161 million ECU baauw of claims disallowed who the 1974 od 1975 accomts wete clered. 2 Alfowinä for a reducion in elpendirore of 108.1million ECU bcause of clains disallowed when the 1976 fid 1977 ^ccouts were clcarcd. 3 Allowing for a reducion in upmdirore of 25.5 million ECU becau* of claim disallowed when the 1978 and 1979 acout were cleared. 4 Budsct, s Draft Council budget of 18.9.1985, including frshaie (41.3million ECU).

251. Various aspectsof the Community'spolicy on externaltrade, not directly linked to the CAP, also have budgetary implications which are not shown under headingsseparate from those directly linked to the CAP. T64 FINANCING oF THE CoMMoN AGRICULTURAL PoLICY

Theseinclude:

(i) sugar imports (about 1.3 million ronnes per year) under preferential agreementsunder the Lom6 Conventionand a specialagreement with India;

(ii) reduced-levyimports of burter from New zealand (81000 ronnesin 1985);

(iii) imports of beef/veal(400 000 tonnes)and grain substitutes(mainly manioc and corn gluten feed) at reduced rates of duty or duty-free.

Theselow- or nil-duty imports from certainnon-member countries come into the Community as a result of negotiationsunder the GeneralAgreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and in many casesconstitute concessionsoffsetting certain concessionsobtained by the Community.

The shareof EAGGF grossexpenditure in the whole budgethas changed as follows over the years:

f/') 1981 1982 1983 1984 less1t1 Dse (1 EAGGF 64.6 63.1 66.7 69.9 72.6 68.6 GuaranteeSection 61.4 s9.9 63.7 67.4 70.3 66.2 NB: 1981,- 1985 : EUR 10. 7986 : EUR 12. I On the basisof the budget. 2 On the basisof the Couicil's draft budgetof 18.g.79BS.

Community revenue from 1981 to 1986 (million ECU)

1981 1982 1983 1984 19ss1t1 Le86e) Customs duties 5 392.3 6 815.3 6 988.7 7 960.8 8 596.1. 9 700.5 Ordinary levies and sugar levies L 747.5 2 227.8 2 295.1 2 436.3 2 106.5 2 698.7 VAT 9 187.8 12 000.5 t3 699.0 L4372.t 15 198.1 1,8957.4 VAT rute (o/o) 0.79 0.92 1.0 1.0 1.0 r.06 Financial contributions 151,.4 197.0 2t7.7 222.5 263.5 177.1 Own resources t7 479.0 21 240.5 23 200.5 24 991.7 26 1642 31,533.7 Additional financing

NB: 1981- 1985 : EUR 10 1986 : EUR 12 1 Budget. z Council'sdraft budgetof 18.9.1,995. FINANCING OF THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY 165

The EAGGFGuarantee Section

Main features

252. The Guarantee Section finances the expenditure incurred under the EEC market organizations-refunds on exports to non-member countries and inrervention operations designed to stabilize the agricultural markets. Depending on the product, intervention may take the form of production aids or production premiums, price compensation aids, compensation for withdrawal of products from the market, or storage aids.

Thrs expenditure is financed through advance payments transferred by the Commisiion to the Member States; the latter then distribute the funds among the various paying agencies, who deal directly with beneficiaries. Subsequently, the payments and the accounts of the paying agenciesare audited by the Community authorities under a procedure known as'clearance of accounts', with a view to final approval by the Community.

253. Certain changes were made to Guarantee Section afrangements in 1985, including:

(i) the adoption of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2139/85,r which authorizes the Member States to shorten payment deadlines for small dairy farmers and cerealsfarmers in respect of products sold to intervention during the 1985/86 marketing year; however; where this clause is invoked, the additional expenditure involved cannot be charged to the EAGGF;

(ii) adoption of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2632/852 adjusting the procedures for financing intervention in respect of the wine sector and olive oil, on the basis of changes that had occurred.

oJ L 199,31.7 . 1985. oJ L 251,20. 9. 1985. 166 FINANCING oF THE CoMMoN AGRICULTURAL PoLICY

254. Also, as each year, a calculation was made of the value of agricultural products stored at the end of the year, ro be carried over. As Table 42 shows, the capital tied down for this purpose showed an increaseat the end of 1984r over the figure for the end of 1983,rising from 7 035 million ECU to nearly 8 751 million ECU.

This increasewas mainly a matter of heavierstocks of beefand butter, the value of stocks of common wheat having declined.

255 - At the end of July the Commissionadopted decisions clearing the Guarantee Sectionaccounts for 1980and 1981.This constitutesfinal approvalofexpenditure effectedby the Member Statesunder Community regulations,after verification of documentsand the details of the operations.Because of the increaseof expenditure under the common agricultural policy, the clearanceof accounts concerned,for these two years, total expenditure of more than 27 000 million ECU, compared with 18 500 million ECU for the two preceding years (1978 and 7979). For a number of specialcases, the July decisionsare to be supplementedat a later date.

'Work on 1,982,covering expenditure of t2 000 million ECU, is being completed; the decisionscan be taken in the near future.

With regardto 1983,expenditure declarations sent in by the Member Stateshave all been checkedand comments and observationshave been sent back. On-the-spot verification at the intervention agenciesshould be carried our in the last quarter of 1985.

256. During the first half of 1985, the national authorities detectedand notified the Commission of 198 cases of irregularities involving Community funds, concerninga total of 8 274511 ECU, of which 682154 ECU was recovered.The casesof irregularities detectedconcerned mainly milk non-marketing and dairy herd conversionpremiums (31%), wine (16%), olive oil (L4"/o)and milk products (14"/").

On 30. 11.1,984,under Regulation(EEC) No 3184/83. FINANCING OF THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY 1'67

Agricultural regulations with financial implications

257. As in previousyears, some of the agriculturalregulations were adaptedin ways having financial implications:

(i) There were difficulties in connection with the adoption of the agricultural pri.., and related measures;as the council failed to agreeon the price-sof rape änd cereals,the Commission was forced to adopt interim measuresfor these two items.

(ii) The additional expenditure chargeableto the GuaranteeSection as a result of the decisionson tire prices and rilated measureswas estimated at about 195 million ECU for 1985.

(iii) In accordancewith the conclusionsof the Dublin EuropeanCouncil, which was held in December 1984, the Council reformed, in February, the arrangementsin the wine sector, strengthening the compulsory distillation scherrieand introducing measuresrelating to structures.At the sametime' it approved technical adjustmentsto the super-levyon milk products.

(iv) Following a deterioration in the health situation for pigmeat- in the community, particularly in Belgium, the commission implemented excep- tional mark., ,,rppor, -ä"ror., under Article 20 of the basicregulation. These took the fot- oi to private storage or buying in by certain intervention agenciesof meat "idsalreadY in store.

(v) With regardto processedfruit and vegetables,the guaranteethresholds system introduced in 1984 for processediomato products provided, where the thresholds were exceed.d, fot a reduction in the production aid. The sharp increasein output of this type of product in the last two marketing yearshaving led to a substäntial oueri.rrr, more restrictive measureswere introduced for' three marketing years, designedto further curtail the payment of this aid.

(vi) As eachyear, alargenumber of measureswere adopted,either in the form of Council'regulatioÄ, in particular in connectionwith the related measures adopted *-h.r, the pricäs are approved, or as paft of. the Commission's managemenrwork. Th.r..h"rrg.r, inuolvingadjustments in the operationof a numbir of market organizations,had ceftain financial implications. 168 FINANCING oF TFIE CoMMoN AGRICULTURAL PoLICY

Expenditure

General trend (Tables 43 to 46)

The 1!8, original appropriationsin the 1985 budgetfor the GuaranteeSection (rncludingfisheries) totalled, as indicatedabove, 1.9979.1million ECU.

The rate of utilization of appropriations in the first sevenmonths of the year was normal: averagemonthly appropriations,carculated on the basisof the original appropriations' cameto 7 665million ECU, but that for paymentsmade until the end of July was only 1 600 million. However, utirization äf appropriarionswas heavierin the earlymonths of the year.This is partly becauseof Äi t."soral nature of certain payments,the shift of 2öZmillion E,ÖUin e*penditure from 19g4to 19g5 and _paymentsresulting from the programme for ru'nning down stocks of milk products.

A comparisonbetween the original appropriationsin the 19g5 budgerand total expenditureand estimatesfroml j"n"äiytä 31 october 1985shows ttat in respecr of most products expendirure remainäd within th. incluäing transfers within the Guarantee section after the b,rdg.t'*","ppropii"tiorrr, "dopted. utilization of appropriations exceededestimates in respectonly of a few products, mainly:

(i) sugar,because of an increasein expenditureon refundsand reimbursementof stofagecosts;

(i1) tobacco,because of a speed-upin the paymentof premiumsdue to a harvest exceedingthe estimates;

(ä1) tnonetary colt pensatory an ouafs, becauseof the recent introduction of legative MCAs in Italy and Greece,MCAs at first negativeand then positive for the united Kingdom, and the readiustmentof the Eöu central ,"r., irr;,rly. For- certain -products, on the other hand, utilization of appropriarions declined fairly sharply,including:

(i) oliue oil, becauseof a decline in production aid expenditure and expenditure o\storage' the 1'984/85harvesr having fallen shortäf expectations,änd of the dep'reciationof the lira; FINANCING OF THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY 169

(11)fibre plants and silkutorm.s,most paymenrsfor which are made towards the end of the year especiallyfor cotton;

(iii) eggs and poubry, following a sharp reduction in expenditure on refunds becauseof lower rates and smaller quantities exported.

Expenditure according to economic nature of schemefinanced

259. Examination (on the basis of estimates)of the economic nature of the expenditure at the end of 1985 (Table 44) shows that the share of export refunds probably accountedfor about 34.2o/oof the 1985 appropriations,a percentage rather lower than that for 7984 (36%).

The largest shareof intervention expenditure was once again price-compensating aids, coveringaids paid on the Community's internal market to ensurethat the price charged to the consumer is lower than the farmgate price and competitive with imports from non-membercountries.

The s!,aqe,gf,expenditureplanned fo!..this type of aid has increasedas an absolute figure but in perceq,fffir&fite*liE&qdl,pgr,to mark time at 36.60/0of the 1985 appropriations(36.4"/o in 1984).On the other hand, as a result of an increasein Community production of a number of items and difficulties in disposingof surpluseson internaland world markets,storage expenditure is estimatedat23.9o/o on the 1985 appropriations,up from t9.3Y" for 1984.

The EAGGF Guidance Section

Financing: general features

260. The Guidance Section, set up with the GuaranreeSection in 7962 under Article 40(4)of the EECTreaty, finances'commonmeasures'approved with a view to achievementof objectivesset out in Article 39(1)(a) of the Treary, including adjustmentsto structuresneeded for the proper operation of the common market. Article 39 (1)(a) lays down as an objective that of increasing'agricultural I7O FINANCING OF THE CoMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY productivity by promoting technical progress and by ensuring the rational development of agricultural production and the optimum utllization of the factors of production, in particular labour'.

Within this framework, the Guidance Section has been steadily built up in recent years,both in terms of the number of schemesfinanced and in terms of total annual expenditure, although the appropriations approved are still a great deal smaller than thosefor guaranteeexpenditure.For 7984, commitments totalled 851 million ECU, rather lessthan in 1983(-5% ). The cumulativetotal of commitmentsfor the 1980-84five-year period is 3 620.6mlllion ECU, 96% of the allocation placedat the disposalof the Sectionfor this period.For 1985-89,the Council hasadopted a new financial framework,l with a amount of 5 250 million ECU for the 10-country Community.

261. The Section operates on the basis of special legal instruments (Council reguladons, directives and decisions)for each schemefinanced. However, frorn the angle of management, two types of scheme may be distinguished:

'indirect (i) measures',for which the Section reimburses the Member Statespart (a percentage) of the eligible expenditure incurred in accordance with Community provisions, and, where appropriate, with national implementing provisions endorsed bv the Commission: and

(ii) 'direct measures',in respectof which the Commissiongrants Guidance Section subsidiesdirectly to beneficiariesapplying in respect of specific investment projects. The decisiongranting assistancethus forges a direct link betweenthe Community and the beneficiary,and the aid is paid to the beneficiaryand not to the Member State.

OJ L 95,2.4.1985,p. 1. FINANCING OF THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY 17I

Financing(Tables 47,48,49 and 50)1

262. GuidanceSection expenditure breaks down asfollows, accordingto relevant field:

Commitment appropriations

1 Type of action 1982 1983 1984 1985 L9862

o/o mECU 17" MECU I% rnECU I% m ECU | "/o M ECU

1. Proiects for the improvement of agricultural structures 3 (Reg. 355/77 exc. 1984) 1.84.9 24 226.8 25 238.4 28 242.5 33 29s.0 35 2. General socio-structural measures 92.5 L2 156.3 t7 TL4.5 T3 90.9 t2 100.8 12 3. Regionalized measures 323.7 43 375.9 42 356.3 4L 251.5 35 30r.4 36 - of which Dir. 7 5 /268/EEC 144.5 19 135.8 15 136.4 16 148.3 20 155.0 18 4. Market-related measures 1,32.5 L8 t06.9 L2 87.2 10 71,.0 10 86.6 10 5. Structural measures in the fisheries sector 25.4 3 38.5 4 64.2 8 70.2 10 60.6 7

Total 759.0 100 904.6 100 860.6 100 726.2 100 844.4 100

NB: 1982 - 1985 : EIJR 10. 1986 : EUR 12. I Budes. 2 DraFt budet adooted bv the Comcil on 18.9.1985. J of which,-24.3 dllion il,cu used for the resmmitment of old projets subniaed uda Regulation (EEC) No 17154.

263. ln'1.984, as in previous years, the scheme for the improvement of conditions under which agricultural products are processed and marketed (Reg. (EEC) No 355/77)2 was again the most important measure from the point of view of appropriations committed:2L4.I million ECU was allocated under the relevant regulation, of which, however, 20 million ECU was used for the re-commitment of old projects which lacked budget cover because of blanket savings operations

'Agriculture See also the chapter on structures' in this report. OJ L 51,23.2. 1,977,p. 1. 172 F'TNANCTNGoF' THE coMMoN AGRTcuLTURAL por,rcy implementedby the Commissionearly in the year.

254. Directive75 /268/EECI on mountainand hill farming and farmingin certain Iess-favouredareas entailed expenditure of 136.4million ECU. This schemeranks secondin terms of funds spent. Among the Member Statesoperating the scheme, the united Kingdom received36.7 million ECU, France32 million ECU, Ireland 25.4 million ECU, Greece24.9 million ECU and Germany 12.3 million ECU.

265. The third largestscheme in financialterms was that under DirectiveZ2/759/ EEC2 concerningthe modernization of farms, involving expenditureof 712.5 million ECU in reimbursemenrsto the Member Srares,compared with 149.8 million ECU in 1983 and 86.8 million ECU in 1982. fhe leadingbeneficiary was once againthe United Kingdom (39.7million ECU), ahead of Germany and France (29.6 million ECU and 2l.S million ECU respectively),followed someway behind by the Netherlandsand Denmark.

Among the other schemes,three areas are of special interest:

(i) heavy expenditure for specific schemes in Mediterranean regions, namely irrigation (Regulation (EEC) No 7362/783), agricultural infrasrructure (Regulation (EEC) No 1760/784) and reafforestarion (Regulation (EEC) No 269/79s), involving in total contriburion of 111 million ECU;

(ii) heavy expenditure on various schemes connected with wine, including restructuring and conversion (Regulations (EEC) Nos 456/806 and 458/807 and Directives 78/627/EEC8 and 79/359/EECe), involving a total of 24.1 million ECU; and

(iii) expenditure at a high level for the sharefinanced by the Guidance Sectionof the milk non-marketingand dairy herd conversionpremiums (Regulation (EEC) No 7078/7710)(39.4 million ECU).

1 OJ L 128,19. 5. 1975, p. 1. ? oJ L 36, 23.4. 1972,p: 1. 1 OJ L 166,19.6. t978, p. 11. : oJ t, 204, 28.7. 1978,b. t. OJ L 38, 14.2. L979,p. 1. :,_ oJ L 57, 29. 2. 198A,-p.b. rc. I OJ L 57, 29.2. 1980, ZZ. I ol L 206,2e.7 . 1979:p. 1. e OJ L 85,5. 4.1979,p. 34. ro '1.31, OJ L 26.5 . 1977, p. 1. FINANCING OF THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY I73

Outlook for the Guidance Section

266. As the table at point262 shows, the 1985 budget and the draft'1,986budget revealtrends substantiallydifferent from thoseobservable in the past. The 1985 budgetreflects the generalbudgetary difficulties sufferedby the Community during this period and the draft1.,986budget is only a little more favourable,since it must cover the first costsof the enlargementof the Community with an amount much the sameas that of the effectivecommitments in 1984. However, it must be borne in mind that the policy on structuresis now in a transitionalphase during which it is 'rri . naturalthat the growth of appropriations assignedto investmentprojects should run aheadof expenditureon reimburse- ments for the implementationof the new Regulation (EEC) No 797/85 (seethe 'Agricultural chapter on structures'in this report). Thus, the amount earmarkedfor structure improvement projects rises sharply following the adaptationof Regulation(EEC) No 355/77approved by the Council asRegulation(EEC)No1932/84 of 19June1984,t the financialeffectofwhichwas reflectedimmediately in the 198qbudget and more strongly reflectedin the 1986 budget,to cover Portugal and Spain as well. On the other hand, the lower appropriationsfor socio-structuralmeasures and regionalizedmeasures reflect mainly the completionof the variousschemes which are (i,EC) to be supersededby thoseprovided for by Regulation'\ No 797/85 and by the integrated Mediterranean programmes.

OJ L 180,7.7.1,984, p. 1.

Xlll - Agriculturaldevelopment

Statisticali nformation

NB For practical reasons the following pages employ the Continental representation of numbers, i.e. one thousand two hundred and thirty-four point five is represented as | 234,5 rather than the more conventional 1,234.5. .att-:: CONTENTS 177

Contents Statisticaldata and tables

Page K.y to symbols and abbreviations 188 Currency units used in this report 190

The calculation of % TAV: the annual rate of change (expressedas a percentage) 192 Observations on statistical method 193

Table No

General economic data (Table 01)

01 Percentage share of agriculture, forestry and fisheries: A in gross national product at factor cost B in total employment C in total gross fixed capital formation D - in exports by value E in imports by value 195

Agricultural economics (Tables 02 to 12)

02 Situation and development at current prices of - final production - intermediate consumption - gross value-added of agriculture - the net value-added of agriculture at factor cost 196 03 Products as percentage of final agricultural production in each Member State and in the Communitv as a whole 198 04 Products in Member States as a percentage of the final production of agriculture in the Community 200 05 Percentage breakdown of intermediate consumption in each Member State 202 06 Development of the implicit price of final production: - value/volume (nominal) - value/volume, deflated by the implicit price of GDP (real) 203 07 Development of the implicit price of intermediate consumption: - valuelvolume (nominal) - value/volume, deflated by the implicit price of GDP (real) 204 'terms 08 Development of the of trade of agriculture' : the relationship between the development of agricultural producer prices and the price of intermediate consumption 205 09 Development of gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) and gross value-added (GVA) at factor cost, in agriculture:L973-&4 206 10 Volume of final production, crops and livestock 207 10 (1) Volume of final production, crops and livestock (continued) 208 178 coNTENTS

Table No Page

IL Annual percentage change in final production, gross value-added, employment, utilized agricultural area and growth of agricultural productivity between '1983' and 1973 209 12 Development (in volume) of : - the final value of agricultural production intermediate consumption - gross value-added (at market prices) 210

FADN (Tables 13.l to 13.3)

13 Farm accountancy data network 21.1 N 13.1 Accounts results for the different types of farming 212 N 13.1 Accounts results for the different types of farming (continued) 214 N 13.1 Accounts results for the different types of farming (continued) 216 N 13.2 Results according to economic size of farm 218 N 13.3 Proportion of the major crop and livestock enterprises in each rype according to "/" of the total standard gross margin 220

VAT and prices (Tables 1,4.1,to 23)

14.1 Rate of value-added tax (VAT) ; producer prices for agricultural products 221 14.2 Rate of value-added tax (VAT) ; purchase price of agricultural inputs 222 15 Annual rate of change of : (a) consumer prices for foodstuffs 223 (b) producer prices for agricultural products 223 16 Producer prices for agricultural products (excluding VAT) in the EC 226 17 Purchase price of agricultural inputs (excluding VAT) 228 18 Evolution in the indices of agricultural wages, in the EC indices of purchase price of inputs and producer prices for agricultural products (excluding VAT) 229 18 (1) Evolution in the indices of agricultural wages, in the EC indices of purchase price of inputs and producer prices for agricultural products (excluding VAT) (continued) 229 19 Evolution in the EC price index of feedingstuffs, fertilizers and soil improvement, energy and lubricants, investments in machinery (excluding VAT; Ireland including VAT) 230 20 Evolution of the indicesof producer pricesfor agricultural products (excluding vAT) 232 20 (L) Evolution ofthe indicesofproducer pricesfor agricultural products (excluding VAT) (continued) 233 2l Market value of agricultural land (parcels) 234 22 Rent of agricultural land 235

N - new table CONTENTS 179

Table No Page

23 Agricultural prices and amounts of Community aid (beginning of marketing year) 236 23(r) Agricultural prices and amounts of Community aid (beginning of marketing year) (continued) 238 23 (2) Agricultural prices and amounts of Community aid (beginning of marketing year) (continued) 240 23 (3) Agricultural prices and amounts of Community aid (beginning of marketing year) (continued) 242 23 (4) Agricultural prices and amounts of Community aid (beginning of marketing year) (continued) 244

Qonsumption (Tables 24 and 25)

24 Expenditure on consumption of : (a) foodstuffs, beverages and tobacco (b) foodstuffs (c) non-alcoholic beverages (d) alcoholic beverages (e) tobacco 246 25 Human consumption of certain agricultural products 247 25 (1) Human consumption of certain agricultural products (continued) 248

Trade and degree of self-supply (Tables 26 to 41)

26 Degree of self-supply in certain agricultural products 249 26 (I) Degree of self-supply in certain agricultural products (continued) 254 27 Intra-Community trade (by product) based on entries 251 28 Intra-Community trade (by product) based on exits 252 29 Community imports (by product) based on entries 253 30 Community exports (by product) based on exits 254 31, tüüorld exports and EC foreign trade in all products (agricultural products and other products) - EUR 10 255 32 EC imports of agricultural products from different groups of countries - EUR 10 256 32.2 EC exports of agricultural products to different groups of countries 257 32.3 EC trade of agricultural and food products according to the main client countries 258 32.4 EC trade of agricultural and food products according to the main supplier countries 259 33 EC trade with ACP countries and overseas territories of Member States of the Community (PTOM) 260 34 EC trade with Mediterranean countries 267 34.1, Imports of agricultural and food products by the EC and some other countries 262 34.2 Exports of agricultural and food products by the EC and some other countries 263 34.3 Main trade balances of agricultural and food products in the Community 264 35 EC trade by product - EUR 10 265 180 coNTENTS

Table No Page 36 EC trade in agricultural and food products by economic zone - EUR 10 266 37 EC trade in agricultural and food products 267 39 EC trade with the two applicant countries for all products, and agricultural and food products 268 40 EUR 9 trade with Greece and the two applicant countries for all products, and agricultural and food products 269 '1982' 4t world production and trade in the principal agricultural products 270

Financial aspects (Tables 42 to 50.a)

42 Quantity and value of producrs in public srorage 43 EAGGF Guarantee Section expenditure by sector 272 44 Breakdown of appropriations by sector according to the economic nature of the measure Financial year 1984 - Financial year 1985 274 45 Receipts from the common agricultural policy 276 46 Expenditure of the Guarantee Section as a percentage of : the Community's gross domestic product Community expenditure on food 276 47 Aid granted from the Fund r'rp to 31 December 1984 277 48 Proiects financed by the EAGGF Guidance Section classified by EC region: 1978-84(R/3ss /77) 278 'Marketing 49 Projects structures' financed by rhe EAGGF Guidance Section classifiedby major category of operations: 1978-84(R/355/77') 280 50 Paymentsmade towards socio-structuralschemes ofa generalnature, schemes in less-favouredareas and schemesrelated to common organizationsofmarkets 283 N 50.1 Public expenditure on agriculture in 1980 (lst part) 284 N 50.2 Public expenditure on agriculture in 1980 (2"d part) 285

Stmctures (Tables51.1 to 66) 51.1 Employment in agriculture: 'employed' Persons and persons with 'an occupation' in the sector 'Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing' 286 5t.2 Employment in agriculture: Personsworking on agricultural holdings 288 'Persons 52 employed' in the sector 'Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing' - Evolution 1960-84 291 53.1 Utilized agricultural area, woods and forests 292 53.2 Area used for the principal agricultural products 294 54 Number and area of farms 296 55 Livestock headage 298 55 (1) Livestock headage(continued) 299 56 Cattle headageand number of holders (1984) 300 56.1 Changein the strucruresof cattle farms, 1973-84 (a) by Member State 301 (b) by herd size category (EUR 10) 302

N : new table CONTENTS 181

Table No Page

57 Dairy cow headage and number of holders (1984) 303 57.1 Change in the structure of dairy farms, 1.973-84 (a) by Member State 304 (b) by herd size category (EUR 10) 305 58 Pig headage and number of holders (1984) 306 58.1 Change in the structure of pig farms, 1973-84 (a) by the Member State 307 (b) by herd size category (EUR 10) 308 59 Agricultural produce sold through (1,984) 309 50 Agricultural produce sold under previously concluded contracts (1984) 3oe 6l Average annual interest rate (%) (not taking into account interest-rate subsidies) payable on loans for farm investments 3tl 62 Results of Directive 72/159/EEC on the modernization of farms 31,2 63 Results of Directive 7Z/L60/EEC, concerning measures to encourage the cessation of farming and the reallocation of utilized agricultural area for the purpose of structural improvement 312 64 Results of Directive 72/l6l/EEC concerning the provision of socio-economic guidance for and the acquisition of occupational skills by persons engaged in agriculture 314 55 Results of Directive72/268lBBC on mountain and hill farming in certain less- favoured areas 31.6 66 Results of Regulation (EEC) No 355177on improving the conditions under which agricultural products are processedand marketed 317

Agricultural markets (Tables M.1 to M.23)

Cereals (Table M.1)

M.l.1 Area, yield and production of cereals (excluding rice) 319 M.l .2.a Supply/demand balance durum wheat - common wheat 323 M.1 .2.b Supply/demandbalance - barley rye 324 M.l.2.c Supply/demandbalance maize oats and mixed corn 325 ivl.l.2.d Supply/demand balance - other cereals - total cereals (excluding rice) 326 CONTENTS

Table No Page

M.1.3 Market prices for domestic cereal production 327 M.L.4 Prices received by cereal producers in the Community 328 M.1.5 Cereal market prices as a percentage of the intervention price 329 M.1.6 Cereals delivered to intervention 330 M.t.7 World production of cereals and production in the main expofting countries 331 M.1.8 The Community's share of world cereal trade 331 M.1.10 Consumer prices of bread 332 M.1.11 Consumer price indices - bread and cereals 333

Rice (Table M.2)

M.2.1 Area, yield and production of rice (paddy) 334 M.2.2 Rice supply balance (all rice) 334 M.2,4 Average ma.rket prices for paddy rice in surplus areas compared with intervention prices 335 M.2.5 cif Rotterdam prices for husked rice 336

Sugar (Table M.3)

M.3.1 Area under sugarbeet, yield and production of sugar 337 M.3.2 Sugar production by quora 338 M.3.3 Sugar supply balance 338 M.3.4 \7orld supply balance and international trade in sugar 339 M.3.5 Average world sugar prices 339 M.3.5 Worldproduction of sugar and production of the main producing or exporting countrles 340 M.3.7 Consumer prices of sugar 341

Olive oil (Table M.4)

M.4.1 Fixed prices and market prices on the Bari market for olive oil semi-fine 30 lampante grade olive oil 50 'Sfholesale M.4.2 prices - on the Bari market for - ;;'ii:*il;';;L., ro, - refined olive oil - edible seed oils 343 M.4.3 Olive-oil imports 345 CONTENTS 183

Table No Page

Oil seeds (Table M.5)

M.5.1 Area, yield and production of colza and rapg seed sunflower seed cotton seed 346 M.5.2 Supplies of colza and rape (seed, oil, cake) 347 M.5.3 Internal and external trade - Colza and rape seed 347 M.5.4 Sunflowers supplies (seed, oil, cake) 348 M.5.5 Internal and external trade in sunflower seed 348

Dried fodder, peas, beans, field beans (Table M.6)

M.6.1 Production of dried fodder (excluding potatoes) 349 M.6.2 Prices of dehydrated lucerne 349 M.6.4 Community supplies of dehydrated fodder 3s0

Fibre, flax and cotton (Table M.7)

M.7 .t Area, production and yield of cotton (teased and natural) 351 M.7.2 Area, yield and production of fibre flax 352 M.7.3 Flax tow prices 353 M.7 .4 Producer prices for flax seed 353 M.7.5 Imports of flax straw into Belgium 353

Seeds (Table M.8)

M.8 Seed production and related aid 354

Wine (Table M.9)

M.9.1 Area under vines, yield and production of wine and must 357 '$7ine M.9.2 supply balance 358 M.9.3 Producer prices for table wines 3s9

' Tobacco (Table M.10)

M.L0.L Area, yield and production of leaf tobacco by groups of varieties 350 M.10.2 ltaly's exports of raw tobacco 362 184 coNTENTS

Table No page

M.10.3 Quantities of tobacco delivered ro intervention 362 M.10.4 EC share of world trade in raw tobacco 363 M'10.5 world. production of raw robacco and production in principal exporting countries 363

Fruit and vegetables (Table M.11)

M.11.1 Harvested production of orchard fruit 364 M.11.2 Harvesred producrion of vegetables 367 M.11.4 Producer prices of certain fruit and vegetables 368 M.l1.5 Quantities of fruit and vegetables delivered ro intervenrion 370 M.11.6 Supplies of fresh fruit Market balance: fresh apples 372 M.11..7 Market balance - fresh pears fresh peaches 373 M.11.8 Supplies of - cirrus fruit fresh vegetables 374 M.11.9 Market balance - cauliflowers fresh tomaroes 375 N M.l1.10 Market balance - processed tomatoes processed peaches 376

. Hops (Table M.lz)

M.12.1 Area, yield and production of hops 377 M.12.2 Market prices for hops 378 M.12.3 Market balance - hops 379

Milk (Table M.13)

M.13.1 Dairy herds and yield 380 M.13.2 Production of milk from dairy herds and delivery of milk to dairies 381 M.13.3 Delivery to dairies of - milk from daiy herds/production f/,) - cream (in milk equivalent) (Mio r) 382 M.13.4 Supply balance 5hss1- fresh products (excl. cream) cream 383 M.13.5 Production and consumption of fresh dairy producrs 384 M.13.6 Production in dairies of butter and cheese 38s M.l3 -7 Production in dairies of whole-milk powder anrJskimmed-milk powder 386 M.13,8 Production in dairies of concentrated milk and casein 387 M.13.9 Detailed breakdown of butter supplies 388 M.13.10 Detailed breakdown of skimmed-milk powder supplies 389

N - new table CONTENTS 185

Table No Page

N M.t3.rl lüüorld trade in certain milk product EC share 390 'World M.13.12 . butter production cheese production casein production 391 M.l3.13 \7orld - whole-milk powder and skimmed-milk powder production concentrated milk production 392 M.13.14 Quantities of skimmed milk and skimmed-milk powder intended for animal feed and of skimmed milk converted into casein and caseinates for which a subsidy has been granted 393 M.13.15 Community butter and skimmed-milk powder stocks on 1 April 394 M.13.16 Intervention measures in 1983 for - butter skimmed-milk powder 39s M.r3.17 Consumer price milk cheese butter 395 M.13.19 Consumer price index - milk, butter, cheese 397 N M.13.19 Quotas on milk deliveries 398

Beef and veal (Table M.14)

M.14.1 Cattle numbers 399 M.1,4.2 Beef and veal supply balance 399 M.14.3 Net beef and veal production (adult bovine animals and calves) 400 M.14.4 Slaughterings of adult bovine animals and calves 40t M.14.5 Market prices for beef and veal 402 M.74.6 Consumer price of beef and veal 403 M.14.7 World production and production of principal beef and veal-producing exporting countries 4A3 M.14.8 Beef and veal EC trade by species 404 M.14.9 Beef and veal - Commercial evoultion with third countries 405

Pigmeat (Table M.15)

M.15.1 Pig numbers 406 M.15.2 Pigmeat supply balance 406 M.15.3 Net pigmeat production 4A7 M.15.4 Number of pigs slaughtered 407 M.15.5 Market prices for pigmeat 408 M.15.6 Consumer price of pigmeat 408 M.L5.7 World production and gross domestic production of principal pigmeat- producing or pigmeat-exportingcountries 409

N : new table 186 coNTENTS

Table No Page

Eggs (Table M.16)

M.16.1 Laying hens 41.0 Nr.r6.2 Number of utility chicks hatched from laying hens 410 M.16.3 Production of eggs in shell (total eggs) 4tl M.16.4 Egg supply balance (total eggs) 41.1 M.16.s Market prices for eggs 412 M.16.6 Consumer prices for eggs 412

Poultrymeat (Table M.l7)

M.l7.l Number of utility chicks of table strains hatched 413 M.17.2 Gross domestic production of poultrymeat 413 M.17.3 Poultrymeat supply balance 414 M.17.4 Market prices for chickens 4r4 M.t7.5 Consumer prices for chickens 415

Silkworms (Table M.18)

M.18 Output of silkworm cocoons and number of boxes of silkworm eggs used 415

Sheepmeat (Table M.19)

M.lg.l Sheep and goat numbers 4L6 M.19.2 Gross domestic sheepmeat and goatmeat production 4t7 M.19.3 Sheep and goats slaughtered 417 M.19.4 Sheepmeat and goatmeat supply balance 4t8 M.19.5 Imports of sheepmear 418 M.19.6 Market prices for sheepmeat 41.9 M.19.7 Sheepmeatand goatmeat - EC trade by species 420 M.19.8 Sheepmeat and goatmeat - Commercial evolution with third countries 421

Alcohol (Table M.20.a)

M.ZA.a Output of ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin

Potatoes (Table M.20.b)

M.20.b.1 Area, yield and production of potatoes 424 M.20.b.2 Area, yield and production of new potatoes 425 M.20.b.3 Potato supply balance 426 M.20.b.4 Potatoes: - total production quantities processed 427 CONTENTS 1.87

Table No Page

Honey (Table M.20.c) M.20.c Honey supply balance 428

Wood (Table M.20.d) M.20.d Internal and external trade in wood and wood product EUR L0 429

Feedingstuffs (Table M.zl) M.zt.1 Products used for animal feeding 430 M.21.2 Products used for animal feeding in the EC 43t M.Lt.3 Feed requirements expressed in fodder units 43r M.21.4 Industrial production of compound feedingstuffs 432 M.21.5 Production of the compound feedingstuffs industry by category of animal and by Member State 432 M.zt.6 Use of cereals in compound feedingstuffs 433 M.21.7 Use of cake in compound feedingstuffs 433 M.21.8 cif offer price (Rotterdam) for soya cakes 434

Meat total (Table M.22) M.22.1 Gross production of meat in the Community 435 M.22.2 Meat consumption 436 M.22.3 Net balance of external trade in meat and degree of self-supply in the EC 437 M.22.4 Consumer prices indice Meat 438

Fats (Table M.23) M.23 Apparant human consumption of fats subdivided by:

processed products consumed (pure fat)

Remarh.: The following tablesof The Agricuburalsituation inthe Community- 7984Report, have not been repeated:

13.1,,13.2, 67 M.1.9, M.2.3, M.6.5, M.l3.11 188 KEy ro syMBoLs AND ABBREVTATToNS

Key to symbofsand abbreviations

Statistic symbols Nil ; Less than half a unit x Not applicable Not available Not fixed No prices quoted Uncertain Provisional {.* Eurostat estimate CEC estimate, Directorate-General for Agriculture r Revised S Secret g '196g' Average 'lg7g' a 0967, 1959,1,969) g (1978,t979, 1980) 1979 /80 9top year, starting in 1979 and ending in 1980 % Percentage % TAV Annual percentage change

Units of measurement - Currency ECU European currency unit EUA European unit of account u.a. Gold parity unit of accounr BFR Belgian franc DKR Danish crown DM German mark DR Greek drachma FF French franc IRL Irish pound LIT Italian lira HFL Dutch guilder UKL Pound sterling USD US dollar NC National currency - Other units cif Cost, insurance, freight rate VAT Value-added tax Mrd Milliard Mio Million t Tonne q Unit of 100 kg (quintal) KEY TO SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 189

kg Kilogram hl Hectolitre I Litre ha Hectare UAA Utilized agricultural area LU Livestock unit ESU European size unit FU Fodder unit AWU Annual work unit TF Typ. of farming

Geographical abbreviations

EC European Communities EUR 9 Total of the Member States of the EC (1980) EUR 10 Total of the Member States of the EC (1981) UEBL/BLEU Belgo-LuxembourgEconomicUnion DOM French overseas departments ACP African Caribbean and Pacific countries party to the Lom6 Convention PTOM Countries and overseas territories of Member States of the European Community

Sources

Eurostat Statistical Office of the European Communities SITC Standard international trade classification (Eurostat) Nimexe Nomenclature of produce for the Community's external trade statistics and trade between its Member States (Eurostat) ESA European system of integrated economic accounts (Eurostat) FADN Farm accountacy data network (Commission of the European Communities - Directorate-General for Agriculture) OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development FAO Food and Agriculture United Natioirs Organization'S7orks of the UNR\TA United Nations Relief and Agency IMF International Monetary Fund GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade FEFAC European Federation of Manufacturers of Compound Feedingstuffs FEDIOL Federation of the Seed Crushers and Oil Processors in the EEC AIMA Intervention Agency for the Agricultural Markets (Italian version) USDA United States Department of Agriculture I9O MoNE,TARY UNITS USED

Monetaryunits used tn this report

1. European Monetary System (EMS) - ECU

The EMS came into force on 13 March 1979 (Regulations (EEC) No 3180/78 and No 3l8I/78 oI 18 December 1978). \fith this system, the ECU wäs introduced as the sole unit of account for the Qo,mmunity. The definition of the ECU is identical to that of the EUA (European unit of account, .tfined by Regulation (EEC) No 250/75 of 27 April 1975) except for a review clause allowing for -basket' changes in its composition. The ECU is a currency unit of the type made up of specified amounts of the currencies of the Member States determined mainlv on the basis of the size of the economy of each State. The drachma is not included in the calculation of the value of the ECU and sterling has only a national central rate. The central rates used in the system are rates fixed by the central banks around which the market rates of the EMS currencies may fluctuate within margins not exceeding 2,25 o/o (6 % for the Italian lira) at any given time.

2. ECU in the common agricultural policy

- Before 9 April7979, the unit of account used in the agricultural sector was the unit of account (u.a.) as defined by Regulation (EEC) No 129/62 and the representative rates (green rates) were fixed bv the Council. - On 9 April, the ECU was also introduced into the CAP (Regulation (EEC) No 552l79)and its use was subsequently renewed by Regulations (EEC) No 7264/79, No 1011/80, No 1523/80 and No876/81. The agricultural prices and the common amounts are expressed in ECU. The conversion rates (representative rates) of the common amounts are expressed in ECU. The conversion rates (representative rates) of the common prices into national currencies are, as before. fixed bv tiretouncil - At the time of from the EUA to the ECU, on 9 April 1979, thecommon agricultural prices and amounts"h"rrg"ou.. expressed in u.a. and converted into ECU were adjusted by a coefficient of 1,208953. Conversely, the green rates were adiusted by a reciprocal coefficient of l/1,208953, leaving actual price levels unchanged. For example, 100 u.a. x 3,40 : DM 340 becomes 121 ECU x 2,81 : DM 340. - For the recording of world market prices, offer prices are converted at the market rates. MONETARY UNITS USED 1,91,

Indicative currency parities 1

1984 1984 Green rates 3 used for 1984 E cenffal rates 1 ECU : ..... converting 1.983/84 1 USD ..... 4 1 ECU : ..... national currency prices and amounts national currency national Averase market 1 ECU : ..... Average market 1 currency rate o national currency rate

1 2 3 4 5

Beginning I End

DM 2.24 2.238 2.515 2.837 FF 6.87 6.872 6.492 8.71,0 LIT 1 4A3 1381.4 1 341.0 1 7s0.8 HFL 2.s3 2.523 2.71,0 3.r98 BFR/LFR 44.90 45.44 44.37- 44.90 57.59 UKL (0.s871) (0.s860) 0.s906 0.6187 0.7485 IRL 0.7257 0.72s9 a.7fi0 - 0.7257 0.9200 DKR 8.14 8.146 8.234 10.324 DR (17.9:87.48) 88.42 77.25 1,12.07

USD 0.789 1.0000

Rsults of the calculationof the simole arithmetic mean (roundedfisures), Offer price on the world muket ari calculatedby meanj of the -"iket rata approximatelycorrsponding to the above figure. Range for the marketing years of the 'green rates' for tte main produds. Fieurescalculated ftom EUA valu*.

According to context, different currency units have been used in this publication. The statistical series in terms of value are also calculated:

- at constant exchange rates, i.e. at the exchange rates obtaining during a specific period (e.g. 1979). These rates are used to eliminate the influences of currency variations on a time series;

- at current exchange rates (notably for external trade).

To assist the user of this publication wishing to convert units of account into currency parities an indicative conversion table is given above. 192 MoNETARY UNITS USED

The calculationof % TAV:the annualrate of change (expressedasa percentage)

Year T * N o/o 1. The statistic TAV is used throughout this repoft to provide a homogeneous Year T presentation of diverse statistical material. It represents the annual, compound growth (or decline), as a percentage, of the phenomenon in question; the earlier year being the base year T.

2. This statisticis CArlc:utlatted as follows: /. StatisticYearT+N' I 1oo x nnti-l-o' [- L,rgL,o{g +N -100-%TAV ( 'Statistic \ Year T' -l

dealingwith slta1tis;tir.calmaterial relating to successiue years, the computationalformula reduces Xl."

'Statistic for year T + 1' rc'. 'Statistic { for year T' )-'oo

3. The following series illustrates the use of this formula:

L970 1971 1975 1976 Series- 100000 112000 161 05 1 177 156

1,971 1,975 1976 1970 1970 197s o/" % TAV r2,0 "/o 1,0,o l0,a "/o OBSERVATIONSC}N STATISTICAL METHOD 1,93

Observationson statisticalmethod

CouncilRegulation {EEC) No 1736/7 5 of 24 June797 5 onthe external trade statistics of the Community and statistics of trade between Member Statäs came into force on 1 January 1977 in rcspect of the datä that the Member States are bound to transmit to Eurostat.

One of the main objects of the system provided for in this Regulation is to avoid recording data twice. Articles 9 to 11 may be summarized as follows: (1) When goods from a non-member country are first brought into a Member State, that Member State must record the import according to thL origin of the goods. (2) If these goods are then subject t9 a legat operation (for example, clearance for consumption) and subsequeltly imported.into a-nother Membei State, the latter m-usrrecord the goods accoräing io the Member State from which they were received.

However, to satisfy national requir€ments, Article 42 of the Regulation allows, the Member States to maintain their existing system älongside the new system.

This means that a Member State's national data may be substantially different from data supplied by Community sources.

Furthermore, the use of the statistics of trade between Member Stares creates a problem in comoiline the figures.for imports and exports in the supply balance sheets for agricultural proäucts for the Coitrmünity as a whole.

It is essential, when drawing up the Community balance sheet, to select the data on trade between Member States which are to be ignoted for the purpose of establishing trade with non-member countries. Trade between Member States may be iecorded according to goods entering or leaving. Eurostat uses data from national sources compiled on the basis of entriei recolrded by Mem6er States för determining exports to non-member countries as well (i.e. total export less tradä between Member States on the basis of imports).

For all these reasons the external trade data in the balance sheets may be different from those in the external trade tables. In addition, the break in continuity in externäl trade data from Community sources as from 1977,broug)rt about by the entry into force ofthe regulation referred to above, should bä borne in mind. 194 oBSERVATIoNS oN STATISTICAL METHoD

The statistical information in this report is based mainly on data supplied by the Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eutostat);'rhe Directorate-Göneral for Agiiculture has updated these data in cerrain cases and has also used them as a basis for certain additional calculations.

The rates of change are intended to show the development of the situation on the agricultural markets during recent years.

For moie detailed statistics the reader should refer to the following publications of Eurostat:

CLASSIFICATIONOF EUROSTATPUBLICATIONS

Themes Sub-themes GENERAL ECONOMIC DATA 195

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c.i r- o r-. ä o\ oo co rn C?)toca$\o-o t-( \O oo O€ I äääää-id OÖI o\ zo O lrl g f- \O ca OO f- tr sfF.f-ndL\O c\ \o o\ oo\ -i ..i -tr -:' d Orrt €ti ä d o\ r-t Fa (ll> 6o &g cg oa cA E t F!€ o o t I ?xF c€ I ) HEE. ;ö s a r1$ ?()-sE s A'i. c) /\v D )r9 s C) EgE FX EI ;sxc) \) .: äEe Yo oii € ,. Q'E sN L< I oo -RF EE d aFpo.lcl .ES (!tr s;f =s I .r{ BEE. *€ € z; E ! E c^Ov) 9E iJl IE 4' 1) E H T;E €aE eö t^ Li tro P,c')3ä!'=tr C) \ gECg FA .n XA xx gsEE€ .q ET Eo € t< dä :.s, ,()* ;i 3&.l-- s o 0r o o Fft aa lrl o 200 AcRTcULTURALEcoNoMrcs

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-,I .sl a ! -OE€ -I !28(h E ;ü: s E L I E ;: € E oe s €e ssHeä;!Ef äür:E er O F ä E E s ü ä E 5 E ,s,ss = E F E g g * AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS 20r

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06 l)evelopment of the implicit price of final production: - value/volume(nominal) - value/volume,dellated by. the implicit price of GDP (real) (1980=tN)

r975 1979 1980 r98l t982 r983 1984

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Nominal

Deutschland 92,4 98,9 100,0 106,6 107,9 107,8 106,9 France 69,0 94,3 100,0 112,0 125,5 1,36,6 139,3 Italia 49,3 87,9 100,0 I 13,8 13r,7 1,45,3 154,4 Nederland 89,3 95,2 100,0 109,5 r12,6 114,4 116,6 Belgique/Belgiö 85,4 94,3 100,0 107,0 r16,7 130,0 128,1 Luxembourg 81,9 96,5 100,0 107,9 122,3 130,3 131,7 United Kingdom 62,2 95,2 100,0 110,4 116,9 t2r,0 122,5 Ireland 55,5 100,2 100,0 I16,0 125,8 136,4 t39,6 Danmark 70,9 90,6 100,0 112,3 124,5 130,2 133,0 Ellas 45,4 82,7 100,0 120,0 146,9 174,6 212,7

EUR IO 74,0 94,7 100,0 109,8 TI7,9 122,9 124,9

Real

Deutschland l,12,l 103,3 100,0 102,4 99,0 95,9 93,3 France I 13,0 105,8 100,0 99,9 99,5 98,7 93,6 Italia r10,2 106,I 100,0 96,2 94,4 90,5 87,4 Nederland 120,2 100,6 100,0 103,8 100,7 100,4 99,9 BelgiqueiBelgiö lll,9 98,1 100,0 101,6 103,6 108,9 t0r,7 Luxembourg 113,0 105,2 100,0 101,0 104,9 t02,6 96,8 United Kingdom 124,2 L14,0 100,0 98,8 97,7 96,3 93,7 Ireland 107,8 114,4 100,0 99,4 93,2 91,4 86,9 Danmark 107,I 98,1 100,0 102,0 101,6 98,3 96,0 Ellas 93,l 97,2 100,0 100,6 98,9 98,1 101,0

EUR IO 122,1 106,6 100,0 99,3 96,8 93,6 90,I

Source.' Eurostat. 204 AcRTcULTURALEcoNoMrcs

07 Development of the implicit price of intermediate consumption: - value/volume (nominal) - value/volume, deflated by the implicit price of GDP (real) /,980=100)

1975 r979 1980 l98l r982 1983 1984

I 2 3 4 ) 6 7 8

Nominal

Deutschland 82,2 92,5 100,0 108,2 110,2 lI4,t 115,4 France 62,9 86,4 100,0 113,0 126,1 137,9 147,4 Italia 52,3 83,0 100,0 123,1 138,8 157,9 171,2 Nederland 80,5 93,9 100,0 108,9 I 13,0 I 15,6 I 19,0 Belgique/Belgiö 79,5 92,9 100,0 109,0 120,6 I 31,5 I 38,4 Luxembourg 80,0 92,0 100,0 lrl,2 120,9 132,5 136,7 United Kingdom 54,5 89,3 100,0 108,9 116,5 124,6 128,9 Ireland 54,7 88,I 100,0 114,5 126,5 137,2 150,0 Danmark 70,5 86,1 100,0 116,9 130,0 138,5 146,0 Ellas ,: 74,3 100,0 120,7 r37,5 168,0 195,1

EUR IO 69,6 89,0 100,0 lll,8 I19,3 126,4 131,7

Real

Deutschland 99,8 96,5 100,0 103,9 r01,2 101,5 100,7 France 102,0 96,9 100,0 101,0 100,0 99,7 99,1 Italia 117,0 100,1 100,0 104,1 99,5 98,4 96,9 Nederland 109,3 99,3 100,0 103,3 101,2 101,4 101,8 Belgique/Belgiö 104,2 96,5 100,0 103,5 107,0 I l0,l 109,8 Luxembourg I10,4 100,3 100,0 104,1 101,1 104,3 100,4 United Kingdom l0g,g 107,0 100,0 97,5 97,4 99,r 98,6 Ireland 106,2 100,6 100,0 97,8 93,7 9l,g 93,4 Danmark 106,5 93,2 100,0 106,2 106,I 104,5 105,4 Ellas 95,5 87,5 100,0 101,2 92,5 94,4 92,7

EUR l0 I l3,l r00,2 100,0 101,1 97,9 96,4 95,1

Source.' Eurostat. AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS 205

€.)t, 9fö C) .JS .I\ h a a{ ra r-r \O t+ !-( Fr O oo \O C\ O q oPP €$ o .i.=r.dode.i\i,rie.iiO + -\- o\ O\O,öO\O,O\O\O\O\9 o\ a f- E tt s {) I GI a q) tr I o .l üt li tnOOOO\$F(tnOO\ c\ ttt a a?l rJ I oo o\ ot) tr o\ O\O\O\O\O\O\O\O\g\=t'ö-äododrreXB o\ o c) I a - (l) E

L 3 a €) - 3 cl oo L O\r,AO\$OOFrcA$OOO\ a -I t\ \i -r d od () I € oo . ol S oi - o\ O\O\O\(}\O\19F. e n t o\ o0 - cl .-CJ o L tr ä0 '5 6l () f- €2 o *. ca q a \OO$(.|c\OcOf-O$ q)E od r- odO,NÖooF-,-{F(\OO\ cl s €o\ o\ F o,öo,Öo\o\OOo\o\ tr : Fi- g q) - & Q)

a) .tt 'tt ()(l) q) A a o^o^o^o^o^o^o^ooo - O f. O oo I o\ \€) O -I - - ässBssssssF{ t-( t-{ t-l F( q) Fa r-( t-a o q) E = 0.) !.q) t

g tr t+ o - O F. O\ C.l \O oF\ \O OO C\ Cl (n o\ (A a r'l^1 ,-( t-{ ca t-'r \o q) c\ i-l |-.- O\ S \9 !O f, k E o\ ööooooo,r-.o'l-< öt) F( - d - i< t-'l t-a r-( t-a o a- *. o cl a) c) L öo o) tr I g rE I \O -f, \O C\ ,-'. C\ O \O O oO- \o € oi € t\ s öN!eoo\E>cof-o\F(r- o\ --!JOOOOF{-r-( O o :- *-FFll-(F{i-lF(-- 6 q) ü)a L g -I () -*J - - (tt C) .T L caN|'nO\OF(I,^)OO$O\ cO - ä0 t- () t\ ö N (rl ä+dod"_.ijqis=d G) G o\ =-:ööOOO-O- O (u t+r --q--FaF{F(r-(r< = ct alt q) c)() E cl o L I +, (r, t- 8i cF\\Of-OcOC\€tr|Oca ..: cq f- a)X a.Y f- \O O\ F. c\ c'l öl cri- c- d O\ O\ o\ F.C\Ot-.OFIFICAF{F< F Fä - r-a -a F,a r-a rr{ F( t-a - (l)trxs gE {ö€r =()30 q)E 'tr.83g € C.)

ll .r = SE v! :E r, 6l q)c) .I ü a- rFa ox E D F.= FA rrl t- rt T.E ä rrr J-g A* :'q)= rio E g E E ä E E E E tr XFr oo Ä A E E ä 5 5 E Ä f; 80 206 AcRTcULTURAL ECoNoMrcs

09 Development( t) of grossfixed capital formation (GFCF) and grossvalue-added (GVA) at factor cost, in agriculture: 1973-84 (1980= 100)

r973 1977 t978 r979 1980 l98r 1982 1983 1984

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0 ll

Deutschland I cFcF 65,7 97,3 102,9 106,8 100,0 92,5 101,2 I l5,l 98,6 I cva 100,6 112,6 I13,0 105,0 100,0 108,6 125,7 108,9 125,0 GFCF/GVA(%) 23,9 31,6 33,3 37,1 36,5 3l,l 29,4 38,6 2g,g I France I cncr 60,2 77,0 90,9 89,6 100,0 104,2 127,5 138,0 129,4 GVA 70,6 I 83,8 92,1 100,9 100,0 108,5 138,9 141,2 151,6 GFcF/cvA(%) 18,4 19,8 21,3 lg,l 21,6 20,7 lg,g 2l,l 18,3 I Italia I crcr 1,y 23,9 60,6 70,8 80,7 100,0 I15,0 125,0 134,8 148,5 I cve 32,7 62,4 73,4 86,7 100,0 110,4 r25,6 150,9 153,6 GFcF/cvA(%) 15,9 21,2 2l,l 20,3 21,8 22,7 19,6 I 21,7 2l,l I Nederland GFCF 54,7 85,7 102,9 l2l,l 100,0 I 82,5 90,4 98,8 90,9 GVA 77,8 98,6 101,0 97,6 100,0 124,2 138,6 I 136,5 148,8 GFCF/GVA (%) 21,8 26,9 31,6 38,4 31,0 20,6 20,5 2l,l lg,g I I Belgique/Belgiö GFCF 76,7 97,2 120,2 103,4 100,0 100,9 lll,4 I 80,3 I13,0 GVA I 86,5 9l,l 99,2 95,3 100,0 I I l,l 121,6 139,1 139,0 crcrzcva (%) 16,9 20,3 23,1 20,7 l9,l 13,8 15,3 I 15,8 15,5 I Luxembourg GFCF 74,6 p; I 40,5 88,1 105,8 100,0 112,5 153,7 171,8 162,2 GVA I 86,4 97,6 98,7 103,8 100,0 lll,6 155,4 143,9 148,1 GFcF/cvA (%) 28,7 13,8(3) 29,7 33,9 33,2 33,5 32,8 39,6 36,4 I I United Kingdom GFCF I GVA 45,0 75,8 82,1 90,1 100,0 112,7 129,2 126,6 140,0 GFCF/GVA (%)

Ireland GFCF 43,9 104,6 131,4 144,2 100,0 139,4 125,1 104,5 : GVA 44,9 93,6 106,2 97,1 100,0 115,2 139,2 156,0 178,4 GFCF/GVA (%) 23,3 26,6 29,5 35,4 23,8 28,6 21,4 16,0

Danmark GFCF 54,7 94,4 114,6 125,8 100,0 68,4 67,8 74,1 79,1 GVA 62,4 82,6 94,7 89,3 100,0 118,2 149,1 140,2 179,6 GFCF/GVA (%) 28,7 37,6 39,8 46,3 32,9 ,19,0 14,9 17,4 14,5

Ellas GFCF 41,5 61,0 68,3 88,9 100,0 lll,3 129,2 135,2 179,5 GVA 32,6 55,7 69,2 76,9 100,0 123,9 163,7 177,0 229,2 GFCF/GVA (%) 18,6 16,0 14,4 16,9 14,6 l3,l I 1,5 ll,2 I 1,5

Source: Eurostat - furicultural accounts. (l) nt current prices; the series is based on figures exclusive of VAT (except ltaly). (2) Including forestry and fisheries and exclusive of deductible vAT. () The subsuntial reduction is due to the drop of LFR 54 million (1977) in building investment. AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS 207

l0 Volume of final production' crops and livestock

Current prices in 1984 (p) % TAV (r)

1984 1984 NC Mio ECU Mio t973 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

Final production Deutschland 62989 28 r44 1,7 3,7 France 274801 3999r 1,3 5,4 -3,9 Italia (z; 45 437(4) 32893 1,6 Nederland 34660 13736 3,8 3,5 Belgique/Belgiö 236s96 s207 0,8 5,3 Luxemboury 7 157 157 0,4 1,8 United Kingdom rr 932 20203 l,g 5,9 Ireland 2834 3 905 3,3 8,5 Danmark 54634 6706 3,1 ll,7 Ellas 7r020r 1040 2,0 5,5

EUR 10 x 158981 1,8 3,4

Crops Deutschland 20929 9 351 l,g 14,4 g,g France 133895 19485 1,3 -6,6 Italia p) 26 Sngl ß te2 l,l Nederland 12353 4935 3,6 8,0 Belgique/Belgiö 80 209 r 76s 0,6 12,0 Luxembourg r 316 29 -2,2 12,6 United Kingdom 4939 8 362 4,0 21,6 Ireland 446 614 3,9 19,5 Danmark r7 582 2 158 6,2 52,4 Ellas 496383 5 619 3,0 8,1

EUR IO x 715ll 2,0 7,4

- Livestock Deutschland 42W7 l8 768 1,6 l,l France 140875 20501 1,7 2,2 Italia p; l8 576(4) 13448 2,5 0,3 Nederland 22212 8 803 3,6 1,2 Belgique/Belgiö 156387 3 44r 0,9 L,9 -0,9 Luxembourg 5 841 r29 1,3 -2,7 United Kingdom 6 866 rr 625 0,6 Ireland 2389 329t 3,2 6,6 -2,4 Danmark 37052 4s48 l,g -0,2 Ellas 2r3818 2420 0,0

EUR IO x 85072 1,8 0,3

A - Cereals Deutschland 6977 3 rr7 4,7 42,0 (excluding rice) France 56067 8 159 3,9 28,1 Italia (r; 49St9',1 3 584 2,9 lg,7 Nederland 630 250 0,9 8,5 Belgique/Belgiö 15977 352 2,6 31,4 Luxembourg 462 l0 0,9 150,4 United Kingdom 2483 4205 6,9 28,7 Ireland 208 286 7,7 34,2 Danmark 9445 I 159 7,4 79,8 Ellas 87743 993 7,3 29,5

EUR IO x 22 Ll6 4,5 30,3 208 AGRIcULTURALEcoNoMICS

t0 (1)

Current prices in 1984 (p) % TAv 1t;

1984 1984 Mio NC Mio ECU t973 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

B - Total beef and veal Deutschland l0 567 4721 1,7 I,3 France 44032 6 408 1,4 g,g Italia p; 4 622 g'1 3 346 2,7 0,6 Nederland 372r | 479 2,2 5,5 Belgique/Belgiö 47 793 | 052 1,5 9,4 Luxembourg l 878 4I l,l 7,0 United Kingdom | 669 282s -0,3 1,1 Ireland 1 041 | 434 3,0 I1,5 Danmark 5 330 654 -0,2 -10,7 Ellas 24905 282 - 5,3 1,3

EUR IO x 22241 l14 3,6

- c Milk Deutschland 16024 7 160 2,0 3,4 France 47 326 6 887 r,6 - 0,3 Italia 1r; 5 3SZ0; 3 878 1,4 0,5 Nederland 9 r82 3 639 3,0 3,6 Belgique/Belgiö 37853 833 0,7 4,0 Luxembourg 3236 7r 2,2 3,5 United Kingdom 2367 4007 1,3 6,1 Ireland 9t9 | 266 5,1 4,9 Danmark 12 t72 | 494 0,9 3,7 Ellas 60331 683 0,5 0,0 EUR IO x 29 918 1,8 2,3

D - Pigmeat Deutschland 11613 5189 1,6 0,9 France t8027 2623 1,8 0,9 Italia 1r; 2939 (4) 2 r28 4,8 4,2 Nederland 6072 2406 5,2 5,9 Belgique/Belgiö 52699 I 160 0,5 1,5 Luxembourg 646 14 0,9 1,0 United Kingdom I 016 | 720 -0,3 2,0 Ireland 163 224 - 0,3 5,0 Danmark 15543 I 908 2,9 0,5 Ellas 2s767 292 2,8 0,9 EUR IO x 17 665 2,2 1,0

- E Eggs and Deutschland | 206 | 421 -0,6 2,1 poultrymeat France 2493 3 084 3,2 2,0 Italia p; 2 t+s 1t7 2 984 1,4 2,3 Nederland 927 I 108 6,4 2,4 Belgique/Belgiö 300 338 - 0,5 1,7 Luxembourg 22 - 8,6 7,4 United Kingdom | 717 2066 0,6 - 0,5 Ireland r20 140 1,5 0,1 Danmark 159 198 1,5 0,9 Ellas 309 490 2,6 3,1

EUR IO x ll 831 1,7 0,9

So!rcr Eurcstat - Agricultunl a@uls. (r) Thc fu|m e calcutared frcm sries at @n$ilt price$ (1980) for the period 1973 to 1984. Tmds arc €lculated on th€ basis of dah in rhe - latioml cmncy for the Mcmber States, md on thc basii of dara onr"rted inro ECU for EUR lO. (2) lncluding rarcs ot prodrction not broken dom by ploduct. (!) Excluding h6 on prcductiotr nol brcken doM Uy prcaucr. (4) ltr milliaid lire. AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS 209

E a E r-{ootnos

EO- >go Ocl (g9 OOSO\cA$O\O\cOr-(O rr'r (.) oo o^ r.E 1t C\ !-{ +-. :f, !-r O F( r-( CA C\ 6l

cl €(.) q) ! fr b 9E u?qqoo^qac?-:ro^-t^ f- ct X(E r-. r.) ca st (-) c?l \o !n \o s cn d - (J q, äE GI E -L ti - : P-gs - HCB (\l I o ()3 I t r. ., a- L g= ä0 tr Gl ;3 E E (ll() c\ !n (n o\ \o \o F( c\ r- \o C- 0) Eb c= \o ,ri =f ,ri ,ri N rE! <:' c.i c.i \i c'i c.i + o-- o!l o. +J

G +a t q)I t I I

- EE -a ocarä ELH- cAc.|cAOca$-cAOO c{ t S€o r: o\ 4 rrrttttttl I A- ;Jtr .s E F äoF F E (* jq) A äg .r> c) .!l - !9? +a {-a o.Y !- ()q) (A 3E ä 2 -- O(ntatnf-Oq9:€\O$ oo (J cn € I fq) o -l x /rr OO c.i d { d -:" c.i c.i ,.ri -.,: (.) o- v =O\ :o- cn Flr () > )e L C, -!a oo= cqe t/ tr= tri IEE A tL E() .I X c8 t) GI 3 9!F E€E -: oo^ oo^ ,tI q .o^ O^ O^ oo -T (\ \ \ F. r-( r-( CO F( Ca 3 nß dg O O C\ C\ E'5.F ?l= "Eäo. ä 3a CJ crl üei.s tr cl .= i,) = :!r- l- 9p ä! e.E= E .5 cl iEb ! t. -tr-p !- ---w Eo (JG|9= hs BEA.g \y9 <ö< g s! :o)59 lllg -.O i{ ct d(r)C.lf\ r\ r\ r\ 5ä! €trrtö=.=f ä sE ( ä 8o\o\o\ E- -,v r! g sr -t- fi EäEs ü rll ,83S3ä; :' oO\O\O\ )Y -tr--- gE X Fala ; r * t € € F ! ^S = a t,.,= z Ä 5 5 g ö E ö :.S.e-L 210 AcRTcULTURAL EcoNoMrcs

12 Development(in volume) of - the final value of agrlcultural production - intermediate consumption - gross vrlue-added (at market prices) (1 0=100)

r973 t977 1978 r979 1980 l98l r982 1983 1984

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0

Final producproduction Deutschland 90,0 95,5 98,9 99,1 100,0 99,7 108,4 104,2 108,0 France 95,I 88,2 94,5 99,9 100,0 98,3 107,0 103,5 109,1 Italia 83,9 87,9 91,1 96,7 100,0 99,5 97,4 104,3 100,3 Nederland 76,6 87,4 93,3 97,4 100,0 105,2 109,0 111,0 114,9 Belgique/Belgiö 102,2 95,5 98,7 99,6 100,0 101,7 104,1 103,4 108,8 Luxembourg 108,2 105,6 105,3 103,4 100,0 104,8 1r7,7 llr,2 113,2 United Kingdom 91,5 92,0 96,2 96,8 100,0 99,4 106,7 105,2 lll,4 Ireland 82,7 93,5 99,3 gg,3 100,0 99,7 106,0 r09,4 118,7 Danmark 84,5 94,0 96,5 99,7 100,0 102,8 108,7 105,5 I 17,8 Ellas 83,4 87,0 94,3 91.1 100,0 101,2 102,8 98,5 103,9

EUR IO 88,9 90,4 95,0 98,0 100,0 100,0 105,I 104,6 108,I

Intermediate consumption Deutschland 84,3 93,2 96,0 101,2 100,0 95,8 97,9 98,3 95,4 France 84,4 87,8 93,6 98,8 100,0 101,2 101,9 102,5 103,4 Italia 74,3 85,8 93,1 97,8 100,0 97,5 97,6 98,7 98,2 Nederland 73,7 85,0 90,5 95,2 100,0 98,6 98,6 101,9 102,5 BelgiqueiBelgiö 99,8 l0l ,0 100,8 101,4 100,0 98,0 99,7 99,3 100,5 Luxembourg 105,4 110,3 100,8 99,2 100,0 99,7 97,5 107,5 105,6 United Kingdom 103,0 101,0 100,7 102,4 100,0 97,2 102,9 104,8 104,4 Ireland 79,2 86,1 98,0 112,3 100,0 105,6 105,2 111,0 110,6 Danmark 8r,7 89,9 97,9 104,9 100,0 97,7 98,8 100,9 98,2 Ellas 7t.5 90,7 94,1 95,9 100.0 r03.6 105.9 109,3 111,3

EUR IO 84,8 91,0 95,4 100,0 100,0 98,5 100,2 101,4 100,9

Gross value- added Deutschland 97,4 98,6 r02,7 96,3 100,0 104,9 121,8 lll,8 124,3 France 104,1 88,6 95,2 100,8 100,0 95,9 lll,3 r04,3 I 13,9 Italia 87,9 88,7 90,3 96,3 100,0 100,4 97,3 106,6 101,I Nederland 80,4 90,4 96,9 100,3 100,0 I 13,5 122,5 122,7 130,9 Belgique/Belgiö 104,9 91,7 98,0 97,8 100,0 106,7 I10,0 108,8 120,1 Luxembourg I l0,l 102,3 108,4 106,2 100,0 108,4 131,8 I 13,8 118,5 United Kingdom 77,7 8l,l 90,7 90,2 100,0 102,0 llr,4 105,6 r19,9 Ireland 85,5 99,4 100,4 87,I 100,0 95,0 106,6 109,2 125,1 Danmark 88,0 99,1 94,8 93,0 100,0 109,3 121,3 lll,2 142,7 Ellas 86,9 85,9 94.4 89,6 100.0 100,5 102,0 95,6 101,7

EUR IO 92,4 89,9 94,8 96,4 100,0 101,2 109,3 107,2 114,2

Source.' Eurostat. FADN 2II

13 Farm accountancy data network notes to accompany Tables l3.l and 13.2

In the 1982,/83amunting yeu the FADN mllected amuts frcm over 36 000 agricultunl holdings slrcted &om a populBtion of about 'professional' 2 740000 m-ellcd fams. The* m fams which sll at l€st part of their Uoduction md have a minimum e@nomic activity. This mininum is delimited in tems of Economic Size Units (ES[D (s below) md wies according to the Momber State: - holdings of6 ESU md over for Nededand and Belghue/B€lgiö, - holdings of 4 ESU ild ovü for Deutschlan4 Fmncc, Luemboury Great Britain and Damrk, - holdings of 2 ESU ud ova for Irelmd and Northm Irelad, - holdings of I ESU md over for Italia md Ellas. The ESU thmholds arc bascd on the 1912-74 Standard Gross Margins. The amuting year starts between I January md I July, the eret date varying between Member States. The results for 1984/85, for enmple, rclale to a l2-month period begiming betwen I Jiluary md 30 Jme 1984.

Weighting sNem- R6ults for Member States md the fam typ$ m weight€d avemges. The population used is either the obserued or extnpolated one for the ym coresponding to the accounting year..The weighting predre prcviously ured the 1975 Farm Structw Swey thrcughout ald is changed for the fist time in this yeü's Report. This meaß that results tor 1982/83 arc difüent to those published in the 1981Repoft and not comparable with prqirc years'renlts already published.

Type offaming. The fam population is divided into 9 typ€s offrming eroups. Thes m aggregationsofrhe original 17 principal types of fming in the C.ommunity fam classifretion Cfypology). The aggregations md the proportions represnt€d by the difierent farm enterpriss in erch type are given in Table 13.3.

Numba of hotdings in the FADN populariau. Smple holdings ir the Network are *lated in ruh region mrding to the criteria type of faming md conomic size clss. For this purpow the FADN field of swey is divided into eUs at the lowst level of aggregation of type, size clas. md region. The nmber sf figldingq pprcsented is the sm of all holdings in all ells in the held of suwey from which holdings are smpled. Some ells my have no holdings smple4 either beaw v€ry high sltrtion rates would be nmssry or bequse there arc tchnical difrcultim in rclecting holdings.

UAA- VnnzeiJ agricultual arca.

Eurowan size zzil (ESLD. I ESU is equivalent to I 000 EUA of Standtrd Gross Margin at 1972-74 conditions md prices. It is I representation of the mnomic size of the fam busircsq generally prefened to m &a mffim as it takes inlo amut the differcnt intensities of agdcultml enterpris.

Annul wrk unit (AWt/). This rcpres€nrs the actual agricultunl work done by one lirll-time worker in one yea. Part-tine and mrcnal work m attributed fmctims of an AWU.

Fixed assas. The value of capiral urcd on the fam. This includes omed land md building(, all mhinery, livestGk, growiDg cropq stocks a[d miwllanmus bsins as$ts.

Total utput. This is the value of total production during the e{omting yer. Included re off-farm saleq home€rcm f€€d md sed, fmhow mnsmption ild benefrts in kind, as well ö chmges in the value of livestock md stocks of mp prcducts.

Variable and overhead cosrr (knom ale d Inputs I and ID. All inputs, including home-grom feed md w4 machinery md building maintflme costs, but ga6luding depreciation, wages md rent.

Deprrciation (known alo as Inputs IID. Prcvision for depmiation of mchinqy md buildings omed by the holder, calculated on the basis of replffiment @st.

Farm net valre added- Totzl output les variable md overhead costs md depmiation. (Coresponds apFoximately to th€ rctm to available epital and all labour usd).

Family fam income per unit unpaful labour (FWl). Family fam income is total output less vdiable md overhead osts, depreciation, wagespai4 rcnt paid md intercst paid. This coresponds approximately to the rctm to om epital md family labour. The laboü uit in this ese is the total annual work uits of mpaid labou (componding apprcximately to family labou).

Economic size of fam (Table 13.2). For asier uderstanding a simple dewiption is usd for ach size class in this table. The desril}' tions rcfc to sp€cific size cl,assesin Empem Size Udts, c follow: minimrm -< 2 ESU verymall >2-<4FSU small > 4 -< SESU medium > 8 - 16 -< 40ESU very large -> ,10 E.SU 212 FADN

13.1 Accounts results for the different types of farming 1982/83 and 1983/84 (provisional)

Numbers of farms Average size of farm

Type Area European size of Represented ln the sample (ha) units farming UAA 82/83 83/84 82/83 | 83/84 82/83 | 83/84 82/83 83/84

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

All types Deutschland 363678 340260 4673 4 859 26,3 27,1 17,4 18,3 France 610884 579225 5786 493r 36,6 36,8 16,2 16,4 Italia 987500 9409s4 1l 849 13985 I 1,5 I 1,9 5,8 6,5 Nederland 98290 102028 l 530 l 585 19,5 19,7 34,2 35,0 Belgique/Belgiö 67727 60573 l 021 I 038 20,8 22,0 23,7 26,9 Luxemboury 2s90 2680 320 327 42,8 43,7 21,5 20,9 United Kingdom 143892 r39495 2 683 2735 129,6 t18,2 29,6 27,9 Ireland 187013 r829t9 | 20t | 273 30,2 30,6 5,2 5,2 Danmark 84400 82012 2 r94 2 152 3r,7 32,7 19,2 19,6 Ellas 34286s 308568 4261 3210 5,9 7,0 3,2 3,4

EUR IO 2888 839 27387r4 35518 36095 26,2 26,3 12,l L2,6

A. Cereals Deutschland 4843 5 954 46,9 38,3 16,7 ' 67 6l 13,0 France 38206 3s 823 323 292 64,0 63,9 22,4 22,5 Italia utr: 58805 t: ,oy 20,8 22,2 6,9 7,7 Nederland Belgique/Belgiö Luxembourg United Kingdom l8 094 15500 368 367 1273 t23J 38,0 37,9 Ireland 5079 3945 31 28 48,3 49,9 9,4 10,3 Danmark 17658 16651 310 298 32,t 32,6 12,3 r2,4 Ellas 15407 16042 147 118 I1.9 14,3 2,3 2,6

EUR IO 163267 t52720 2t74 22A6 44,7 43,9 14,5 14,5

B. General cropping Deutschland 40496 38250 616 605 38,4 40,4 22,4 23,5 France 85202 8s322 922 786 46,0 44,0 21,8 21,0 Italia 342784 318936 2910 3 424 9,3 9,6 4,9 5,5 Nederland 13333 t37r6 264 272 38,0 38,6 32,4 3l,g Belgique/Belgiö I 355 7 980 140 127 33,8 34,6 25,0 24,8 Luxemboury United Kingdom 16435 15103 396 403 l3l, I 137,3 55,3 57,4 Ireland 2615 2730 20 23 45,0 44,7 12,0 r2,3 Danmark 16591 16763 490 500 39,5 39,2 19,9 19,6 Ellas 175070 1505ll 2 r04 | 392 6,t 7,4 3,2 3,3

EUR IO 700881 649483 7 862 7 534 19,2 20,2 9,9 10,5

C. Horticulture Deutschland 9 325 9 80s t44 l9l 1,7 2,2 34,r 35,6 France l l 059 tr 732 r37 115 6,7 4,3 44,5 47,6 Italia 14527 15351 373 624 2,4 2,8 15,8 17,0 Nederland 16357 15554 383 400 3,8 4,1 44,6 47,5 Belgique/Belgiö 5 860 5 r29 110 lll 1,4 1,3 80,9 98,6 Luxembourg United Kingdom ogog 6 9; 62 51 23,4 13,5 70,5 34,5 Ireland Danmark 2 r22 2063 ll9 rl7 2,0 r,7 23,7 24,r Ellas | 675 2046 29 23 3.0 4.0 4,2 5,7

EUR IO 67 903 68667 l 358 | 634 5,4 4.2 4r,l 39,5

Source: FADN. Current year weighting. I-atesr update 22.ll.l9gl.

AGR. REP.1985 FADN 2T3

per Average results farm Farm net Family farm value added income Variable & Farm net Total Depreciation per AWU per Flil'U output overheads costs value added (1 000 ECU) (l 000 Ecu) (l 000 Ecu) (l 000ECU) (l 000 ECU) (r 000 ECU)

82/83 83/84 82/83 83/84 82/83 | 83/84 82/83 | 83/84 82/83 | 83/84 8A83 83/84

l0 ll t2 l3 t4 l5 l6 l7 l8 l9 20 2l

62,9 65,8 38,2 4r,4 8,4 9,3 16,5 15,5 9,8 8,9 7,5 6,2 48,2 48,9 22,7 24,4 5,8 6,2 r9,7 l8,l ll,4 10,7 9,1 8,0 21,0 25,7 8,6 10,9 1,9 2,6 11,9 l4,l 6,5 7,8 6,2 7,3 17,9 128,8 67,9 75,2 9,5 10,0 40,4 43,4 22,r 23,5 17,8 19,8 60,7 7r,5 30,0 38,7 4,0 4,8 27,9 29,r 17,6 18,2 16,3 16,7 64,6 62,3 32,4 35,9 9,0 8,5 25,9 19,7 14,4 1,1,4 13,2 10,5 27,1 133,1 71,6 76,2 14,9 14,3 42,4 45,0 15,0 16,l 15,3 l7,l 20,3 2r,l 9,5 9,9 2,2 2,2 9,2 9,7 7,6 8,0 6,6 7,1 79,5 85,6 47,0 54,4 6,7 7,4 25,5 23,7 19,9 l8,l I1,0 7,8 13,6 t3,2 4.6 4.7 1.2 1,3 8,2 7,8 4.0 4.2 3,7 3,8

42,4 46,1 2t.7 24,4 4.6 5.1 16,8 17,4 9.3 9,8 7,7 8,0

47,6 33,8 30,0 10,4 10,2 13,7 7,2 9,1 5,1 4,6 1,0 58,1 13,2 68,2 67,8 29,5 31,7 8,6 9,1 28,1 24,6 21,0 18,5 16,0 ,: 232 272 10,0 12,2 2,3 3,6 l2,r 12,7 8,1 8,4 T : : t47,5 153,3 lo,l ?2ß 19,3 20,0 57,8 60,2 21,7 23,8 249 2SJ 45,5 50,4 20,5 20,8 10,9 8,6 13,8 2l,l 10,6 16,2 3,9 12,9 36,0 34,6 19,2 20,6 4,5 4,9 l2,l 8,9 18,9 14,6 6,9 0,4 18,7 t6,4 8,0 7,1 1,5 1,5 9,7 8,0 4,0 5,6 3,7 4,3

50,2 50,6 23,1 24,2 6,4 6,9 20,8 L9,4 13,8 13,3 10,9 10,0

76,2 79,2 43,5 46,6 I1,0 12,0 21,9 21,3 12,0 ll,2 8,8 7,5 60,2 59,3 27,3 27,9 7,0 7,2 24,7 22,8 14,5 13,8 ll,7 10,8 15,0 r7,9 5,3 6,2 1,6 2,1 8,7 10,2 4,9 5,9 4,6 5,5 37,6 99,8 120,5 49,4 49,2 9,2 10,0 41,2 61,9 27,0 40,4 21,4 73,8 80,9 3l,l 33,0 4,5 4,9 39,2 43,8 24,3 28,8 23,1 27,8

2t2,6 242,1 106,0 115,4 26,6 26,4 lgJ gg,5 18,3 23,2 25,2 39,4 48,1 57,5 24,2 26,9 5,6 5,7 r9,2 26,0 12,3 16,4 10,0 15,2 71,3 75,5 36,9 4r,4 6,9 7,7 27,2 26,3 20,6 20,1 10,8 8,8 13,2 13,6 4.0 4.4 L,2 1,3 8,4 8,3 4,0 4,3 3,7 3,9

32,0 35,7 14,2 15,8 3,6 4,1 14,4 16,2 7,6 8,9 6,2 7,3

9,0 80,9 101,8 44,6 56,7 10,8 12,5 25,4 32,8 8,6 9,4 7,3 9,9 59,1 65,8 27,2 26,5 8,7 9,7 22,8 29,3 8,0 10,8 5,6 7,5 21,5 27,5 9,1 8,9 2,5 2,6 17,0 17,3 6,9 7,4 6,7 19,9 t45,6 166,5 72,9 81,9 18,5 19,5 53,9 65,2 16,9 19,6 14,6 19,3 53,2 75,8 19,7 30,6 5.3 7.0 29,4 38,3 14.7 l7,9 15,9

147,9 180,3 74,0 69,5 L7,L l7s 569 92,6 w 14.8 7,6 31,8

190,0 lgl2 lr; lts2 17,0 16,9 57,2 56,7 14,6 149 il 3,6 24,2 27,1 9,0 6,8 2,4 3,2 13.9 r7,6 5,9 7,7 5,7 8,1 13,4 88,0 100,1 43,2 46,2 10,7 I1.4 34,2 42,8 I1,0 13,3 9,1 214 FADN

l3.l Accounts results for the different types of farming l9E2/E3 and 1983/84 (provisional) (continued)

Numbers of farms Average size of farm

Type Area European size of Represented In the sample (ha) units farming UAA

8Aß | 83/84 82/83 83/84 82/83 | 83/84 82/83 83/84

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

D. Vineyards Deutschland ll 083 l0 748 t24 I l8 7,3 7,7 14,6 15,0 France 56 604 53871 5r3 422 15,6 16,0 17,5 17,7 Italia 80 424 79 492 857 844 5,6 5,3 Nederland o! o! Belgique/Belgiö Luxembourg 401 233 25 25 ßqB r0,7 r2,5 United Kingdom Ireland : :: :_ Danmark Ellas rr 86; nolo 299 209 rp 6,5 8,2 10,5

EUR IO 160376 156370 l 818 I 618 9,3 9,3 9,9 l0,l

E. Fruit (incl. other permanent crops) Deutschland 4692 5 143 72 75 7,1 8,4 24,3 29,6 France 10655 ll 458 t72 157 15,5 15,3 17,0 16,4 Italia 144642 t42284 l 985 2423 6,4 6,9 5,7 6,2 Nederland 3770 4376 103 r02 7,3 7,4 31,4 31,6 Belgique/Belgiö 2028 1660 47 45 6,7 6,3 17,7 21,7 Luxembourg United Kingdom l 539 I 555 45 46 29,5 30,4 51,7 s42 Ireland Danmark s; 8; ts le 12,4 12,5 26,5 25,7 Ellas 647sr 54564 761 584 4,8 5,4 2,2 2,3

EUR IO 232913 221861 3260 3 508 6,6 7.2 6,5 7,4

F. Dairying Deutschland 107885 108795 | 2r4 I 350 25,2 25,6 l5,l I 5,9 France 17316r t67 66r l 496 I 301 31,1 32,3 12,5 13,0 Italia 75 883 67 430 l 339 I 508 14,9 15,8 7,8 9,6 Nederland 4s296 47 535 506 522 23,6 24,0 31,7 32,9 Belgique/Belgiö 12078 l0 556 t94 204 20,5 22,5 14,4 16,4 Luxembourg 764 877 t43 167 47,4 48,5 23,5 23,9 United Kingdom 38 998 38223 724 739 56,2 56,8 2l,I 21,6 Ireland 54971 52706 s32 539 30,4 30,3 7,5 7,7 Danmark 172r0 r7 346 489 465 30,0 32,0 21,,5 22,1 Ellas

EUR IO 526246 5rr t29 6 638 6796 28,4 29,4 14,5 15,3

G. Drystock Deutschland 31200 29786 425 425 28,1 26,5 15,2 15,0 France 106734 l0l 036 94r 767 43,1 45,0 12,0 12,2 Italia 62918 61051 l 006 l 163 24,4 23,7 6,2 6,8 Nederland 2044 2043 22 24 17,0 10,6 32,2 36,1 Belgique/Belgiö 13028 n r27 lll t20 26,9 28,3 14,3 16,0 Luxemboury l 148 I 065 r22 103 51,7 49,2 23,5 22,0 United Kingdom 39226 40608 572 643 246,7 203,3 12,3 12,5 Ireland rt4770 rr2654 528 597 28,1 29,5 3,2 3,3 Danmark l l5l l r20 29 30 33,2 34,9 20,6 20,9 Ellas 37587 378ll 567 583 3,9 4,1 3,3 3,3

EUR IO 409 806 398 301 4323 4455 50,1 47,5 8,4 8,5

Source: FADN. Current year weighting latest update 22.11.1995. FADN 215

Average results Per farm Farm net Family farm value added income Farm net per AWU per FlüU Total Variable & Depreciation value added (l (l 000 Ecu) output overheads costs (l 000 ECU) 000 ECU) (l 000 ECU) (l 000ECU) (l 000 ECU) 83/84 gllg+ 82/83 | grzg+ 82/83 83/84 8A83 82/83 | slls+ 82/83 | sllg+ 82/83 | 2l 16 l7 l8 l9 20 l0 ll T2 l3 l4 t5

12,3 8,3 g,l 9,3 30,7 25,2 l3,l I1,0 61,2 59,0 21,6 23,6 14,3 19,3 13,9 l5,l 16,l 6,5 6,9 36,1 29,2 17,3 58,3 52,9 10,4 rJ 6! rl 6,1 r4J r6a 'J 4! 2! 2! e,:

28,2 34,7 13,5 15,9 ,,,: l6J 47,6 57,9 13,2 18,4 6,1 7,7 .: :- :- ^9 11,5 10,4 5,5 5,0 5,4 16,0 15,0 3,5 3,2 2,0 2,2 20,6 r7.9 I1,0 9,8 *J 8,7 33,5 31,8 9,0 9.6 4,1 4.6

41,0 7,5 12,5 5.3 13,3 87,8 36,2 37,6 8,2 9,7 24,6 69,0 36,7 11,5 13,4 I l;8 13,6 69,1 20,4 22,7 8,6 9,3 34,8 7,3 63,7 9,6 12,9 6,0 7,8 5,6 19,2 3,9 5,4 1,6 2,1 26,7 14,4 41,5 54,8 16,6 21,9 17,5 79,3 94,3 28,6 29,7 9,0 9,6 25,4 35,9 41,5 15,2 19,3 19,0 53,9 64,5 t3,4 18,7 5,2 5,2 35,7 35J 72g 7,3 14,3 3,4 107,4 149,5 52,2 61,8 r9,2 14,0 l5,l lt 8,1 34,3 37,9 5,0 5,5 38,9 42,0 14,0 78,3 85,2 6,9 6,3 3,6 3,4 3,5 3,4 10,2 9,0 2,6 2,2 1,3 t,2 7,3 I 1.3 14,7 6,2 8,0 5,5 18.8 23,8 5,9 7.3 2,3 2,7

7,6 7,2 8,2 15,3 15,2 9,7 9,4 53,7 56,8 3r,4 34,0 7,5 6,7 6,0 5,2 14,4 13,8 9,8 8,5 40,2 42,0 21,3 22,9 4,9 9,7 ll,7 3,6 21,0 25,4 l0,l 12,3 39,5 49,5 20,0 25,4 2,2 18,6 16,8 7,7 39,3 36,6 25,5 23,1 106,3 112,8 59,8 68,0 7,2 15,2 15,3 28,8 3,6 4,4 24,1 25,8 16,8 17,0 48,6 58,0 22,2 15,8 12,6 14,9 11,6 35,2 40,9 8,2 9,2 26,5 21,3 67,9 69,9 3l,l 16,0 13,4 15,9 I 1,6 118,3 69,3 76,1 t2,0 lL,4 36,9 9,8 118,0 14,3 15,2 10,5 10,8 9,5 33,6 14,3 16,0 2,6 2,8 7,1 30,9 29.2 24,7 20,4 16,5 12,4 96,4 93,5 50,0 61,0 6,7 7,7

20,0 19,8 I1,9 I1.7 9,6 9,1 55.1 59,7 30,3 34,5 5,6 6,2

7,0 6,1 4,8 8,4 9,0 13,4 I l,l 8.3 53,2 53,0 31,7 33,3 g',7 8,9 6,7 6,5 17,6 4,5 4,9 14,0 13,8 33,4 35,0 16,5 8,9 l0,l 8,8 9,7 19,5 1,9 2,9 17,6 19,7 32,0 37,8 15,7 l9,l 21,2 15,2 16,4 55,6 5,1 5,3 29,2 25,9 80,8 87,2 46,1 l4,l 14,7 12,2 12,6 26,2 3,3 3,9 20,6 22,3 44,0 50,0 2t,9 13,7 10,4 l2,l 9,8 36,2 9,6 8,7 24,1 17,9 64,5 61,3 34,1 l0,l 10,8 9,3 l0,l 30,3 32,3 8,4 7,9 19,2 20,4 51,3 52,6 6,1 5,4 5,6 4,9 5,2 5,0 5,4 1,3 1,4 5,9 I1,5 L2,0 23,7 17,7 16,8 9,5 9,3 86,2 48,6 55,0 7,1 7,4 24,4 3,4 80,5 7,9 7,0 3,8 3,6 3,6 13,9 l3,l 6,1 6,2 0,8 0,6 O'9 12,5 12,7 7-9 8,2 6,7 29,3 30,9 l5.l 16,6 3.5 3,8 216 FADN

l3'l Accounts results for the different types offarming,lgE2/E3 and l9E3/g4 (provisional) (continued)

Numbers of farms Average size of farm Type Area of Represented European size farming In the sample (ha) UAA units 8U83 83/84 82/83 83/84 82/83 83/84 82/83 83/84 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

H. Pigs and/or poultry Deutschland 6659 France 6 513 93 lll 22,5 23,7 25,8 27,3 4725 4760 Italia 45 43 15,2 13,7 21,7 24,9 4406 8 Nederland 908 36 79 5,6 7,7 24,6 30,4 8 391 9722 Beleique/Belgiö r27 t43 5,6 5,9 35,3 34,6 4 881 4792 Luxembourg 59 73 6,0 5,9 2l,g 25,1 United Kingdom +ozq q Ireland tlz 38 46 13J 233 34,5 39,5 Danmark 2r;s zrct s+ Ellas 2962 50 l9,l tgs 28,6 32,1 2059 47 43 2rl 2,0 8,9 12,7 EUR IO 38676 43547 502 590 tt.7 t2.r 26,7 29,8 I. Mixed (Crops + Livestock) Deutschland r47 495 125266 France r 918 1923 26,4 29,4 16,8 lg,0 124538 t07 562 Italia | 237 I 048 38,7 39,5 15,7 l5,g 198022 188697 Nederland 2417 2878 l3,g l5,l 5,9 6,3 9013 9ü2 Belgique/Belgiö r23 r22 18,3 lg,l 3l,l 31,5 21 497 19 329 Luxembourg 360 358 22,1 23,7 19,5 21,3 277 333 United 30 30 43,8 43,9 23,1 lg,3 Kingdom l8 607 l7 l8l Ireland 478 440 I l0,g 106,6 34,7 35,1 9069 l0 582 Danmark 86 82 3g,g 33,5 8,8 7,5 26704 25 t45 Ellas 628 616 31,6 33,1 20,4 2l,l 33s49 33 509 306 257 7,0 7,9 2,8 2,9 EUR IO 588774 536636 7 583 7 754 26,6 27,0 13,0 13,3 source: FADN. cunent year weightiag"Iatest update 22.rr.rggs. FADN 217

Average results per farm Farm net Family farm value added income Total Variable & Farm net Depreciation per AWU per FWU output overheads costs value added (1 000 Ecu) (l 000 Ecu) (r Ecu) (l 000Ecu) (l 000 Ecu) (1 000 ECU) 000

82/83 83/84 82/83 83/84 82/83 | 83/84 82/83 | 83/84 8?/83 83/84 8U83 83/84

l0 ll t2 l3 L4 l5 l6 t7 l8 l9 20 2l

22,0 I lg,3 90,5 g5,g 9,4 g,g 22,3 13,6 14,4 8,6 11,6 5,1 90,9 108,1 63,8 95,0 7,1 g,g 20,3 t4,2 12,7 8,6 10,6 5,7 95,6 I15,3 54,9 76,3 2,6 5,5 49,4 48,0 25,8 20,7 26,5 22,0 77,5 192,3 137,8 t46,2 8,8 9,3 31,0 26,5 22,5 18,9 17,4 13,3 05,6 t32,5 71,6 106,1 4,8 6,7 30,2 20,0 23,1 17,6 21,8 15,8

:56,0 302,5 2t3,2 245,7 14,0 15,7 30,4 40,6 9,6 13,0 5,8 13,0

:roJ 248A r5r; nU t"t I tB 48,9 sg,z 2W 32,5 16,6 2tj 28,5 24,6 22,7 lg,4 1.3 1.2 4,2 3,8 2,3 2,5 2,0 2,0

38,4 153,0 102,6 I18,4 7.5 8,6 29,7 28,8 17,0 15,8 14,9 13,5

64,3 67,4 41,9 46,3 8,2 9,1 14,5 12,4 9,1 7,6 6,9 4,9 49,3 4g,g 26,6 29,0 5,7 6,0 17,0 14,3 9,9 8,6 7,5 5,9 25,3 30,7 11,8 14,5 2,0 2r7 13,3 15,8 6,5 7,7 6,2 7,3 22,A t29,3 83,8 90,7 6,9 7r7 3l,l 30,4 20,9 20,8 15,4 15,9 65,1 71,7 33,8 40,7 3,7 4,4 28,7 27,6 17,4 16,8 15,6 14,8 80,1 56,9 45,7 39,3 8,3 614 28,1 13,6 15,2 7,6 l4,l 6,3 75,9 l7g,g 104,3 110,0 19,2 18,5 53,6 51,7 16,1 16,0 16,6 14,3 34,1 31,9 19,3 17,2 3,8 3,2 ll,4 12,3 7,5 8,8 5,5 7,4 89,6 gg,4 56,t 66,0 6,8 7r7 26,3 24,7 20,1 18,5 ll,7 9,2 16,7 15,2 7.7 7.0 lrl 1,2 8,5 7,6 4,0 4,1 3,8 3,8

50,4 53,2 29,2 32,1 5,2 5,6 16,8 16,4 9.1 8,9 7,3 6,9 218 FADN

öt\oc\€ $ o\-iao\s\no o\ocar^öl ocar-*\oo €öl\OF-f-q1lcO oo -f-o\o\ (\ltt^C-t\€€ -rä€F)\g e.i+.ddFf od c{+.dd*d.f FJ r- :s(f) -d0ld €ca _Gl -

cor-or- ca OOO\O-rörilf- \oo\o$ra "cor-\nÖld rn€€m*o\Öl € ol cA ia oO cO f- f- (rt\0o\or- $F-ölölO\ e.ie'i,rioivid\d Orr)f-C- \o *öl - (v) ddC-.ld FEä?g öl <(\l -d oo

c\ r'1 c.l \n r+ < r.,.| (rl ln o\ co € a'OOc?t$O\ t\ rr) O\ C- F- f- o\$€o\oioo a c'i -i -l cri l'l co$\oo\scao\ d)\O-rn€ c.i,.iode'ioid c.f +.dd.ddr{ dr(\ - öI (fi öl (f) -(\ -F --ts 6 pR oo :3E'E E €ü*Q (tl .. (\l < r(f \oo\otcnoo(r) \0cöo\- - oi\Or-rn\o6lca oOf--O\oO \o w) € i^ r.r1 O\ \n H d c.i1wi\ioi.ric.t.d c{oo\(\1 ,f " sf c{$\'1o\rr)c\o\ ca c- co o\ sgl -ölGl6l E= ä -61 d- d6ld oo

:t-O$ sf öro^1o^o!\s^ o^\1ött.I \oo-\oÖl- oor<öloo: oo rno-oora 1'iod'+,ridod +ld,'i+od.d+ FJ,.idc.i (n sfr-O\OOO\r- -(\i<|t(fl- :cctO\$ €-) €rn :: (rt OO: :öl$: dGlr,nd -

öl\oc\s co t.lo^ördlo^s-oo^ (f) O\ cQ f\ ir') "€\OO\\aF* \,rr\o-qq1q (r.|\Odit\aOd .düi,.id € tf-c'\\O(\l!+\O lri-l+od\td f\rn€rr1C ]lväreEt\ -ölSdr : <'et OO S €öl -C.tOO- :ölsf* -öl\r)d

: rO \O cO c?l \O oo rat ci O t OtnOcith** ca*FC{ca s-Orr)O\61 öl oo -l -löi

A sc{\or- s \ootir|€\n..) O^O.'qdI1 €\c)d\ocooo qqs^qöf €^q -ts € \OO\€oOF-rn\O 61 :\hOt\ \OO-oOcq\O sf\or\ornro- o\€$o h -(\d)f\- d(f)< ,E €(n \a) -ölrfOrt\l :tr| ta \O öl -öl(w)$€(n 3E o (fl.n rninr-öl€ca\a O\coO(,') (v) SO\€\O(rlf-c.l c?t o o\ "o\c.)\o€\o € \O€C-@€l,')\O r.i -i,.iod\d O\-oOoO\O +FJe.id.d-t-i O\€SO\ €) -(\(*loO- -(f)- $$ $ *ölt:N -ölcQrhöl -cQril€fl .-N is N a € - 9 .I \OOOtrntr) rn\OO\cAC-\t$ t,')raöloo -a o\o$o\\o\os -if)Cr)

\n \o \r! c\ r- Nt

rn C{ f- f- cA f- c.t c7) c\ aO aO :f d (rl car-c)oocir-\o c\\otF-o Oo\C_C-f- |'r-i f- r{öf oistr.d öltFcQ \n o\ rn \o ra) co+r-O\Oöt\O (f)OOöl(v)- .-i1.i+,ri.d d-(\- -(f)* -r(f) dd(.7)- :(\-

-oo\-ciooÖl r- o\ e\ \o c.l o\ooo$ $ - *'

(\(\-ölo\ o r'' ..l c\ t+ \o r,n\o$s c.tca€ooo \OO\C-Od-\O ooOF-OO\ |' c'i+v.i\drj €cQ-(\f- cQ\nd$ \oo$o\\ c.i+c{c.ioddFi oo\t-o6 + -(\c.td - (rl (fl t <*öI: ---H rd(f)

\nrOO- t.- O\ \O F- h r- c.t c.l o t+rn.

df-tv)iAöl C?t \c' C.) l,at O\ Sr-OO\ \o\o$€* \ coo\o\or-Gl in$l--ln I C{ (n OO\F-\Or- doi.d,ti €€dr.|öl c'i,/idoioic.ioi in <, c?t \r| \O€F$O\ € ::C:ll:öl öl c\ r,.) c\ dr+öl$- -<(qO - r(io\Öl d--

rnor\(noo co o\ Gl \a {n-S!fc.l € C*t sf F- C\ rA C{ \or \o€s o\ölo\!f,o\oca - tar l.r öl rc q1Of-€ drJ{oi+ O-öl$O\Oöl (rl !f, O\ C! l- od-trleQöl< - * (r): c\ (\

tf€$$o \(>-t-O €\ö\ooo\ -t\ölt-föl :cor\c\r\ OcOF-cic{ | t\ -ie.i,.id+ so$€ +cr+d+ -l-ic.id'oidc.i c!$€o\o -l-l-lc.iri'-.; d -td öl c{

öl .rt ca oo r- \oöl-o\ Or-c{(\1 öl \o€oocoooooo\ Or - oO \O'

\Of-O\\OO \o-qqo^,"I ,tt cOOF-cOO cic{ca$ -r.)€OO\O f-oOO\Ocaölrn |'- c'idoiüid ddc.ic.i \o(')$\od c\sf,O-€:O\ c\ f- co ca f- $c')$r-o\ -t\ciooco Gl$f-co * (v) C- O\ f\ -(\1 $- d(\\or/)s - d -

o6lcoooddöl öl\AO\-rA F- cO f- ca qqqq-'1 q€^€^qqq1 \\o-qq.o- ..i-i+d-i - l- (f) (\ \ooÖl€(f)(a)- -\o(v)-rn O\cnO<.Oc?tcA OO\cadf.) -GlC\d)rn- N$aOOf- tr*sf\O ca \n co o\ ca döl$O-öl N.+:o\€ (\ d(f)< dGl _t\|

ro^ $ ctl o\ \,'| r- \oooo\0 co ci r\ c7'l d f-AO$itr|€c') ol\€^o^,.r €^,.Iq.q.o^ I e.iodd+ FJriod..ir-- o\o\ooo\ O\$O\tnt\ c7) +-ldadd 6iii-1,.i\d+d :-öltv.| - öl!foo\o\o $F*t\O öt (n öl \o c{ dGl*o\Cac\ N$Of-f- - -ca)r (\ -tl|

q1q10^ ca \n o\ r- \OO\€r-(\l aodölf-o\d\o c.t rn oo o\ r\ oOOOOT-t-O oo \o r'.) F- c\ \ddi.f c.i -ici-lr{od f-trtrnON\gO cr)c\O\$C\ $t-:dr+(v)f- r(\*(\I \o€.+-- <(\cqr,')€\oc.l d (\ (f) o\ c.l --- öl\n€$ -(\- -

€€C\O€ O\incA€ o\S\o\o\o $-.t-oo-a.töl \ods$F- cOO€\at\O 'I O\ od.d.ddd .dc'ide.i €-\Of-O\ €t!coo\,'|cao ölc.lO\t- +dod-:".d ,.i -ölrhöl (\t.rOOS \n € c.r oo öl <(\(wts€sca - (\ (f) o\ ct) -€ -6ld d

O\ c{ \o \g ca ooo\cao \OÖd)-rÖ \O-O\-inf\O\ o\oooooöl oO(\lOO\\OcO€ -$cqtq\ \o-r-of-€< (r7) o\ \c) - - o r- sf ca \n iat \o tnO€$f- sfto\€ ra O\-öl(\lrA O\t \O \oo\/)€!{| o(,,)6l<öl\oo\ \r)Ff-O\O \,')C?tC-ttft*rr) (..io\r-tco € € \oca{nrao d(\ \.) € !,'| (..| o\ r{ Gl \o c.t oo c\ O\lr)O\\OC{ - < 9 (\ (\ \o dca$ölca c-<'ca(\t -t\|öl € 1v.1 3r) O -- Ca d = s cri

!f,1-€ölONcA ölf-\n\OO .

tr

tB (J z a Ss$c $ E$u EHE Be r 5 äe EgE äT f; p $gEsFä ErEecr* SEEgFä FHEc Fä : $t*ä*sEEsFä5 s:= I 220 FADN

.t) F - Eä€ $ >.o€ E:gsäE* öl Eq1 "äEtt ä5 E€H x5P

üs€ OOOOOOOOO

vvvvvvv €Eg d------d 3E€ 'Erä.9 .8 P EÄE tsFa f€ä r üt .E

*sp il !

;ä€ E bgFE $r.)OO-€€öl o\ €EoF -fnr g:E g ö98ü 5äsä

-\OOOdO\öl-F :ö:eE \o öl c\ E;g* c Etg:E -\ooätOFoc! Pä39: ä ä I.s äo

-F--ci€OdOt\ I F€€€ r- ärE€i E.= R Ö R oca\oo-oooo ü$*8 € o\ s ; tg .E 'E69- I ö at'- .? €A,TFI

f\ O\ t\ ?q ci C{ \O (\l O\ EEEE.g ca - E€Es :

NE:iEä ai cl 9a.g: B n I $öl-ct)cA€Ovaf- E€-iiG-.'H.EE.EE ä €Ci-t\ E '-ä-täE 3; (l| ö H 6g

E;Ep:.ä,-arvk-.- glJS'-äti 5; c oEs =gä'ät E; ö!E ETEep€ ä ä; E b Do eä€ E. {E EE äEüEä= o.Fa gEEE E FoE Bä qai €ä:;gE * E;& äe E ; EA ä;ä: HE too g;äH F E f; I E.9 $rg . H.:H ui :;rteäs i's :E sä ä; E ä I"*H .F$ä:iäE g+ ; tr.g#.$ l E g Eäo'- JFoä* E,bEE: f'e s- - a'J g= : ''oIs: tT:9. lsEeä ÄfiEi€ id .=Nä- E=i€o ä ä !q- ö- h.a :. ,fr F! ts€e9:E ös,sä Eä sä EBs Ä,Ää gE ge ä : sEEÄiA AAAA q =-s.9.:- VAT AND PRICES 221

14.1 Rate of valueaddedtax (vAT); producerprices for agricultural products(l) at I July 1985 (Eo)

Scheme

flat rate normal (2)

2 3 4

Deutschland Most products 7,0(4) 8,0(5) Grape must, beverages,seryices 14,0(4) 14,0(6)

France All products except wine 5,5 Wine tlu Livestock, eggs,poultry products and, since 1.1.1984,milk i; Other products 2,4 Produce sold through a producer group: - fruit, vegetables,wine, horticultural and nursery produce 2,9 - pigs, eggs and poultry products. 4,7 Italia Cereals(except seedsand paddy rice), raw milk, paddy rice, fresh and dried vege- tables, potatoes, fresh and dried fruit, oilseeds for edible oil, olive oil, butter, cheeseand other dairy products 2,0 2,0 Wine and eggs 8,0 8,0 Must 8,0 2,0 Beefand veal 20,0 14,0 Pigs 15,0 l4,o Milk 18,0 14,0 All other products 10,0 2,0 Nederland Most products 5,0 5,04(7) Belgique/Belgiö Most products 6,0 6,0 Flowers 19,0 19,0(8)

Luxembourg Most products and services 6,0 6,0 United Products generally used for human and animal consumption (including seeds,see- Kingdom dlings and animals) 0,0 Other products and services 15,0 Ireland Live cattle, sheep,pigs 2,2 2,2 Other livestock including poultry and fish, raw wool, horsehair, bristles, feathers, hides and skins, non-edible horticultural produce 23,0 2,0(e) Other agricultural products excluding live animals 0,0 2,0 Danmark products 22,0 Ellas(r;

S@/cei Emtat. (l) Thc figws m for agricultw in thc strict sns, qcludin& for i!stan@, forestry. The most importatrt poducts e mmed only as enmples, pwhes izi 1.5e t-Jt-nte shemeJapplieble to agricultre ui aI aqiglcd to ofisr on a genenl nlo-rclated baris the VAT psid otr of agricultunl ilput$ (r) VAT not yet introdu@d. to dedwt 5 iri Wirfr efeä mn 1.7-1984 agricultunt ltrodtlm subjet to the nomal VAT system e mtitted, by My of imEe @mpenetior, from psyable vAT (i! addition to the d€ductibla VAT). of prc' (:) For t'Äe iupos oi inome compenstion, the llat nte of VAT was nied, with efrect from 1.7.1984 596 to 130/6for the mqioritv duct& ch, llat to ofri€1 the tax (6)' WircEoweß @vered by the llat-Bte shme add tar &1 the nl€ of 14 % to their invoiG bur r€lai! otrly 8 the lomal Bte, rhey iare paid on their inputs. As a Mulr of üe disrutlm€nt of the monetary @mpeNtory uouts the! rc entitlcd with clbst fton 1,7.1984 to a 596 r€ductiotr on the suc bssis as prod|lffi sübj*t to the fl&t-ntr sylGm. Thus, wilh etrwt from 1.7.1984 they have to pay the tax authoritic only lqo @mparcd with 6% previously, (7) Itarc alDliB to the VAT-incluivc prie. rhe iti VlI. 6i flo9m sold by awrion is irvoiced 8t l99C ctow ovcrcd by the flst-nt€ shme reive only the romal llat nte of 6%, miniog 13 being payablc to the enüal tax aulhofity by the pwhas. (e) Horcs hsve b€tr oxmpt sin@ 3.9.?3.

AGR. REP.1985 222 vAT AND pRrcEs

14.2 Rate of value-added tax (VAT); purchase price of agricultural inputs at I July 1985

Deutschland Purchase and tenancy of farmland Exempted Inputs of agricultural origin (animal feedingstufß, seeds and seedlings, breeding stock) 7,0 Inputs of industrial origin (fertilizers, pesticides, electricity, buildings and machinery, building materials and accessories), non-agricultural services 14,0 France Non-processed agricultural products (breeding stock), water and sugar for the chaptalization of wlne 5,5 Fertilizers, animal feedingstufß, pesticides 7r0 Fuel (non-deductible), some building work and services provided by persons eligible for the spe- cial deduction, purchase and maintenance of farm equipment, building and maintenance of farm buildings, work under labour-only contract, most services l g,6 Italia Agricultural loans, rural leases, veterinary services Exempted Animal feedingstuffs qf vegetable origin, fertilizers 2,0 Animal feedingstufß of animal origin, agricultural work under labour-only contract, seeds, breed- ing stock, pesticides. 10,0 Fuels and lubricants, pharmaceuticals 8,0 Equipment and machinery, gas and electricity, building materials, most services l g,0 Nederland Veterinary services, telecommunications, indemnity insurance, purchase, renting and tenancy of immovable property (except sale by builder) Exempted Seeds, fertilizers, fuel for hothouses, animal feedingstuffs, breeding stock, some services, pesti- cides, pharmaceuticals, work under contract, equipment 5,0 Motor fuels and other fuels (except petrol), electricity, structural work, maintenance and repair of farm buildings, machinery, tractors and equipment, small items of equipment and accessories, transport services, petrol 19,0 Belgique/Belgiö Purchase and tenancy of land Exempted Animal feedingstufß, seeds, fertilizers, agricultural services, coal (solid fuel) 6,0 Construction and maintenance of farm buildings, electricity, farm equipment, pesticides 19,0 Road diesel fuel, petrol, petroleum gas for non-agricultural purposes 25,0 Diesel fuel for agricultural purposes, light fuel oil, natural gas, petroleum gas r7,0 Luxemboury Purchase and tenancy of land Exempted Animal feedingstufß, fertilizers, seeds, breeding stock, electricity, water, some services (cultiva- tion and harvesting, veterinary services) 6,0 Agricultural equipment, pesticides, construction and maintenance of farm buildings, some ser- vices (transport), motor fuels and other fuels 12,0 United KJngdom Interest relief grants on purchase and renting of land, insurance, financial costs Exempted Most products generally used for human consumption and animal consumption, including seeds, seedlings and animals reared for the purpose. Construction of farm buildings and most civil engineering work (excluding changes, repair and maintenance). Motor fuels and other fuels (except road diesel fuel and petrol), electricity and water 0,0 Road diesel fuel, lubricants, petrol, fertilizers, chemicals, purchase and maintenance of agricultu- ral machinery, other goods and services not specified 15,0 Purchase of motor vehicles (special non-deductible 100/o tax) l5+ 10 Animal feedingstuffs, fertilizers (put up in quantities of 10 kg or more), cereals, beetroot, hay, cake, etc., seeds and seedlings of products used for food, veterinary products for oral administra- tion, electricity 0,0 Most services, machinery repairs 5,0 Fertilizers (quantities less than l0 kg), pesticides, disinfectants and detergents, veterinary products for injection and veterinary equipment, farm equipment including traitors, building materials, second-hand goods, petrol and lubricants, motor vehicles and motorcycles, other services (trans- port, stocking, material hiring) 23,0 Solid fuels, diesel fuel for heating, diesel fuel for tractors, heating and lighting gas 10,0 Purchase of land and immovable property Exempted All products 22,0

1t; VAT not yet introduced. VAT AND PRICES 223

rara\OF-rnd$c!d).-<")(Nd .rid oäd d\d vid od -r + ä ä d l-Nl-r0l

c\ o\ 5S $S R3 :3 R3 R3 3R R ?$ *] tltll €$ ca € öl€ o\ 33. i3 5$ i$ $3 33 3X 3n S* 93 Itlllll 5

E o0 ca€ tr \r)O E iF S$ 33 33 * $S'3fr*öI c 3S F3 33d I i I I | | | ()(t)a () q) coo -l 3* SS äi 33 ; s'x g =3 $3 i3d | I I äk ' i | | t g (tl o rn\n *(r) c.l s qc{ \O^: t-rn $^€- ]'t€ qoo^ \c\ i1 'd+- oi..i rn c.l or'- \",o e{ d\d d;;ä ä+ {c'i -r(:l () d I i I \a) l I I r' oo $ €o\ a q) öl \o a0 ,ri + ct 33 33 $3 33-i 3R 3R ** 3 3: aR tr - r | | bE o i 00)= tr E€ I €g al EE () 6l- 3 B3 tn öl 3* 33 3= i$ *3 3i RF ää I ,t3 g l.lllllll EE F ZE s 9.9 rn ??) ,.i -l .5-cl! 5! *3 B* 33 3+ 3$ i$ 3E 3R 33 äa I XL il t'llll cr€

.gg C) \71 L ':r a= F.3 i3 3 33 \oo t- 33 33 3R $3 33 AA Eb illlllll

E3AE Äa Itv q.q -:"('I qq o^€^ 3ä .jJ€cAO\\O(rl- F3 3= F3 ä3 3R ää I Gl€ I

lr 'qq oq? q) olq ,r;d'a3 \O,.t 9: -O\ O\r x;l ä! 33 53 *3 $ä S= F.- J --d .I 6l A -l (J tl A^ .-a ^o gg -9e gg oo-99 oo-9-- oo-9= oo'>= ooi>-v oo\-v oo oo q) g {ra cl h E& - :Ho*1 6l -!t €öäEd A -a ,a FE*Esi I E HEfiäEEE E_E !r) AEE2g55.TAE

VAT AND PRICES 225

16 Producerprices for agriculturalproducts (excluding VAT) in the EuropeanCommunities EUR 10

Index o/oTAV lgg0:100

1983 1984 r982 1983 1984 r975 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

Total 124,7 133,0 139,r 8,7 4,6

Crop products 125,8 139,0 146,7 10,4 5,5

Cerealsand rice 123,9 134,9 135,3 9,5 0,3 Common wheat 120,9 130,5 128,1 - 1,8 Durum wheat 129,1 146,3 155,4 : 6,2 Fodder barley 120,7 131,5 130,5 -0,8 Barley for brewing 129,4 141,4 134,8 : -4,7 Oats I l5,l 126,2 138,8 10,0 Maize 129,4 l4,l 149,5 : 3,7 Paddy rice 161,4 161,0 185,7 15,3 Other lll,7 117,7 113,2 : - 3,8 Root and tub€r crops 123,6 141,8 156,6 6,6 10,4 Ware potatoes 156,1 181,6 213,9 7,7 17,8 Sugarbeet 104,9 I19,5 124,7 5,9 4,4 Other I15,0 121,4 123,7 4,4 I,9 Fresh vegetables 127,4 l5l,l 159,3 13,0 5,4 Fruits 131,5 132,8 153,4 12,5 15,5 Fresh fruits 134,4 134,2 153,8 14,6 Dried fruits 105,9 120,4 149,7 : 24,3 Wine/Must 122,9 127,1 132,0 ll,7 3,9 Olives and olive oil 131,4 160,7 179,5 12,7 ll,7 Seeds 123,1 150,9 157,2 9,8 4,2 Flowers and plants 115,2 124,2 120,8 7,2 -2,7 Other crop products l4l,l 166,1 183,7 14,2 10,6

Animals and animal products 123,8 128,5 133,1 7,5 3,6

Animals (for slaughter and 126,8 128,9 133,5 7,1 3,6 export) Beef animals 125,7 129,3 128,7 7,8 -0,5 Calves 136,0 143,6 146,6 8,5 2,1 Pigs 126,3 119,9 127,6 4,4 6,4 Sheepand goats 132,0 146,0 151,6 12,2 3,8 Poultry 121,8 131,0 142,6 9,6 8,9 Other animals 134,0 146,0 154,6 l2,g 5,9 Milk 121,3 130,2 132,4 8,1 1,7 Eggs 108,0 113,9 132,4 7,2 16,2 Other animal production 127,1 136,3 lM,4 I1,5 5,9

Source; Eurostat.

l5) 226 VAT AND PRICES

a f-. C.l (nOrüOO O\\O.a C=$€ t.r€€ cq co (.| ö.1 \o oo oo !n \o \r) o C{ ca f-. cö \ö f\ cA S r.i +odol c.idi " c.iodod nl-ioi C{iH COC.IH ö.1<- (\-r -öl (\-- (--.lC-.|-

\o O\t O\cOO C-l (r) cq OO O\ OO $rOO\ d-lol Oc{c-l \odf\ c\ $Oc.t ca \o c\

c.l $ (.t o^ o\ (n \al F. ral od.d c.i c!- I

o\ \o s^-*o^ Eqq 4q.-- 9.q."q. äq"q Qqq fr.-*q qq\ q\o^

S-d\o \o€o \o \nla\o ro

-OO rnOt-c.| -o(r) €-caco cocOF- €t.nO oq .o^ o^ o{ q o^ -: (.} .q -: \o^ vl <\atr,.) OO\O- ,.i $-O\ c.i -i,.i od,ri cJ + - OölH $-* O$oO O\O(n d ,.i \i \i ,.i .f od ,ri ,.i öl- C!- öl corn< c\ r\ c{ tl I

E-rq ä-o 5-- Ho- 3-- F-"- I-- äo^-* Q3q Q.-^-^ :i -i .f C.i oi .'i ,.i d ,.i ,ri ä -i ,'i d c.i -i ä * FJ -i d(\tc co \o-öl C\C{C.l-C\--\--- ä {' (\(\t öl ltttttl I

f-O\€$\a) ln öl O\ \O C\ f\O\oO lrrf-f\ -OO\ .

C-€ O $*-- 8-* Do- ör E^"- öl€O rf\qa €^ öl ""d $- o^ .. .. oi+ol 1iolod

S_ - - r.| (\l o\ c\ \al €O\OO \Of- ql\f-\O d*O O\\O€ \O(\l " €dr.) li

ca co ro ca co ca c.t co cq c7) c?| ca co co cq ci cq c?t ca (?| OOf\ €F- oO f- oO C- OO f\ .cä5 '+66 sö5 s65 oä5 oää €-='$6Ot :f,66 $6or $oror 6+ö €--6+ö 8SS TSS 5*B ä5; ä5;-ää ES; äS; -€€ -oooo -€oo -€oo äSS-€€ :,a ss s{ ss ee Ot---- Or O\ O\ 0\6------O\O\ O\O\ -I e -l I .T- cl .'?gg-s-9-s-g^E-s-g fr -I I =i-? Eii sii -l F=i cii Eii sii s?? Eae Ere -s \tt \rrl ;ti -if ;ii StF SF:t: =aa =aa SFF I aFl ,r il** il** il** H** il** H** il** ä0 il** H** ilk" GI

(F

q) I .Fl tr a q) a E -6t -l (.) L -I F A & ä"8 ä ä Fä^öä f- Fä r e g*iä E i Ä' F:äää VAT AND PRICES 227

(n (\.1 r- C\ \r) \^ qn$d ryq qoo_o^ F.COO\ f-.$$ t€ca s6c.| ,/i c.i .d - (at \c) d l.al \O n€ f-€€ oi c'i c.i + oi + (\ --ö,1 <* (-{-COtHH (+t = öJ C?| d

cndo\ dO \o^ $^ c.I oo. ,1 cl ,tl ,q (\lAOf- t(v)- \ -l ,ti-l $O\- *\öcel Ölicfl -l+d f\-f-d(t)-d co c\ ca c\

öl v o\ O\dS\O co \n$c\ - - (.7) € O f* O\ \n C- OO Vt * \o cQ O\ €f\OO -\o(\ +c'i-f c.ic.ic.i dc.i\i +

oo rf- O\ \O rn -\n C\C\C- -€(\ rf,\Of- r\f-rn ooooo \oor+ : o\(a oc)|.| .

I t\ r-t- o\ c.l c\ \o s co o\ (\ ,q ,.1 -: \o^ \o. .o^ ,.l to^ (\f-€ $OO Oco O^ \ C\l q O^.o" "'i co\o$ \otr) clioi+ f-OO\ ci\OO\ l-OO$ O\O\F- {AOoO .> Q>> fif E?? =ä? E?? =?? E?? =<< =<< .= Q) : trL :-ttt- F- t- -. [.1 F-r >-i- ÄF- \-i- >FF \r-r- aF ss 8ss öss üss 6ss dss dss 8ss Esk bö r$ IJ] I! trl El lrl trl trl

päEs E'5 eE9 -d*9ö tr 5€ E c o al oo1 g trr\ E3 E E oo- ,.8 :E5 .7x>. Q'i ä 9a< ! a- (tl \J l-{ EE t4 c) r' 6l 5rträ&.,,o E>bäq't o s ä E :-$ EE E rfi d Z fr;i $ otr ii I H€ E äb.; S '8tr . tuOrJi E F äg t€ E ctt rEö äE3 € 4 eE+' S .g; E A vAA € .5FE N2z F (5 f;E E,_82 'i AE E ö z:-!- 228 vAT AND pRrcEs

- g- F-

eV, tro) r- bo F-

tJ. '

g- O€\c)\O\OOH€(.rOoO O O\ c.t Ee! d cri oi ,.i Fi d d ,-i c.i ,.i 'f ,.i -i d 01 ÖO\O\ot\O*C!cOtqc.l bE ä.F- ---*td- I lQ) 00 O) = o, Ä^ c?|.i\O|..)-OSOC.lC.lC.t co-$ a,) d oi d r.l c.i d oi -i -i oi r'- 6.d-i oOoOO\€O\OOc.lt..tcOcn I Et ---< ö0 ü ää c) f-f\\O.?t.öO\OO\f-f- \o E C.) o\ LöO !+ -l d oi -d ,.i ,ri od ,.i od ,.i \or-.F-ooo\9===3 d ct tr. '

-O$C.lf-Of\$f-€O -: oq vI a g- tl i, d e.i oi ,..i .d d od c.i d .d ..i co-d E=3L 4 V'F.v - ä05 0 = o\=o\o\o\99==== g I

/I € (* A "' .o^ -: ,.i .q -iq\ *r ctt \ \ c.l o^ c\ c! o. a.t A\OO\OcaO6:f,r-

(! .,4 0 V H,A q) € \o*I*roodo$$o\oCn :f,o\- (.),^. o\ c.i wi,.i d od d oi üi '.d d c.; c.i od c.i 'E.-l t-f sEf;5; \n\Of-€€O-.ö$\O\O tr< &=EF.= --t< ::> F at) f- \n C-l \O cA O\ oO öl \O trq) O qq Yöotrt rr äI) oo al ..i rJ r.l -i

q-:"o^\O^o^,q\,tfO^\ €^ c'I c.l 'rotr9 g- EeE l'- €€\OaOtO-\O\O-C\ o\cad b3 E'F- \Of-OOOOOTO-C.tci$.tf, f^ *-d--- öc) --9 (- .,4 9P e) H, sc= C) Y \t? ro^ ,t} a \ \ $^ o^ €^ c{ €^ \ €t\o ,E c \o \.)O\rnO\t-O(\l\OAOO6l O\ C- öl g \Ö\Of\f\OOOFC.ItO$\n

-:' d--*-< cl= E liE frEEää A- =sr-- d ar7 o^ö1 q,1 qqo^cl 1\ \oo -I ES \n dO\\O\O\OOFC!t\c\ .

+jL -aa 9s .A * (n rO !C l';ta 6l \ r- € Gr "oO .g(,.|\Or\oOO\Odc\cOrü\n s ä+ä oo \r-r\r\r-r-c.oo€aa€ @ .€ oo SO\O\O\O\O\O\O\O\O\O\O\ O\ O\ O\ l\-<-a--<<-d< s <<< VAT AND PRICES 229

!) O^ tr \O O\ .t) -l b .^ -tf,aO\ndOOC--O-1 G) s odol+Fi1'iöe.i+dqis? od d c.i c?l iöF-.ööoo\Ödc\cq(ns (, *s€Hu t-- (l) I€ o C.l CO cA O\c{ooc\$Oca\OO$-c'} ' O\\Od c.) ,.i-f dc.ig g cO \O C- oO oO , s $3 + s ä-t _ _ < < _ () F.r-Ht- ;**ä?AHA4 EI HV .Ep EA E9o c.l oH c?l 'E q) lr< ; tr€GIE 2E -SO -r. b .^ c.t\Ool\\O€cttAnO\$-O- ö' O\Of- (-) rC!d ss $fäe;sxirlq--(\lC\ 9cr aE€Eu ö9 o!) .q) €O\O äE q e* -:" .o^ c'l O oo c! \rt O\ $ ct) tr€äo f-trA C(l€ F- c{ o\ ca *t ö c.i c.i l-- a :t --- +,.i6\0t.-öN$t-acQ tr() FdölC\ a)t PEräsE.--h'd L.F AHA€

\O -OO O^ .O" .O^ O^ O\ O H f- oO d(n (\l r\ o\ H $s Ego c.l (rl(g (\| R R $ S s $ i€ S Ec\ F.E IJ. } .F8 FS (tt Pr €r-öl O^ o{ ,t} O^ q c? -:" -i - \o r- 8.., öi c.i oo rj b.2 .$Eää'(\ Nd$aassnäsä I <-t*H- ,5 lis & = c Ä^ o^ @., öt Eff rü "i-.sEg. \\o{-:"oqo-c'}o^??"4 O\ tn c'l .-() tr c\ o\ c-' c.i i \O A F. -. Or t'- Cl c öl 6i-od€-Ödco(*.)*+$ I eg PErisFrräH.- A. F () A € .EE Ea o^ ro^ tO<.d$Of--t-^tnO (lt '!'t A(h o\o \o ä.i+SSBFRä E$ öl \ct \O t\ € , al(ll _ _ _ gE t&' cttr

.t(l) $o\\o -!. b .- -: -:. g. o^ o. o- q tvi \o c.t \o =o r-C! x crl \ (arr-€o\L____r.*'...r.* r- -l *E€Eu öJ dä= \ $ä S E.B e' .ef s c\o\€ =(u 0 brfrBo \orn€€c\osrn,c?t€q. ()= a ä c\ \o c\ (tl $ E öl oo q) fiSSgä:n5sf; -Hi-dF ctr ) I f r ä s o L< {j ^tsAe h; tr s9t I

r- O\ gq' GI O\O\oOf-rO\n(n-oo(n $€ a E& .ä+".i$S:K$i o6t t\ $ \'') \O f- clc| d , _ _ d _ LO t!; (l) a o4' (lta0 Eä -<€ tra'r a -r. b .- O\$tAdO\OO\f\O\O€- Oi g oid-l "? (\ö.1 üs$sxsse$Fn I , äE€E' dl--<- .() cl7 e C) o ca 'tr $Eg EöO €öo t= q, Ä^ o- q .o" -*I Efr€ a r\€cnncqOO-@^O^qO^ "iEES,

19 Evolution in the EC price index of feedingstuffs, fertilizers and soil improvement, energy

Deutschland France Italia

Feed- Fertilizers Invest- Feed- Fertilizers Invest- Feed- Fertilizers Energyand Energy Inves ing- md soil im- ments in ing- and Energyand lubricants md soil im- ments in ing- md soil im- ments stulfs provements lubricants lubricants machinery stufß provements machinery stuffs provements machin

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0 ll t2 l3

Indices gr,4 r975 90,6 59,4 93,6 70,4 64,2 46,9 63,6 52,2 51,1 51,6 45, 1976 102,9 92,4 63,9 97,5 75,2 63,9 52,3 70,1 65,4 58,0 61,6 53, 1977 105,4 90,5 63,9 gr,7 85,2 66,1 57,9 75,4 77,4 65,0 76,2 64, t978 96,4 90,5 63,9 94,0 86,5 72,7 62,4 gl,6 82,6 71,2 77,3 72, g2,r t979 96,8 95,0 96,3 92,0 80,6 73,7 g9,6 89,3 gl,0 92,3 95, 1980 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100, l98t 108,0 11,,2,0 117,2 104,6 113,8 I10,3 123,1 I13,5 121,6 126,9 l2g,l 106, r982 108,8 ll7,g 122,9 lrl,4 126,9 120,7 143,7 129,3 131,2 159,3 159,4 1lg, 1983 lll,3 lll,3 llg,7 115,7 141,4 128,7 155,4 142,0 147,5 190,3 167,9 l4g, 1984 I l4,l 109,5 123,2 llg,2 152,8 137,g 166,3 152,1 160,4 177,0 179,2 194, * l9g5 103,8 I l5,l 129,7 121,7 146,5 151,0 179,4 160,9 158,0 182,0 205,0 200,

VoTAV

t983/75 2,6 2,5 9,0 4,1 9,1 g,r 16,2 10,6 13,9 L7,I l5,g 15, 1984/83 2,5 -r,6 3,9 3,0 8,1 7,1 7,0 7,1 9,7 - l,g 6,2 24, * - 1985/84 9,0 5,1 4,5 2.1 -4,L 9,5 7,3 5,7 - 1,5 2,8 15,0 g,l

United Kingdom Ireland Danmark

Feed- Fertilizen Invest- Feed- Fertilizers Invest- Feed- Fertilizers Energy and Energy Invest. mg- rnd soil im- ments in and Energyand lubricants mg- md soil im- ments in ing- md soil im- ments i stulls provements lubricants lubricants machinery stuffs provements machinery stufß provements machine

26 27 28 29 30 3r 32 33 34 35 36 3't Indices

t975 57,7 55,5 42,1 45,5 54,4 67,1 40,9 46,9 67,9 92,4 49,5 66,6 t976 72,9 59,4 51,9 55,7 65,4 69,2 4g,g 61,0 81,8 90,9 53,4 71,2 t977 86,1 69,4 62,0 69,4 84,6 74,4 59,2 75,6 89,9 75,3 54,9 76,',1 1978 83,5 79,2 64,3 77,7 86,1 78,4 56,6 96,0 83,5 77,7 56,2 g3,g r979 93,7 95,5 76,5 97,1 96,2 85,1 70,2 93,6 88,8 81,3 72,2 90,6 1980 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 l98l 108,0 110,2 120,9 107,7 109,8 112,6 130,9 114,3 117,3 123,7 126,9 109,5 r982 I 13,9 I 15,5 137,5 I 15,9 lr7,g I lg,5 149,2 134,4 129,0 148,3 144,5 124,3 1983 123,7 I 16,g 151,2 121,7 131,7 121,2 169,3 151,0 140,0 145,9 140,3 136,9 t984 127,0 120,2 155,1 124,5 138,2 134,5 179,5 164,3 147,0 166,5 144,1 14r,6 lgg5'ß 122,4 129,0 169,9 129.7 127,l 153,5 l gg,3 173,7 131,0 181,6 152,4 147,r

96TAV

1983/75 10,0 9,8 17,3 13,1 lr,7 7,7 lg,4 1.5,7 9,5 5,9 l3,g 9,4 1984/83 2,7 2,9 2,6 2,3 4,9 I1,0 6,7 g,g 5,0 14,2 2,7 3,5 t9g5/84* -3,6 6,5 9,5 3,4 - 8,0 r4,l 10,5 5,7 - 10,9 9,1 5,9 3,9

Source: Eurostat. VAT AND PRICES 23r

VAT) and lubricants, investments in machinery (excluding VAT; Ireland including (1980:100)

Luxembourg Nederland Belgique/Belgiö Fertilizers Invest- Feed- Fertilizers Invest- Feed- Energy and Feed- Fertilizers Invest- Energyand ments in Energy and and soil im- ments in mg- and soil im- ing- and soil im- ments in ing' lubricants lubricants lubricants machinery stuffs provements machinery stuffs provements machinery stuffs provements 2r 22 23 24 25 l4 15 l6 L7 l8 l9 20

72,9 57,0 72,7 86,0 79,0 63,1 83,5 82,3 50,9 74,9 84,7 82,2 g3,2 85,2 67,2 80,9 79,9 95,0 87,9 60,6 81,0 92,6 87,1 58,8 85,0 63,3 85,1 g7,2 86,0 69,1 96,3 88,3 64,5 86,5 96,9 87,1 93,1 84,0 68,6 87,9 68,4 9L'4 90,5 84,4 62,8 88,5 87,6 89,6 93'2 72,1 94,r g4,4 88,8 81,1 95,1 89,8 78,7 95,9 94,8 89,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 104,6 122,0 104,0 109,0 112,5 116,8 107,2 I I1,3 124,5 104,0 108,6 111,4 123,6 I 31,3 I 19,1 108,8 I l9,l 129,0 137,6 118,5 I 17,0 107,9 120,5 149,4 129,3 146,1 129,3 132,7 126,5 144,3 112,2 103,8 160,4 t14,6 130,8 129,6 141,8 r2g,l 156,6 139,0 177,1 120'l 137,2 139,2 163,5 140,0 114,0 106,5 149,6 164,7 150,7 127,1 138,3 164,4 104,4 117,3 177,8 124,3 130,9 146,7

7,5 5,6 6,1 10,9 7,4 3,8 2,9 15,4 5,5 5,6 5,9 12,5 8,3 6,9 2,1 8,5 7,5 1,6 2,6 10,4 4,8 4,9 7,4 I1,9 7,6 - 10,4 7,r 5,0 7,6 -8,4 l0,l 0,4 3,5 -4,6 5,4 0,7

Fertilizers and soil im- provements

51,0 62,7 51,6 45,3 40,7 56,5 68,2 68,2 57,4 69,5 55,4 53,2 43,6 63,6 79,3 70,1 g8,l 62,9 77,0 64,5 55,4 49,2 70,4 73,0 64,7 83,0 69,8 56,6 52,0 76,6 86,4 78,0 g2,4 78,9 90,7 78,2 68,2 70,6 83,8 84,2 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100'0 100,0 100,0 122,0 108,4 132.4 I I l,l 121,2 123,6 113,6 113,6 138,1 119,4 158"6 1l l,l 132,3 141,8 121,3 !25,6 145,4 133,3 202,0 149,4 157,6 177,6 132,9 130,7 154,6 146,9 234,6 153,1 177,7 209,4 140,9 135,1 t67,5 155,2 270,0 157,0 210,0 244,0 135,4 144,6

14,0 9,9 18,6 16,1 18,4 15,4 8,7 8,5 6,3 10,2 16,1 2,5 12,8 17,9 6,0 3,4 -3,9 8,3 5,7 l5,l 2,5 18,2 16,5 7,0 232 vAT AND pRrcEs

0 s a+ l.- C\ f- c7) rn O C{ O C{ (n \O O\ tf, o\ q.-s3q!.ir-d$rJ\trrd \n O c.l tl €O\O\O\O\OO6lcnc?) o ügEE

oOf\<$OO\n\OrOO\- tr-Or\ \o q,\9O\\OoOaOtn@\-i €O\O\O\O\O;c\C{cOcO sc\* :o) ÄgEE -ts--E- o0 c) \nN\OF-\OO!+f-cO€oO ,rI oo^ öl q) s \ d oi d c.i \t d oi oi oi -i,.i (ar!+ = ä: O\-OO\O\OOdc.t$(r) Uä5 E--H---- I oo o

(q O-€\o\o\OOHoornO€ OO\r rü o\9o\o\o'3=l:IgaaqiqrFdd..i6i,ä.rr ,.i -:" d F I

C-oO-\OOO(nOO.+O O\\f$ cO drJ

! tr ao^ öl q $^ 1 O- r\ (n c\ :f c\t srnao k c-l dö'ododdririld-lc'i e.i+ro () ä*s €=o\o\o\9===g= F €(u v o.- I z

cl iO$c\lr\Or-$r-oOO -€\n @ d c{ oi ,ri -l .-i orOo\o\888:::: ".i F t-*d-d- I E

-i oo^ O^ ,"I ..I () _'ü" O^ cl c:i ro^ q O rrl \.') X co \o (n C) 3€Sagg:$$;8 ;äes tsd*ddd a +a

I Gl c?)S(nO\f-O|'n$$\O\O f--- .

- $c.l$O\\nOtct\(a$(f) OO\\,.t 6l d -_-l e.i od -i fr oo t) \o r- €d € d + c.i c.i e.; S\O\O - F 9 = : : : g +J E I -:qvlölnO-Or\oo\oH a- ,"r .o^ n k r\ .j \o c'i' o,' g d c.i \d + ol + oo co c.l ä0 f\f\€€O\Ojc\öö+ -lLaO.-*Ete cq --d-d- k () tÜr+O\O€OO\\OcOf-- C) \or\- \o I 9i od,ti d d .d od c.i -i 0 ls s \ot\oo€o\ö=Äcov$ O\cA- q) Uät "9 IJ. ä' --d-d- I I a- fr x q1O-\OOr.rr-\nOr\ ßq Or ce| C\ L ( € oo' \o od -i \i .d .-i c.i €cor q) \of-€€o\==l::= 9 d (,)- F E otoroO\O\OO\OOSc') fr \vlq g $ 1.i =-l ci c{ oä d ,.i ,l ä rrJ ; --c.l O\OOO\O\öO-ööö q-r iecs ---d-<*- tl E a c, q) O\c!f-r\\OOOt-S€(,') (r|\oo qJ (J aa ,ti c'i ,.i d rJ ,.i Fi '.d -i ,ri .- ah äi s d€OOrO\O\OOOOöO Ci c.[ d F v = o.- dl--d-- tl - c) I .I q) '1soor-ooC\\n\Or\o Cl qqg t -i : o (\ e.ioioa;öo\ooo858 oi .d od d ld oi __Cq F --d- fr tl

I -!a - g'! E * td a5tr.O \a) co $ \ C-€oO 9X€A* >+; €nEg FFFFRS;sssb oooooo a.l -S.=.tIO\O\O\O\O\O\6r.\6r\6r.,616l,\v\+..4-<-<-<---d- s O\--- O\ O1 VAT AND PRICES 233

\a \o t\ \O- r- €- -:" O^ q oo- t/f a ?" o\ c,id*,toiX g f- c.r c\ t F-oooo€o\g==:_ S = R K E AgEgca

.frno\ O\ooS(noO^O^q€-O.\a o O\nöl Q* ,a c.icic.i+ä g cq \ot'-oo€o\==:L_ S I R S I t c?| rq EäE

d+€ra-1O^O^\O^-:"O^ f\ \O O\ rf öl odoi{ric.iac'iac"io\c.t oo (€ (\ 6Fööo6lö;c{!9: o co F

*to\ c.l ,1 F-- O^ O^ O^ öl .O- \ i ? Orf-o€ Fj.dc.idgBn€XKF _FF $rn\ot*€=::Lc{öl ÄgEsco

O\A- - \n * aa cO O O\ \O c'l O\ f-- co-\O .t, Qi o ;C.l- GI O 9öE c?l $dddJägEIpp EI Oä=

-:" dSO ca \O O\ \O- oo^ O^ rvl O\ $ O O\Or- +;äÄ;äxilr3q -C.tr cl o\ *\n\o\ooo=l::c{öl o öl F .q o" q q -i -:. a ?^ a :^ ? ? :" '-\o1a € FE3ä8S:\8SS ÄgEst\ ddl-JF

d rt.) o\ oo o\ cq 5 ca \o I.) €- c7I o^ to^ o. L od\i (ll äääüdäBss$g E t- \or-oo€o\9==:r_ g ä:s (\ (ll \J o.-

,.tqvI?aa- \o r-- €^\ll o^c.l F-c'il c\l c.i-rsoIäI$;*ä \o r\€oOoOO\9=:::- öl t-t

-o\€€-:^O^c.Iq$-aa\aa sdgäss3$3?E =c''? ÄgEsöl l--d-ld

E tr 33: $ ü3äüd3ä3äRälöFö-:dd--ddlJ cl gEE (\ c)

q q r - O O O O r*). \o'! \o^ (ü O y? j j 9"öl ci "s-rFF--t\nr-öoo,===9!3::-l "{s o (\ F

caSd drC\f\-OdqdO-S^ o\t\d öl "r-:;,'i..iödöadS6r-r-€6xÖ-c\c'lÖ'l Äe:'s öl tr o E r.rca$€-qo^q1rd€ r-\oo öotr € c.r t- ä$*sgg:düSS ll v qt s t\ ! v o- (l)

ti q^q..I-iq?alo\ o a sdOO O\OÄ (g i$$s$ä=enES I o (\ F

0

a \ It äeg Fss :.a \-a $E E* r^\or-eoRaasss€ S **n x tE'E 9D äXh5äööööo\o\ t äää I c\ S'-1€9F---rd-r<-- 234 vAT AND pRrcES

tf,O\rf,q.Of-f-\OO\oOc\O .+lrr €l€ d d^i nr;'kb :1 ä-rä 616 ll -tll-,-, ; r\ l' :.

F 5 oO-q \O f\ f- d cr I e.r F- t21 1:l c\ ca €lf- t'-\o d-i +,ri odd_lä 6lo\ - - ö \o -

$ qE € ÄON\oöoodöcoSr\O$ a3 DA s3R8 e o\ ( =c7)c{€OO\oO\Or+cornsf,

\al O\- t$ tn f- ln$F(C\tO ca c\ €c\ ooo oo- r-{ € c\t r\ cq OO \.) ; o\ C\ F( $\ocaooo\ sf f- ca c.t o\ oo \oSca$ca O

o\ ooo \O (n C\ O C.t c.t öt r\ -€ O\ \n \O \O O\ € t,^) cA f- -tftc.t$- o\ O\ F( t\O.O\rtOO a.l \o ca c\ €o\ O\€ \o co e.l $ eo

.6 -9 tr() 9O öc\ a.l .a_ ä€ a E c.r E ä EEEE E E F: C) -= Q: O ! ssss s s $< - - s5 (g F EE ! € ggEE O, 3 Etr i ä E E €.8 .= = s; SB .eEEä ä ä ;i- € t al E gS o2 f- od O 7E EB 7 7 0.)c äI qlt EEEE H.geä H,H, ES - HE€ e -ü.a ct { oo Gl- i = li o\ ooy .aJ = gt: -- ß i* o (J E äEe k o0 S Er€ HdF- '- cl ct t'= 4 .t € J eri I = =! o X 3 <.ra q) e E ; asF E E b'js cl o qiH ;c) E ;-! F SJS o i;E ü I q) . Fo; & F E -8,äYgF L E 9 i' ä89.3; o A c e 6t E E * iZE9qE +1 !r ===z?tsö=ä7tE ä ,euE:;--c - qJ 0) 2 est gFFEö I g E - E -u! co = F E E u, il i ääE -6 g E X Eü s öüB>r G c\ g -.r6t,ar ö ü t; 2 E r r , ,'; i 3 Ä ü v vvvv VAT AND PRICES 235

22 Rent of agricultural land

I Ratio rent/ I market value o/o ECU/ha (t) TAV I 1gr.ossincome) I in o/o

le84 1983 l 1983 1984 | tnt, 984 r982 r973 1983 t

7 8 I 2 3 4 5 6

1,0 Deutschland(2) 148,79 162,19 4.8

France 2,2 - Arable land (3) 67,52 7l 74 : Italia :

Nederland 1,8 2,4 - Arable land t76,35 186,26 204,09 7,8 9,6 1,5 1,5 - Meadow 148,61 I 52,58 160,50 6,5 5,2

Belgique/Belgiö 1,1 1,1 - Arable land 100,88 103,05 106,44 3,1 3,3 1,3 1,3 - Meadow 100,59 102,88 105,54 2.9 2.6

Luxembourg

United Kingdom (+) 7,8 2,1 2,3 England 11 1,98 134,72 145,24 17,l 12,9 1,5 1,7 Wales 56,40 67,28 75,99 15,1 10,5 2,5 2,5 Scotland 74.29 84.00 92,82 16.2

Ireland : : Danmark 165,72 : :

Ellas 25,8 - Arable land (s) 298.86 364.51 458,47

Source.' Eurostat. (r) Converted at constant exchange rates (1983). Eurostat estimate for the intermediate years. izi niannual survey in 1975, rg71,lg71 i98t and 1983. (Insee). ili UO+ survey updated using a national accounting indicator 1a; Prices for all kinds of land. 1s; The land is irrigated for the most part. 236 vAT AND pRrcES

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o\ \o €€€F iiFÄ \oö o\ aaaäs 9.. gE; hP (ll c) ä; ä; ä; >t EgE . alt 5E iE fE ä: I aE aE aE <ä'€ €g €g €iiu, 5ä: u.E ii.= u.- -:g E[€E 8.I- 8.I- 8I E s o ä E E ä.a s E E"äE äEü äEEEäEq€qEE *äE cA *'tsa c! dö >ö -: sgs$EF5$gFäsSFs SEä=*=*SsF=*==9 sEF VAT AND PRICES 245 ä+ t-.1 O\ $ ääi E r .'"j j ttr öT?EF äj s 3 l ?F€ äE F;E?E äfi:E:ä .F$iä,, o\ c?t ca ,rr,q\ q\qq.+^q\€^\o^1 (^ ra) (n tat r.ar (a) (fl isiä \.o tat rat t\ tn tr) \.o ea t I !;$Tl* äs IIE ä ooo i

OOO rO-O \o\o\g\g\9Qr>\or> \F6ä\ .?|lr|F r\(')o\o\o\$Or-o €äää ä : l\-- C{f-f- <(rlölC-lC.l=\O-\O -o\o\ cn\o$ s.ic\c\(\l(\l-s- r.|ötöt Sc?)(i SSSSSVSSS ?äjjs 'su=ä fi389,ääääs i s

?lia;'IägsiE ä ä äE;*rä E aE g gg 'trE ä!;Egää 88 aa iÄ€ää+= E 8t $a ; +a ä E crl cl eiriäT;üsä .ueeua= rro.e äE s EEA *:ä€ äiEä+etäi ä .5EEI äsaseleE*E €== ECEBg t3€iEgää;;

RäoA * äR ; S €; äägääägäg; ä€ Y ** J"E I EE le E €a ä; E H; e.ts ü gägts

ää E A g q,e,:- sB sg {äääääääiää :- 246 coNsuMPTroN

24 Expenditure on consumption of : (a) foodstuffs, beverages and tobacco (b) foodstuffs (c) non-alcoholic beverages (d) alcoholic beverages (e) tobacco

Foodstuffs, beverages % of expenditure on final consumption and tobacco by households(t; in 1983 % TAV (prices of 1975)

Foodstuffs, Non- beverages Alcoholic 1982 Foodstuffs alcoholic Tobacco and beverages beverages r974 tobacco

I 2 3 4 ) 6 1

Deutschland 19,4 14,6 1,8 2,0

France 21,2 17,5 0,5 2,0 1,1 1,8(o)

Italia 29,8 25,6 0,3 1,8 212 1,5(5)

Nederland 19,6 15,1 0,5 2,1 1,9 2,9 (6)

Belgique/Belgiö 22,3 18,3 0,4 1,7 1,8 0,9

Luxembourg(2) 21,3 16,3 0,5 1,8 2,6 1,3

United Kingdom 20,2 14,7 0,5 1,9 3,0 0,2

Ireland(21 41,2 23,1 1,4 12,4 4,3 0,9

Danmark 24,5 16,7 0,6 4,0 3,2 1,0

Ellas(z; 41.5 35.6 1.0 2.3 2.6 2,7

EUR l0 (z;1r; 31,2 26,7 0,5 2,1 2,1

Source.' Eurostat - ESA. (r) Within the economic territory. 1z; r982. 1l; Calculated from data in national currencies converted into ECU at current rates. (1) t980/t974. 1s; Prices of 1970. (6) 1979/r974. CONSUMPTION 247

25 Human consumption of certain agricultural products (kg/head)

United Dan- Deutsch- Neder- UEBIJ Ife- Etlas France I alia King- EUR IO land BLEU land mark land dom

l0 ll t2 t 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Cereals(t) Total cereals(without rice) >1973/74<< 85 66 72 130 63 70 74 84 65 t37 > 1982/83( 83 7l 78 tt7 6l 72 73 89 69 108 Wheat(t) >1973/74<< 77 47 7l r25 57 68 69 79 40 135 > 1982/83( 73 50 72 ll0 54 69 63 80 46 106 Rve(t) >r973/74<< 4 t4 0 0 4 I 0 0 20 0 > 1982/83( 4 l3 0 0 4 I 0 0 l7 0 I Grain-maize1t; >>1973/74<< 3 4 0 4 2 I 4 3 3 > 1982/83( 6 5 6 6 2 2 8 7 2 2 I 5 Total milled rice 1z; >1973/74<< 2 2 3 4 2 I 2 I > 1982/83( 3 2 4 5 2 2 3 2 2 5

Potatoes >1973/74<< 82 93 94 38 83 r09 100 127 69 59 > 1982/83( 75 73 74 38 8l 97 105 r26 68 82

Sugar(t\ >t973/74< 37 35 38 30 44 33 46 47 49 25 > 1982/83( 34 35 35 26 37 36 38 4l 42 28

Vegetables Total vegetables >1973/74< 100 68 109 153 83 78 73 72 50 199 (incl. preservedveg.) > 1982/83< 107 69 ll8 t64 90 78 82 8l 60 199 of which: - Cauliflowers(a) >1973/74<< 5 3 5 7 6 4 6 3 3 4 > 1982/83( 5 3 5 6 6 4 6 5 3 4 - Tomatoes(4) >1973/74<< 23 13 15 36 l3 l6 l5 9 ll l16 > 1982/83( l3 20 44 l5 l8 t3 9 l3 r22

Fruit (5) Total fresh fruit (including preserved fruit >1973/74< 60 86 56 68 66 55 3l 28 42 56 and fruit juice) > 1982/83( 59 78 56 7l 57 53 34 30 35 77 of which: - Apples (a) >t973/74< r8 22 t7 15 36 24 t2 l0 t4 2l > 1982/83< l9 22 t7 22 34 20 r2 l6 t7 23 - Pears(a) >1973/74<< 7 5 6 l6 6 6 2 2 3 t2 > 1982/83( 7 4 6 l6 5 6 2 2 3 t2 - Peaches(a) >1973/74<< 5 3 7 ll I 2 I 0 I t4 > 1982183( 6 4 6 l5 3 4 2 2 2 l7

Citrus fruit Total citrus fruit >1973/74< 24 24 l8 35 29 l8 l5 l0 t2 50 >t982/83<< 29 28 2r 39 88 2l t4 t4 9 55 of which: - Oranges(a) >r1973/74< l4 l0 ll 2A 26 l5 l0 6 7 35 > 1982/83( t7 8 ll 23 85 t7 9 ll 4 30

Wineloy >>1973/74< 50 22 r05 100 9 15 5 2 l0 46 > 1982/83< 45 26 86 82 t4 8 3 t7 37 248 coNsuMprroN

2s(r) (ks/head)

Unit€d Deutsch- Ncdcr- UEBU Irc- Dan- EI.'R IO Franoe Ilatia King- Ellas land land BLEU land mark dom

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 E 9 l0 ll r2

Milk products

Fresh products without cream )D1973( 97 86 83 69 r43 90 r44 226 145 0 1983 r02 88 95 83 r37 87 t32 r92 l6l 65 Cheese >1973< ll ll l5 ll l0 9 6 3 l0 l5 1983 l3 l3 19 t4 l3 ll 6 3 ll 20 Butter (fats) >1973< 5 6 7 2 2 8 7 ll 7 I 1983 6 7 9 2 3 9 6 l3 l0 I

Margarine (pure fat) >1973q, 7 3 I l4 ll 5 4 l5 1983 5 7 4 I t2 l0 7 4 t2 2

Eggs )D1973( t4 t7 l3 ll ll l3 l5 t2 ll ll 1983 t4 l7 15 t2 t2 t4 l3 l3 l4 r2 Meat(t) Total meat (without offal) >1973< 75 82 87 62 163 82 70 74 57 57 1983 88 97 108 175 96 72(*) 98 80 79 of which: I - Total beef and veal >1973< 25 23 29 26 lz, 29 22 20 l5 l7 1983 24 22 3l 26 l8 24 20 24 It 22 - Beef )r1973( 22 2l 22 23 2T 26 22 20 l5 l4 1983 2t 20 25 23 t7 2l 2l 24 ll t7 - Veal >1973< 3 2 6 3 t 2 0,2 0,1 0,2 3 1983 3 2 7 4 I 3 0,2 0,0 I 5 - Pigrneat >1973< 32 49 33 l6 32 38 27 3l 35 l3 1983 37 58 38 26 4I 43 25 34 5l 2l - Poultrymeat )D1973( t2 9 l4 l5 7 9 t2 t2 6 r2 1983 l4 9 t6 l9 t2 l5 l5 t6 l0 l6 a - Sheepmeat and goatmeat >1973< 4 0 3 I 0 I 9 ll 0 l5 1983 4 I 4 I 0,4 2 7 7 0,4 t4

Oils and fats Total fats and oils >1973< : 2l 20 23 34 24 r6 t2 24 1983 24 2l 23 27 34 23 2l l5 35 29 of which: - Vegetable > 1973( 5 ll l9 4 4 5 5 2 1983 l3 6 l3 23 6 5 ll 8 l9 2l - Of marine animals > lg73< 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1983 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - Of land animals > 1973( 6 5 2 7 7 3 I 5 1983 5 6 6 4 r2 7 0,4 I 3 3

Source.' Eurostat. (t) Flour equivalent. (z) Expressed in product weight. (3) White-sugar equivalent. (l) Human consumption based on marketed produce and including processed products. (5) Not including citrus fnrits. (e) LitreVhead. (z) Includitrg cutting-room fat. (*) 1982,)01980/El

26 Degree of self-supply in certain agricultural products (o/o)

Unitcd Deutsch- Neder- UEBU Ire- Dan- EUR IO France Ilelia King- Ellas land BLEU land mark land dom

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0 ll t2

Cereals Total cereals(excluding rice) >1973/74<< 9l 82 170 68 26 43 68 68 t02 80 > 1982/83( r09 80 t77 8l 29 5l r06 84 108 105

Total wheat >1973/74<< 104 90 l9l 88 46 6l 60 54 r23 98 > 1982/83( r24 103 206 87 57 65 r02 53 r23 l4l Rye >>1973/74< 98 98 124 8l 83 94 30 50 r04 100 > 1982/83( 97 96 103 86 37 76 85 0 n9 100

Barley >t973/74< 105 88 175 28 75 60 98 99 105 93 > 1982/83( l14 95 r66 47 28 70 145 r08 108 9l

Oats >t973/74< 97 92 107 73 t54 87 99 92 99 100 )D1982/83( 98 94 ll0 83 r20 76 98 100 92 99

Grain-maize >1973/74< 55 l8 160 5l 0,4 2 0,1 0 0 42 > 1982/83< 78 36 t54 83 0,1 5 0 0 0 77

Total milled rice >1973/74<< 7l 1t; 0 2l l8Z1t; 0 0 0 0 0 97 > 1982/83< 69 0 7 208 0 0 0 0 0 106

Potatoes >1973/74< l0l 94 r02 93 r28 r00 99 104 104 100 >r1982/83< l0l 86 l0l 95 155 ll0 9l 92 99 105

Sugar >1973/74<, 90 98 146 63 ll8 188 30 105 138 > 198283<( l4r 140 226 100 t75 262 55 t34 209 ll0

Fresh vegetables >1973/74< 95 38 96 lll 189 136 76 109 79 105 > 1982/83( 99 37 93 r22 204 ll5 64 85 70 135

Fresh fruit (excluding >t973/74< 82 46 98 r25 67 60 33 25 6L r47 citrus fruit) > 1982/83< 84 54 9l r28 63 56 25 l7 40 136

Citrus fntit >t973/74< 47 0 l14 ll6 0 0 0 0 0 135 > 1982/83<( 45 0 3 109 0 0 0 0 0 135

Wine >t973/74< 59 100 ll8 0 l0 0 0 0 > 1982/83< r02 72 r07 t2l 0 8 0 0 0 r07

Milk products

Fats > 1973( 106 ll6 8l 246 l0l 58 t7l 229 1983 r32 r26 307 106 88 242 23s 85 Proteins > lg73< ll3 t24 75 130 tt4 96 r62 140 : 1983 r36 r23 122 96 109 l6l 185 86 Fresh milk products > 1973( 100 99 l0l 100 101 r06 r00 100 101 0 (excluding cream) 1983 l0l 103 l0l 98 94 t20 100 100 105 99

1t; > l9Z9<. 250 TRADE AND DEGREE oF SELF-SUPPLY

26 (1)

Unitd Deutcch- Nodcr- T.'EBI./ Ire- Dan- EUR IO France Itrli, King- Ellas lüd land BLEU land mark dom

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0 ll t2

Whole-milk powder(z) >1973< 23t 89 308 0 427 2s9 74 2 100 763 0 1983 3t7 t43 652 t4 564 t7l 389 l 800 26W 0 Skimmed-milk powder > 1973( r43 183 t57 I 60 195 186 753 t72 0 1983 133 273 r35 0 56 r12 229 561 224 0 Concentrated milk > lg73< 130 98 201 90 3il t8 99 0 660 5 1983 177 135 2s3 67 322 20 129 0 l 000 0 Cheese > 1973( 103 87 lt5 82 243 47 6l 600 258 100 1983 107 96 ll6 78 243 35 74 433 440 87 Butter (3) > 1973( 98 tt4 tt7 65 548 106 l9 203 325 83 1983 t47 155 r3l 65 638 r26 77 349 257 54

Margarine > 1973( 99 93 9l 105 ll9 103 88 t02 1983 l0l 100 80 88 r34 t27 92 93 ll8 95 Eggs > 1973( 100 83 l0l 96 r52 t73 98 96 t20 r00 1983 103 72 104 93 301 r24 98 76 104 99 Meat (t1 - Total (5) > 1973( 96 83 97 7l 187 t27 70 252 374 86 1983 102('l) 90 100 77 228 r20 78(*) 233 257 7l Total beef and veal >)1973( 96 90 lll 53 lt5 90 70 555 268 7l 1983 105(r') t14 ll3 63 t72 tt4 83(*) 560 414 37 Beef >>1973<< 95 92 n2 53 80 87 70 558 266 68 1983 l0l (*) tt7 ll3 62 ll8 It4 82(*) 559 43r 44 Veal > 1973( 103 76 108 52 l 185 126 73 0 400 84 1983 109 80 110 68 906 tt7 133 0 100 ll Pigmeat > 1973( 100 87 87 75 209 t74 65 l5l 447 94 1983 t02 87 82 75 252 r49 7l r22 401 72 Poultrymeat > 1973( r02 50 108 98 366 ll5 99 108 278 98 1983 lll 6t t49 99 234 82 96 95 224 99 Sheepmeatand goatmeat >>1973< 66 54 72 57 463 33 49 132 s0 84 1983 75 44 75 63 350 24 72 160 33(l) 86

Oils and fats Total D1973( 93 7l 80 87 76 33 8l 148 : 1983 56 42 55 60 32 2t t5 4l 84 L4l Vegetable > 1973( 96 63 80 130 66 33 l5 r38 1983 45 l3 38 56 2 2 l8 2 ll 155 Slaughterhousefats > 1973( r05 99 85 69 9l 44 396 t12 1983 89 ll5 92 84 58 73 22 200 r39 93 Of marine animals > lg73<< ll 0 0 0 0 8 29 260 1983 20 9 0 2 0 0 6 200 2t4 0

Source.' Eurostat. 1r; > 1979< 1z) Includes whole-milk powder for Italy. (r) Including butteroil. (r) Including slaughterhouse fats. (s) Excluding offal. (*) 1982. (t) 1984. TRADE AND DEGREE OF SELF-SUPPLY 25I

27 Intra{ommunity trade (by product) basedon entries EUR IO

1000t % TAV

1982/83 1983/84 198U83 1983/84 t98r/82 r98r/82 1982/83

t 2 3 4 5 6

Total cereals(r) 18275 l8 568 19 420 1,6 4,6 - Common wheat 6616 5 983 6 591 - 9,6 10,2 - Durum wheat 648 689 808 6,3 17,3 - Rye ll6 l19 122 2,6 2,5 - Barley 5 394 5 064 4 893 6,1 3,3 - Oats 301 308 278 2,3 9,7 - Maize 6 195 6 539 25,7 5,6 4928 -12,4 - Other (including sorghum) 272 2r0 184 -22,8 Husked rice 100 r20 132 20,0 10,0 Sugpr(z) | 204 I 359 l 459 12,9 7,4 Wine (l 000 hl) (3) 22r44 20017 21 357 9,6 6,7 Fresh fruit 3 980 3 633 3 960 8,7 9,2 Fresh vegetables 5 046 4816 5 446 4,6 l3,l Colza and rape seed 66r | 023 54,8 Sunflower seed 249 410 : 64,7 :

1983 1984 1983 1984 1982 1982 1983

- Olive oil 53,3 159,4 142,1 199,1 10,9 Soya: -65,3 - seed 125,4 124,6 43,2 0,6 - oil 465,7 470,6 492,9 l,l 4,7 - cake 2595,0 2265,0 2 699,6 - 12,7 L9,2 Luceme meal 306,1 382,8 366,0 25,1 414 Fibres: - 139,4 149,4 163,8 7,2 916 flax -20 - hemp 2,8 3,5 2,8 25 Raw tobacco 96,0 l0l,l 99,8 5,3 1,3 Apples (fresh) 1005,8 | 107,6 l, 120,2 l0,l l,l Pears (fresh) 222,7 256,5 246,7 15,2 3,8 Peaches 392,3 426,2 407,9 8,6 4,3 219,7 -10,7 l16 Oranges 242,3 216,3 - I-emons 62,5 88,2 57,3 4l,l 35,0 Tomatoes 469,2 488,5 519,3 4,3 6,3 Potatoes 2 475,9 2 527,6 2352,9 2,1 619 Live plants (r) | 452,0 I 606,3 I 803,8 10,6 12,3 Hops: - - cones and powders 7,4 8,3 7,4 12,2 10,8 - saps and extracts 0,7 0,8 0,8 14,3 0,0 Butter and butteroil 527,7 493,0 453,1 6,6 8,1 Cheese 794,3 805,5 853,4 1,4 5,9 Skimmed-milk powder (and whey) 923,9 | 277,9 | 374,9 38,3 7,6 Whole-milk powder I19,0 109,2 I l6,l 8,2 6,3 -19,7 Condensedmilk 241,4 307,4 246,8 27,3 40,3 40,0 45,2 0,7 l3 C-asein - Beefand veal(s) l307,4 | 334,4 l332,4 2,1 0,1 Pigrneat(s) I 343,8 | 463,2 | 414,9 8,9 313 Poultrymeat (s; 339,3 353,0 353,7 4,0 0,2 Sheepmeat(s) 79,7 93,0 95,2 16,7 2,4 Eggs(6) 4y',4,4 441,7 461,0 0,6 4,4

Source; Eurostat. (t) Including derived products, except rice. (z) Including the sugar contained in processed products. (3) Including vermouths and aromatized wines, except in the case of France. (4) In million ECU; including horticultural products. 1s; Live animals and meat expressed as fresh carcass weight (including preserves). 10; In terms of shell weight (from 1977, albumin and its derivatives included). 252 TRADE AND DEcREE oF sEl,F-suppl,y

28 Intra{ommunity trade (by product) based on exits EUR IO

l 000r % TAV

1982/83 t983/84 r98r/82 ß8?/83 1983/84 L98r/82 ß8?/83

I 2 3 4 5 6

Total cereals(r) 19704 20011 - 20 879 1,6 413 C.ommon wheat 6 688 - 6 t73 6 868 7,7 I1,3 Durum wheat 597 - 765 975 28,1 27,5 Rye 94 103 104 - 9,6 1,0 Barley 5 604 4 - - 5 202 345 7,2 16,5 Oats 226 - 234 23r 3,5 1,3 Maize 5 753 - 690/- 7 685 20,0 I1,3 Other (including sorghum) 298 2t4 200 -28,2 6,5 Husked rice r23 ll0 r20 - 10,6 9,1 Sugar(z) l t20 l 395 r 599 24,6 14,6 Wine (l 000 hl) f) 22686 t9 771 19872 -12,8 0,5 Fresh fruit 4283 3927 4 089 8,3 4,1 Fresh vegetables 5 957 5 369 6 095 9,6 13,5 Colza and rape seed 652 I 046 60,4 Sunflower seed 247 425 : 72,1 :

1983 1984 t982 1983 1984 1982 1983

Olive oil 6l,l 165,6 117,5 171,0 -29,0 Soya: - seed 200,9 115,2 78,6 -42,6 - - 31,8 oil 475,6 482,1 499,0 1,4 - 3,5 cake 2 590,9 2 292,0 2 816,7 - 11,9 23,4 Lucerne meal 252,3 357,0 340,9 41,5 4,5 Fibres: - flax 136,3 149,2 165,8 9,5 I l,l - hemp 5,8 6,4 5,1 10,3 -20,3 Raw tobacco 92,9 91,2 95,5 1,7 4r7 Apples (fresh) 1026,9 I I18,0 I 140,5 8,9 2,0 Pears (fresh) 223,5 263,4 245,7 17,9 6,7 Peaches 413,5 433,7 413,1 4,9 4,7 Oranges 239,9 219,5 216,1 8,1 1,5 kmons 63,4 84,8 60,7 33,8 -28,4 Tomatoes 466,9 482,8 515,3 3,4 6,7 Potatoes 2 542,2 2 601,5 2 420,6 2,3 7,0 Live plants (r) | 416,6 I 590,1 | 774,5 I 1,5 12,3 Hops: - cones and powders 8,9 9,5 8,4 - - 8,0 11,6 saps and extracts 0,7 0,8 0,7 14,3 -12,5 Butter and butteroil 536,9 487,0 496,5 - 9,3 2,0 Cheese 804,4 825,5 892,0 2,6 8,1 S-\immed-milk powder (and whey) 963,9 | 284,9 I 353,1 33,3 5,3 Whole-milk powder 116,4 109,6 I 15,3 6r7 6,2 Condensed milk 236,9 259,9 239,6 9,7 7,8 C-asein 34,2 36,5 39,0 6,7 6,8 Beefand vealls; I 330,9 l345,7 l407,6 lrl 4,6 Pigmeat(s) | 344,0 | 466,7 l432,6 9,1 2,3 Poultrymeat (s) 343,3 362,1 357,9 5,5 1,2 Sheepmeat(s) 77,8 89,4 93,0 r4,9 4,0 Eggs(o; 432,3 M6,6 464,8 3,3 4rl

Source: Eurostat. (t) Including derived products, except rice. (2) Including the sugar contained in processed products. (3) Including vermouths and aromatized wines, except in the case of France. (4) In million ECU; including horticultural products. (s) Live animals and meat expressed as fresh carcass weight (including preserves). 1o) In terms of shell weight (from 1977, albumin and its äerivatives inciuded). TRADE AND DEGREE OF SELF-SUPPLY 253

29 Communityimports (by product) EUR 10

I 0001 % TAV

1982/83 1983/84 r98r/82 1982/83 1983/84 l98l/82 1982/83

2 3 4 5 6

Total cereals(t) 15270 l0 210 r0 147 - 33,5 0,6 - Common wheat 3 659 2 667 2740 -27,1 2,7 - Durum wheat I 390 r 2t0 790 - 12,9 -34,7 - Rye 53 4l 48 -22,6 17,l - Barley 6r6 324 632 -47,4 95,1 - Oats 108 64 237 -40,7 270,3 - Maize 9 23t 5 754 5 535 -37,7 3,8 - Other (including sorgfium) 2t3 150 165 -29,6 10,0 Husked rice 469 483 529 3,0 9,5 Sugar(z) | 572 | 277 l5ll - 18,8 18,3 -12,9 Wine (l 000 hl) f; 5 833 5 083 5 209 2,5 Fresh fruit 40r9 3943 4 089 l19 3,6 Fresh vegetables 2 888 2694 3 040 6,7 12,8 Coha and rape seed t45 r36 6,2 Sunflower seed 913 562 : -38,4 :

1983 1984 t982 1983 1984 r982 1983

Olive oil 57,4 85,9 58,3 49,7 -32,1 Soya: - seed 12084,6 l0 525,2 9 451,2 - 12,9 * r0,2 - oil 42,8 16,5 27,1 -61,4 64,2 - cake 8 864,5 9 833,6 8 873,3 l0,g 9,8 Luceme meal 235,4 224,3 183,5 4,7 -18,2 Fibres: - flax 16,9 25,5 44,1 50,9 72,9 - hemp 5,6 5,2 7,3 7,1 40,4 Raw tobacco 413,9 435,9 423,6 5,3 2,8 Apples (fresh) 484,9 620,4 607,1 27,9 )1 Pean (fresh) 95,5 109,9 100,8 l5,l 8,3 Peaches 13,5 18,3 lg,l 35,6 414 Oranges I 658,5 | 606,4 | 729,4 3,1 7,7 I-emons 293,3 263,3 286,8 -10,2 8,9 Tomatoes 391,9 403,4 434,1 2,9 716 Potatoes 445,6 376,9 542,5 - 15,4 43,9 Live plants (4) 260,3 283,7 323,0 9,0 13,9 Hops: - cones and powders 8,3 8,7 9,4 418 8,0 - saps and extracts 0,5 0,6 0,6 20 0,0 -15,4 Butter and butteroil 108.6 104,9 88,7 3,4 Cheese 103,5 100,2 103,9 2,9 3,7 Skimmed-milk powder (and whey) 27,6 20,6 25,8 -25,4 25,2 Whole-milk powder 1,0 1,3 L,3 30,0 0,0 Condensedmilk 1,5 0,8 1,0 -46,7 25 Casein 10,3 I1,9 18,4 15,5 54,6 - Beefand veal(s) 260,5 261,8 231,7 0,5 11,5 Pigmeat(s) 89,9 49,3 101,4 -45,2 105,7 Poultrymeat (s) 49,3 49,6 63,I 0,6 27,2 Sheepmeat(s) 266,5 231,3 230,1 -13,2 0,5 Eggs(6) I1,6 14,0 27,6 20,7 97,1

Source; Eurostat (l) Including derived products, except rice. (z) Including the sugar contained in processed products. (l) Including vermouths and aromatized wines, except in the case of France. (a) In million ECU; including horticultural products. 1s; Live animals and meat expressed as fresh carcass weight (including preserves). (6) In terms of shell weight (from 1977, albumin and its derivatives included). 254 TRADE AND DEGREEoF SELF.sUPPLY

30 Community exports (by product) EUR 10

1000t % TAV

1982/83 1983/84 r98t/82 1982/83 1983/84 r98r/82 1982/83

I 2 3 4 5 6

Total cereals (t) 23 655 2280s 23 795 3,6 4,3 - Common wheat 14 393 13952 15276 3,1 9,5 - Durum wheat I 378 | 490 | 243 8,1 -16,6 - Rye 55 7 5t -87,3 628,6 - Barley 6067 5 7r9 4 989 5,7 - 13,5 - Oats 32 34 7 6,3 -79,4 - Muze I 700 l 593 2209 6,3 38,7 - Other (including sorghum) 30 t0 20 -66,7 100 Husked rice 47 0 0 X 0,0 Sugar (z) 5 775 4 998 4 458 - 13,5 - 10,8 Wine (l 000 hl) 1r1 ll 095 8 649 7 758 -22,0 - 10,3 Fresh fruit 987 l 087 878 10,1 - 19,2 Fresh vegetables 3204 270r 3 r99 - 15,7 lg,4 Colza and rape seed 4 49 I 125,0 Sunflower seed 0 2l : X :

1983 1984 r982 1983 r984 t982 1983

Olive oil 42,9 55,I 76,5 28,4 38,8 Soya: - seed 4,3 10,8 8,2 151,2 -24,1 - oil 360,8 368,1 355,8 2,0 3,3 - cake I 352,3 2249,0 I 020,1 66,3 - 54,6 Lucerne meal 27,9 7,9 8,8 -71,6 ll,4 Fibres: - flax 35,4 38,7 48,4 9,3 25,1 - hemp 1,4 2,0 4,2 42,9 ll0 Raw tobacco I lg,3 120,2 142,8 L,6 18,8 Apples (fresh) 217,2 l96,g 185,6 9,4 5,7 Pears (fresh) 55,7 53,7 57,9 3,6 7,8 Peaches 74,6 90,6 78,0 21,4 - 13,9 Orangbs lg0,l 197,7 154,4 4,0 -21,9 kmons 145,3 I 13,6 108,8 -21,8 4,2 Tomatoes 42,9 42,0 42,4 2,r 1,0 Potatoes 913,6 785,3 862,9 -14,0 9,9 Live plants (a) 443,6 506,9 610,6 14,5 20,5 Hops: - cones and powders 14,4 15,4 l4,l 6,9 8,4 - saps and extracts 1,6 1,6 1,7 0,0 6,3 Butter and butteroil 374,7 330,4 351,0 - 11,8 6,2 Cheese 379,5 405,1 467,7 6,7 15,5 Skimmed-milk powder (and whey) 397,7 246,0 365,9 - 38,1 48,7 Whole-milk powder 459,3 393,6 495,4 _ T4,T 25,9 Condensed milk 601,4 522,3 520,7 - 13,2 0,3 Casein 44,3 49,2 54,8 I l,l ll,4 Beefand veal(s) 424,9 530,8 662,2 25,0 24,8 Pigmeat (5) 51,4 101,2 162,7 96,9 60,8 Poultrymeat (s; 441,7 447,1 372,0 1,2 - 16,8 Sheepmeat (5) 3,5 414 4,3 25,7 )7 Eggs (6) 160,2 150,7 126,6 5,9 - 16,0

Source; Eurostat. (t) Including derived products, except rice. (2) Including the sugar contained in processed products. (l) Including vennouths and aromatized wines, except in the case of France. (4) In million ECU; including horticultural products. (s) Live animals and meat expressed as fresh carcass weight (including preserves). (6) In terms of shell weight (from 1977, albumin and its derivatives included). TRADE AND DEGREE OF SELF-SUPPLY 255

3 I World exports and EC foreign trade in all products, agricultural products ( t ) EUR IO and other products (Mrd USD)

t973 1978 r979 1980 l98l r982 1983P r984P

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

World exports (z) All products 465,5 I 073,3 I 323,9 I 631,8 l652,0 I 538,7 I 506,6 I 610,3 of which: agricultural products 98,6 l71,7 216,0 245,8 247,6 224,5 220,7 233,2 other products 366,9 901,6 I 107,9 I 386,0 | 404,4 | 314,2 I 285,9 | 377,1

External EC trade (27 Exports - all products 100,1 223,3 268,1 310,5 297,7 280,7 269,8 277,1 of which: agricultural products 9,7 17,6 21,6 2g,l 29,1 25,1 23,8 24,6

Imports - all products 105,5 231,9 303,8 382,1 339,2 314,9 293,3 301,5 of which: agricultural products 30,5 46,9 55,9 59,8 49.9 46,6 44,8 46,0

World exports of agri- cultural products as percentage of total world exports 21,2 16,0 16,3 r 5.0 15.0 r4,6 14,6 14,5 EC exports of agi- cultural products as percentage of total EC exports 9,7 719 8,1 9,0 9.8 8,9 8,8 8,9 EC imports of agri- cultural products as percentage of total EC imports 28,9 20,2 18,4 t5.7 14.7 14,8 15,3 15,3

Index changes (te73- r00)

World exports - all products 100,0 230,6 284,4 350,5 354,9 330,5 323,7 345,9 - agricultural products 100,0 174,1 219,1 249,3 251,1 227,7 223,8 236,5 - other products 100,0 245,7 302,0 377,8 382,8 358,2 350,5 375,3

External EC trade

Exports - all products 100,0 223,1 267,8 310,2 297,4 280,4 269,5 276,8 - agricultural products 100,0 181,4 222,7 289,7 300,0 258,8 245,4 253,6

Imports - all products 100,0 2lg,g 288,0 362,2 321,5 298,5 278,0 285,8 - agricultural products 100,0 153.8 183,3 196,1 163.6 152,8 146,9 150,8

'Statistique S@rcei du GATT' and Euostal. /Vr. When comparing statistical sri6 of tmd€ expHsd in value tems, it is important to rcmembq that b€@[s of exchangc-nte movemetrts, th€ us of one monätary uit nther thu uother may alter the appamt trend. For exampl€, the rclationship betw@tr the ECU and the USD chmged betwen 1980 and l98l by 24,7% and by 41,596 bctw@tr l98l ud 1984. (t) SITC 0, l, 21, 22, 232,24,261-265 +268,29, 4. (r) ExcludinS intra-Commuily mde. 256 TRADE AND DEGREE oF sELF-SUPPLY

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\o r-ttr)o öt \o g I IO€ O$ h l€'oä-g:-R.r s € \o \o \o c{r 3 o\ cl $ OD) rr) t€F€c?| 5 \o(r) \o € I ro\- o oo c!€ l-s-g^c.rörc{ 3 € r\ r,'.l € o\ $$ c\

-€OOCOCIO\nC.|O\O\ ca \O ctl \a v € \n H t8ä rn O\ O\ c{ rC7)-€€C.lt l€OS cO ;= (fl € I f- c! s crt öl ca c.l o\ : O\ ca öt cl A rr| t $ rf-ölt.|o\ cqd rn C\t\OtOci--oOioQ a lötf-€ (t) a -trlt\€rn€cAO\St\ OO\ f- - a öl F- aA -\O o\ c\:cn(a.) o\ co c.I

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€ O\ \O - t E lo€ oco (?l l\oc{ r- r\ ct co Cä:P3S$äRäHäHR€S= o\ € s lF-€ (t)-: - !+ (n o\ I O\ crl \o :(.) U l\oöl frl lc{ & I c{ \o Q) crl € t lO\(..l c{ \o tx ldci (a) K r- r- ! ar- a RäRANEES€*H h : N R e?l lcao\ o\ l<\o <öl öl*rd cO öl le\- E lc! €a I €I o L a $ E I I te -.!7 I 83 .t, X g (J I ct 2 I -I | ..t ä 3 E E € J 14- € O tr cl sfg 9 E f , O. -E cl (l) l-a lr a Es II -9 Ea Ee 9äE'är€ ä;äi-EL ra € E€ ä9 E E =EE3;c$ E * = ; ;m E I .!l B €- lr E: Q€ ä0 cl ?PE ll crl isiee;ÄtiäÄE s ä E t ' äEä t: o :)a L a od \o a f\

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F. t oo r-{ ,rr ra O_ \O ,-{ €^ l> r-{ e.i d ol oi vi .ä \ $ O O\ \O tn c\ t-r i_. q G' O a\t + + .f - k .t d X f I _t _:. ; _: f- a rn I sg oo o ct tn o) - () ?a ct $ € li o\ FI al *, 0 o c{ c\ oo r\ 9Q I s $ € q\ o c4 ci - (u c\ r\ \Q \g a ca c- c> C- T :a !? S c:t 6 ö e{ öö + i( ö ö \o d : ,, ! (\l -{ O\ O\ \O \O .(\1 i.i O + + + N 6l e.i i{ rr{ !_{ F(,_. !ü I lE <\J (\ ä E .Fl

35 EC trade by product EUR 10

Mio ECU 016TAV SITC Products 1983 t984 codes r982 1983 1984 t982 1983

2 3 4 5 6 7

EC imports

0 Food products 28382 29884 33643 5,3 12,6 04 of which: - cereals 2 507 2270 2 46r 9,5 8,4 05 - fruit and vegetables 7 617 7 690 8 826 1,0 14,8 0ll.l - beefand veal 553 596 542 7,8 9,1 I Beveragesand tobacco 2273 2573 2810 13,2 9,2 2l Skins and furs I 453 I 338 r 619 7,9 21,0 22 Oilseeds 3 857 3 630 4 510 5,9 24,2 232 Natural rubber 647 767 920 18,5 19,9 24 Timber and cork 5 089 5 814 6 r78 14,2 6,3 26r-265+ 268 Natural textile fibres 2824 3156 4298 I1,8 36,2 29 Agricultural raw materials r 2s0 l 349 l 468 719 8,8 4 Oils and fats l 808 l 843 2 803 1,9 52,1 592.I l Starches,gluten ll l5 -27,3 87,5 592.t2

47 594 50362 58264 5,8 15,7

EC exports

0 Food products r7 672 18394 2r r20 4rl 14,8 04 of which: - cereals 4 ll0 4425 s 532 7,7 25,0 05 - fruit and vegetables r 69s 1830 2CI36 8,0 11,3 0ll.l - beefand veal 589 692 862 17,5 24,6 I Beveragesand tobacco 4901 5 084 s784 3r7 13,8 2r Skins and furs 564 612 718 8,5 17,3 22 Oilseeds 27 33 56 22,2 69,7 232 Natural rubber 699 50,0 24 Timber and cork 363 364 439 0,3 20,6 26t-265+ 268 Natural textile Iibres 301 350 482 16,3 37,7 29 Agricultural raw materials 925 r02r | 207 10,4 L8,2 4 Oils and fats 752 827 | 343 10,0 62,4 592.rr Starches,giuten 73 52 12,3 -28,8 592.r2

25576 26766 312ll 4,7 16,6

Source; Eurostat - SITC. 266 TRADE AND DEcREE oF sEI.F-suppl.y

36 EC hade in agricultural and food products by economic zone EUR 10

Mio ECU % TAV

1983 1984 r982 1983 r984 r982 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

Imports

Intra-EC 48 066 51891 57763 8,0 I1,3 Extra-EC 47 595 s0362 s8264 5,8 15,7 of which: I - Appticant countries 2369 2722 3 163 14,9 16,2 of which' 2 005 2 3r9 2708 15,7 16,8 : i:ä1"*, 364 404 455 I1,0 12,6

II - Industrial countries 22734 23313 2s093 2,5 7,6 ofwhich': 9 684 9486 9407 2,0 0,8 ffi* r 688 | 664 1752 l14 5,3 - Japan 2t7 229 315 5,5 37,6

m - Developing countries 21 397 23431 29026 9,5 23,9 ofwhich'_m | 471 | 667 2439 13,3 46,3 3 329 4t24 5 ll5 23,9 24,0 403 433 433 7,4

ry - State-trading countries 3 464 3 618 4 t44 4,4 14,5 ofwhich'_ilffi 452 501 645 10,8 28,7 533 566 640 6,2 l3,l l4l r22 159 - 13,5 30,3

Exports

Intra-EC 47 799 51605 s8642 8,0 13,6 Extra-EC 25 576 26766 3l2rl 5,1 16,6 of which: I - Applicant countries 742 916 907 23,5 1,0 of which' 575 784 744 36,3 5,1 : ;:ffi*, r67 r32 r63 -21,0 23,5

II - Industrial countries l0 281 ll 483 13942 ll,7 21,4 or which' 3 220 3 818 4907 18,6 28,5 - Hiärr,.ru | 694 t7s9 l 897 3,8 7,8 827 9ll I 025 10,2 12,5

m - Developing countries 12260 t2041 t4292 1r8 18,7 orwhich'- 644 860 1232 33,5 43,3 94r 967 l 083 2,8 12,0 ffi 405 490 547 21,0 ll,6

ry - State-trading countries 3 035 3 242 2977 6,8 8,2 orwhich' | 425 I 825 | 714 28,1 6,1 t97 144 169 -26,9 17,4 _ ii*srovakia 500 382 436 -23,6 l4,l

Source: Eurostat - SITC. TRADE AND DEGREE OF SELF-SUPPLY 267

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ÄI , o I o\ \o ca |.a !+ 6l o\ U c\ f-lr) \o O \o € (\l ÄI o\ o\ ca !n ca o ca cl c\ C.) O c.l öl N .E- e e 6l o t I --q) -I ä {J .rl ü F. B a q) € i' I cf Ek i 6l fr U $ f E ES ä gea U , g tll frl S ö E s B SE ö E E x. E "F e o\ F E F^iE E E A E S ea \ ,! € , , sÄ€, E € , , I TRADE AND DEGREE OF SELF-SUPPLY 269

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A !-{ F( -U € A -a 6l (l) I Q) c) fr C.)Ä -l ü 3 t-, a! B cn I c) r € E& I 6l cl ah L I ea U ru Fl e €5 E E äa Eö Bi- *ib"F ä € E.B ä S Os =\ € b | | | \q fi b | | | I 270 TRADE AND DEGREEoF sEl,F-suppt,y

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a- li g E€o, eeee }E q) (\ (iE -a E€E R$ FF äF E ä : S E S il8äF ä oa *J >E3 99o 90\n !\\o ra - o\ f- (\l \o r\(n ölF oo - a !? !- -. O\ € .o - cn r ö S.ri i\ c{ .-t C\\ff-$--$_ :E €) gH €H ot gqv ,o. Irl oO +j t< .^ .d EE 9E E FE E crnc Eö € EX EX{t) .9p g l.,g Eu t E €€ EE!H ü t, a?: tr ,,* i: eE e E EA\ äx ä -9 E EE!E E -y, l-H s EE:EF 9E lgso._ H x € E o A g E' Egtäss ? ct) AE Vrr gF g orX 8F Eä gäsRä ' I fläT w ö.', EET O\() 4 I i ; q eF H:oE Fr -q tr EE*€E lF :E 5E i€ .. Lr : h s a IE : e; E;€ G,- E<- 9* H A E g tj = E :s{ 'iäö.Eö \f, #b - a;i-dörfo E= üE S ä E Ä ü = €b ,$ vvvvv FINANCIAL ASPECTS 271

trq) o F , t t s oo r- o\ a f- \o c\ oo c\ \o !+ a F{ oo oo € -) 9U c.i d ol -l \d ,ri c.i \d e.i ,.i ,.i c.i \t f- 9 .Y € s r-( C/) r-{ oo tr € o o\ I -.: .r, tr .9 ?o E $, E. o tr o 6) \o t.) oo r.) st c.r o\ <. {. o o\ ca $ c\ s o u od .rr \t -l c.i e.[ rJ od c.i d + c.i e{ A rJ b Et5 \o $;ea$l.)s\o\.)r-r-\9c\ CA U) +O\o$oor-{c-o\$t-r ß oe $ölF{ I E-C.() xc

q)Q 155 o0 ,< f- f- \,') Fl \O ra) o\*o\a\oc?t(rl r,') EE oo c\ c! ci \o s ötO\€f-.Üc\O s !-r \O cO €g r,.) r- c.t \o oo f- \l.) f- OO N -ä8- - c\'caF. $r+l_C\ O 9o eA S.9 r_. 6l f- =a. oo o\ E? 9ö ä>. 0)? cn r.: tr .ö G' tr Etr .+ O O\ \a) OO f- oo.+se\c?|sr- Sc ct ha ^^ = \oq'1:lF{\o CA r-( (|') F- \O !-{ € qo O-{f-F(CO c\t r-1 F{ \n OO O OO a ES $ E6 Eo oo \o cq t- O\ \O ca \o F( >.E 6t RE 6 r'. E;o0c q.)d E8 E€ R \O cq O\ O\ C\ €oorao\$.+or-c.l \o 'EssB 9O cOr+$f-O\ rJ -tl cri c.t ,ri d r*: rJ ld d \O Elrla (?l f-O\fiO\ OO t-'. Ca \f) \O C.) öt .Cl ^v (\l cA !-r c\€$ca,-. O raEe € >.: !+ o\ voR.tr ..i ä '5EF c) c?l Ee q) s$ a0 gE eC C€ (n L $ Crl (}\ f- q\o^qqqqo-qs^ c9 *. u) sc?|oooo -OO$$OO\ato\rAF( >ä a ES (\ \oötcp 6o ooeac\oca\a\o 5o oo \o c\ oo Fa \O t-i Fa I F( äE a- \o - o3 sEs -I a Eä! t .äE Ss'ä a x E ä8" I E (J rl o € äF E; (.) Ee c('tii F h f4iii g t|i B Y E2E E q) EEgE -I E I D9o - t

U $^tQ q oO, C! O\ r :f,_ \n cO 6l H H (.-l O\ a-l C-l oO cö - eer cO (y1 - - C.l cO oO cA - rn ( ^ {Fi\d

\O-a*f, !+ oOc\:f, * tn I c.t c-l - \n d ca F O\O ci (\.l - $ I $ O cO - - O\ f- $ cO O $ - co Oc-l € \atO $ N c\ O.oc..l ( j .r; \cj'dJ$ o ddod\ic.ic.idd++dd+dd-i ' -l-lii-ldd.d

?o.9??"o,?o.?????o.o.?o-o.o-o-o.o-o- 'lo.o.o.o.,t),rlo.o.o.o.o.o.O.o.o-o.O.o.o.o-o.o.o.qc !1 'f, = Q r- $ O \ !1 q) o.OO F- r- ö6 '.i..i O \ \oc.i c.ib c.i c.i odc.i\d cr odoi'o\'ö- o\'od'd'e.icj'c'i-od'Jc.i'oi $ $ c- qlClO,r- cooOO\\Oot09c.|OcarO,c'.lF co .o\O $; F t.-Ö\OJ- c.tdnr- rO- F--\n6ö\Oö;ööS - Sö- rr+ cooc.l*c-loo roc.tsso ooo\ oroo c\ c.tN c.l-'-co i\d€ö öIro ö F C-l------

O-O O O'- O\ cO öl - O\ rr $ .O O\ O O\ \O O \O cA C! O crl c.l€.t \o - (.)ci c?}cao\o* '..i\o * rr.t \o \ööl cr)c.l - I' [\ c-l o o,',ri d J -i -l d d d odld c,i c.i ..i d,ri c.i d c.i di d d -i -lddd dd rj ddd rjc.iS\i d\idSd.f ddddc

o co r- \n c?) oo oo or o\ (n o \n oo $ d co \o t c.l - t- c\ \o \o^q-:o^clcl\o^\o^1,QO \o \o \o r^ (n |',.; 1q.\o- o $ t o\ $ \ dod -l,tiet,ti FJ \d d -ld -ioild od \ri '.d -l r,O-rOf-Orn!f,C\C{cA6:f od..i d..ic.ic.i"r{.ri- oi dt o,' od' f, od d ad oi .d e.i od +,.i öi od \d \d ol oi o C!or\ On rn _cO * -cqt- o -oo \n rr) r.| o\ \oc\ c-.1n c).n (.) € c\ coao \n r+ \QO\f-.d(\cO rO-$$O O\O \O\O C.l Cl- - .+ cA\nOOöl öl-€ t- F-

-d--

ci\o r- € s (.) \o rf, crl cooo \at r a.t - c.lo\ €o - t'I .+^ -l -: oo\ o\ I. q $. o^ 1 q,/f $. o" \ 1 o^ q,q q ol q q q,'l c rn o\ rn O € ce O O O € $ co ca !f, O $ ln O n ri O ö ö O O O * O O I- O O O T- C-I"I $ $ O $ O C\ O !f, O $ O O C

öf o^ .o^ q q o^ ol -: -l,q (vl \o^ .o^ q oq q vl dl I c.t \o r- o c.| - - F o\ c.l C) or < öl c\ o h $ * cQ o\ r+ \o Q (\ 1 \,tl \ \ ' - \n\o o\oo af) öl r\ \ \o €ooo \n o\ n nceiJ $ \o- d c.i c.i d rJ d oi d \i od -i.d od ri d oi d oi..i -l,"i -l rJ c.i,ri c'i or VÖlnÖt-\OO\\OC{-V't\h\öF- \g!+ $C! ;td, S € \nrO - $ cF\ \.|l^ cac'.\ $ \nC\ c.t t O\\O f- öl $ \n$ !+\nO\H(\\.) cAf-\A\n\O \OO\ O,O. ; - H d# :tif-\O \O-tt \O \O (rl - d-

l.rO\\O\f € sl cOO.?rO\ r c?r ,rl-i,rlaqq,.Iqq\$^,.1O^q,1 ' OO\ O\ € r\ ooOr Oc.|F oO^I €^-:\-f^l'fc.t,1 c.l*^,.1 < d+oi,.i,.i,'i

L.

! (J q) a

.ic - .L q) crl L. -I qJF *j .I d tt t -I c) e x ; Q) 3 A o - a (l) OI CA E E :I () c) ,8 a

q)€) ! .: e ,gä ]l ..H. ..E S E E :il:EE 6l ;8 fr r"€ Eq E; ! 6l -r Fg E I E€;ocE bt :xzE, :Ä-i*b;I{E {. =;ä!bEäE s fr gE;. I E 5? E säFrq95E;E.R EaE glq E\' I Fl e.) EEl! l EE E f ; E E rl{ EF+i+ i +?ET Fus E f iäs EE f !+ sr tä_ -E s8u iE s5s $A SE s iT FINANCIAL ASPECTS 27 3

? oo - trt oo \o O $ öl (.!olq,/ic.l c.t1oo-c?to..o^qq11..1 c\ \o c.l l\-\O (f-) rn (, I I 4 Jjd- dci öc.[' c.iJodöoo o c.[c'[d' d od ol CI =.fddT o\ o\ I lr g .AA AA- vvv vvvvvvv /vvvvvvvvvv oo a \n co Fi ld \d c.i r.i c.i,..i oi -d \d e'i,tf .r; E,.i oi c.i '.d oi oi od -i od od -l E -i c'i c\ $\ooo oi m co osF:'ss--$$$ cir \o (-l $-trl ca \n o\ R$r:xF?933""-s r\ Or c.l - | c\-FH c\.1 c.l C-l ; .9 L

oo c\| oo.ü : c-.1öt c*oo^\-i\o^.o^qqo^o^1o^-: (n*\O $ \o F l.l'<= I .oz- >O OO OOOO OO O O OO ..:OOO O OOO O O O d \Ö\O J + c.i d c.i d oi d od c.i oi tci ..i -l E -l c.i \i F.: + d,.i oi c.i öi + d c.i oi oi di c.i o\ o\ E E€J- \ r\ \n \o oo c\ co \o \t * rö o o\ \^ ci\a-$-- \o cq c\ c\ c.l co oo o o c.l c.l o\ O-öl C.I c! ü ;ö1 \O\\OcAö{\OC-'l C.l C.t .g f d + d ..i { -l e.i rJ \d + d d c.i d c.i -i d d d d d d c.i c.i d d d oo c.idc.i EI= <- * o\ a -AV 6SX_v9 | I €g" Ec)- e-8 L--

- d ocn \ co * öl t-- oo f-- + \h $ c-- \.r c)(r)o, c) o\€oo t+ $ $ $ \o or r- t-- ro o\ \o \n o\ o\ * tr.iE o < or o o o' c.r \o c\l r+ $ c.l o\ ca o co \n r- € o\ or o o\ c..l c\ (.| o s (n ,.ioi,.i ,\ rf, < cO t.t $ € $ O\ rn - \-| OOc.| c7| O\ tr) aO \O\c,öI *if OOOO - - o\ f* c?t H t- r- () O=^ f,€OOOO$f\-röcf) | .H Forr rt b b(= (\l (n - (\l A f- an OO $ $ c{ cO $ O rO O \O O c\ oO c.r c.r $ O\ c-l f- C{ \ö c.l cQ - 0l r- c\ A,F öTX-O,L -i,.id,.i,ri )i d +dld ri-tr \t ododc.idi d d,-ic.idc.ic.ic'i,riodrJ -i O OOO\O\ o\ o\ ch ti oc.t co - o\ö.1 \ncn c{ o cio o\ o o t öl öl c.lc\ coo\ $ rf c\ H co oo$ca ,E >\O\O$$h-f\€Or\O- ci (t)-H d- cico .+ $-t'l o\ o\ ^ :,b q- | - rn (n in () ()-.. € t8p b gFE t x s€ö ä E*ö h \o - c.tc-.\o (n - \ars.t c* \o* \no\o\c\ l,n t-\O- \o \o f, {. rI tr r* $ t oooc\t $ 3-ö2 d dri.d + FJ,.i od c'i,.i -l + -l -l -i -l €i,/i c.i c.i :f oi + + + e.i d c.i O C\CiO\ ra (al *(Yf - (ftO !t d = -(w) - fi > O\ \n S r- O\ rn \n Fo\ 4 oo öl l\ N o\ r(\oO (i' =tr= )Oto-d\f In-i\Otncf| C\ (\- -- $rf, O co c.l s I

C\l : flrr € -ä-h o Bsk & E? E ts98-DP Eq cc ^H Hq) v o ,-AV E >E= '5+t? ge äq3 =RE S3" E2,/i tr.v .e g ä rrl (- (! (€'. l- F (-- o0(\l gpE F- ooö äa 1g o. EEE (! HA ä ?,; eee o ä '$

44 Breakdown of appropriations by sector according to the economicnrture of the measures- Financial

1984-Mio ECUIt;

Breakdown by economic nature of the measures

Interventions Appropri- Export ations refunds Withdrawals Storage from the mar- Price Guidanct proper ket + similar subsidies premiumr operations

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

A - Cereals I 650,0 9r8.3 314,3 417,4 Rice 47,8 26,9 20,9 Sugar I 631,5 I 190,0 429,9 lr,7 Olive oil | 096,4 8,1 66,6 | 021,7 Oils and fats, of which: 655,6 0,4 2,1 653,I - colza, rape seed, sunflower 613,5 ,: ,: 6l1,0 - soya beans 32,7 32,7 - flax seed 7,2 7,2 Protein products, of which: 215,6 215,6 - pۊs, broad beans and field 139,4 r39,4 - dried fodder 76,r : 76,1, Textile plants, of which: 109,0 108,0 - flax and hemp lg,2 - 19,2 - cotton 88,2 : 88,2 Fruit and vegetables | 454,6 58,6 446,1 949,9 Wine | 222,6 18,6 135,6 852,4 216,0 Tobacco 776,4 *: ,,: 711,7 Other sectors or agricultural products, of which : 51,5 51,5 - seeds 42,4 42,4 - hops 8,4 - 8,4 Milk and milk products 5 441,7 1943,4 l 7r0,4 | 728,8 59,I Beefand veal 2 546,8 l,392,7 814,5 r87,2 r52,4 Sheepmeat and goatmeat 433,5 *t: Pigmeat 195,9 157,0 38,9 Eggs and poultrymeat 69,8 69,8 Non-Annex II products 382,4 382,4 : Fishery products 15,6 0,9 14,7

Total A t7 995,7 6 203,6 3 540,4 r 313,2 6 727,0 211,5

olo 100,0 34,5 19,6 7.3 37,4 1,2

B - Accession compensatory amounts in intra-Community trade 0,3 0,3

C - Monetary compensatory amounts - in intra-Community trade -39,6 -39,6 - in extra-Community trade 415,5 415.8

TotalA+B+C l8 371,9(3) 6 619.1 3 540,4 | 3t3.2 6 687,7 211,5

o/o 100,0 36,0 19.3 7.r 36,4 1,2

,So!/ce.'EC Commisrion, Drutonre-Genenl for Agricultw, (l) The items ofoxpandihre e takil ftom the stat€metrtssubmitt€d by thc Momb€r Stat6 udq the syst€mofadvanG ud e chaüed to a given (,) Budgef including rrusfG apprcved on the 19.7.1985. (3) This mout dcs ool take into a@out a su of -25,5Mio ECU by wy of a@uts clme for 1978/79. (a) This mount dcs trol take into uoul a sm of -l50,0Mio ECU by wy of a@uts clm@ for 1980/81md a sum of l20,0Mio ECU by wy FINANCIAL ASPECTS 27 5

year 1984 (t) - Financial year 1985** (2) (Mio ECU)

1985- Mio ECU(z)

Breakdown by economic nature of the measunes

lnterventions Appropri- Export ations refunds Withdrawals Storage from the mar- Price Guidance Total Total proper ket + sirnilar subsidies premiums operations

8: l5: 9 10 ll r2 l3 t4 +5+6+7 ll+12+13+14

73t.7 2 325,0 I 034,0 884,0 407,0 I 291,0 20,9 90,0 67,0 23,4 23,O 441,5 1689,0 | 239,0 434,0 16,0 450,0 I 088,3 897,0 27,0 22,0 848,0 870,0 655,2 938,0 5,0 10,0 923,0 933,0 613,1 875,0 t: tt: 860,0 870,0 39,7 47,0 47,0 47,0 1) 16,0 16,0 16,0 215,6 272,0 272,0 272,0 r39,4 207,0 207,0 207,0 76,1 62,0 62,0 62,O 108,0 213,0 213,0 213,0 : 29,5 19,2 '193,528,5 28,5 88,2 - 183,5 183,5 I 396,0 I 356,0 77,0 298,0 981,0 l279,0 | 204,0 ggg,0 35,0 100,0 613,0 250,0 963,0 139,9 841,0 or: *: 765,0 799,0 51,5 54,0 54,0 54,0 42,4 44,9 44,9 4,9 8,4 9,0 9,0 9,0 3 498,3 6 602,0 z zls,o 2 233,0 I 955,0 39,0 4227,0 I 154,1 2 460,0 I 148,0 I 059,0 147,0 106,0 I 312,0 433,5 451,0 451,0 451,0 ,Y 163,0 136,0 ,,: ,,: r24,0 124,0 402,0 402,0 14,7 24,1 0,5 ,, 22,9 0,5 23,6

rl792,1 l9 899,1(4) 6 711,5 4776,2 933.9 7 332,5 145,0 l3 187,6

65,5 100,0 33,7 24,0 4,7 36,9 0,7 66,3

0,3 1,0 1,0 1,0

-39,6 - 13,0 - 13,0 - 13,0 122,0 122,0

1r752,8 20009,1 6 833,5 4 776,2 933,9 7 319,5 146,0 l3 175,6

64,0 100,0 34,2 23.9 4,6 36,6 0,7 65,8

hnancial year under Article 109 of the Financial Regulation.

the Community compensation measures. 27 6 FTNANcTALAspEcrs

45 Receipts from the common agricultural policy (Mio ECU)

1980 l98l r982 1983 1984ri 1985 1986

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 kvies 535,4 r 264,9 522,0 347,1 259,9 081,5 1584,9 Contributions, sugar 466,9 492,6 705,8 948,0 176,4 025,0 I I 13,8

Total 2002,3 1747,5 2227,9 2295,1 2436,3 2106,5 2699,7

Source; Commission des CE, DG de I'agriculture.

46 Expenditure of the Guarantee Section as a percentage of: - the Comrnunity's gross domestic product -Comrnunity expenditure on food

EAGGF Guarantee Section Expenditure GDP on food in % of Community in the EC Mio ECU % of GDP in the EC the EC expenditure on food (Mrd ECU) (Mrd ECU) Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net

2 3 4 5 6:4/2 7 :5/2 g:4/3 9:5/3

19781t; I 569 346 8 672,7 6 393,9 0,55 0,41 2,5 1,8 19791t; | 763 370** t0 440,7 g 297,2 0,59 0,47 2,8 2,2 19801t; I 988 400** ll 314,9 g 312,5 0,57 0,47 2,8 2,3 lggl ** (2) 2 205 420*x tl 141,2 g 393,9 0,51 0,43 2,6 2,2 l gg2**(2) 2 404 445** 12405,6 t0 t77,9 0,52 0,42 2,8 2,3 l gg3**1z; 2 643 l5 8l1,6 l3 616,5 0,60 0,52 l gg4**1z; 2 776 l8 346,5 t5 910,2 0,66 0,57 l gg5**1z; 2 983 t9 979,1 l7 972,6 0,67 0,60 t gg6**1z; 3 490 21053.3 tg 354.6 0,60 0,53

Source: EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. (r) EUR 9. (2) EUR 10. FINANCIALASPECTS 277

- rnl l(.r(a R r?rrl$lllll It-O\ \ol _o Oco U €€ .tr c\ GI a ca € s s s 3 ral r I lR | | | | I I l: $ cr.) F€ öl C.l c.r € \O öl c\o!f,$ \o l(fca o\ a 6 3 oo \O ca o\ e F8 r r l: I I lltrlF OF- t- CI c.t oo - O co \n€ c.l 3 cfl tr .a\oo cq co cl f- O\ c\ Or (v) (n : E

c O- € $n I I t8 | | l3 | I l8 $ r,')s o\ \o(a € O € oo O\ ca C\ (J rf o\r-Scol | tr8rrrrr ttg ,cl c.t o\ $ o rl 6l O\ O\ rq (\ cas : E € \o o\€ tfl l8 | | lä l$ ca 6l \o (+.) sRs5R3Q O,E XF < r.i \Ö o\ \o rat öl o o\ $ cq € \o o :3 f- f\ rr) F- \O ca € f\ ra tA O\ O\ rA o\ O\ q $ < C.) q trl d C-l E (\l d - $ t\ t\ e6 8e 278 FINANcIAL AsPEcTs

48 Proiects financed by the EAGGF Guidance Section classified by EC region : 1978-84(W3ss/77)

Deutschland France Italia NcaenanA Belgique/Belgiö

I 2 3 4 5

Tohl 153883 Total 233W7 Total m526 Total 49973 Tohl 35

Multi-r€gional Multi-regional 9184 Multi-regional l8 083 Multi-regional 73 Multi-regional

Shleswig-Holstein t6676 Ilede-France 420 Piemonte 9 014 Groningen 724 FlandreOrienale Oost-\4aandercn5 Hamburg 2582Champagne-fudennes5 684 Valled'Aosa 1016 Friesland 3 566 FlandreOccidentale Niodenachsen 23892Picardie 2912 Uguria 2791 Drenthe 55 West-Vlaanderen9

Bremen tu Haute-Normandie 6187 lombudia 14284 Ovaijssel I 945 AnverVAntwerpn4

Nordrhein-Westfalen14290Contre 5 590 Trentino-AltoAdige 24363 Crelderland 4320 Limbourg/Limburg2

Hasen 15926Basse-Normandie 6 591 23136 Utrecht | 247 Brabant 4

Rheinland-Pfalz ll 305 Bourgogne 2783 Friuli-VeneziaGiulia 698 Noord-Holland9284 HainauV Henegouwen I Baden-Württembug35145 Nord-Pasde-Calais ll0l2 Enilia-Romagna 41796 Zuid-Holland l8 638 NamurNamen 4 Bayern 3r6l l lonaine 2971 Toscana 12034 Zßland | 228 Liege/Luik 2 Saarland 2312 Alsace 4116 Umbria l0 147 Noord-Brabant6775 Luxembourg/ krlin (Wes| Franche-Comtö I 125 Muche 23896 Limburg 1992 Luxemburg

Paysde la Loire 11216 Iano 28675 Z.U.Polden 126

Bretagne 16809 Campania 29057

Poitou-Charentes 5126 Abruzzi 24627

Aquiaine 14318 Molise 2293

Midi-Snenees 8 09S Puglia 36374

Limousin 2l9l Basilicau 23186

Rhöne-Alpes 13087 Calabria 37733

Auvergne | 527 Sicilia 40 634

Ianguodoc-Rousillon 80748 Sardegna 30689 Provence-Alps- Cöted'Aeur 18908

Cone ll4

DOM 2 380

Source : EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. FINANCIALASPECTS 279

(I MECU)

Fllas Luxembourg United Kingdom Ireland Danmark

6 7 8 9 l0 otal 24r2 Total l0l 538 Total 96805 Total 30365 Toal 138140

tulti-regional Multi-regional r38 Multi-regional 2401 Multi-regional 102 Multi-rWional 47 661

North 4966 Donryl 8 270 Storksbenhavn 663 Nissi 4 853

Yorkshire-Humberside 7 419 North-West 3134 Ostfor Storebelt AnatolikiSterea 8 648 eksklStorksbenhavn 4M4 East-Midlands 9149 North-East 17413 Ditiki Stsr€a 6 889 Ve$ for Storebelt 25536 East-Anglia 7 478 West 12494 Peloponissos 13394 Grsnland South-East l0 688 Midlands l0 635 Thraki 6%

South-West 9129 East ll 675 Anatoliki Makedonia 7 713 West-Midlands 5 848 Midwest 6 456 Kentriki North-West 3 830 South-East 13226 Makedonia 19285

Wales 5 765 South-West ll l0l Ditiki Makedonia z0fl Scotland l8 990 Ipiros 10377 Northern-Ireland 18138 KentrihStorea l8l2

Thessalia l0 513

Kriti 4238 280 FTNANcTALAspECrs

'Marketing 49 shuctures' projects financrd by the EAGGF Guidance Section classitied by major category

Milk Fruit Flowers Meats Wine Fishery products and and products Cereals vegetables plants

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Deutschland 29 965 14 613 26 290 27 900 4 695 | 733 t9 s32

France 7 847 s263s 77r72 s6 496 l 858 5l19 7 899

Italia 2s0s9 15229 8l 131 t75 578 2 169 33 984 3985r

Nederland 12 665 8 450 15373 I 0 154 I 196

Belgique/Belgiö 5 586 9 643 r0 822 ll0 l 180 3 299 Luxembourg 2 r78 'r5 Ireland 602 45 547 33ll 356 9 787 6 t79

Danmark 3 597 l2 388 l 093 2 t59 4 299 86

Ellas ll 850 25 679 16 440 20 050 3 970 l 359 459r9

United Kingdom 14375 36 404 6 096 r45 9 486 t6 002

EUR IO t26 546 220588 2032rr 3167t9 25 616 68 r43 r38767

Source: EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. FINANCIAL ASPECTS 281 rf operations:1978-84 (R/355/77) (r a00ECU)

Seeds Eggs Animal Olive Miscella- Total aid Total and and Tobacco ßed oil neous granted investments nurseries poultrymeat

9 10 ll t2 l3 t4 l5 l6

11385 t 67l 169 t5 929 153882 80r129

153 L2 587 902 | 632 8 797 233 096 961290

6 352 464 21093 25 503 t4 ll0 440 525 I 329689

32r I 813 49 972 397423

96r 576 I 945 | 639 35 760 205483

23 2TI 2 4r2 l0 978

7 183 5 599 3 240 96 804 347826

2 t95 I 809 1 022 | 7t7 30 365 209248

1 927 2 222 8 152 572 138140 354920

2 229 r 703 6 059 9 038 r0l 537 501745

l9 096 30983 21 233 30 877 25 672 5s 042 | 282493 5l1973l

FINANCIAL ASPECTS 283

50 Paymentsmade towards socio-structuralschemes of a general nature, schemesin less-favouredareas and schemesrelated to oommonorganizations of markets

I OOOECU I 000 Ecu I OOOECU I 000u.a./EUA/ECU Schemes 19821t; 19831t; 19841t; 1975-1984(') %

I 2 3 4 ) 6

General socio-structural Directive 72/159/EEC 86 807 149830 I 12500 654I 15 94,6 Directive 72/160/EEC 865 996 | 079 5l3l 0,7 Directive 72/l6l/EEC 4 860 5 485 918 31967 4,7

Total I 92 532 1563l I It4 497 6912r3 r00

II Less-favoured areas Directive 7 5/268/EEC 144485 135832 136418 825 302 77,2 Directive 78/628/EEC 5 477 t3 209 8 456 43 965 4,1 Directive 78/627/EEC 7 639 9 454 6 866 37 394 3,5 Directive 79/359/EEC 4 727 2 30s t97 13549 1,3 Directive 79/173/EEC 653 774 225 2 847 0,3 Directive 79/ 197/EEC 485 2 r73 2 658 0,2 Regulation (EEC) No 1820/80 12364 ll 360 8 079 35735 3,4 Regulation (EEC) No l82l/80 43 99 244 386 0,0 Regulation (EEC) No 1054/81 4 240 l0 897 l0 r39 25276 2,4 Directive 8l/527/EEC , tr: l0 905 l0 965 24 728 2,3 Regulation (EEC) No 1939/81 lll I 891 2 002 0,2 Regulation (EEC) No 1940/81 | 464 498 | 962 0,2 Regulation (EEC) No 1942/81 tr 226 rr 675 22 90r 2,L Regulation (EEC) No 1975/82 ,,: 19342 26 587 2,5 Regulation (EEC) No 1944/81 2 846 2 846 0,3 Regulation (EEC) No 2966183 306 306 0,0

TOTAIII r82 486 2r3 366 220 320 l 068 444

UI Related to common organizations of markets Regulation (EEC) No 1078/77 58618 61339 39388 457695 73,3 Regulation (EEC) No I163/76 | 620 5 365 47 853 7,7 Regulation (EEC) No 25ll/69 3 881 2 051 31139 5,0 Regulation (EEC) No 1035/72 2 221 482 980 t2 398 2,0 Regulation (EEC) No I 696/7 | 769 7 163 1,2 Regulation (EEC) No 3796181 65 21, * 136 0,0 Regulation (EEC) No 456180 22 354 22 070 14 586 60986 9,8 Regulation (EEC) No 458/80 | 284 ,: 2 48r 4 007 0,6 Regulation (EEC) No 270179 'l 91 0,0 Regulation (EEC) No 389/82 2 708 2708 0,4

Total III tt7 829 109301 60 190 624r73 100

Total I+II+III 392 847 480978 395007 2 506r39

Source: EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. (t\ 1975-77: u.a.; 1978-80: EUA, from l.l.l98i: ECU. 284 FINANcIAL ASPEcTs

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E $ O\\O\nl€lO\f- c7) öl \o co öl o\ C\$cOl\OF-\O-g !n f\€ co Ora \Od-CO\O (\ c\t c! c{

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(l)

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oo Sca$-O\t\OO\ öl cfl oOO\l\O (n €Oc!C\(\lr-t.+ cl ?a(v)\noo\or\or- \o f-\Ol< o\ (f)<\n(.)\|2|(\lO .N (rt -l\t?l(v)rx(f) cO c?| oo c\t öt co $f-ca€\OO\\O tr o (,') cO s 6 r-oo S r\ O\ S \.) tat : ral E FSSe$ t- \Of- t $rnF- E r/)(n-F F5 € o\ cn ro ld oo ci$ GI

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q)

\n A r- c! oo r- ölcql \o E c?l r- 8: | | a o\ f\ölr \o \n .t) \o O\ f- t- öl \.| oo € o\ 'e frE -€ c- C\ \o $ h \o \O $ -öl r- t-. :J';Z O\ o\ E t

I oo \o c.l \o\ol C\ € (ll ESa I I I ao r\r I C\ c! \a ls (a q') g:ä € c! c! (.) . I X- CT @ € 'ö .9 .2.€

ca FE c\ cor\- o\ s (n oo c.l F''- t:g \o rrsl f- c.t \n öl -Y .n @ \n \o O\ * o.l \o f- Oo0 r- a IJ(! ö0 q) N * a o\ r< o\ cq c.l c) lr .EE e.l P= F8 tg € (n r- o\ \o $ \n (\t c\ tR3 I I trl f- r\ \o r-€ \n cO o\ sd c) \€) öt f- o\ ca c\ (\ c\ o c{ co SH

z ^ct -äE 3E -f-öl c\ \o ät O öl \al c?l I \n \o $ f- i{() f- t+O\col ao ca -ld I r- s H-# \n C\ r \rr \O c.| c.l Ot af, cA co-€ c! EE !,.) r\ r- € cl N öt \o € a oo c.l c.l tF ö

€sAE Eä \n öF n, \n .

5l.l Employmentin agriculture:Persons'employed', and personswith an occupationin the sector

Deutsch- Unit France land

I 2 3 4

A

Personsemployed in the sector'Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing'(l) (1e84) r 000 | 370 l 659 evolution 1984/1983 o/o - 0,1 -2,2 evolution 1983/1970 o/o TAV - 3,8 - 3,8 EUR l0 _ 100 o/o 17,4 2l,l

Share of the sector in total civilian employment (l gS4) o/o 5,1 7rl

Share of salaried personsin the sector (1984) o/o 18,3 17,L

Evolution of salaried employment in the sector 1984/1983 o/o 2,0 - 3,1 1983/1970 o/o TAV - 1,2 - 5,1

Share of femalesin employment in the sector (1984) o/o 4g,g 34,0

B

'Agriculture, I - Personswith an occupation1z) in the sector hunting, for- estry and fishing' (2) I 000 | 490,2 | 790,2

il Personswith an occupation in the sector'Agriculture and hunting' | 443,9 | 704,9 Full-time employed 77,7 83,2 Partial-time employed I 000 22,2 16,9

III - Younger than 25 years with an occupation in the sector 'Agriculture and hunting' o/o 12,6 7,9

IV 65 years and older with an occupation in the sector 'Agriculture and hunting' o/o 9,9 3,9

V Younger than 25 years with an occupation: all economic sectors o/o 18,7 14,6

VI 65 years and older with an occupation: all economic sectors o/o 1,3 1,0

Sorrcs. Ewtat. A = Atrtrud @lional mployment estimtes. B = Conmuity labou forc wple swcy 1983, (t) foryal mtional employmot estimtes. Employed p€rcN include all perrcu working for mumtior or slf{mployed as rell as'upaid' family wotk6. Pemns mploy€d in more tha one mnomic wtor-rc coured on'ly ir tl" wtor wh@ they have their more important employmfit STRUCTURES 287

'Agriculture, huntingo forestry and fishing'

Belgique/ Luxem- United Italia Nederland Ireland Danmark Ellas EUR IO Belgiö bourg Kingdom

5 6 7 8 9 l0 ll t2 l3

2 426 248 106* 713 622 r82 205* r 028 7 853 - 4r0 -0,4 0* - 3,9 - 1,0 -3,7 - 1,4 2,2 _))-r- - 3,5 - 0,1* -3,7 -4,7 - 1,8 - 3,3 -2,0 1,4* -3,2 30,9 3,2 1,3 0,1 7,9 2,3 2,6 13,1 100,0

10,6 414 2,6 4,6 2,3 14,0 7,4 27,0 6,7

36,0 25,4 10,4* 14,3 54,7 I1,5 25,9 3,9 24,7

-6,1 - 1,6 0 0 -2,6 -4,5 1,9 - 1l,l - 3,8 -2,6 0tl' - 1,3 - 0,7 -2,6 - 4,3 _1) 3,7 -2,8

34,8 1,7,7 20,8* 14,3 18.2 10,4 32,2 44,2 35,I

2 465,7 273,2 1r4,9 7r0 586,9 195,6 176,7 I 050,9 8 151,2

2 465,7(3) 265,1 IT2,I 6,9 555,2 188,9 158,1 I 023,7 7 924,4(3) 86,7(3) 81,5 93,6 84,1 84,4 90,5 89,2 90,8 84,7 13,3(3) 18,5 6,4 15,9 15,6 9,6 10,8 9,2 15,3

9,41t1 l6,l 9,2 14,5 18,2 10,7 13,9 10,6 10,8

6,7(3) 3,5 1r5 7,2 6,9 13,6 8,5 ll,4 7,3

14,2 18,7 15,2 21,9 19,9 25,5 17,0 12,3 17,0

1,8 0,8 0.7 1,2 1.8 3.7 2,2 4,6 1,5

(r) Sinc thc I 983 labou fore survcy' pcMtrs with e muDstiotr' includs all pcmni hsving il @pstioi düitrg the rcfem@ wk of the swey (duitrg spriq). ' Estimted figure$ 288 srRucruREs

5I.2 Employment in agriculture: Persons working on agricultural hotdings (t)

Deutsch- Unit France land

I 2 3 4

Total number of persons working on agricultural holdings (t) t977 x1000 2084 2 881 r979/80 1983 2 6s9 EUR l0 : 100 r977 o/o l4 l9

Total number of AWU (equivalent full-time workers) 1975 x1000 | 234 l 950 r979/80 I 051 | 847 Average AWU/person in agriculture (t) t975 I 0,55 0,61 r979/80 0,52 0,66 Full-time employed as o/oof total t977 o/o 28 36 t979/80 30 40 Persons working at least 500/o of normal full-time as 0/oof total r975 o/o 45 57 r979/80 42 65

Persons working less than 25o/o of normal full-time as 0/oof total t975 o/o 22 24

Persons of less than 35 years r975 o/o 24 20 Persons of 65 years and older t975 o/o 13 t4 < 35 years old r979/80 24 20 7 65 years old r979/80 t2 t4 Breakdown by type of labour: . Persons as o/oof all types - holders 1977 o/o 4l 43 r979/80 43 46 - family members of the holder 1977 o/o 55 48 r979/80 52 46 - regularly employed non-family members 1977 o/o 5 9 r979/80 5 8 - female t977 o/o 4T 39 r979/80 40 38 o AWU as o/oof AWU from all types - holders r975 o/o 47) 4sl r979/80 lel fsr - family members of the holder t975 4s) 35J r979/80 - regularly employed non-family members t975 o/o 6 l3 1979/80 8 l0 - irregularly employed non-family members 1975 o/o 2 4 r979/80 I 4 Evolution of total labour input I 98 l/l 980 o/o - 1,0 - 1,7 1980/1970 o/o TAV -3,2 _)\

Holders Number of persons t977 x1000 848 r 241 r979/80 845 | 2t4 Full-time holders as o/oof total t977 o/o 46 55 'Main r979/80 44 55 occupation'holders(2) as 0/oof total 1977 o/o 54 70 'Dual t979/80 52 70 active' holders(3) as 0/oof total t975 o/o 43 20 r979/80 43 38 Holders of 65 years and older as 0/oof total t977 o/o 9 l8 1979/80 9 l8

Sryrce . Eurcstat: 1975 ud 1977 Commuity fm structw sweys üd,sectont in@me i!d€r,. 'Total (r) number ofpemns workilg on agricultuEl holdings', includei all p€mns who perfom agricultunl work on agricultunl holdings, including family workerg working less thm one-third ofthe lomal working hoN pcr wffk ud personl who have their more important employment in another troromic s@tor (th€ ircgularly employed notr-family workeG re tot included; horevq the AWU p€rfomed by rhem @ ktoM). Agd@ltural holdings include all holdings of ar l6st I ha UAA ud thos of les the I ha UAA when they arc wonomically signilimt. STRUCTURES 289

Belgique/ Luxem- United Italia Nederland lreland Danmark Ellas EUR IO Betgiö bourg Kingdom

5 6 7 8 9 l0 ll t2 l3

s 373 322 200 T4 648 443 243 2 977 l5 185 5301 1s; 302 186 t2 724 469 234 35 2,1, 1,3 0,1 4,3 2,9 L,6 20 100

2 827 254 140 t2 626 325 177 2 ISS1s; 242 t24 9 583 310 t72 0,46 0,75 0,63 0,78 0,76 0,67 0,73 : : 0,41(s) 0,77 0,66 0,73 0,80 0,66 0,73 l7 46 47 62 66 39 50 r2,5(s) 54 48 56 66 39 53 : : 4l 74 57 78 77 64 72 271s7 82 6l 77 73 60 73

39 10 27 1l T4 20 t4 : l6 27 r9 27 27 26 l7 l9 7 l0 l8 t2 l6 l3 : 18 28 l9 24 30 28 l8 t9 6 9 l9 l0 ll l5

49 47 63 39 34 5l 53 32 43 53 48 6l 42 35 48 52 46 43 33 58 29 43 37 68 5l 45 40 34 56 30 47 36 5 ll 3 3 37 7 l0 0 X 2 ll 4 2 35 6 ll 38 31 49 4l 28 35 37 29 33 40 2i 3l 37 431 s3l 6sl 4ll 361 541 571 : is3 f84 fes fes rs7 l8e 185 37) 33) 27) s5J 24) 36) 2S)

8 ll 4 4 32 8 ll : 5 T2 4 4 36 7 l5 t2 3 I 0 8 2 3 , r2 4 1 I 7 4 0

- r,9 - 1,9 - 1,9 - 1,0 - 1,8 - 1,4 - 3,0 -0,5 X -2,6 - 1,8 -4,8 _)7 - 1,5 -2,0 -3,2

2 617 l5l t27 5,4 222 224 t27 957 6 520 2 816 r46 t14 5,1 25r 224 t23 t6 73 60 73 75 52 63 l3 33 L4 74 63 72 63 63 63 4l 88 68 85 83 74 75 44 54 29 88 7l 83 76 75 79 29 l9 24 23 23 : 20 29 2l 33 2l 2l 25 20 30 ll l2 23 l8 (4) 23 l8 : : 27 ll t2 24 l8 t'l l8

'Main 121 occupation' holder: holder who performs agricultural work on his holding for at least 50 % of normal full-working time. 'Dual 1l; active' holder: holder who has another gainful activity. g1 1975. (s) Survey 1982.

STRUCTURES 291

q)

tr C\ \O \O C\ S f- OO f- \O crl rf, e.i -. $lo -lc.idd-:"c.idc.idd tr €loo o o\lo\ o\ tlrllll I ! c) tr o= I (D |-(\t It * o F{\OC\cOoOO€cO\OF( !n () e.i (nc) Ol.rr + e.i o.i -:" c"i d d c.i cri c.i €lt- rltlllllll I .9 616 € E tr ()o) (u tr F o 5 tr fl.* * trl \OO\c\$cO,-{\Oc\O\n \n ,ri ,ri ,.i c.i c.i c'i -f G) olo sl e.i ,-i { s r-l\O I € o\16 r- rlllllllll E I .E \o o\ €(N) h F o - o. T E t3 () I rF* I o\ (r, r.)OO(.)oO\OoOOO\S tr - =f+dc.i+=fc'ie.ic'ie'i c'i o olo c, ool\o \o I o. lo\ llllllllll () Fl ö I () J. 6 -ä0 'o E a- -Ä cA ä a ca E Oo.\\OoO\O"JC!C\tLOO ,cg IE Ft.rrc.t$Oc\oooel lr) sf co\o$1:q =\Or-{c\O € € ! € < (,'.| r-{ o\ !-a C{ r\ cl -I o. ctl tr) (tt k cl +. a q) (u L. B ln 4' t C, (.t \O 6 \c) ,-. \O c! od ca c\ a O !+ €q) ä0 ötcr1*;t+!-{O:: a- doooic\F{\oc\ölo \o o .- € $ *ra o\ F(r-{N- € o A I E - (l) fl q!. -l c) 4) q)G tr o - tr -:J X It o FI rro^* * - o\ (J C\t r-{ A O\ $ C?l S Cn \g O\ I .- \OC\f-OOF,-.OOOO\Oll $ () L : c\ c'l O r-O e..l oo oo c\.l r- c\ ä0 ao N o\ c\c\cnä EO) otr I ri :* L €ä t-, E I .E 9pE q) ü.äc) 0 * Q) t: q) *q* tf E 9E cit-, -- eAO\,-.€O.-r$Oc\O\ €tr) 9 6loOi-rOöNcAO\\On o vj-\o F.HF a I \o 6l : 4.2 .I o\ ca , q) E pü ä *9 cn A rI] I dä: o g ög o ä L E € äg q) ä e> A * EE8Y t El Or- til 9 s ÄE :3 c\\,^| Ä s E g äEü g Ä# €o 292 srRUcruRES

53.1 Utilized agricultural area, woods and forests

Arable land Permanent meadow and pasture

% of the UAA % of the UAA I 000 ha l@0ha of the country of the country

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Deutschland I @0ha t984 7 216 4 607 % TAV 1984/73 -0,4 - 1,3 %TAV 1984/83 -0,1 -0,4

France I 000 ha 1984 17541 12362 % TAV 1984/73 0,4 - 1,0 % TAV 1984/83 0,9 -lr4

Italia I 000 ha 1984 9 t42 5 2t4 % TAV t984/73 -0,1 -0,5 % TAV 1984/83 -1,9 - lr7

Nederland I 000 ha 1984 843 I l4l % TAV t984/73 0,5 -0,9 % TAV 1984/83 -0,2 . l12 Belgique/Belgiö I 000 ha 1984 735 679 % TAV t984/73 -0,6 -0,7 % TAV 1984/83 -0,6 4,1

Luxembourg I 000 ha 1984 56 70 % TAV 1984/73 -0,8 -0,1 % TAV 1984/83 l12 - l,l

United Kingdom I 000 ha 1984 6 943 r1670 % TAV 1984/73 -0,2 -0,2 % TAV t984/83 0,5 -0,3

Ireland I 000 ha 1984 l 087 4 620 % TAV t984/73 1,3 1,6 orb TAV 1984/83 0,4 0,0

Danmark I 000 ha 1984 2627 233 % TAV 1984/73 -0,1 -2,9 % TAV t984/83 0,1 - 1,3

Ellas I 000 ha 1984 2925 5 271 % TAV t984/73 -0,1 0,0 % TAV 1984/83 0,0 0,0

EUR IO I 000 ha r984 49lt5 49,2 456t8 45,1 % TAV 1984/73 0,0 -0,4 % TAV 1984/83 0,0 -0,7

Source.' Eurostat. 1';1983 STRUCTURES 293

Permanent crops Total UAA Woods and forests

% of the 9o of the UAA % of the UAA I 000 ha I 000 ha area I 000 ha l0 of the country of EUR of country

8 9 l0 ll 12 l3

r82 12044 7 328 - 1,0 - 1,0 0,2 0,1 -0,3 0,0

I 370 31527 14606 -1,6 -0,3 0,0 0,0 -0,1 0,0 3 368 17552 6 107 0,3 -0,1 0,3 8,2 0,0 0,1 36 2026 293 - 1,6 -0,4 -0,2 5,7 0,5 0,0 T4 l 450 613 -2,9 -0,7 0,0 -0,2 1,5 0,0

2 r28 82 0,4 -0,3 -0,1 0,8 0,0 0,0 61 18690 2260 -2,9 0,2 1,2 -3,2 0,0 1,1

3 5710 324 1,9 1,5 l,l 0,0 0,0 0,0 13 0,5 2 873 493 - 1,8 -0,3 0,4 3,3 0,9 0,0

I 028(t) I l,l (r) 9 234 2262 0,9(t) 0,0 -2,4 -0,01r; 0,0 0,0

5 822(t) 5,7(r) t}t 234 100,0 34 369 20,7 -0'5 1t; -0,2 0,0 -2,3 97 0,0 0,1 294 STRUcTUREs

53.2 Area used for the principal agricultural products

Root and tuber crops Cereals including rice Total Potatoes Sugarbeet

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Deutschland I 000 ha 1984 4941 741 2r9 405 % TAV t984/73 - 0,6 3,7 6,9 1,3 % TAV 1984/83 0,2 0,2 2,1 3,2

France I 000 ha 1984 9 720 97r 2A5 526 % TAV t984/73 - 0,1 -3,4 3,9 0,2 % TAV 1984/83 3,5 1,0 0,7 712

Italia I 000 ha 1984 4 865 377 t24 2rl % TAV 1984/73 0,1 0,7 l,l - 0,9 % TAV t984/83 - 0,9 3,0 - 0,8 lr3

Nederland I 000 ha r984 198 292 l6r r29 % TAV 1984/73 3,5 0,4 0,2 0,9 % TAV 1984/83 - 4,2 1,3 1,7 5,3

Belgique/Belgiö I 000 ha 1984 361 177 44 tt7 % TAV 1984/73 2,0 - 0,3 L,2 1,0 % TAV t984/83 315 5,7 3,5 713

Luxembourg l@0 ha 1984 35 I I 0 % TAV 1984/73 1,9 6,1 5,4 -12,0 % TAV 1984/83 -44,4 .l 1,8 13,7 9,2

United Kingdom I 000 ha 1984 4 016 508 198 199 % TAV 1984/73 0,6 1,3 lrl 0,3 96TAV 1984/83 1,4 0,8 l19 0,1

Ireland I 000 ha 1984 396 96 35 36 % TAV t984/73 l,l 1,4 - 2,9 1,5 %TAV 1984/83 0,2 3,5 7,1 1,7

Danmark I 000 ha 1984 | 682 238 3l 74 % TAV 1984/73 - 0,4 1,5 0,4 l14 % TAV 1984/83 415 2,r 0,0 2,8

Ellas I 000 ha 1984 I s3l (t) 8l 1t; a91t; aag1 %TAV 1984/73 0,1(r) 0,2(r) 1,2(r) 0,8(r) % TAV t984/83 3,0(r) - 15,21t; 8,3(r) -26,291

EUR l0 I 000 ha 1984 27743 3 483 l 068 L 73r % TAV 1984/73 - 0,1 2,2 3,1 0,5 % TAV 1984/83 0,3 0,9 0,4 0,3

Source.' Eurostat. 1r;r983. STRUCTURES 295

Vines Oilseeds Green fodder Dry pulses Fruit trees

t2 8 9 l0 ll

l0l 254 I 175 l6 50 0,5 8,1 2,8 4,0 3,3 0,9 9,7 6,4 27,8 1,9 l 076 956 s 092 230 207 1,7 8,9 1,0 14,9 2,5 - lr7 4,4 2,3 12,5 0,1 I t29 96 2 7ll 185 807 l,l 16,0 - 0,1 3,4 1,0 - 0,5 15,2 1,0 2,3 0,3 r6 206 16 23 0 -13,2 1,0 7,0 5,8 2,9 -16,7 -0,2 412 40,5 0,4 0 5 160 I ll 8,0 L6,7 4,6 6,6 3,5 6,2 28,2 8,9 2,6 l,l I I l8 0 0 0,9 15,9 2,3 9,2 2,2 0,7 42,3 13,6 66,7 0,0 0 269 I 816 88 39 8,9 29,2 2,4 0,7 3,6 22,9 20,9 2,9 9,4 3,7

x 3 586 0 I X 8,7 2,2 2,1 4,9 X 25,0 0,0 60,7 2,0

X r96 393 59 7 x 12,3 1,5 27,1 3,9 x 17,4 1,7 169,2 1,2

177 2091t; 24191 521t; l4l l15 2,0(r) - 4,4(t) 6,7(t) 2rO 1,8 19,6(r) - 31,0(t) - I 1,1(t) 0,3

2 007 t2 401 649 | 286 2 486 9,2 0,2 1,4 - 0,1 1,3 10,2 1,4 I1,5 - 0,2 1,0 296 sTRUCTUREs

\o \o \o \o \o \Ö vvvvv cnlO c.|Of-\O(n ooloo r !n C\-f-$rt1 s oooF-:r*r O\Oc-€€ c\ 6l öl C- cA \O t o\lo\ eric.i6:idcri j A c.i+c.id..i c7)NF-- -lc.ic.idc.f d c.ieriöide.i tttl I tttl trtl I ttl I ttl I F nn6ho 5 vvvvv Oln o\ \o o r^ c?) ral €lr- \f t^qc.I -i:-t: $ $-OrA.

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q) O ä0 6f € t ctq) A -l E rJ] ,! I A peg +J € H a 5 q) ä e € E otl =Eb.tv! Fl g HggEEEE E k !a) !n STRUCTURES 299

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€s I o\ €_ lfia EE ca caöl €- tca:f rn o\o oo ciöl of- o\\o oo\o r-(\t o\- F :'Gl i ea d,ri dFf e'i,.i +-i.f A..lsf -lci.lrJ A,ärid.f ä -iä äd A- a7) OO * : -d -i - öl- d a -- h (l) 'E - o A - t (\ €_ raÖl sra cf)o o\o\ oo.o oo\o

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O' I c.r Flr- OOOC\IO\\OrA{-)f-\O-cqc\f- c\ o\ o\lo\ od \i ,ri .f S { c.i d -l ,-i + -:" ,.i d lttrrtrll I

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L ct 'E lfo €o f-f\$$O\cnoo\O\af- r: o\< öl O\ C.l C\ \O S ln OO ca f- 6l ca \f, tf, \o q) L- :r- C) 9H =cq !ä a q)c) ü trö 'r EI Fl E q2 :H ä&* €. ct'- Etr-sl' u-95.a g Etsv t E g ! E RE E E E 2 t-- (r) ÄÄEE;fl5ssÄ# STRUCTURES 305

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bc \ O\ c\t$- cqo, Otn -.- ölc\ \o 1c1 O\$ c\tra (l)(\t :] Qa de.i d.f d+ -i-l dri dö oioi olä ä+ z^ K==---öt__(r)_r\

(ll c- r\\o €$ coo o\\o $co *(\ \oc! .ov ooöl sl r oi d3 Firr ..i+ +-i ^id ..iaj OO-t\-c.iöea G"ä äö ;ä

q) o \o \.) !+ \.)€ €o f-cO-O\.tO (n \o tr !t Sca O\o g ca OO -ic'i -t\dl\ ca\o(nceO$ O\ cO cJc'i oid I& rn OO \n cq-

I

oO-f---g€,1 \OOf-$$cO€r\$O\\Oa s 3A cr) 3ct -c{ .'ioi € i ea da .'i.'i ä6 c'i* ä'.j -t;^o $o o\ t öö c! - dts d - r\ R- t-l

o L €o) o FI O-oo-c\r-c7)-$r\1+tro\O$$\glg-r\ra t 6l o 6i oo -l c\o\ Glf- tnr- r-t ';cci r-e.i ä s 3 - EI == $c.i 5[o ll

Lr q) --AI FI I I

a €I ]I G' q) 3? 2? 9? .9? 2e 9e 9? 9a 3a 2a ä0 Fb Fb Fb Eb !b Eb !b sb Eb eb ct tr? tr! trE tr€ tr9 tr€ trE trI' EE tr! It trotrotrotrotrotrocotrocotro 6t

€s OO\Of-f-OOr-{O\n$O O o\ c.i lü "JÄolc.i-:'-irJ+oitd+ln-€\n\nf-t-{f-t-r F( -( C\ F( C\

c) o0 Soo

€.= t-{ F( C.l 1.r) Fr .+ O\ f- O\ f- 3€ oo O o\ o\ od &-e +'+;'öi.doddirJri e?) ClL ++-\nca\f,\Ot'rr-{ FE C\FlC\FF(

co \O r-( !f, OO f- C\ C\ C\ r- f- o\ € 6tc\Ö\oclscaoo r-a F

o. lca oO c.l oo r-lr- \at q c\ f- O\ c- o\lo\ f- d c.i I tl

F () s o0 st I c.l \o^ C\O cl €lr- c.l e\ $ öl € \o F' (l' 6l o\ r.f1 CN o-( q) I tl

ra) S.e \Or-{f-\O$C!cl!?cA€ \o 9> ra) *K=g;53s&q öl ,/i r'J -l oi -l oo .i -l oi ä ö r\ C\ F( t-{

O, I c.t Otf,O\O\O\O\ln r-lF \ o\lo' $ rn rj .'*"\ioddrJ,ri r-a F( I t tlttltl v F € 5 I (f) ttoo f* s lco tr oolr- o\ o\o\$$or-r- o\ It o\lo\ co oi -l+6odode.i\i FI o + oG I I rllllll E eLr ä0 .ll oo o\ c.l cO öt c OOf-€lAr-. tn r\ \o rr (\ f--S(fi(fi c\ o *E tc\o\ € q) ! Ec) 9e äcq = äöt{ (l)q) g! ü 9.1 p AE rrl ;> .$ E E> ä'o € Log Ea = = u-9 E E* 9 € Y =T o\ g E t g E E E A trl od H EE E - \a A E E E F 5 5 E Ä # 308 srRUcruRES

- O. I c.l t- | tr- lcOO\c.tOC\ O\ f- c\ c\ olo o\ c.i,riFJod6ä (\O c.i lllttr -

F 5

I- r+lcr (\.l O ,-( - €la- cO oO =L oo O 616 € c.i ,ri rJ od .d e.i od CJ (,) llttlr oo !()

oo c\.1 cA q cO .o^qq\ r- 5 c\ c.i (n rJ

s oo o\

f- oo o\ .ü oococ\lh h \o .ü a @ \o f\ \ c\ \O^ 888r c\ $ \n oi c.i e.i r-^ oo F. (\l t-( f-

- ql.. I e.) \qoo\Otr)rf,c\ Ir- | F_ oo cn cO ( 6l o\ e.i =f rJ od '.i -t- ä c\ o\ C\ { tttttl I

F 5 :- $1..) \O \O r-,i oolrr O\ t,^r OO N oo r\ $ 616 s e.i .

c,

F( t'- ac\ca$\O-(r) v c?l € s c.i ol r- F- r+ co c.t I (l^l- e\\i o. O ?a O f- o\ $ F € 6 o\ Ha - \O O\ !?cl OSogo\o c\ öl €\O cacaoo\o\f,ö= \o fiO *r cO -Fl X O\ oo a1q

v oh

iF C,) (J= q)

L\J -o',() ö0 N () (g -9,'d () () o0 a E(ü q) o ä0> G' c, cn cr\ o\ o\ O\ O\ o\ !ü o\ O\ O\ o\ -CO o\ fro(..t I tttl ll I

E.IOOO vv Y s.l oo -Nt.) S rö vv -(\ $ 83 STRUCTURES 309

59 Agricultural produce sold through cooperatives (1984) (%)

Luxem- United Deutsch- France Belgique/ Danmark Italia Nederland bourg Kingdom Ireland Ellas Belgiö (re7e) land (r) (r) (')

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0 ll

Pigmeat 64121 26 l0 tzs l3 23 92,4 4r0 Beefand veal 211z'1 l5 0 x2s l0 l4 70,8 7r0 Poultrymeat 45 27 0 2 l0 49,7 22,6 Eggs 25 l9 0 tl0 28 2-5 67,7 15,5 Milk 52 87 65 86 94 88,0 ,o:, Sugarbeet l7 1t; 63 0 -l l4,l Cereals 67 55-60 20 20,2 33 47,2 All fruits 42 78 55 20 33 50,0 38,9 All vegetables 306; 80 55 t7 50,5 13,6

Source; EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. 1r;r982. (z) Including producer groups. (l) Processed into sugar and alcohol. (4) Potatoes excluded (seed potatoes: 65%; early potatoes and stored potatoes:25%).

60 Agricultural produce sold under preyiously concluded contracts (1984) 06)

Deutsch- Nederland Belgique/ Luxem- United Franoe Italia Ircland Danmark Ellas land 1t; (3) Belgrö bourg Kingdom ll I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0

Pigmeat l4-15. 25-30 50-55 55 50 : -l Calves l4-15 25-30 85 90 5 Poultrymeat 73 45-50 90-95 95 95 90 70 Eggs 20-25 r5-20 50 70 65 r0-15 75 Milk 27 I (2) 90 0 l0 6,6 Sugarbeet 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100,0 Potatoes 0 8-10 70 l5 l3 4 40 l18 Peas 95 90-95 95-100 98 95 100 r00 9,4

Source; EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. (t) Including producer groups. (zi fr4i* prodüction is not subject to contracts. This price alone is determined by contract (almost 100% of farmers). (li 1.ne figures refer to the part of production grown under contract. Including deliveries as member of a .

STRUCTURES 3I I

pryable on loans 61 Average annual interest rate (0/o)(r) (not taking into accountinterest-Iate subsidies) for farrn investments(1973{5)

1983 1984 1985p t973 r976 r977 r978 1979 | 1980 l98l r982 8 9 l0 ll t2 I 2 3 4 ) 6 7

Deutschland - 8,5 ll,0 14,0 13,0 short tenn 7,8 5-7 I I - long term 7.8ll0,oll3,o 12,0

France L2,0 - short term [0,0 8,5 | s,g I to,l I 13,3 13,0 - medium term I1,0 e,o I s,r I tt,r I l3'5 - long term ll,4 to,4 | t0,+ I ll,6 I 13,5 13,5

Italia - 14,2 medium term 14,6 15,6 18,3 21,0 16,8 - long term 13,6 15,0

Nederland - short term e,slto,oll3,l 8,2 ll,2 : : - medium term 9,0 I1,0 | 10,0 | - long term 8,5 9.6 | ll,3 | ll,8

Belgique/Belgiö - short term 12,2 I1,0 9.5 10,5 13,3 14,l 14,5 - long term

Luxembourg - short term 8,0 8,0 7,8 7,8 8,3 8,3 8,0 - medium and long term 9,0

United Kingdom 14,3 15,3 - short term Lz,t I ts,6 | 18,6 15,6 15,5 l4,l - medium term 13,6 t3,7 l6,l - long term lr+,slto,+ l6,l 15,5 l4,l - fixed 14,8 13,7lt+,sIto,+ 15,6 14,3 14,5 - variable 13,7 r2,olto,sltl,o tl Ireland 16,4 18,0 l5,l - short term ro,8l,r,ol,u,, 16,9 18,5 15,6 - medium term 14,0 l1,0 | ts,oI r7,3 r2,o 17,4 19,0 l6,l - long term 15,0 lro,oltz,t tl Danmark 19,9 15,4 - 15,7 liil16,8(3) ,u,, 20,4 19,9 medium term | | 17,9(3) tz,t 20,4 20,6 21,4 l3,l - long term 16,4 |tl | Ellas ,r,, 13,6 13,0 - short term 7,0 e,5 | ,,,0 | 12,5 13,8 : 14,0 - medium and long term 6,0 7,5 | 9,0 |

Source: EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture.ll" 1t; According to national definitions. (2) Operating loans to producers. (l) Mortgage loans to producers. 312 srRucruREs

62 Results of Directive 72/159/EEC on the modernization of farms

Number of % breakdown of development plans development plans Volume approved per year Number of MWU of investments per MWU

20 - t-<2 2-<3 <20 000 000 l98l r982 1983 >3 MWU <40 >,10000 MWU MWU ECU 000 ECU ECU

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0

Deutschland 2686 2s39 3 051 69265 51382 France 6 845 5 340 4873 64 26 l0 43165 Italia | 241 1020 564 O (:) (:) (:) (:) (:) Nederland 29 38 899 73 17 l0 (,oo Belgique/Belgiö | 862 | 495 2tr0 63 24 13 48 27 25 Luxemboury t7 59 92 iz 77 ll 21385 United Kingdom l 910 | 962 I 857 38 26 36 t4 40 46 Ireland 2 180 2735 584 9082 46 39 15 Danmark 156 246 837 7E 12 l0 41878

EUR 9 16926 15 434 14867 64 24 t2 l3 27 60 Ellas EUR IO

source; EC commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. (l) A development plan may provide for various types of investment.

63 Resufts of Directive 72/160/EEC,1975{3, concerningmeasures to etrcounge the cessationof farming and

Number of Transferee beneficiaries holdings Area released

% % with used Premium 96 eligible for per and develop- under Number Total ha develop- I 000 ha annuity EAGGF ment plan ment total UAA plans

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Deutschland 36 040 9,6 79 559 31,3 353909 40,5 27,7 France (r) 50081 3,5 88 487 2,5 799752 3,8 25,9 Nederland 2ll4 I1,3 2354 1,4 l0 186 2,6 4,9 Belgique/Belgiö l99l 7,4 4 010 4,7 16319 10,6 I l,g Luxembourg(t) 326 l 051 3 788 0,3 2g,l United Kingdom | 475 l5,g I 589 23,2 58 6t3 31,9 3,3 Ireland 609 l7,l 632 2g,g l0 794 I1,3 2,1 EUR 92 9 636 6,9 t77 682 t5,7 1253350 15,6 t7,5 Ellas EUR IO

source.' EC commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. (t) Until 1982. STRUCTURES 3I3

% breakdown of development plans (1983)

Size of holding Type of investment (t) Holdings intending 'Land to Farm Iand l0- 20- 50- Live- 100 ha expand build- Machinery improve- pur-

ll L2 l3 t4 l5 l6 17 r8 l9 20 2l

5867191 38 958637110 8r051 265 32 91 67 87 29 (:) (:) (:) (:) (:) (:) (:) (:) (:) (:) o 19215451 l3 97598063 421824412 t2 6s1290 l3 10036781- 3s632 '14 332s3237 3 100 38 98 0 42161131 70 95 58 25 75 l0 1361 15 I 2 100623131 2 t2 ll 48 20 9 25 87 56 55 25

reallocation of utitized agricultural area fiir the purposes of structural improvement

Average area of Breakdown of beneficiaries by size land transferred to holders Ratio category of holdings transferred with a development Plan of and to othen (ha) transferers to tfans- Holders Other - ferees <10 ha l0 <20 ha 72Oha with plan holders 1983

1983 r983 r983 1983 1983

9 l0 1l t2 l3 l4

1 : 2,17 30,5 40,0 29,5 6,3 3,3 I : 1,74 33,5 33,7 32,8 4,0 9,5 I : 0,75 79,5 9,0 I1,5 17,2 6,6 I : 2,47 49,3 40,8 9,9 12,7 3,8 I : 3,00 16,7 66,6 16,7 2,1 I : 0,63 9,1 9,1 81,8 238,9 I :21,00 15,8 26,3 57,9 8,6

6,7 7,9 314 STRUcTURES

64 Results of Directive 72/l6l/EEC concerning the provision of socio+conomic guidance for and the

Title I: Socib-economic counsellors

Hav- Basic training Year ing com- Age Freshly category pleted Total Total recrui- fur- at all ted courses Number ther <30 30 - <40 train- >40 ing

t 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0

Deutschland l98l 362 8 285 2 064 r982 357 l3 274 2 577 44 ; 1983 364 5 27r 2 405 r46 l3

France l98l l8 50 500 48 r82 28 r982 57 225 55095 28 1983 57 364 56087 30

Italia 1981 751t; 2 666(t) r982 : : 1983 : :

Nederland l98l 24 t982 : t 1983

Belgique/Belgiö l98l 45 2 ,l 7 t99 82 9r 4 5 r982 43 6715 r25 92 5 3 1983 47 I 7 784 145 93 4 3

United Kingdom l98l 7 I 9l 23 83 l3 4 r982 5 5 60 22 9r 5 5 1983 10 67 26 73 23 4

Ireland l98l 1019 : r982 958 909 it i, i, 1983 I 054 I 041 63 23 14

Danmark l98l 42 673 t47 84 t2 4 r982 44 876 2t4 85 l0 6 1983 4 l 090 159 76 l3 ll

Source ; EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. (r) EAGGF Report. STRUCTURES 3I5

acquisition of occupational skills by persons engaged in agriculture (1983)

Title II: Attendance of training courses (1983)

training Further training Advanced

Age category Age category

Number Number 30 - <40 >-40 <30 30 - <,+0 >40 <30

t7 lt It t2 l3 t4 l5 l6

2 064 82 13 5 2 533 83 l3 I 2 259 83 12 5

l 366 85 T2 3 952 96 l 279 84 t2 3 851 92 | 277 89 10 I 891 95

:

:

3l 250 98 2 6 867 47 22 27 163 96 2 6 427 52 2l 27 189 97 2 7 450 s3 20

3 33 67 65 9l 9 38 87 13 2 I 100 40 98 : : 49 29 35 37 l3 69 23 8

526 87 l0 3 662 84 8 8 t2 8 67 18 31 51 864 80 3 I 6 STRUCTuRES

€c.) o\ +\.'ä8€TFr3oo.o^\1\a

J Fl c) o. O ()ct, o r.) tr r- ' o\ o\ SRll:"1?ötl I ö+$$K (rl o

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E fa aIooR8frFS(nO\^cotnooo, a Ä- $ ct o\ (AFO\cnCaF(\O s f-cAVr\6 I r-l .- - 6t ! fl (A I ä0 - tr - I :/ (u FI I o O OGI O\f-(ncAOO\ (\ oo \O c.i $aaa;\.rö -I o € (vt cn t-l rra OO(,'rO\6-. o\ I \o O\ cn O\ CO Ca \r) i-r f- co t\ $O\9 o0 U t F fEl =E t-{ Fd z € Cg \o a o) (\| v tr !n $Gl 09r.|61 0l\o6 {) N f\ o\ cq $$F-Or/'|o, I f- o\€ 6l st lÖF. Of-*r-\o q) q) (\ o\ ca Ocaco:f$ E € ca c! F.$O\f- .ll F(- rlJ () g (uI k .tl d a o cA +r CA 3(,= '&E E Q rH \, E -- tr 6go?1 o - !6vts ()ö a s o q) ä85!z tiE t gg Ed.E99 .g€ögg-Ec,- trr!.\ä \a AF :r \o OE E E g 5 5 s fi 83 STRUCTURES 3I7

R U -o\\o\oc\c\t€$oorNo\-t:-rn kl öl r\ca+ooc\dhf-Oc.t\n€o9o\r- \o caca+-ca+o\c.to\sf,c'Io\$ctl- - '6€ \ IIJ q) +. q) 5 clt \o lr\sFcor-<. lO\tO\O O tr cl lr\O€co llf-|.n I oo ct ?o c\-C\ co $ f, sl F €I -l I J 6l GI s l$oo (\\n\ooc\ !+ t(ic\ r- \o \n r- I r- €q) - d(\ t\ a (lt €)o I o Lr I t\0r-(r)$oocl c.l OOr IC.|O€S I e o\ \.)$ €\n q) g C\I Lr 6l a *. tr I C\ ts\nl \o FI c.l rlc.toooco l\o(al - \rl tr) I I lloo € EA € - c\l c.l o\ ti ,Jg g o - a 6c € L- *E I I I I I I I I - a 62- t- -+. -FI ! (J E 58 .I tr tr GI ä0 6l () at 9:g oo o\ t(.r$l\O\O\OOl\OO oo I l*O\lf\O\C\r- o\ s, Oo0 \o - a c.l I öo c) .I - 3e o)H - troo B öo, 1, ,r >; tr q) al I o\ c.l co $ s cn >R I I I I c! I tf, o\ c\ I I e! € k r^ $ s () E FT € - €!{ a.) gö z o go -I

€d €ca .I O\oO\.tOlOOO to\$\n \n IA *) v)P l lxcet- I r- \r .!l C-€\O€l!/.)O.S o arl s !üd c\ rt \o cq c\ a trtr c.l I I !s: 60 =l q) 9.= A 4) E ä{9 I c?)ötf-OC{o|\f-SC\Öl o\ *., q) ät8l oF\o\rA+dOcqof\c\ (ll an -C.tötöl-dd r\ ä0 - Ir T .- o E a k I \o a a !t! O\f-l c{c\c?tcoco/rno\soeo - <€l r\Sf-a

MARKETS . CEREALS 3I9

\O\of-!f,Hf-oof-O!,- o\ S-o\ $lc.l j+{€ \o \OO ool€ äe.id eiodrr \f-) \o ca \o ra) - c\ ,6\n\o ol6 i c.t i c.l O\

F '\. O^ $^ -: €" :f, d \O O\ € 5 ca$O\f-d cO I c?l oO\.|HO ca --(a) oolr- \n C{cno(nO - 'l o. l6 I \\

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or r,a) taf-C-c?|cOO\c\O\€f- r- €Or- oo O\$\O cO ca ca o ta) o @ cn esE88-gnxs co $ o o\ OO*\nrFO-- rn o c.l - \n

dC?|C- c\ or-\or-oo(nr-ar-\o ca ööoc.r\ococ.l-aOcl $ C-c7|**c\ t\,1 - rn

\o oo f\ aatF-.oF\-;e\OO€O\- öl ö{ -lrdod \o a.lc?t l/;'d';c.i-i\Oo\oo$$ c\ €loo c\ c..l t \n s o\la ..jc.iJca$Höldco

F (n co o-,"r€^o^€^?.*\4. c.l O\ C! 5 cnlca (n .n c.i -tdd

\o co $ c.l o\ F--f-O\\-)f-cA(nNc'l .d € $ ,.i .d oi c'i .d + c.i od eci ,.i o. oo c.i od \o sf c\ c\t c\ () o\ o\ \()\OCOr-\O$r-€r-c't

cl .(f, ro^ ..1 q $ $€O$OO\\\O-t-'d ca rat r- € oo $'-i\OÖc.rc'\aAcod - b € (n cal - X o\ € \arrrröF(nöl\o\O\oc'l o o

cq 0t öl q. co \q-:qr-rnoölc-e{ (\ !trölr\caod

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a o\ rn \o Öl co - ötO- $ 6t $ co (D RRS$300€rül (./) -€t?| c.l (\t € $ \cjo\+;;o\c.r\o h c 6l 0) g r$-- I I o c{ r\r\€ € (l, o\ irno f- (tl 3:FTä\O8AEE 6 -l = ü rrl dq) a fr E säoä s EE : s *. Ef E:€E Sel -.: T 1.8 3 t SÄ E E t gEE g E # Ä rägE 320 MARKETS - cEREALS

S1-O\Of\"itOO rtlco q o\oöl(nc?tci\nr-t?i€ öl @loo \o goi-i(-i€rood',-iö o\ tÖ<\o€c>$ooo\c-co C\EC\t\OO\(r| alo\ (\

F oo-c11O $ qct (r) <(r.löl$o s cerl co 1 I o. q o^ oo^ crl €lr- r.) {-ic.ic.i od {'od,/i c.i cri c.i d rJ -i dsölcn /i O\lO\ I tttT I r-rl

(n d C\| .+ C-.1 rar \O O OO qn o\ $caooö1 .7)-OO(\- tal t 99\9c-lc!coc\ö* r- € $ oO$-('\f\\()cOOt\cO () o\ \b ölrn\o*oooo\oooo o\ 3- cA O--O-rO c?) F - - s

$cq€t\O\nOO\cq€ oo ca gHRFK-$o:= oo <-r-oof-f-cn€rötr\ N oo cO cA O\f-<\OO\\f,$tn c\ o\ c! OOOO-O\HS \o (.al

c\|--\oocor\ornc\ cn Q rn ci öt .a c-.1 c.) O\O$f\rnOr\O(.|f-öt öl cA \Oc?}f\$S\O\nOO\nt.| oo oo a.l f- öl $ $OOc\r-O\\OcQoo $ o\ öl o\oro-\o -- s

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F

5 cOf\!ü?OCOI <€ -(r)ta)-f\\O\OS\O eQl.o ' $ r- oolf- id-:-: d öl c.)

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M.l.2.a Supply/demand balance durum wheat EUR 10 (l August - 31 July) - common wheat

1000t % TAV 1982/83 1983/84 r98r/82 t982/83 1983/84 1973/74 1982/83

I 2 3 4 5 6

Durum wheat Usable production 4 491 4 052 3 884 2,00 4,15 Change in stocks -237 -27 -271 - Imports 1t; | 440 | 144 623 45,54 -24.44 Exports1t; | 428 | 424 r 076 of which intra-EC trade (t) 598 755 975 29,14 Internal use 4 740 3 799 3 702 2,00 2,55 of which: - animal feed 0 46 30 - 34,78 - seed 410 395 424 3,49 7,34 - industrial use 0 00 - losses(market) 30 27 28 4,54 3,70 - human consumption (grain) 4 300 3 331 3 220 2,60 3,33 Human consumption (after processing) 3 073 2 358 2 3t0 4,17 2,04 Human consumption (kglhead) I 1,3 9,7 8,5 2,96 2,30 Degree of self-supply (o/o) 94,7 106,7 104,9 4,13 1,69

Common wheat Usable production 49 728 55724 55ß2 3,95 0,95 Change in stocks -l 659 3 54r -4392 Imports (t) 3 589 2 477 2 463 0,57 Exports(t) 14 323 13762 14999 8,99 of which intra-EC trade (t; 6 686 6 r73 6 868 1r,26 Internal use 40 6s3 40 894 47 048 1,06 15,05 of which: - animal feed r3 550 14862 20 r40 2,7| 35,51 - seed | 954 2 032 2 r42 0,76 5,41 - industrial use 401 551 656 15,55 19,06 - losses(market) 563 623 7s9 9,87 21,83 - human consumption (grain) 24 164 22 828 23 3sr 0,18 2,29 Human consumption (after processing) l7 985 t7 079 17453 0,09 2,19 Human consumption (kglhead) 66,3 62,7 64,0 0,48 2,07 Degree of self-supply (o/o) r22,3 136,3 ll7 ,3 2,87 - 13,94

Source; Eurostat. il 1t) Calculated on the basis of intra-export. 324 MARKETS- cEREALS

M.l.2.b Supply/demand balance barley EUR IO (l August - 3l July) - rye

1000t % TAV

1982/83 t983/84 r98r/82 1982/83 1983/84 r973/74 1982/83

I 2 3 4 5 6

Barley

Usable production 39 442 41362 36 r37 1,88 - 12,63 Changein stocks - 354 l 378 -r 543 Imports(t) 495 186 I 185 537,l0 Exports1t; 5 946 5 581 5 542 0,70 of which intra-EC trade (t) 5 604 5 202 4 345 - 16,47 Internal use 34 348 34s89 33323 0,14 3,66 of which: - animal feed 26 963 272rr 25 537 -0,15 6,15 - seed l 399 l 410 | 375 -0,54 2,48 - industrial use 5ll0 5 084 5 525 - 0,48 9,67 - losses(market) 796 804 802 8,87 0,25 - human consumption (grain) 80 80 84 - 5,25 5,0 Human consumption (after processing) 44 44 48 -4,72 g,l Human consumption (kglhead) 0,2 0,2 0,2 -4,41 Degree of self-supply (o/o) I14,8 tt9,6 109,4 1,74 9,36

Rye

Usable production 2 475 2 4t4 2 385 - 3,51 1,2 Change in stocks - tt4 - l0l -21 Imports1t; 75 57 66 15,79 Exports1t; 77 23 69 200,00 of which intra-EC trade(t; 94 103 104 0,97 Internal use 2 587 2 549 2 403 - 3,53 5,73 of which: - animal feed l 159 180 l0ll - 5,52 - 14,32 - seed 82 107 tt4 -4,76 6,54 - industrial use 39 37 36 - 3,50 2,70 - losses(market) 63 61 63 -9,94 3,29 - human consumption (grain) | 244 t64 | 179 - 1,34 l,2g Human consumption (after processing) r 048 987 | 002 - 1,48 1,52 Human consumption (kglhead) 3,9 3,6 3,7 - 1,43 2,79 Degree of self-supply (o/o) 95,7 94,7 gg,3 -0,02 4,96

Source.' Eurostat. (t) Calculated on the basis of intna-export. MARKETS - CEREALS 325

M.1.2.c Supply/demand balance maize EUR TO ( I August - 3 I July) - oats and mixed corn

1000t % TAV

1982/83 1983/84 1982/83 t983/84 r98r/82 r973/74 1982/83

I 2 3 4 5 6

Maize Usable production l8 551 19749 19819 t:, oj' Changein stocks -5 19 -967 _ Imports(t) 8 327 5 045 4 389 13,00 Exports(t) 796 884 I 063 20,25 of which intra-EC trade(t) 5 753 6904 7 685 11,31 Internal use 26 087 2389r 24rr2 -2,r4 0,93 of which: - animal feed 20r20 l8 358 17752 -2,65 3,30 - seed t82 156 202 - r,82 29,49 - industrial use 4 536 2605 3 350 - 5,17 28,60 - - losses(market) r40 279 119 4,86 57,35 - human consumption (grain) I 109 2 493 2 689 9,89 7,86 Human consumption (after processing) 778 I 815 1968 6,08 8,43 Human consumption (kg/head) 2,9 6,7 7,2 10,18 7,46 - Degreeof self-supply(o/o) 7l,t 82,7 82,2 4,00 0,60

Oats and mixed corn -29,33 Usable production 7 118 7 68r 5 428 -2,64 Changein stocks -27 53 - r25 Imports(r) 184 r37 284 107,30 Exports(t) 108 108 54 - 50,0 of which intra-EC trade(t; 226 234 23r r,28 Internal use 7 221 7 658 5 783 - 3,19 -24,48 of which: - animal feed 6 488 6 975 100 -3,31 - 26,88 - seed 30s 260 255 - 6,34 1,92 - industrial use 0 0 0 - losses(market) 94 109 83 12,42 - 23,85 - human consumption (grain) 334 315 345 0,40 9,52 Human consumption (after processing) 2r0 r99 2t8 2,04 9,55 Human consumption (kglhead) 0,8 0,7 0,8 1,73 14,29 Degreeof self-supply(o/o) 98,6 100,3 93,9 0,57 6,38

Source: Eurostat. 1t) Calculated on the basis of intra-export. 326 MARKETS - cEREALS

M.l.2.d Supply/demandbalance - other cereals EUR t0 (l August - 3l July) - total cereals(excluding rice)

1000t o/oTAV

t982/83 1983/84 r98t/82 1982/83 1983/84 t973/74 1982/83

2 3 4 5 6

Other cereals

Usable production 474 423 442 2,49 4,49 Changein stocks -l -8 5 Imports1t; 187 t46 149 2,05 Exports1t; 4 6 4 - 33,33 of which intra-EC trade(t) 298 214 200 6,54 Internal use 658 571 s82 -9,61 1,93 of which: - animal feed 633 546 s66 -9,64 3,66 - seed 3 7 5 1,73 -29,57 - industrial use 0 0 0 - losses(market) 5 3 2 - 5,52 -33,33 - human consumption (grain) t7 l5 9 1,60 - 40,00 Human consumption(after processing) 9 9 9 - 3,15 Human consumption(kg/head) 0,0 0,0 0,0 Degree of self-supply (o/o) 72,1 74,r 76.0 13,40 2,56

Total cereals(excluding rice)

Usable production r22279 131401 r23 287 2,21 6,19 Changein stocks -2 397 4 855 -7 3r4 Imports1t1 t4 297 8767 8 688 0,90 Exports1r; 22 682 21 362 22 336 4,56 of which intra-EC trade(t) 19704 20 0r l 20 879 4,34 Internal use rt6 294 l13951 1169s3 - 0,58 2,63 of which: - animal feed 68913 69 178 70 136 - 0,85 l,3g - seed 4 336 4367 4 5t7 -0,32 3,43 - industrial use l0 r07 8 2t3 9 566 - 1,80 15,63 - losses(market) | 691 | 907 I 857 8,27 2,62 - human consumption (grain) 3t 248 30 226 30 877 - 0,0| 2,15 Human consumption (after processing) 23 r47 22 49t 23 005 0,03 2,29 Human consumption (kglhead) 85,4 82,6 94,4 - 0,33 2,lg Degree of self-supply (o/o) 105,1 115,3 105,4 2,80 8,59

Source.' Eurostat. (t) Calculated on the basis of intra-export. MARKETS- CEREALS 327

M.1.3 Market prices for domestic cereal production

NC/100 kg % TAV 1983/84 1984/85 1982/s3ltsarzs+11984/85 r973/74 1983/84

I 2 3 4 ) 6

53,69 53,39 48,?3 2,8 9,7 Common wheat Deutschland 2,9 of breadmaking France t29,81 133,76 l?2,86 7,9 quality Italia 28 295 29 378 29 230 12,0 0,5 Nederland 55,91 56,68 5?,79 3,8 6,9 Belgique/Belgiö 933,0 972,5 902,2 5;e 7,2 Luxembourg 910,0 890 : 4,7 x United Kingdom 12,75 12,96 12,65 7,9 2,4 XX Ireland - Danmark 170,83 174,65 ItQ,97 7,5 10,6 Ellas 1 310,1 I 619,4 | 938,7 x 19,7 - Rye Deutschland 54,30 54,70 48,68 3,4 I1,0 France XX Italia : 32059 : 14,4 x 5 3,9 7,7 Nederland 53,70 55,57 !,31 - Belgique/Belgiö 892,4 991,3 892,1 6,6 10,0 Luxembourg 775,0 880 : 5,1 x United Kingdom XX XX Ireland ::: - Danmark 158,92 168,03 !49,q0 7,3 10,9 Ellas I 408.0 | 372,00 I 867,8 x 36,1 - Barley Deutschland 48,33 49,93 41p? 3,3 10,0 France 121,83 121,99 \28,33 8,6 0,3 Italia 26 033 28 729 29 847 TT,7 3,9 Nederland 52,48 55,22 51,31 4,1 7,1 Belgique/Belgiö 848,3 916,2 861,3 6,1 6,0 Luxembourg 882,5 I 000,6 : XX United Kingdom ll',69 l2,ll ll,l7 9,3 7,8 15,07 14,Q3- x 6,9 Ireland 13,48 - Danmark 153;50 168,82 I tq,13 7,9 I1,0 Ellas | 174,3 I 483 I 828,6 x 23,3 - Oats Deutschland 42,75 51,92 46,37 3,1 10,7 France 108,00 : : X X Italia : 30583 32958 I1,9 7,8 47,53 59,07 49,q5 4,8 - 15,6 Nederland - Belgique/Belgiö 765',5 I 008,00 854,0 6,9 15,3 Luxembourg 87r,7 1092,1 : X X United Kingdom 10,97 11,52 11,79 X 2,3 Ireland X X Danmark 144,95 162,00 : 6,7 X Ellas X X

Maize Deutschland 60,50 61,00 60,?6 3,9 l12 France 137,33 138,96 151,24 10,5 8,8 Italia 30897' 33420' 34412 14,5 3,0 Nederland 63,03 63,98 61,q1 5,1 0,2 Belgique/Belgiö | 092:,4 I 149,8 | 176,07 618 2,3 Luxembourg I 100,8 l 161,7 : 6,8 X United Kingdom X X Ireland 17,38 18,50 19,14 X 315 Danmark X X Ellas | 517.4 I 691,3 2 079,6 23,0

Durum wheat France : : 182,81 XX Italia 40 853 44270 43 429 10,8 1,9 Ellas I 883,3 2 304,7 2 836,4 x 23,7

Source; EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. 328 MARKETS - cEREALS

M.1.4 Prices received by cereal producers in the Community

NC/100ks % TAV

1983/84 1984/85 1982/8311983/8411984/85 r973/74 1983/84

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Common wheat Deutschland DM 4934 48,79 1,6 x France FF 1095l I19,83 7,7 x ItAIiA LIT 30 906 30950 ll,7 x Nederland HFL 5l6 52,80 3,1 x Belgique/Belgiö BFR 861 929 5,5 x Luxembourg LFR XX United Kingdom UKL ll 40 12,71 7,3 x Ireland IRL ll 09 13,24 8,2 x Danmark DKR 15343 168,23 6,9 x Ellas DR | 469 | 734 I4,7 X

Rye Deutschland DM 46,72 47,91 2,2 x France FF 93,48 104,59 7,1 x ItAIiA LIT 25 000 28 890 13,3 x Nederland HFL 49,85 50,90 3,4 x Belgique/Belgiö BFR 797 893 5,7 x Luxembourg LFR XX United Kingdom UKL 10,861 12,065 9,9 x Ireland IRL XX Danmark DKR 138,46 155,61 6,8 x Ellas DR XX

Barley Deutschland DM 46,19 47,61 2,0 x France FF XX ItAIiA LIT 26 700 29 200 12,5 x Nederland HFL 49,60 52,85 3,8 x Belgique/Belgiö BFR 774 865 5,8 x Luxembourg LFR XX United Kingdom UKL 10,835 l l,g4g 7,7 x Ireland IRL 10,23 12,90 10,0 x Danmark DKR 146,96 160,03 7,4 x Ellas DR XX

Oats Deutschland DM 43,23 45,65 1,7 x France FF 87,24 l0l,l2 7,0 x ItAIiA LIT 27 300 29 600 12,5 x Nederland HFL 44,85 51,50 3,6 x Belgique/Belgiö BFR 718 853 5,6 x Luxembourg LFR XX United Kingdom UKL 10,104 ll,lg7 8,1 x Ireland IRL XX Danmark DKR 141,97 156,9l 6,8 x Ellas DR | 629 1929 l3,g x

Maize Deutschland DM 48,95 51,44 2,7 x France FF 108,38 llg,2g 8,0 x Italia LIT 27 731 31925 14,4 x Nederland HFL XX Belgique/Belgiö BFR XX Luxembourg LFR XX United Kingdom UKL XX Ireland IRL XX Danmark DKR XX Ellas DR | 678 14,2 x

Source; EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. MARKETS - CEREALS 329

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M.1.6 Cereals delivered to intervention

I 0001 % TAV

1983/84 1984/8s t982/8311983/8411984/8s t973/74 1983/84

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Common wheat Deutschland l 808 | t22 1928 4,42 71,84 France 2712 1496 3195 113,57 Italia :5 - 30,84 Nederland 206 17 95 -12,28 458,82 Belgique/Belgiö 65 20 62 -24,0: 210,00 Luxembourg :-2 United Kingdom 49t 24 3243 Ireland :-19 Danmark 372 303 493 f 62,; Ellas

EUR IO 5 705 2987 9037 8,95 202,54

Rye Deutschland 4: 417 -"': 'u'=_ France Italia Nederland j Belgique/Belgiö Luxembourg United Kingdom Ireland Danmark 186 Ellas :

EUR IO 4l 47 603 -11,45 I182,98

Barley Deutschland 569 293 1294 1,70 341,,64 France :9272 t,: Italia :- Nederland 4 : Belgique/Belg,iö :158 Luxembourg :- United Kingdom | 20r 377 | r7r 2r0,; Ireland 103 104 : Danmark 355 7 237 Ellas :-

EUR IO 2232 687 3 136 7,28 356,48

Durum wheat Deutschland France

Italia tro 483 s4.4r r) | Nederland Belgique/Belgiö Luxembourg- United Kingdom Ireland Danmark Ellas -a

EUR IO 590 316 562 77,95

Source: EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. MARKETS - CEREALS 33I

M.1.7 World production of cereals and production in the main exporting countries

olo Mio t % TAV

1983 1984 1982 1983 1984 r982 1983 1984 r973 1983

I 9 I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Wheat World 100 100 100 485,2 495,5 521,3 2,78 5,21 of which: - Ellas 0,6 0,4 0,5 3.0 2,0 2,7 1,82 35,00 - EUR IO 12,3 11,9 14,7 59.8 59,4 76,4 3i,29 28,62 - L,2 4',4 4,3 6,0 0,98 39,53 Spain 0,9 0,9 -5-52 - Portugal 0,1 0,1 0,1 0'.4 0,3 0,5 66.67 - 75'.3 65;,9 70,6 3'.57 7,13 USA 15,5 13,3 13,5 - - Canada 5,5 5,4 4,L 26.7 26,6 21,2 5;os 20,30 - Aryentina 3,1 2,5 2,5 15,0 12,3 13,0 7,16 5,69 - 1,8 4,4 3,5 s:9 21,0 18,5 5,84 - I1,90 Australia 2,86 - Others 60,1 61,3 59,9 29t'.7 303,7 312,4 2,04 Other cereals(r) World 100 r00 793,7 698,4 807,5 0,34 15,62 of which: - 2,4 2,3 2,6 3,70 13,0 Ellas 0,3 0,3 0,3 -0,26 - EUR IO 9,0 9,3 9,2 71.8 64,3 74,5 15,9 - Spain 1.0 1.3 1,8 g:3 9,3 14,5 2,73 55,9 - Portugal -ror - USA lT,o t-g,7 zg,4 zsTt nl,s 237,4 tll - Canada 3,3 3,0 2,7 26'.6 21,0 22,0 0',29 4,8 - Argentina 2,4 2,6 2,2 18.8 18,3 18,0 0,82 1,6 - Australia 0,6 1,4 l,l 4'.4 9,6 9,2 7,40 4,2 - Others 51,7 62,4 53,2 410;3 436,1 429,3 1,54 1,6

Source: FAO - Production Directory + Monthly Bulletin: Economics and Statistics' (t) Excluding rice.

M.1.8 The Community's share of world cereal trade

Mio t % TAV 1982 r982 .t2!l l98l t982 1983 r973 1981 r982

7 8 I 2 3 4 ) 6

Imports (t) World 98,2 102,0 100,4 3.98 2,75 1,57 Wheat and flour - -27,27 (wheat equivalent) EUR IO 4,5 4,4 1,? 3:91 2,22 o/o 4:,6 4,3 3,2 7,65 - 4,35 -25,58 World 104,7 92,0 88,6 3.67 -11,94 3,70 Other cereals (z) g.sz -26;,42 -24,36 EUR l0 10;6 7,8 t,9 o/o l0;l 8,5 6,7 - t 1;s7 - 15,84 -21,18 2,58 All cereals (2) World 202,9 t94,0 189,0 3,83 4,83 EUR l0 l5:l 12,2 9,1 7'.37 -19,21 -25,41 o/o 7',4 6,3 4,8 -10',62 - 14,86 -23,81

Exports (r) World 99,3 97,9 10q,4 2.99 l,8l 2,55 Wheat and flour 4,90 (wheat equivalent) EUR l0 15,2 14,3 l5,q 9'.73 5,92 o/o 15,3 14,6 14,9 6,48 4,58 2,05 0,73 Other cereals (z) World 106,0 95,5 96,2. 4.07 9,15 EUR l0 5;8 5,5 6,Q 4'.82 5,17 20,00 o/o 5,5 5,8 6,9 0;80 3,64 18,97 1,65 All cereals (2) World 205,3 193,4 196,6 3.51 5,60 EUR 10 2t,o 19,8 21,6 g:13 5,7| 9,09 olo 10,2 10,2 I1,0 4',44 0,00 7,84

Source: FAO, but Eurostat for Community figures and Wheat Council for world wheat market from 1983. (t) Excluding intra-EC trade. (z) Excluding rice. 332 MARKETs- cEREALs

M. I . l0 Consumer prices of bread

National crurency % TAV

1983 1984 t982 1983 1984 r973 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Deutschland DM/kg 2,gg 2,gg 3,02 4,7 4,9

France FF/400 g 3,04 3,32 3,54 11,3 6,6

Italia LIT/ks l 350 I 558 r 755 15,2 12,6

Nederland HFL/800 g 2,08 2,ll 2,r5 7,3 1,9

Belgique/Belgiö BFR/kg 35,4 37,75 40,01 7,9 6,0

United Kingdom pence/l% lbs 42,00 43,50 45,90 13,4 5,5

Ireland pence/800g 39,90 41,90 49,30 11,8 17,7

Danmark DKR/300 g 4,04 4,27 4,52 9,9 5,9

Ellas DR/920 g 30,0 34,9 42,5 x 2I,8

Source: Eurostat. Deutschland: Helles Mischbrot. France: Pain parisien. Italia: Pane. Nederland: Waterwitbrood afh. Belgique/Belgiö: Pain de m6nage/Huishoudbrood. United Kingdom: White, I % lbs unwrapped loaf. Ireland: White, unsliced. Danmark: Franskbrsd. Ellas: Psomi lefto. MARKETS- CEREALS 333

M.1.1 I Consumer price indices - bread and cereals EUR 10 (in money and real terms)

1980= 100 % TAV

1984 1984 t982 1983 1984 1980 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

Money terms

Deutschland 110,9 ll i 116,1 3,8 1,8 France 126,3 140,3 151,4 10,9 719 Italia 136,3 154,8 170,2 r4,2 9,9 Nederland 113,5 I14,7 1r6,9 4,0 1,9 Belgique/Belgiö 1l1,3 r20,5 130,9 6,9 8,6 Luxembourg I 13,3 123,9 133,1 7,4 7,5

United Kingdom 115,3 120,1 125,4 5,8 4,4 Ireland I19,3 129,0 r44,0 9,5 rl,6 Danmark 124,4 132,0 141,5 9,r 7,2 Ellas t49.5 173,9 206.8 19,9 19,0

Real terms

Deutschland 101,8 101,5 101,3* 0,8* -0,2* France 100,2 101,3 101,8* 0,4* 0,5* Italia 97,7 96,5 96,3* -0,9* - 0,3* Nederland 101,5 100,7 100,0* 0,0* -0,7* Belgique/Belgiö 98,7 100,9 103,9* 1,0* 3,0* Luxembourg 94,8 97,5 97,8* -0,3* 0,3* United Kingdom 96,4 95,5 95,9* - 1,0* 0,4* * Ireland 88,4 86,4 89,7* -2,7 3,9* Danmark 101,6 99,7 102,1* 0,5* 2,4n Ellas 100,6 97,7 98,2* -0,5* 0,5*

Source : Eurostat, EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. 334 MARKETS- RrcE

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M.2.4 Averagemarket prices(r) for paddy rice in surplusareas (2) comparedwith interventionprices

Italia

Balilla round-grain rice Ribe long-grain rice Lido long-grain rice Month Community origin

o/o % of intervention ort of intervention of intervention LIT/100 kg LIT/100 kg LIT/100ke price price price

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

1983 September 47 300 115,07 49 500 120,42 47 050 114,46 October 47 0s0 I13,28 49500 I 19,18 47 250 113,76 November 49 r25 117,07 50000 I 19,16 48 750 I 16,l8 December 52700 124,32 51500 121,49 51 900 122,44 1984 January 52950 123,67 52000 121,45 53 200 124,25 February 52 950 122,44 52375 l2l,Ll 53 400 123,48 March 53 800 123,19 52165 119,45 54 065 123,80 April 56 s90 128,32 55500 125,85 57 400 130,15 May 56 200 126,21 57400 128,91 58 300 130,93 June 57 850 128,68 63300 140,81 6l 825 137,52 JulY 59 770 131,70 67 200 148,10 65 700 144,77 August 59 050 130,10 67 200 148,10 63 900 140,80 September 572s0 127,24- 50 500 112,24 October 50 700 I I l,6l 572s0 125,92 51000 112,25 November 52 900 I 15,16 58500 127,46 53750 I17,01 December 52 900 I13,98 602s0 129,82 56 300 r21,43 1985 January 54 100 115,46 60250 128,51 56 950 121,49 February 54 500 I15,70 62100 l3l,l5 57 950 122,42 March 56 400 117,97 63500 132,80 61 700 128,98 April 56 900 I17,81 67100 139,03 63 200 130,85 May 56 800 116,46 67100 137,68 63200 129,58 June 57 300 116,36 67100 136,36 63 150 128,21 JulY 57 800 116,26 66200 I 33,l8 56 950 I14,55 August 57 800 116,26 65100 131,04 53 500 107,61

S@i Camm di @mmwio di Vwlli. (r) Molthly av@gs. (2) Therc m oo r€lubr müket pric€s for portdy rie in Fruc, as ria is usually sld in its husked fom, for which no intryention pri@ is qmted. 336 MARKETS- RrcE

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M.3.2 Sugar productionby quota (l e84185)

(I 000 t white sugar)

Basic quantity Carry-over and production (p)

Quantity Quantity Production Production of sugar of srrgär A B 1984/85 Production of B sugar ofC sugar carried carried Sugar Sugar crop ofA sugar not carried not car.ried over over to over 1983/84 over into 1985/86

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 I 9

Deutschland l 990 6t2 40 2893 I 990 610 r34 199 France (t) 2996 806 t47 4257 2 860 759 356 429 Italia | 320 248 I | 274 | 275 Nederland 690 182 934 690 r82 10 52 Belgique/Belgiö 680 t46 841 680 r45 16 Luxembourg United Kingdom l 040 104 : tzrq lo4; lo; w io Ireland 182 18 19 222 r82 l8 22 19 Danmark 328 97 547 328 97 r22 Ellas 290 29 7 2r9 226

EUR IO 9 516 2242 2r4 12501 927r I 915 780 749

Source; EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. (t) Including French overseas departments.

M.3.3 Sugar supply balance EUR 10 (October/September)

1000 t white sugar % TAV

1984/85 r983/84 1982/83 1983/84 t984/85 p 1982/83 1983/84 p

I 2 3 4 5 6

Total production 13942 I I 003 12501 -21,1 13,6 of which: C sugarproduction 2425 950 780 - 60,8 - 17,g Usable production(t) I I 517 l0 053 rr 72r - 12,7 16,6 Changein stocks 445 -1184 311 XX Imports 1z; r 493 | 543 I 500 3,3 2,9 Exports(t) (2) 3 091 3 466 3 4r0 l2,l 1,6 Intra-Community trade (1 384) (l 610) (l 650) 16,3 2,5 Internal use 9 474 9 3r4 9 500 1,7 2,0 of which: - animal feed 11 10 l0 9,1 0 - industrial use 77 84 100 6,5 19,0 - human consumption 9 386 9 220 9 390 1,7 1,8 Human consumption(kglhead) (:; 34,5 33,9 34,4 1,7 1,5 Degreeof self-supplye/o) (4) t47.t l lg.l 13t.7

Source: EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. (r) Excluding C sugar. (z) Excluding sugar traded for processing. 1l; Division between human consumption and the resident population at I January. (l) Division between total production and domestic uses. MARKETS- SUGAR 339

M.3.4 World supply balance and international trade in sugar

I 000 t raw sugar % TAV 1984/85 1984/85 1983/84 1982/83 1983/84 p 1983/84 t971/74 p

I 2 3 4 5 6

(I) Supply balance (sugar marketing year Sept./August) Initial stock 33219 38 605 40 186 8,3 4,1 Production 100610 98 112 100370 1,9 2,3 Imports 28 85r 29 398 27 754 1,8 5,6

Availability 162680 166115 168310 3,0 1,3

Exports 29 692 297r4 28960 1,6 2,5 Consumption 94 383 96zrs 98330 1,8 2,2 Final stock 38605 40 186 41020 8,8 2,1 of which: as a o/oof consumption 40,9 41,8 41,7 X

1983 1984 r982 r983 1984 t973 1983

(II) International trade Imports/world 29 370 27 s30 27937 1,9 lr5 of which: EUR l0 r 470 I 516 1572 - 3,9 3,7 o/o 5,0 5,5 5,6 X X

Exports/world 30 4r7 28 843 28 436 2,3 1,4 - of which: EUR 10 5 615 4910 4393 8,9 10,5 o/o 18,5 17,0 15,4 X X

Source: (I) FO Licht - European Sugar Journal (for the supply). (II) International Sugar Organization (for the international trade).

M.3.5 Average world sugar prices (t)

ECU/IOOks % TAV (5)

1983/84 1984/85 1982/83 t983/84 1984/85 1973/74 1983/84

I 2 3 4 5 6

Paris Stock Exchange(2) 24,07 26,14 19,92 0,5 -23,8 l,ondon Stock Exchange(l) 19,29 26,39 14,90 2,0 -37,9 New York Stock Exchange(+) 16,60 20,43 11,30 -12,5 - 51,9

Source : EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. 1t; Arithmetic Q of spot prices (June/July). (2) White sugar, loaded fob designated European poß, in new bags. (3) Raw sugar, 96", cif - United Kingdom, ex hold. 1l; Raw sugiar, 96', loaded fob Caribbean - Contract No ll. 1s; Catcularcd on the basis of prioes in national currencies. 340 MARKETS- sucAR

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tu!.: :'e I Vo h riE cl öl ä0 -I xs a ä d €€ lrr ärtflflääxä o T E Ä: a q) E.uF ;t ä I .A EF3 €E E L f-oiE..EE .:e'i g -g,E€U e EH.e-E L q) ?, F EE€ää8ägS =I E -0 I Bg o €- U EE*g-rE-EE:rtct F- .FE cti s E s E € E i = Ä 'E E E B D r: Ä Ei !lärgääu:- 342 MARKETs- oLIvE oIL

M.4.1 Fixed prices(t) rnd mgket prices on the Bari nrarket for - otive oil semi-fine 3' - lampante grade olive oil 5'

XI XT I ü I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Olive oil Market price 1968/69 97,693 97,683 96,474 92,848 semi-fine 3' Budget price 1968/69(2',) 89,874 89,874 90,623 91,373 Intervention price 1968/69(2) 81,109 81,109 81,858 82,608 Market price 1983/84 2rg,9g5 212,528 217,375 220,917 Representative market price 1983/84 196,97 196,87 198,66 2W,45 Intervention price 1983/84 229,92 229,92 231,71 233,50 Market price 1984/85 230,971 236,383 238,478 Representative market price 1984/85 196,87 196,87 198,66 2W,45 Intervention price r984185 227,62 227,62 229,41 231,20

Lampante grade Market price 968/69 77,325 75,864 74,375 74,375 olive oil 5 " Intervention price 968/69(2) 70,712 70,712 71,461 72,211 Market price 983/84 197,986(3) 202,834(t) 202,685(3) 203,486( Intervention price 983/84 215,38 215,38 217,17 218,96 Market price 984/85 196,229 192,213 t97,626 204,190 Intervention price 984/85 206,69 206,68 208,47 210,26

Source: EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture and Bari Chamber of Commerce. N.B- The ratio olive oiVseed oils is based on wholesale prices and excludes the consumer subsidy effective from I April 1979. (l) Calculated prices take account of monthly increments. (2) In 1968/69, effects of the 2,7 ECIJ/100 kg processing levy applied in Italy is taken into account. (3) For 3'acidity. (a) Quotation of 28 August 1984 only. (s) Quotation of 27 August 1985 only.

M-4.2 Wholesale prices on the Bari market for refined olive oil on the Milan market for - refined olive oil edible seed oils

XI XII I II

I 2 3 4 5 6

- Bari refined olive oil 1968/69 94,544 92,896 90,023 89,801 1983/84 236,092 229,306 228,412 229,001 r984/85 229,748 229,923 229,923 230,796 - Milan refined olive oil 1968/69 99,376 96,620 95,054 95,054 t983/84 24t,424 234,526 234,154 232,960 1984/85 234,297 231,378 233,415 246,334 - Milan edible seed oils 1968/69 31,626 31,297 31,626 34,818 1983/84 91,693 93,773 99,739 96,719 1984/8s 105,272 101,024 98,289 103,526

Ratio: olive oil (Bari)/edible seed oils (Milan) 1968/69 2,99 2,95 2,86 2,58 r983/84 2,57 2,45 2,29 2,36 1984/85 2,18 2,28 2,34 2,23

Source: Bari and Milan Chambers of Commerce. N.B. The ratio olive oil/seed oils is based on wholesale prices and excludes the consumer subsidy effective from I Ap6l 1979. (t) Quotation of 28 August 1984 only. (2) Quotation of 27 August 1985 only. MARKETS - OLIVE OIL 343

(ECU/100kd

g ilI ry V VI vII VIII IX x l6 8 9 l0 ll t2 l3 l4 l5

95,390 92,848 92,848 92,848 92,848 95,556 97,683 97,683 97,683 92,372 93,621 94,371 95,r20 95,870 95,870 96,620 93,309 92,122 84,5U 83,357 84,107 84,856 85,606 96,356 85,105 87,854 88,604 225,671 226,696 226,696 227,189 229,530 233,035(4) 238,628 240,492 226,562 202,24 204,03 205,82 207,61 209,40 209,40 209,40 209,40 204,18 235,29 237,08 238,87 240,66 242,45 242,45 242,45 229,92 236,18 242,056 247,905 247,905 247,905 234,812 233,939(5) 240,039 208,80 210,59 212,38 214,17 215,96 217,75 219,54 221,33 209,44 232,99 234,78 236,57 238,36 240,15 240,15 240,15 227,62 233,89 77,803 74,810 75,980 76,951 76,696 80,855 82,547 82,1I I 81,751 74,147 72,960 73,7t0 74,459 75,209 75,959 76,708 77,458 78,207 206,545 205,630(3) 205,071(3) 195,227 199,478 205,817 2t6,256(4) 221,849 222,222 218,45 220,75 222,54 217,93 219,72 221,51 221,51 221,51 208,98 205,035 208,101 2t2,291 210,335 206,006 211,767 2t1,592(5) 212,95 212,05 213,84 215,63 217,42 219,21 219,21 219,21 206,68

(ECU/100ks)

g III TV v VI VII vuI x x l5 7 8 9 l0 ll t2 l3 t4

90,043 89,772 90,395 90,043 94,472 96,136 95,687 95,120 92,456 236,526 230,891 230,052 229,083 231,916 241,163 249,068(r) 253,169 251,156 240,573 242,668 238,827 236,732 238,128 239,525(2) 235,684 96,612 96,958 94,685 94,298 93,380 96,635 99,134 99,457 98,747 237,696 238,628 239,523 240,865 244,743 249,814 257,644 256,480 242,371 245,r12 246,334 243,366 242,580 243,191 247,556 241,355 35,301 34,624 33,851 32,667 32,671 32,884 34,238 38,628 33,686 t05,723 99,739 108,524 124,907 I18,755 106,935 102,535 108,501 I16,853 100,535 I I1,034 I I1,557 100,908 99,162 91,480 83,101

2,55 2,59 2,69 2,76 2,89 2,92 2,79 2,46 2,74 2,31 2,12 1,83 1,95 2,26 2,43 2,33 2,15 2,25 2,r7 2,18 2,37 2,39 2,60 2,88 2,36 344 MARKETS - OLIVE OIL

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'l I I I I I I I I I MARKETS - OLIVE OIL 345

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ttl (, ct v, I I I I I 346 MARKETS - OILSEEDS AND PROTEIN SEEDS

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9E sflcn f\€ ölcO€ OO rq O\Sco o\ co ra El 6) €t€ \o oiodooode'tduar{ \r) .d of oi c.i I 6l c) o\lo\ trlca(\(\- -ölt\ (\ t: L og l8 ca e h E F F-a As' s cal?a q\vl .f^€^\o^n o- o\ $oo< (Y') \o \o . v - €lr- (rr r,r cri ri j ,.t -l rn o\lo\ c$ | rj I t\ \o f- c.i ld O SEE t\--(v)sf a-l-d (\l -E9 tl (,Ul9o=o

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A I cl ti * 5 ctl \ONC{6lO\\Or,äO o^ 6l \o C- l,r') o o € dd".ic.ide.f --e I o\ 1. c.f c't r\ l€ € 3 g cnf\-(\1 \O o cn \O o \o ölt c.l ; $ rn €o fr e öl (\l€-oO.

M.5.2 Supplies of colza and rape (seed, oil, cake) EUR 10 (July/June)

1000t % TAV t984/85 1984/85 1983/84 r98U83 1983/84 p. 1983/84 r973/74 p.

I 2 3 4 5 6

Seed Production 2679 2 492 3 518 8,9 41,2 Imports r3l 368 202 Exports t0 l0 68 Availabilities 2 800 2 850 3 652 7,4 28,1 oil Production - from Community seed l 041 968 | 346 - from imported seed 51 144 79 Total colza-oil production t092 | ll2 | 425 6,9 Oil imports 39 38 38 Oil exports 229 230 438 Changein stocks Availabilities 902 920 I 025 7,2 Cake Production l 568 I 599 2045 7,9 Imports t79 458 258 Exports 3 5 24 Availabilities | 744 2052 2279 9,6 Derived calculations a) Avail. quantity of veg. oils and fats excl. olive oil b) Avail. colz.aoil as proportion of a) : c) Internal colzaoil production derived from Community seed as proportion of a)

Source : Eurostat, EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture.

M.5.3 Internal and external trade - Colzt and rape seed (1 0000

Intra-EC trade (t; Imports Exports Member State VII.XII 1983 vrr-xll 1984 v[-xII 1983 vII-xII 1984 v[-xlr 1983 vu-xrl 1984

I 2 3 4 ) 6 7

Deutschland 336 32s 23 13 0 0 France 24 70 7 4 0 23 Italia t2 9 2 3 0 0 Nederland ll9 ll3 2l 47 I 2 UEBI-/BLEU 20 156 I 3 0 16 United Kingdom ll0 38 2 0 0 0 Ireland 0 0 0 0 Danmark 0 0 0 0 8 I Ellas 0 0 0 0 0 0

EUR IO 621 7tl 56 70 9 42 348 MARKETS- orLsEEDsAND pRoTErN sEEDs

M.5.4 Sunflower supplies (seed, oil, cake) EUR TO (JulY/June) (t;

1000t % TAV

1984/85 1983/84 ß8?i83 1983/84 1984/85 p 1983/84 t973/74 p

I 2 3 4 5 6

Seed Production 746 977 | 224 24,3 25,3 Imports 566 386 488 Exports 6 l3 3 15,8 26,6 Availabilities l 306 l 350 | 709 oil Production - from Community seed 281 366 488 - from imported seed 2t5 147 195 Total sunflower-oil production 496 513 683 I1,8 33,1 Oil imports 159 106 148 Oil exports 25 43 88 Change in stocks Availabilities 630 576 743 4,4 29,0 Calcc Production s62 581 701 15,8 20,7 Imports 761 890 82r Exports l3 5 4 Availabilities l 310 l 466 l 518 15,4 3,5 source : Eurostat, EC commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. 1l; The commercial year runs from September to August.

M.5.5 Internal and external trade in sunflower seed (r 000t)

Intra-EC trade (t; Imports Exports Member State ur-xll 1983 ul-xrr 1984 ur-xlr 1983 v[-xlr 1984 vII-xII 1983 uI-xII 1984

2 3 4 5 6 7

Deutschland 279 105 60 123 0 I France 0 I 30 2 0 0 Italia l7 3 22 l9 0 0 Nederland tt7 ll0 34 t2 3 0 UEBI-/BLEU 78 60 9 l5 0 0 United Kingdom I 6 3 6 0 0 Ireland 0 0 0 0 Danmark 0 I I I 0 ; Ellas 0 0 2 0 0 0

EUR IO 492 286 l6l 178 3 I MARKETS - DRIED FODDER: PEAS, BEANS, FIELD BEANS 349

M.6.1 Production of dehydrated fodder (excluding potatoes)

t % TAV

1983 1984 1983 1984 1982 r973 1983

I ) 3 4 5 6

- Deutschland 95611 102470 8547s 6,3 16,6 France 768400 780000 785000 1,5 0,6 Italia 174s00 176000 160000 6,4 9,1 Nederland 90 3r2 92 360 110 000 3,9 19,1 Belgique/Belgiö Luxembourg - United Kingdom s5000 55000 56150 10,5 2,1 Ireland 5 000 5 000 Danmark 140000 132000 165000 9,3 25 Ellas

EUR IO | 328823 I 337830 | 366625 r,2 2,2

Source; EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture.

M.6.2 Prices of dehydrated lucerne (t)

January 45,00 82,50 51,17 55,10 75,20 68,75 81,88 93,50 122,75 87,33 February 45,00 81,71 50,00 56,60 74,07 67,50 82,75 97,83 124,75 85,25 March 43,00 79,00 50,55 57,46 : 65,00 89,05 97,13 122,13 April 47,00 72,25 50,50 64,08 : 70,50 99,r3 99,33 127,50 May 43,50 68,75 50,50 71,00 64,17 75,00 94,63 104,33 I15,00 June 47,00 64,02 49,25 63,92 65,61 75,00 86,00 104,65 107,50 July 50,50 60,75 49,13 62,39 64,43 75,50 97,25 104,65 90,25 August 54,55 50,20 48,15 65,29 63,44 76,94 97,69 104,65 83,60 September 42,50 51,13 47,22 67,16 64,19 77,31 87,31 112,25 82,00 October 47,17 51,44 50,90 73,63 62,90 78,31 88,38 120,00 82,30 November 48,83 51,78 52,55 73,75 66,40 79,64 89,50 118,00 84,25 December 55,00 50,44 53,18 72,63 69,38 81,13 94,40 120,00 85,50 Annual Q 47,42 63,66 50,26 65,25 66,99 74,21 89,00 107,19 102,29 O TAV as compared with previous year 43,7 -21,1 29,8 2,7 10,8 19,9 20,4

Source: Eurostat. (l) Characteristics: raw protein: l8%, carotene: 0,0125%, cost ex works on rail (Champagne, France). 350 MARKETS - DRIED FoDDER: PEAS, BEANS, FIELD BEANS

M.6.4 Community supplies of dehydrated fodder EUR 10

t % TAV

1983 1984 1982 1983 1984 r973 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

Production | 328823 I 337830 | 36662s 1,2 2,2

Imports 1t; 235366 224331 183s08 - 10,0 - 18,2

Exports1t; 27803 7912 8811 - 32,9 ll,4

Availabilities I 536386 | 554249 | 54r322 1,1 0,8

source.' Eurostat, EC commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. (l) Lucerne meal only. MARKETS - FIBRE FLAX AND COTTON 35I

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-I g a f- = TJ (r| C- I O (al = (fl () I äo fE € ,o -q) a- E(D tr € c) A - {)I € g

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M.7.3 Flax tow prices

06 ECU/I1'; TAV (t) 1983/84 1984/85 1982/83 1983/84 1984/85 1973/74 1983/84

I 2 3 4 ) 6

B elgique/Bel giö - water-retted Broken flax 902,1 : : Scutchedflax common r 024,6 : : :: average | 359,2 I 78r,7 | 793,3 6,7 0,7 - lrooT-u, : : 2077,1 good | 564,7 2 035,8 2295,2 6,2 12,7 supenor 18 12.6 3 317.2 2 413,2 6,3 4,1

Source; EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. 1t) Calculated on the basis of prices in national currencies.

M.7.4 Producer prices for flax seed

ECU/I1t; % TAV (t) t983/84 1984/85 1982/83 1983/84 1984/85 t973/74 1983/84

I 2 3 4 5 6

Nederland 276,1 372,4 359,5 2,5 - 0,3 Belgique/Belgiö 257,4 352,5 337,0 1,2 - 0,3

Source; EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. 1t) Calculated on the basis of prices in national currencies.

M.7.5 Imports of flax straw irito Belgium

t % TAV

Sending Member State 1983 1984 r982 1983 1984 r973 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

France 32961 397s5 41348 - 0,9 4,0 Nederland 18493 16231 I 7 402 - 1,9 7,2

EUR IO 5t 454 55986 58 750 -2,4 4,9

Source : EC Commission, Drectorate-General for Agriculture. 354 MARKETs- sEEDS

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.A t\ cl (\ o\ c\ Irl r+

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o € o ial o cl r-F c7)

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$ 5 € r$ €$r-O\ oo $ -\n (\-\fl o\ gE \o $o\( Ä-tct \od( E .!l 6f EE E:(t) 6l EEB -q) R E ä 3-: E fr g.e ö E tr €iE-o A ? ? c I o 6t cl i c (\ i E E iä,"EE€iEgiEi' -r bo o u, .I {J A =I iä 8t-E,I $F$i'i'i:gEEä€: tt 3383ß o Ee s s E'EfrEEqä: f. ao,aa a $ [E $ EEEEE S EtäEsss € ü ör s sösg5 ö $$$$iÄÄEEFiFi: q) q) -.i öi <'i a ä0 .a € \o ?a 5Et O g O t d (\l oi MARKETS. SEEDS 355

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$ r\ \o r\ !n o\ t\ c.l €

o\ vvvv (n rr.) \ooo\n vv F- r- tr-) \n - € OO (n c{ oo OSc.l Otrt \n \al tn- OT\ cn (\ t

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o(nra\,")a c\ -\o€c-t 6.\ d Ccl C.l \O \0 t€oo o\ $- !+ $

vvv O O O O O OO A O ooo ö'|- c.l OOIA I 8 I I I 8 ci€ ooocac.io o\ :(\ -c\\o(\lr,'.l o\ cq- f- g (\c{-€aa coo\nrloc{r.,)rr) c! (\söloco - O f- CA - i/) = f--61 (r1 €6\oco r(\CO \O C- CO o\ = rn co € .9 ä0 E € E() (,(|)tr I E ,ägi:! j Fi E o .,;i^E?ii 3 E Fll€EE!t; E E A ;Eü'aäE d fr'E'E EF lql :E (,o EE€EF ;uä,äääEäE (a s:'Er$$$€€€E€€ E g393g5ääiE3EE5EFT ä E A A E $ EgsEE g E E F E E F F €lIE# E ()6 EI

rr') \h r co p O O'F O :s s s? r I

MARKETS- WINE 357

slca $ o^('l-ix t7) r- (\ X X ro

F ei | ?-l 'tl r\ s co € X öl \o X X

r\r\o e.l $ o\SO \a tr € co \n c.l co r- en t c.t € c.l $ € oo -\O€ \o () o\ a I 0. co c.t € \o oo a.l cnrns lc.|8o\ll oo O\ \O c.l € a ö.1 t-) \O O\ öl cO c.l € -f-C- c- o\

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s c\lf- c-l \o o\ E € oo\no oi + q) ca o\ $\o€ \o s r- €o\

rn t- oo C.l - CO € <\n\o \o c'i öl € €f-\O tf, t- € c.l rc *, o\ q) 0 IJ -E ; c-.1 r (at f\ c.l t FI € € I a 9?aco \al o\ r\ \a) tn G' € €\n\o € o\ E -I () ci tr q) ()ttt - $ lco (fl 'o I rn t1 O € .!l x

-I .I o c\ c.l € € €€ o\ \o (tt C\O q) Lr O< co q) ö{ € d- c.l o\ tr € (l -I - (5= Jq) ct F9 (ltt v Q) L EträrE& 2ä SE I!E E-EgdsE-rrl :: E I'? X q g EZ xr! HeEEFEE g s Ä E E z a i 5 Ä # d=- 358 MARKETS- wrNE

M.9.2 Wine supply balance EUR 10

r 000hl % TAV

1982/83 t983/84 r98t/82 1982/83 1983/84 r972/73 1982/83

I 2 3 4 5 6

Usable production 140064 t7r937 168243 2,6 2,1

Change in stocks - 14 992 12846 -8s3

Imports 5 833 5 083 s 209 x 2,5

Exports ll 095 8 649 7 758 x - 10,3

Intra-Community trade 22 r44 200r7 2t 357 x 617

Internal uses: 149794 155525 166547 0,5 7,1 - losses - production 417 513 46r -3,7 - l0,l - marketing 509 450 485 -r,9 7,9 processing 24 020 32230 44 rt6 10,3 36,9 human consumption r24 848 r22 332 r2r 485 - 1,0 0,7

Human consumption (l/head) 46,0 44,9 44,6 - 1,2 0,7

Degree of self-supply (o/o) 103,1 129,1 130,0 3,6 1,5

Source; Eurostat. MARKETS- WINE 359

M.9.3 Producer prices (t) for table wines

ECU % TAV (2)

1983/84 1984/85 t982/8311983/8411984/8s r973/74 1983/84

6 I 2 3 4 5

Type R ^I.'Red, l0 to l2",otrovol./hl 2,532 2,371 2,345 x -1,1 Bastia -2,7 B6ziers 2,640 2,560 2,491 2,9 2,632 2,569 2,513 3,0 -2,2 Montpellier -2,0 Narbonne 2,635 2,556 2,504 2,8 2,631 2,576 2,515 2,9 -2,4 Nimes -2,9 Perpignan 2,706 2,65t 2,573 2,9 2,712 2,533 3,189 -0,2 25,9 Asti -r,2 1,0 Firenze 2,266 2,171 2,193 I-ecce XX Pescara 2.360 2,654 XX 16,9 Reggio Emilia 2,617 2,380 2,782 0,2 0,3 Treviso 2,505 2,420 2,428 l,l 1,9 Verona (local wines) 2,599 2,439 2,486 0,7 Heraklion 2'es Patras : i:;Zl

TypeR.I/; Red, 13 to 14",o/ovol./hl -1,7 Bastia 2,519 2,327 2,288 x XX Brignoles -0,2 -0,4 Bari 2,366 2,286 2,276 Barletta XX : XX Cagliari : z,osq XX kcce 1,2 Taranto 2,398 2,249 2,275 0,5 Heraklion XX Patras XX

Type R /11.' Red, PortuguesetYPe, hl 109,4 Rheinpfalz-Rheinhessen(Hügelland) 87,27 45,77 95,853 7,5

TypeA /; White, l0 to l2o,Vo vol./hl r7,7 Bordeaux 2,848 2,615 3,079 3,1 I1,5 Nantes 2,712 2,534 2,825 3,6 t,4 Bari 2,293 2,047 2,076 1,5 2,154 XX Cagliari 5,4 Chieti 2,305 2,037 2,148 1,9 2,459 2,318 2,322 1,4 0,2 Ravenna (Lugo, Faenza) -1,7 Trapani (Alcamo) 2,172 2,030 1,995 2,0 2,683 2,478 2,610 1,4 5,3 Treviso -4,3 Athena 2,141 2,415 2,310 x Heraklion 2,047 2,596 Patras 2,161 2,426

Type A /1; White, Sylvaner tYPe, hl 33,37 35,67 60,920 5,4 70,8 Rheinpfalz (Oberhaardt) 101,0 Rheinhessen (Hügelland) 33,86 35,79 7r,931 3,1 Moselle luxembourgeoise XX

Type A ///; White, Riesling tYPe, hl -5,4 Mosel/Rheingau 57,0: tu,t, 72,737 6,7 Moselle luxembourgeoise XX

Source: EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. (t) g weighted average market prices. 1z) Calculated on the basis of prices in ECU. 360 MARKETS- ToBACCo

M. l0- I Area, yield and production of leaf tobacco by groups of varieties

Area

ha o/oTAV

( 1983> 1984 r982 1983 1984 (1973> 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Dark air cured Deutschland | 502 | 482 I 516 - 1,8 2,3 France 144r2 rr 76r l0 864 - 4,6 7,6 Italia 1285s 13220 13882 11,0 5,0 Belgique/Belgiö 49s 523 527 -0,8 0,7

EUR IO 29294 26986 26789 0,3 0,7

Sun cured Italia l8 605 19448 19601 - 0,6 0,9 Ellas 85652 83061 82111 0,6 1,2

EUR IO r04257 102509 r}t 7r2 0,4 0,9

Light air cured Deutschland I r79 I l5l | 140 -4,6 1,0 France 473 t34I 1701 9,8 30,7 Italia 16458 19540 t9 302 .4,1 1,2 Ellas 7 327 9 606 l0 530 7,7 9,6

EUR IO 25 437 31 638 32673 4,6 3,3

Flue cured Deutschland 349 346 381 0,9 10,1 France 693 rr54 1845 x 59,9 Italia l r 565 13 346 15 487 Ll,4 16,0 Ellas 27 44 72 5,2 63,6

EUR IO 12634 14890 t7 785 I1,8 19,4

Fire cured Italia t otj r rrj 6 6t6 0,4 13,3 France XX

EUR IO 5 018 5 837 6620 0,4 13,4

Other special tobaccos, etc. Deutschland 555 X Italia 47 42 X

EUR IO 52 47 5 -99,4

Raw tobacco Deutschland 3 035 2984 3042 -2,7 l,g France 15578 14256 144r4 - 3,1 1,1 Italia 64578 7r 433 74890 3,9 4,9 Belgique/Belgiö 495 523 527 - l,l 0,9 Ellas 93006 92714 92713 l,l 0,1

EUR IO 176692 l8l 910 185586 1,5 2,0

Source: EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. MARKETS - TOBACCO 361

Yield Production

100 kglha o/oTAV t % TAV

( ( 1983> | 1984 1983> 1984 r982 r983 I 984 r982 r983 1984 .,19?3n | 1983 ( 1973>) r983

8 9 l0 ll t2 l3 t4 r5 t6 t7

28,4 23,3 25,5 - 1,9 9,4 4262 3454 3871 - 3,8 l2,l 28,6 26,0 28,7 0,7 10,4 4r r49 30635 273t0 -4,0 - 10,9 21,7 19,6 20,0 2,9 2,0 27906 259rt 27707 14,2 6,9 43,3 39,7 38,9 1,0 2,0 2 r4r 2078 2054 0,2 1,2

25,8 23,0 24,2 0,0 5.2 75 458 62078 60942 0,1 1,8

13,1 13,9 13,6 2,5 )) 24 423 27008 26 583 1,9 1,6 12,6 10,3 13,5 2,6 31,1 108185 85233 I l0 685 3,2 29,9

12,7 10,9 13,5 2,6 23,4 132608 rt224t t37268 2,9 22,3

26,8 23,7 23,9 -0,1 0,8 3156 2731 2721 -4,6 0,4 24,7 22,4 22,4 1,8 0 l 170 3 006 3 809 l2,l 26,7 33,1 32,0 33,6 -2,9 5,0 54440 625n 64862 1,0 3,8 33,0 27,4 30,6 0,6 ll,7 24 r57 2628s 32263 7,6 22,7

32,6 29,9 31,7 0,2 6,0 82923 94 533 103655 5,0 9,6

19,5 r7,7 16,4 1,7 7,3 680 614 625 2,5 1,8 22,4 22,3 20,5 x 8,1 r 551 2575 3778 X 46,7 24,2 22,4 19,1 r,4 - 14,7 27 969 29 932 29 60r 12,8 l,l 14,8 t6,6 19,4 - 1.1 16.7 40 73 140 4,0 91,8

23,9 22,3 19,2 1,3 - 14,0 30240 33 r94 34t44 13,3 2,9

,o: ttj 0,8 2,2 101% l0663 tr riS 1,2 16,2 ;1,,1 XX XX

20,3 18,3 18,7 0,8 2,2 l0 196 10663 t2399 1,2 16,3

28,0 20,0 26,0 x 30,0 14 l0 t3 x 30,0 17,9 9,3 X 84 39 X

18,8 10,4 26,0 x 150,0 98 49 l3 x -73,5

26,7 22,8 23,8 - 1,0 4,4 8ll2 6809 7230 -3,7 30,0 28,2 25,4 24,2 0,2 4,8 43 889 36259 34907 -2,7 3,7 22,5 2r,8 2r,5 1,8 1,4 145018 156064 t6r 142 5,8 3,3 43,3 39,7 38,9 1,1 2,0 2r4r 2078 2054 0,0 1,2 14,2 11,8 15,4 3,0 30,5 r32382 I l0 540 143088 4,1 29,4

18,8 17,2 18,8 1.8 9.3 33r 523 312758 348421 3,4 I1,4 362 MARKETS- roBAcco

M.10.2 ltaly's exports of raw tobacco Situation as at I July 1985 0

Harvest t974 t975 t976 t977 r978 r979 1980 l98l p 1982p 1983p

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0 ll

World total 5l 631 54 2r2 47 870 43 886 42 643 53 890 63 s57 71583 69880 66 871

Intra EUR l0 total 25 926 26 692 28 290 26 929 26 36r 26 613 27 627 31989 30003 26 244 Deutschland t7 324 17 286 l9 858 16690 l7 108 16 944 1,6179 t5 267 13ul l0 149 France l 866 3 420 2986 2282 2027 2 498 l57r | 717 2 361 2 54t Nederland 4 867 4 508 3 454 6 327 5 574 5 298 7 274 l0 215 7 969 6 838 UEBL/BLEU | 761 | 268 l 351 879 864 822 l 234 | 779 2 694 2044 United Kingdom 7l 42 533 537 7t3 761 894 2348 2 99r 3 489 Ireland 137 29 180 4l 138 8 277 421 628 Danmark 5 j' l4 4 6l l2r 252 265 202 Ellas 32 :n 20 30 9l 346 r34 l9l 353

Extra EUR l0 total 25 70s 27 520 19580 t6 957 16 282 27 278 35 930 39 s94 39 877 40 627 Portugal 435 895 549 670 966 l 208 727 57r 795 l 072 Spain 75 l6l ll8 l3 l5 32 5 742 | 467 Switzerland 2 083 2 474 | 821 2 320 | 770 l 186 l 689 7t0 r 252 l410 Egvpt 4 545 4 596 | 216 l 655 857 3 973 4 349 2768 2 574 | 574 USA rt 264 9 576 5 789 5 816 5 639 9 2r2 9 061 9 203 6 869 4 t77 Japan 3 878 3 615 2 r2r l 691 82r l 816 l 674 2 509 2 4t0 I 901 Bulgaria 107 806 6 858 8 766 ll105 2I l5l Others 3 457 6203 7 966 4 792 6 107 9 045 ll 558 15062 14r30 7 875

Source: AIMA.

M.10.3 Quantities of tobacco delivered to intervention

t % of commercial production Harvest

1983p 1984 1983p 1984

I 2 3 4 )

Basmas l 328 0 1,8 Katerini 237 I 063 3,0 7,1 Kaba Kulak c. 789 t762 4,5 6,4 Kaba Kulak n.c. 2 803 0 15,0 Tsebelia 2270 I 618 13,3 9,3 Mavra 729 619 9,9 9,3

4028 6 r93 5,8 6,7

Source : EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. MARKETS - TOBACCO 363

M.10.4 EC share of world trade 1t) in raw tobacco

I 0001 9o TAV Source or ( 1983) 1984 destination 1982r 1983r 1984p in% .,19?3, 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Imports World | 429 I 388 r 334 0,89 -3,9 EUR IO 4t3,9 435,9 423,5 - 0,3 -2,8 o/o 29,2 31,4 31,7 XX

Exports World l 462 I 369 I 403 0,86 2,5 EUR 10 118,3 120,2 142,8 7,5 18,8 o/o 8,1 8,8 r0,2 XX

Source: Eurostat - World Tobacco 8/85. 1t) Excluding intra-EC trade.

M.10.5 World production of raw tobacco and production in principal exporting countries

% l 0001 % TAV

< 1983) r984 1984 1982r 1983 1984 1982r 1983 (1973> 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

World 100 100 r00 6 87r 6 043 6 346 2r7 :;,0

of which: - Ellas 1,9 1,8 2,2 r32 lll 140 4,0 26,1 - EUR IO 4,8 5,3 5,3 331 321 338 3,3 5,3 - Spain 0,6 0,7 0,7 43 43 46 5,8 7,0 - Portugal 0 00 2 34 11,6 33,0 - Turkey 3,0 3,9 3,0 208 234 191 1,8 - 18,3 - USSR 4,5 6,4 5,8 307 385 37r r,7 6,6 - Bulgaria 2,2 2,4 2,4 152 146 150 0 2,7 - Zimbabwe 1,4 1,6 2,0 93 99 r25 13,4 26,3 - Malawi 0,9 t,2 1,1 59 72 69 - 0,8 4,2 - India 7,6 9,8 7,8 520 59r 497 2,5 - 15,9 - Rep. of Korea r,7 1,7 1,5 115 101 94 -0,4 6,9 - USA 13,2 10,7 12,4 904 648 784 - 0,6 21,0 - Canada 1,0 1,9 1,4 70 rr2 90 - 1,5 -r9,7 - Mexico l,l 1,0 0,9 75 63 55 0,7 - 12,7 - Brazil 5r5 6,3 6,3 378 378 401 r9,3 6,1 - Argentina lr0 1,2 1,2 69 7t 75 -2,1 5,6 - Peop. Rep. China 3r,7 22,9 26,0 2 r79 381 1 650 7,0 19,5

Source; USDA - Foreign agriculture circular. 364 MARKETS - FRUIT AND VEGETABLES

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v v vv

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I rt I tl I r- tl I ltttl 19 tJ r- ttJ r- N) r- (J) .F go Po'P "oo (r(,h{O 90 P "P "g IJ J' 9"9Pgy,"P -F )oJ/''PJrp':_;J \o {OO(,5 o\ O\OO{\O! oo \OOOOOSt.rl MARKETS - FRUIT AND VEGETABLES 365

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MARKETS - FRUIT AND VEGETABLES 367

M. I 1.2 Harvested production of vegetables

1000t 06 TAV

1983 1984 1982 1983 1984 t973 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Vegetables (total) Deutschland l 351 | r73 I 363 -16,4 16,1 France 5269 4918 5 127 8,8 4,2 Italia l l 094 r27r8 13269 22,6 4,3 Nederland 2783 2 530 2824 23,2 11,6 Belgique/Belgiö 859 835 9l I - 13,3 9,1 Luxembourg 333 -25,0 0,0 United'Kingdom 3382 3149 3lm 2,7 1,6 Ireland 2t7 205 204 46,4 0,5 Danmark 257 2r3 zrs 3,9 0,9 Ellas 3739 3667 3761 3,2 2,5

EUR IO 28954 29 4r2 30777 I1,9 4,6

Cauliflowers Deutschland 89 8l 75 3,6 7,5 France 506 542 536 26,9 1,2 Italia 552 572 553 7,0 3,4 Nederland 54 56 59 5,1 5,3 Belgique/Belgiö 30 35 35 9,3 0,0 Luxembourg - United Kingdom 330 295 282 6,1 4,5 Ireland 16 15 15 50,0 0,0 Danmark t2 l0 ll 1l,l 10,0 Ellas 47 48 42 4,6 -12,5

EUR IO L 636 | 654 I 608 3,7 2,8

Tomatoes Deutschland 27 26 2r - 18,8 - 19,3 France 862 762 781 33,9 2,4 Italia 4278 5790 6 550 74,9 l3,l Nederland 473 475 488 30,8 2,7 Belgique/Belgiö ll8 r25 r45 4,1 16,0 Luxembourg 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 United Kingdom ll8 r20 ll8 0,0 1,7 Ireland 2t 20 17 0,0 - 15,0 Danmark t7 16 17 -20,0 6,2 Ellas l 830 1776 I 93s 8,6 8,9

EUR IO 7 744 9 ll0 10072 47,1 10,5

Aubergines France 27 28 29 3,7 3,5 Italia 3t7 3r4 305 2,2 2,9 Nederland l0 t2 12 I 100,2 0,0 Ellas 70 68 72 x 5,8

EUR IO 424 422 4t7 x 1,2

Source.' Eurostat. 368 MARKETS - FRUIT AND vEGETABLES

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(rS(, O\ Lfl SOOO\O\ {O\(r5(, Qh s (, qrr 5 (, (, t.) 5(rSqrt(rs @F\O !o 90 i;rPlo.. JJ|"99\goJ}\ P;J .. F .. J- ts.:- -F I 9)oJr"F;JJ, 9(..rs. (, o\ -(r€(, (j-u)w{ \O tJ OO |Jr { (, O r.rl FOoOo(...rSL.t oo 19 Lrt \o oo r-. (, t9 O O\ (Jr (, O\ N) O(, Oo O\\O\.1 5O\ (j (-,| -J O OO (,

ts | 5; ss,r,,r, I o\ : f s(r1..;,'\o (, (.,r (rt X X X X (, X X X x 9\ J.rt y, X { -F -};.t.:- x 5 x X -"PJrJlo9o x5x9'xJ, N)\OO\ O-{r-"Lh 5 La >.ObJ\O- NJL^(,

tl rtttt ttl .$' :- 5 )it-t-riHN) Ut t9 tJ r-. O\ H )r (, r, J,'9}O X gogo x ;JJeP_oo x X j-9oJrJ, oF,--{.e)OO -.I P"9"PJry, .9y,x _N) )o \O tJ 6{ 55\OA OO\5Oqrt Qh{ \O OO(r{l.J(, S Lar r- O \O r-. MARKETS - FRUIT AND VEGETABLES 369

FU Fl Fg o (D r3 F E) 9) d et r-t r5 ä- c) 0 o o U' b oa vt ts O Fg E o Fl v) o o o B- !t -t o (D U Ft o E o Fl A. o f) F o -n 0

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5t.Js .FStrt {tJ 5(/r(r(r(, sN)tJ bJ(r!P(,\l \o 13 O\ (, OOO\@ l, y, 9,Y'N I Fy,;J 9o;r;FJrlo € "N,l "o "N) "oo "o (, t, "P O { O\ \:) (.rt { !P 9? e b O\ 55\ON)NJ @ (i (, rr @SNJ \) N.) NJ 5S{Oo{ tü \o N.J O 5 o\ O t'.J (/l

liH \Ol\o {5O\55 -lloo (r{ v NJ atr.(j(.,r\Os o\ 6 X X-O X X X X X X )oY,FF$''J qtq J, _te SJ-"Plo1} J'J.}) -l J.J (j l@ 5{ { N) O\5O\\ON) \o { NJ N) O I..J slA s -l

ll I | ll lllll \ol\O (r(, -J"l (, 1..J tJ @ loo - NJ \t qle FJ^,F )oy'X F X 5_te;r"P-S J\);JJ, X I ;J -tr I J, (Jr (, (, (, (, (' (j\o{\ooo @loo @\o(j Lh{- \O \O NJ N) 5 lt.rr 370 MARKETs- FRUrr AND vEGETABLES

3 Fl o -l t F FD r5 g) ct Fl (D 3 ct I !o c) (D od o trt o o 0a o it (D v, Ft o v, { A) o tD I (? 3 v, v,

0E. v, o Jt U ä tso (D a o o E. ''r1 fn 5 gFSFF'F9 fr, 5 Frt rd5'rl rrt a FEö FrsETgFF 6 H äi i'üö'ä F*E FETF F) E.ä - rsääFä -pd a v, oa (D F.ä äAEE'F ä ä (D (D o ä * n3 6t tr i'w 5 ä dsSFä ä5 ds ä o€. 3H; o(a: ) 5 ) P rft E rft rft rrl lr, F a\) F F F F

O

(, (, )- 5 H- o\ 5 r- (, OO OO O\ >- (, t, t N) t.rr{(rs | | N)O\OoON) (, I N)t- (, (, I r..t Oo I O\LrrO.*$;p-- | | O{\OooLrl | -tJ N) \O (, 5 tl @ I O N)5(/rN){Lr)-.I oo \Ooor-OO (.1) (i oo o\

5 N) N) t.J HH s 5 (, 5 \o ,_.F'N) oo O -J \o \o @N)- (/t (Jh { O(rOo 5 I | O-O\ { )- Fr (, Ur t;l O @5@o\{{(rNJ \o I | \O(rO.O\5 6 NJ qrt O t\) (.^ rtl ! (, OOr-\OOO{Cn,i- \o \O tJ s. t.rr r- F (.rl @ N)

N) (, Qtr oo (-rr (, { (/l oo ooe (, (, F. (+)-l'JO(, (.,|t\) Lrr!5 I I N) rNJ (, lurl -.1 t- { t\) O\St, @ | | (,rN)(r{tJ FN) \o (, I 5 llE tJ @o- {{{O\(, o\ {Ou'O.tr. oo N) NJ N)

(, O s tJ. x"ox .9.:--9"9.}"9"9"P "P "P r Jr.9 N) O\OO J' j-j O U) o\lr:o5o(ro o\ X X tJO{F.{ .Ft-r- X XXX (r.) (.ll 5 t9( N) Lrt C) Lrr O\ (, OO -J OO \o r-OO rj O\oo\{\o o\ (r(

O N) 9Je,oPlrPgP -vv y, Je F J,).9 t! O x"ox N) -öpö\OO X X "9 O | \o(rS(,S I ON) @ ti O oo \i | -O\OO\U\- \o O\5\O{(, o\ )-{ \t o\ { MARKETS - FRUIT AND VEGETABLES 37r

o ro FU t1 Ft o C} r3 F) a) sl F) rc L o Fl !' a a oa (oo te (D ID (/t r-t v) C" p (r) a --l p -I F} F. FI !. o o o -f ri, E -a F} p rl r- rrJ = rf, = Frj gF.FF EgwTF'Fp (D Äl-F.) g 0e tr)=g'a) FgE - F.H l- F=,F8-=i t? _Doä t? v' F} Fr E A FgFnF$sEY g.E p @ (Dc) E'ä ä ooE *'F AE g xP 5 - tr t* o / s ä$ä a o ä>e A g (D E.F N) - a6i äEa F' 3 ts (D Ft o Tj rft rrj rrl c E F} F F F F ^r F. -E O F} O O o Ft o -I Fl' F.

(j (, \o !l N) (Jr \O N) (, -I 5H \o O\ N) 5 N) N) t, Lrr O\ € O\oo o\ O\O \o ooso\ O (, tJ r-r t- o\ O tJOSO\@(, (, b.) 5 t\) \o ts )-(^ o\ 5\0(, (ä (.,|(j(i{N)OOr- \o AHt9(rqrr(rOo{H (,@ Lrt O \O O\ O\ (j --l.J r- O\ (, ll.) tJ Lrt O (, oo@(r\oso\oot9N) (,O 5 OOS o\ oooooo O (i tJr (, (.^ O N) .1}'(,r-.$,€O\tJf-t,

o\ N)5 (, H \o )- O\ oo tJ o\ (.})N)@N) (-rl l.fJ t- N) t'.J \O F (, (r(roo\ (rl 5 (, Soo o\ .$. t- { O\ -J o\ {(j 6 r-Of \O\tOOr-\t@ t\) (, r \ON)\)-- | F {\O Ltl )-(^oo { fO I 5 5 0e \o (rooo (roo(, I tJ O{6O\5OoO\ \o N) | 5\O{N)atr' I o\ (, (, (r\OOt-N)(, S Lrt O (r\o@ { {O\5 o\ N)\Ooo{Ol(r'- @ O

N) (j |- (, \o (j (r@(, @ t-OrO N) t..J o\ 5r- O\ N) rce- \o Ltl (, o\ ooN)5 o\ s[.J5(' o\ 5 r-\OÖrr@@ L'I @ t,J o\ (, O\\o{ (, uOot-O\OOot- 5 \O\Oqrr6N)\OtJO\ l (Jl t8 O t3l r-rNrF N) (JrO\>'\O5OOO\ (, \Oatr'LrrO\aFO,O\O I (Jl (rO\O(,TON)O{ @ oo o\ (ro\s(, c)oo(i{(r500 o\

\o @ o\ l, 5 (j t.J o\ NJ rr195 l.J r- r-OO5OO A {(ro\ o\ O\rd(, l9O5O oo '\o 'o'o @ y,9 J' J,,P.} vv -te "oo "-'o's 5 (j "5 EaSooLTOOOO | O\Os. Qll -NJ-a N) LA OL''{ooFO p N) 3l s O{O NJ('S { oos|-(.|rL.|ooN) Fl

tD (t,

(! o rJ o c \o a) a NJ { 5 {O\\OO Or-9rN)S(rO ;J y,p @ !, ,.F -N' )o )o 9 -F J:.>;J 9l o\ t@ "9\o l"wl (, \ie"t*,b @ SOOOOT-r-.OO \o 5SN)N)(})(r{s { o\ o\ tJ oo O\ \O r-. { \)(rOOO(rO\5 @ OO{)dOoO\O\O 372 MARKETS - FRUIT AND vEGETABLES

M.I1.6 Supplies of fresh fruit (t) - Market balance: fresh apples EUR TO

I 000t % TAV

1982/83 1983/84 r98r/82 1982/83 1983/84 r972/73 1982/83

I 2 3 4 5 6

Fresh fruit (without citrus fruit)

Usable production 13753 l8 111 16 044 25,3 - 11,5

Imports 7 999 7 576 8 048 414 612 Exports 4 967 4 806 4 837 46,8 016 Intra-EC trade 3 980 3 628 3 959 X 9,1

Changein stocks -29 20 -7 XX

Internal use t6 785 20 8s2 19262 16,5 7,7 of which: - animal feed 139 459 244 113,4 - 46,9 - losses(market) | 326 l 683 | 429 45,1 - l5,l - industrial uses r28 l 054 I 169 167,5 10,9 - human consumption (gross) 14901 t7 327 16 169 9,0 6,7 Human consumption (kglhead) 55 64 59 6,6 7,9 Degree of self-supply (o/o) 82 87 83 8,7 4,6

Fresh apples

Salesby commercial producers 4 406 7 r43 5 326 40,9 -25,5 Imports | 892 | 623 | 92r 3,9 l g,3 Exports l 386 I 310 I 389 2,1 6,0 Intra-EC trade | 294 l 055 1 25r X l g,5 Change in stocks -227 t72 - l0 X X

Internal use 5 139 7 284 5 855 39,I ^ 19,7 of which: - animal feed 7 300 25 X -9r,7 - losses(market) 2tl 470 355 X -24,5 - industrial uses 29 9r4 4tl X - 55,1 - human consumption1z; 4 891 5 600 t64 X 7r8

Source: Eurostat. (t) Including fruit preserves and juices. (z) According to market balance. MARKETS - FRUIT AND VEGETABLES 37 3

M.l1.7 Market balance: - fresh pears EUR 10 fresh peaches

I 0001 % TAV 1982/83 1983/84 1983/84 r98r/82 t982/83 ffii ß8A83

2 3 4 5 6

Fresh pears

Salesby commercial producers I 961 2 078 103 3,3 1,2 - Imports 398 352 399 13,4 13,3

Exports 305 345 4t6 815 20,5

Intra-EC trade 277 232 287 X 23,7 -25,0 Change in stocks -18 8 6 X

Internal use 207r 2 076 100 2r0 1,1 of which: - animal feed 25 36 38 X 5,5 - losses(market) lll 89 103 X 15,7 - industrial uses 47 39 r04 X 166,6 - human consumption(t; I 888 912 854 X 3,1

Fresh peaches

Salesby commercial producers 2 106 2 r39 2 406 12,9 12,4

Imports 367 390 428 X 9,7

Exports 43r 488 521 X 6,7

Intra-EC trade 351 378 4r3 X 9,2

Change in stocks 0 0 0 X 0,0

Internal use 2 042 2 042 2 3r3 15,6 L3,2 of which: - animal feed I 3 4 X 33,3 - losses(market) 337 187 244 X 30,3 - - industrial uses 59 128 107 X 16,5 - processing 288 3t7 440 X 38,3 X 8,0 - human consumption1t; 4t6 I 405 518

Source.' Eurostat. 1t; According to market balance. 374 MARKETS- FRUIT AND vEGETABLES

M.l1.8 Suppliesof - citrus fruit 1t; EUR TO - fresh vegetables(2)

I 0001 % TAV

r98U83 1983/84 l98l/82 198483 1983/84 r972/73 1982/83

I 2 3 4 5 6

Citrus fruit

Usable production 4 002 3 534 4 637 33,7 31,2 Imports 6 968 7 127 7 834 X 9,9 Exports 2 27t 2 32r 2 550 X 9,8 Intra-EC trade l 468 l 566 l 887 x 20,4 Changein stocks 0 0 0 X 0,0 Internal use 8 698 8 340 9915 30,5 18,8 of which: - animal feed 108 60 t42 X 136,6 - losses(market) 618 598 l 331 x 122,5 - industrial uses 53 42 l5l X 259,5 - human consumption(gross) 7 9t8 7 640 7 998 X 4,6 Human consumption(kglhead) 29 28 29 X 3,5 Degree of self-supply(o/o) 46 42 47 X I1,9

Fresh vegetables

Usable production 3l 861 32712 32 577 14,0 0,5 Imports 7 934 7 508 8 486 X 13,0 Exports I 250 7 t24 8 645 X 21,3 Intra-EC trade 5 046 4 8t4 5 446 X 13,1 Change in stocks 0 0 0 X 0,0 Internal use 31 545 33099 33418 915 0,9 of which: - animal feed 268 331 265 X -20,0 - losses(market) t45 3 400 3 4r3 X 0,3 - industrial uses 0 00 X 0,0 - human consumption1z; 28122 29 3s4 29726 X 1,2 Human consumption(kglhead) 104 108 109 X 0,9 Degreeof self-supply(o/o) l0l 99 98 X 1,1

Source.' Eurostat. 1t) Including fruit preserves and juices. 1:) Including vegetable preserves and juices. MARKETS - FRUIT AND VEGETABLES 37 5

10 M.l 1.9 Market balance - cauliflowers EUR fresh tomatoes

1000t % TAV 1982/83 1983/84 t98U83 1983/84 L98r/82 ß7A73 ß8A83

6 I 2 3 4 5

Cauliflowers

- 0,7 Salesby commercial producers I 438 | 462 | 473 116 8,5 Imports 258 246 267 X 15,7 Exports 252 247 286 X 714 Intra-EC trade 242 242 260 X 0,0 Change in stocks 0 0 0 X 0,2 Internal use | 440 1460 I 458 X of which: -21,3 - animal feed 3 22 r6 X 28,8 - losses(market) 57 59 76 X X 0,0 - industrial uses 0 0 0 X 0,8 -. human consumption1t; l 381 r 379 | 369

Fresh tomatoes

14,2 Salesby commercial producers 7 324 7 707 8 803 59,3 5,4 Imports 905 866 913 X t19 Exports 458 518 s28 X l3,l Intra-EC trade 392 427 483 X 14,3 Internal use 7 950 8 057 9 2r4 53,5 of which: 27,5 - animal feed 20 29 37 X 412 - losses(market) 203 237 247 X - processing 4 63r 4 498 5814 X 29,2 5,4 - human consumption1t; 3 096 3 29r 3l16 X

Source: Eurostat. (l) According to market balance. 37 6 MARKETs- FRUrr AND vEGETABLES

M.l l.l0 Market balance - processed tomatoes EUR 10 ' processed peaches

1000r % TAV

t982/83 1983/84 r98t/82 r98U83 1983/84 r97U73 t98U83 I 2 3 4 5 6

Processedtomatoes

Sales by producers commercial 4 63r 4 498 5 809 141,0 29,l Imports | 282 | 27r | 594 X 25,4 Exports 3 316 2 s94 3 776 X 45,5 Intra-EC trade l 136 l 118 r 351 X 20,9 Change in stocks -4t7 0 0 X X Internal use 2 885 3 406 N.D. I1,5 X of which: - animal feed 0 00 X X - losses(market) 0 00 X X - human consumption 1t; 2 88s 3 406 N.D. I1,5 X Human consumption (kglhead) 10,6 12,5 N.D. 8,6 X Degree of self-supply 160,5 132,1 N.D. 61,8 X

Processedpeaches

Sales by commercial producers 288 318 440 146,5 38,3 Imports t79 20r 197 X -2,0 Exports 139 140 180 X 28,5 Intra-EC trade ll8 135 r24 X -8,2 Change in stocks -2 0 0 X X Internal use 329 378 455 I1,8 20,3 of which: - animal feed 0 0 0 X X - losses(market) 0 0 0 X X - human consumption 1t; 329 378 455 I1,8 20,3 Human consumption (kglhead) 1,2 1,4 1,7 7,6 21,4 Degree of self-supply 87,5 84,1 96,7 120,1 14,9

Source.' Eurostat. (t) According to market balance. N.D.: Not available. MARKETS- HOPS 377

$ r..| | sf r\ €l€ \o SSeFto 616 oiri=gc'i? + tlllll I F 5 \oac-g$l € el$ c.l oolr- ra) qq'q o\l o\ O c.i ca öl \O lll I

$ {al ca a € $ \o c ERRED= E t--f- ra o co $

rn s 'o c.l gg$g8K oo o\€ \n--f* rr) ca s,

ca RKX59K a öl A ,c.t \O \A - + o\ \g--OO € ci s

r^c{ago ci rrlt c{n"q st OOI€ ca 616 ölr^r-e.ioe !n lllll I F oo B< (N?ac-\o(.|l slt €Oc.lo.al t €lr- o o\lo\ dc.idd.'i I

q.{dIqo-? o\ E ral \o o) €* r-O\r-$c!\f| O\* o\

(lt oo c.t € \n o- o^ rn s od ..i c.i ci C* b € oo .J d x O, dc\---F 8

\O(r|O-lnO o\ ?a r\ € r- ;dtd,ridd o\ dör

rn rrlrq €- €t€ \o o\ l6 3$5ü*R tttlll I F (n irr-r-t\tll s slrf C\f-Orl')€l o- €lr- ra) o\lo\ ä,.i+öid llll I a e a a u - öt \o I t ciSOr- (\t r,'l \Ota-$ C- \o qr (l) €t s \.r \o r\ F\ c- ö0 o o\r rr) O\S N t I .o

.tl +. \o E cJ €(\oo \r,) (l) I * r\ tr , (lt € SEFS (\ (u € o\ \o g\n (\ I tr q) a al o € \n \c) c.l c{ \n F- A (n (.) - (.) t\ g @ o 6l öl FF;S 6 C- O\rlh o € -\ t\ - i q) o .I at o .A

G 6l E o) t E tr o EI Q E äg Q E ;g lrl c.i T g H:AE E 3 s j Ä,EE5Efi I 378 MARKETs- Hops

M.12.2 Market pricesfor hops

50ks % TAV

r98A$lrgglrg+lrg&uss t983/84 1984/85 t973/74 1983/84

I 21,14 5 6

Deutschland DM 3r9 361 368 1,69 l,g3

France FF 672 818 690 7,59 - 15,65

Belgique/Belgiö BFR 4 824 6 053 3 805 5,66 -37,14

United Kingdom UKL r37 r57 t67 14,23 6,36

Ireland IRL 234 429 244 23,10 - 43,12

EUR 9 (not coveredby contract) ECU 65,18 gl,g5 69,61 1,95 -24,20

EUR 9 (under contracr) ECU 176,93 l g3,l3 lgg,g2 5,31 3,70

EUR 9 Toral ECU t4r,t7 163,39 t64,47 - 1,23 0,66

Ellas(t; DR

EUR l0 (not coveredby contract) ECU

EUR l0 (undercontract) ECU

EUR l0 Total

Source : EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. 1t; The whole Greek crop (averaging only 25 t) is bought under contract by national breweries at undeclared prices. MARKETS - HOPS 379

--F t€c{ f-O <|'\n€ t\c,o $lc?l (\o $srn o^ o- o^ €l€ ca _ _ d €< o\lo\ r.i o c.i c.idd o ll F €€c- $drn d(f)o\rc (n I c'rlce ia \n o\ oo-öl \O f- O\ s €lr- (\ o\lo\ -rdd ddd e.[ -idd I I I

\o c- o^ ,'I öt o. (^ \o€öl r-€O\ o\cic\r oot oo C- \O c- O\(n{ o^ $ (n \o -t c\ 6l o -i -i .d \o !c r- FJ o\ o\ (n \o € O\ C\ €(r| o\ f\ \r) o\ r- o\ - rr) c.t o\ c)a $rnrno\ f- C- f- \O \0 öl ca

c\ ocac?| € (t) (\l t\ \o \0 € \a)-O ,.i o öl r- rJooO (\-s\o O, o\ O\ co rr)d € oo\ \n co o\ Or- rno(n$ - (\l f- t- l- \O \o ca

(nt\O\OOr- \O-O $lm qqc'l qoo-\ \n c\ Gl txtl €l€ oo (\ (\ \o cf c.i e.i

r-0\61 - f\\O\OO o- r,.) ,.i -l e'i .d Gt d f\ od'\o\o\9!"Aq €* \o (\$(\o\ (n öc.rAr-aoO = O\l \os (\ -ör\oo\o: t (\ c\ -t\öl D lI1 t,') rn c{ t.') o^ c.l\oo^ \ $ - r/) r.| r.') Öl r\ OdBF r,') \o €o\ öltcnra ca RfiE€ \o (rr cl ö€f-\O\f (\ öl --öld

ö^\n^!trO\-O\ q € (t) rn1-S FJ -l od' ,ti t\ O c- FS1-O\=1 € $ (\ t?) c t sg (\ gr 8$GF F 6l öl - d - 9:, =5 ä\ (r, :cto :r :' 3 € ca O tr !r :. tr ;fir.:l .-H Es9 Äb

g- E g9 ä0 3 E € o 6l E a iu o g EI A (l) -l E ? E ?FS o EEE g I !:iEEE E g1I2 al c) o I (J A I g€Eä g 6l F€E€ääE ä€ääE Fa gä24 A 6l {töts | | | A€ | | | s 6d I '48 (D 'E rlt lr R ,.:6 6l ö g; B9a EäoEEs Hää ro xxX\ll I e.i f ? $ t T säI = üs ÄT 830 380 MARKETS- MrLK

M.13.l Dairy herds and yields

I 000 head % TAV Dairy cows (t) 1984 1985 1983p 1984rr 1985 p t974 l9s4

I 2 3 4 5 6

Deutschland 5 530 s735 5 582 0,3 -2,7 France 7 166 7 t95 6764 - 1,4 - 6,0 Italia 3 044 3 068 3 024 0,3 - 1,5 Nederland 2 482 2 s2t 2 437 1,0 - 3,3 Belgique/Belgiö 969 983 990 - 0,1 0,7 Luxembourg 7t 73 7r - 0,3 -2,7 United Kingdom 3 353 3429 3 310 -0,2 - 3,5 Ireland r 513 I 535 | 549 1,0 0,9 Danmark l0l4 988 948 - 1,7 - 4,0 Ellas 22r 237 224 : -5,5

. - EUR IO 25 363 25 765 24 900 t 74J11

kglhead % TAV Yield of dairy cows(z) 1984 1984 1983p 1984** 1985 p 1974 l9s3

Deutschland 4 866 4 560 1,5 -6,3 France 3 859 3 850 1,7 -0,2 Italia 3 488 3 476 1,7 - 0,3 Nederland 5 334 5 070 l,l -4,9 Belgique/Belgiö 3994 3 885 4,7 -2,7 Luxembourg 4 089 4 l0l 1,6 0,3 United Kingdom 5 138 472r 1,4 - 8,1 Ireland 3 727 3 784 2,3 1,5 Danmark 5 352 5 298 2,4 - 1,0 Ellas 3 068 278r : -9,4

EUR IO 4 398 4 242 : -3,5

Source: Eurostat. 1t; At December of the previous year. (z) Year production/herd of December of the previous year. MARKETS - MILK 381

M.13.2 Production of milk from dairy herds and delivery of milk to dairies

I 0001 % TAV Production of milk (t; 1984 from herds 1983 dairy 1982p 1983 1984r* 1985 p 1973 l9s3

I 2 3 4 ) 6 7

Deutschland 25 465 26 9r3 26 r5r 2,4 - 2,8 France 27 r45 27 650 27 700 l,l 0,2 Italia l0 463 l0 618 l0 665 1,3 0,4 Nederland 12708 13240 12782 3,5 - 3,5 Belgique/Belgiö 3 804 3 872 3 819 0,7 - 1,4 Luxembourg 279 290 299 2,0 3,1 United Kingdom 16723 t7 227 16187 1,9 - 6,0 Ireland s242 5637 5809 4,7 3,1 Danmark 5217 5 427 5234 1,4 -3,6 Ellas 70s 678 659 0,5 2,8

EUR 10 t07 751 l l I 860 10935 2,0 - 2,0

1000t o/oTAV Delivery of milk (z) 1983 1984 from dairy herds I 983 I 984** 1985 P t982p r973 les3

Deutschland 23 670 25 176 24 304 1,6 - 3,5 France 2s s56 26 080 260s5 - 1,2 - 0,1 Italia 8 051 8 198 8 208 -1,7 0,1 Nederland 12379 r29r4 12465 3,3 - 3,5 Belgique/Belgiö 3047 3178 3048 - 1,6 - 4,1 Luxembourg 272 283 293 1,5 3,5 United Kingdom (3) 16277 t6787 L5767 0,,2 - 6,t Ireland 4949 5341 5581 1,9 4,5 Danmark 5 017 5227 5 034 0,8 -3,J Ellas 450 45r 455 : 0,9

EUR IO 99667 103635 lOt 210 : -2,3

Source: Eurostat. 1t) Excluding milk for suckling. 1z) Excluding deliveries of cream (in milk equivalent). 1r) Including direct sales of 2ll t. 382 MARKETS- MrLK

- M.13.3 Delivery to dairies of mitk from dairy herds/production 1t; (0/o) - cream (in milk equivalent) (Mio t)

Delivery of milk from dairy herds r973 r979 1980 l98l 1982 1983 1984

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Deutschland 88,5 92,2 92,6 92,7 93,0 93,5 92,9

France 84,2 89,2 92,4 93,7 94,2 94,3 94,1

Italia 74,1 76,9 75,6 75,9 76,9 77,2 77,0

Nederland 95,I 97,0 97,1 97,3 97,4 97,5 97,5

Belgique/Belgiö 70,7 78,8 79,3 79,7 80,1 82,1 79,8

Luxembourg 94,6 96,6 97,2 97,r 97,5 97,8 97,9

United Kingdom 95,6 97,0 97,2 97,2 97,3 97,4 97,4

Ireland 88,3 93,4 93,8 94,0 94,4 94,8 96,1

Danmark 95,8 96,2 96,1 96,0 96,2 96,3 96,2

Ellas 59,8 63,8 66,5 69,0

EUR IO : : : 92,0 92,5 92,9 92,6

Delivery of cream r973 t979 1980 l98r I 982 l 983 1984

France r72 57 40 30 22 70 68

Italia 136 43 r25 55 30 34 74

BelgiquelBelgiö 162 66 63 55 49 41 4t

Ellas 23 ll 9 g**

EUR IO r63 tt2 r60 l9l MARKETS- MILK 383

M.13.4 Supply bahnce sheet - fresh producß (excl. cream) EUR 10 - cre|rl

1000t % TAV

1983 r982 1983 1984 @ r973 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

Fresh products (excl. cream)

Usable production 27 9r5 27 886 : 0,8 :

Imports t2 ll 12 18,6 9,1

Exports l3l 163 r79 5,0 9,8

Intra-Community trade 487 522 62r 9,4 I 9,0

Change in stocks

Total internal use 27 796 27 734 : 0,8 - human consumption 27 796 27 734 : 0,8

Human consumption kglh ead/year 102,1 101,8 0,6

Self-supply (o/o) 100,4 100,5 0,0

Cream

Usable production 758 782 : 416 :

Imports 000 X X

Exports 346 0,0 59,7

Intra-Community trade 57 67 78 16,9 16,4

Changein stocks

Total internal use 755 778 : 4,6 : - human consumption 74t 774 : 4,6 :

Human consumption kglhead/year 2,7 2,8 4,0 :

Self-supply (o/o) 100,4 100,5 0,0 :

Source.' Eurostat. 384 MARKETs- MrLK

M.13.5 Production and consumption of fresh dairy products (r)

1000t % TAV Dairy production of fresh dairy products 1983 1984r* 1982p I 9g3f* I 984i* l98s p t973 l9s3

I 1 3 4 5 6 7

Deutschland 4923 5ll0 5140 2,4 0,6 France 4287 4 503 4713 4,2 4,7 Italia 3 412 3 r37 3047 3,9 - 2,9 Nederland | 735 | 773 | 748 0,1 - 1,4 Belgique/Belgiö 928 929 927 1,7 -0,2 Luxembourg 40 39 39 1,4 0,0 United Kingdom 7143 7090# 7029 -0,8 # -0,9# Ireland 549 552 525 3,9 - 4,9 Danmark 937 935 g16** 8,3 -2,3 Ellas 3r4 3ll 3r2 : 0,3

EUR IO 24 168 24 279 24 297 0,1

I 0001 o/oTAV Human consumption of fresh dairy products (kglhead/year) l 983 l 984 1982p 1983 1984 l 985 r973 Jes3P

Deutschland 91 93 93 0,3 0,0 France 95 97 100 1,7 3,1 Italia 8985: 2,L : Nederland 140 t4r : -0,3 :

Belgique/Belgiö I t 88 9l 89 0,0 -2,2 Luxembourg ) United Kingdom 133 r34 l3l -0,7 -2,2 Ireland t96 195 : -1,5 : Danmark 169 169 167 1,5 - 1,2 Ellas 6565:

EUR IO 105 105

Source.' Eurostat. (r) Cream included. MARKETS- MILK 385

M.13.6 Productionin dairies of butter and cheese

r 0001 % TAV ar Butter1t; 1983 1984 1984** 1985 p 1982p 1983 t973 1983

7 I 2 3 4 5 6

Deutschland 556 627 572 2,r 8,8 1,7 4,7 France 6t6 622 ,.1, 593 4,1 Italia 72 74 ,' 77 0,0 - 13,1 Nederland 266 306 266 6,1 7,5 Belgique/Belgiö 72 80 86 1,9 Luxembourg 888 0,0 0,0 - United Kingdom 2t7 241 207 9,8 l4,l Ireland 138 163 165 6,9 r,2 - -20,6 Danmark rzt l3l 104 1,1 Ellas 222 : 0,0

-7,7 EUR IO 2067 2254 2 080 I 965** :

1000t % TAV *r Cheese 1z; 1983 1984 1985 -lt6-p 1982p 1983 l984rr t973

Deutschland 839 847 878 4,2 3,7 France I 176 t 207 r 243 3,5 3,0 Italia 563 562 590 2,6 5,0 Nederland 484 489 519 4,1 6,r Belgique/Belgiö 50 43 44 L,2 2,3 Luxembourg 233 8,4 0,0 United Kingdom 244 245 245 3,0 0,0 Ireland 56 52 54 2,9 3,8 Danmark 245 25r 295 7,1 17,5 Ellas 105 103 103 : 1,0

EUR IO 3 765 3 802 3 974 4 020** 4,5

Source; Eurostat. (t) Butteroil produced from cream included (in butter equivalent). (2) Product weight. 386 MARKETs- MrLK

M.13.7 Production in dairies of whole-milk powder and skimmed-milk powder(r)

I 000t % TAV Whole-milk powder(z; 1983 1984 1982p 1983 l984ft r985 t973 l;stP

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Deutschland r34 r27 r37 3,1 7,9 France 161 150 193 4,1 29,7 Italia 222 0,0 0,0 Nederland 234 220 25r 6,5 l4,l Belgique/Belgiö 31 29 37 - 0,3 27,6 Luxembourg 000 0,0 0,0 United Kingdom 34 35 53 4,8 51,4 Ireland 40 18 29 1,2 6l,l Danmark 80 78 99 7,5 26,9 Ellas 0,0 0,0

EUR IO 7t5 6s9 80r 4,6 21,5

I 000r % TAV Skimmed-milk powder 1983 1984 t982p 1983 1984*{' r985 p t973 1983

Deutschland 607 720 600 3,8 - 16,7 France 754 780 744 l,l 4,6 Italia 000 0,0 0,0 Nederland 2t4 260 t7| 6,1 - 34,2 Belgique/Belgiö r25 145 I 16 3,4 -20,0 Luxembourg 13 12 13 0,9 9,3 United Kingdom 296 302 223 6,8 -26,2 Ireland 148 r74 t82 5,4 4,6 Danmark 45 56 16 0,7 -71,4 Ellas 000 0,0 0,0

EUR IO 220t 2 449 2065 I 900** 3,3 - 15,7

Source.' Eurostat. (t) Product weight. (2) Including partially-skimmed-milk powder and powder for babies. MARKETS- MILK 387

M.13.8 Production in dairies of concentrated milk and casein (t;

1000t % TAV

C.oncentratd milk(a) 1983 1984 p 1984*',r 1985 1982 1983 r973 TestP

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Deutschland 561 501 503 1,7 0,4 France r32 134 133 -2,4 0,7 Italia 344 - 5,4 0,0 Nederland 561 518 547 0,6 5,6 Belgique/Belgiö 889 1,3 12,5 Luxembourg 000 0,0 0,0 United Kingdom 225 194 184 - 3,L 5,2 lreland 03636 0,0 - Danmark ll l0 3 - 1,8 70,0 - Ellas 21 27 16 : 40,7

EUR l0 r 522 1 432 I 43s 0,2

I 0001 % TAV

Casein (b) 1983 1984 p 1984|.'t 1985 P 1982 1983 t973 l;s3

Deutschland 17 21 20 4,1 4,8 France 41 39 40 5,9 2,6 Italia XX g,7n* Nederland 2l** 23** 25 8,7 Belgique/Belgiö XX Luxembourg XX -20,0 United Kingdom 354 9,6 Ireland 20 24 22 11,6 8,3 Danmark 7 1l 12 x 9,1 Ellas X

EUR 10 109 r23 r23 8,2 0,0

Source: (a) Eurostat. (b) EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. 1t; Product weight. 388 MARKETS- MrLK

M.13.9 Detailed breakdown of butter supplies (a) (t) EUR 10 (I 000t)

1985

Opening stock - private aided by EC 78 187 l0l rr2 r37 t94 16l - public (intervention) rr7 23r 27r 128 l0 rr2 692 Production - dairv (b) l 919 l 955 l 941 l 913 2067 2263 2 080 - farm (b) 48 46 44 43 41 38 3s Imports r25 l 18 103 l 15 108 105 89

Total availability 2287 2s37 2460 2 3rr 2363 2712 3 057

Consumption - at normal prices(z) | 327 | 369 l 4r4 I 455 l 375 | 253 | 342 - at reduced prices(l) r23 140 12 98 22 r25 Special measures(a) 140 r57 198 170 184 229 233

Total consumption l 590 l 666 | 624 l 625 | 657 I 506 I 700

Exports at world market prices 216 440 542 467 346 334 235 Food aid 63 'j 54 63 54 21 59 Exports under special arrangements I t+1s1

Total exports (b) 279

Closing stock - private aided by EC t87 l0l tt2 t37 t94 161 108 - public (intervention) 23r 27r 128 l0 tt2 692 841

Total closing stock 418

Source: (a) EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture (including butteroil in butter equivalent), (b) Eurostat. (l) Product weight. Includes butteroil made from cream (in butter equivalent). (2) Prices currently subsidized by EAGGF in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Luxembourg and Denmark. 1t7 t977: - Reg. No 2370/77 (Christmas butter), 1978: - Reg. No l90l/78, 1979: - Reg. No 1269179. (a) Including (10@t): 1976 1977 1978 1979 /980 r98l 1982 1983 1984 1985 - Social measures 8 5 2 564154 - Armed forces and non-profit organizations 28 28 3l 33 35 27 36 40 42 - Butter concentrate 4 3 3' 154354 - Sales to food industry 67 72 104 I l8 t52 135 t44 170 183 1s; Of which 87 physically exported. \ MARKETS- MILK $89

M.l3.l0 Detailedbreakdown of skimmed-milkpowder supplies (a) EUR 1 (1 0N

r985

Opening stock - private : - public (intervention) 965 674 227 230 279 576 983

Production 2435 2065 - skimmed-milk powder (b) (t) 2164 2085 2081 2045 2193 ' 48 40 - buttermilk powder 45 51 48, 41 39

Imports O)

Total availability

240 Consumption at full market Price 2rr

Subsidizedconsumption I 305 | 244 - animal feed (calves) | 174 I 305 | 276 I 300 | 265

Special measures - deposit system 479 612 - pigs and poultry 436 414 74 - pigs and poultry, direct aid 148 97

2076 Total consumption r969 2116 | 546 l 560 | 579 2W4

187 ll9 r46 Exports at world market Prices r46 328 436 308 73 t67 Food aid r23 t76 144 193 164

Specialmeasures - Reg.No 2054/76 r50 r32

Total exports

Closing stock - private 6t7 - public (intervention) 674 227 230 279 576 983

Source: (a) EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. (b) Eurostat. milk powder for babies. 1r) Including buttermilk powder, powder incorporated directly in animal lbed, 1z; DG VI estimate, independent of breakdown. 390 MARKETs- MrLK

M.l3.l I World trade in certain mitk products - Ec share (l 000 0

- A. EXPORTS t977 1978 t979 1980 l98l r982 1983g; 1984 l9g5 *r

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 r0

Butteröutteroil (t) (3)(s) - World 630 600 820 - 920 860 800 7t5 760 EUR IO 268 274 496 593 49r 400 355 380 400 - Others 362 326 - 324 327 369 400 360 380 EC share 42,5% 45,7% 60,5% 64,5% 57,IVO 50,0% 49,70/o 50,00/0

Skimmed-milk powder(t) (2) - World 913 904 l 060 - 990 930 860 880 l 030 EUR IO 420 418 634 - 578 501 352 r92 3r2 350 Others 493 486 426 4t2 429 508 688 7t8 - EC share 46,0Vo 46,20h 59,8% 58,40lo 53,90/o 40,9o/o 21,80/o 30,30/o Cheese(r; - World 590 590 6N 710 760 790 810 880 - EUR IO 208 2t4 255 307 360 380 405 468 420 - Others 382 376 385 403 400 410 405 4t2 - EC share 35,3% 36,30/o 3g,g016 43,2Vo 47,4q6 48,1o/o 50,0% 53,20/o Whole-milk powder(2) - World 513 49r 580 7t5 710 690 600 7t0 - EUR IO 324 331 - 381 524 537 458 394 495 480 Others 189 160 r99 190 173 232 206 2t5 - EC share 63,20/o 67,4o/o 65,70/o 73,4o/o 75,60/o 66,4o/o 65,70/o 69,70/o

Condensedmilk (r; - World 635 6s0 - 675 805 800 800 700 760 EUR IO 497 485 - 476 561 582 601 522 52r 520 Others 138 165 199 244 218 r99 178 239 - EC share 79,30/o 74,6o/o 70,50/o 69,70/o 72,9o/o 75,lVo 74,60/o 68,60/o Casein - World - EUR IO 27** 32** 4l** 52** 42** 59*',* 7 75** - Others r** - EC share

B. - IMPORTS

Butter/butteroil(') (3)(s) - World 630 600 820 920 860 800 715 - EUR 760 IO r20 t25 118 103 ll5 109 105 - Others 89 510 475 702 817 745 691 610 - EC share 671 19,00/o 20,gvo 14,40/o II,2VO 13,4o/o 13,6o/o 14,7Vo ll,7 0/o Cheese(3) - World 590 590 640 7r0 760 790 - EUR 810 880 IO 89 77 77 96 r02 r04 - Others 100 104 100** 501 513 563 614 658 686 7t0 676 - EC share 0/0 o/o l5,l 13,l l2,0oh l3,5Vo 13,40/o 13,20/a 12,30/o I l,go/o Casein - World - EUR IO 28 27 2l l8 l0 l0 - Others t2 l8 - EC share source.' EC commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. (t) Food aid included. (z) Basis GATT statistics. (r) Basis FAO statistics. fl; CATT and FAO information, updated end July 19g5. (s) Since 1979: GATT base. MARKETS - MILK 391

M.l3.l2 World(t) - butterproduction (2) - cheeseproduction - caseinproduction

% 1000t % TAV

Butter1z; r983 1984 r982 1983 1984 r982 1983 19E4 1973 1983

I 2 3 4 ) 6 7 8 9

World: 100,- 100,- 100,- 7 360 7 770 7 770 3,7 0,9 - EUR IO 28,6 29,4 27,5 2105 2286 2rr5 2,8 7,4 - Spain 0,2 0,2 0,2 t7 13 17 : 30,8 - Portugal 0,1 0,1 0,1 447 : 75,0 -5,4 - Australia l,l 1,4 1,6 83 107 t20 l2,l - New 7*aland 3,4 3,4 3,9 247 266 302 1,6 13,5 - - USA 7,J 7,6 6,5 570 593 500 3,6 15,7 * - Canada 1,7 1,3 1,4 t23 103 108 1,1 4,9 - USSR l7,5 18,7 19,4 | 290 I 455 r 497 1,6 2,9 - 1,0 0,9 0,9 70 70 70 : 0,0 Brazil .. - Argentina 0,5 0,4 0,5 38 34 35 2,9 - India 9,5 9,4 9,6 698 730 740 : 1,4 - Others 28,7 27,1 28,4 2rr5 2109 2189 : 3,8

World: 100,- 100,-, 100,- l0 400 l0 650 10900 5,5 2,3 - EUR IO 37,9 37,5i 38,1 3942 3991 4150 4,1 4,0 - Spain l,l 1,2 1,2 I 16 1,24 130 : 4,8 i - - Portugal 0,2 0,3j 0,2 22 28 25 : 10,7 1,9 - Australia 1,5 1,5I 1,5 160 156 159 4,5 - New 7*aland 1,2 0,9I l,l r25 96 r2l 0,3 26,0 - USA 19,8 20,31 19,4 2059 2165 2120 5,9 2,1 5,5 - Canada 1,6 r,7i 1,8 170 183 193 4,9 - USSR 6,7 7,0I 7,1 699 744 777 3,4 4,4 - Brazil 0,6 0,6L 0,6 59 59 60 : 1,7 - Aryentina 2,.3 2,.3,\ 2,.3 239 248 250 : 0,8 - India - Others 2t.0 26,8 26.7 2509 28s6 2915 2,1

World: : - Ellas : - EUR IO r09 r23 t23 8,3 0,0 - Spain - ::: : Portugal -6,2 - Australia 8 ll 13 18,2 - New Tnaland 47 6s 63 4,6 3,1 - USA : - Canada ::: - USSR - Poland 36 44 50 t3,o - Argentina 222 0,0 - Norway 444 0,0 - Austria 222 0,0 - Others

Source: EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. (r) Product weight. 1z) Including butteroil made from cream in butter equivalent. 392 MARKETS- MrLK

M.13.13 World - whole-milk powder and skimmed-mitk powder production (r) - concentrated milk production (t)

% I 000t % TAV Wbole-milk powdcr 1983 1984 1982 1983 1984 1982 1983 1984 r973 r983

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

World: - EUR IO 7t5 659 808 7',7 - Spain 23 21 2r 0,0 - Portugal - Australia 58 43 42 - - 2,3 New Tr.aland l3l t04 138 - 32,7 USA 46 49 55 - 12,2 Canada l:: - USSR 2W 235 270 l4,g - Brazil 170 180 2W I l,l - Argentina ':i': - lOJ - India - Othen

Skimmed-milkpowder

World: 100,0 100,0 100,0 4440 4980 4570 2,6 8,2 - EUR IO 49,7 49,2 45,1 2201 2 449 2063 2,9 - - 15,8 Spain 0,6 0,5 0,6 26 27 27 - 0,0 Portugal 0,2 0,2 0,2 999 - : 0,0 Australia l,g 2,2 3,0 82 ul r37 -lr2 - 23,4 New 7*aland 3,9 3,6 4,9 t75 t77 226 -0,7 - 27,7 USA 14,4 l3,g I1,5 640 69t 526 5,2 -23,9 - Canada 3,9 2,4 2,9 r73 r22 130 - 1,4 - 6,6 USSR 7,3 g,g l0,l 326 437 460 I1,8 5,3 - Brazil - Argentina 0.5 0,3 0,4 2l t7 l6 : - 5,9 - India - Others t7.7 18.9 2t.4 787 976 : 3,8

Conoentratedmilk

World: 100,0 100,0 100.0 4720 4690 4750 1,7 1,3 - EUR IO 32,2 30,5 30,2 | 522 l 43r | 435 - 0,1 0,3 Spain 2,0 2,2 2,3 95 lOs I l0 - 1,9 - 4,9 Portugal 0,0 0,0 0,0 222 - : 0,0 Australia 1,5 1,4 1,5 73 65 69 1,3 - 6,2 New T.rpiland 0,1 0,1 0,1 554 * - : 20,0 USA 18,5 l g,3 18,4 872 859 875 - - 1,6 l,g C.anada 4,6 4,3 216 203 2t4 - 4,9 5,4 USSR I1,3 ll,7 535 550 560 - ,if 3,1 l,g Brazil 0,7 0,9 0,8 35 i36 36 - : 0,0 Argentina 0,1 0,2 0,1 6i86 : -25,0 - India 7,2 7,2 7,4 340 340 350 - : 2,9 Others 21,6 23,2 22,9 l 019 I 086 I 089 : 0,3 source : EC commission, Directonate-General for Agriculture. (t) Product weight. MARKETS- MILK 393

tE'- I $^ r-O ,tI =q cl $le?l \o ooloo tal o\ oid C- - o\lo\ -a I -l- .I q) I ll I 0 6l F CJ 5 C- C\ \O \O c?l F- d t.rl ro OOlt- \a) \o ,ri l3rl c'i oi r\ d I c olo tN a-l s

-I G) .g (A Cl() €q) t$ +. tr rn ll I tll T oo $ \o Q) o\ E !f, -I

I €q) tr ,|a .+ @\o co OO \ar OO C- E c?l \O (-) c\ \o - a O\ o\ .l F(@$ \o - 5 o\ f- ca o\ F- a - $

€q) -a O$ \at f- \O t co f- -( Ca f- A oo (\ O\$ F !-l \o I o\ f-$ o\ O\ $ .l 5 H $ 0 lri c\\oso\oo O^\ f- $ lco I €l€ .ri -:' + di c.i d tt^t O\ rJ d E o\lo\ -FiC\ a- c\ I 6l tll ll I I t-( Eq) s to^ öl q -i .o^ O" öl f- ca \o^ rrlro o I e d OOlt- c,coFrocao s ral \d 6lo Lr - q) tl I GI 'o A FI tr T ' .!a o * A o I \ tlll f- cf o\ ä o\€ O L E € €()l E €q) rat E * \O f- O,' F( öl oo oo cn * co C\ ra) € X oo o\r-.Ü$ A $ (n F( \,F) F{ (\ c\ q)t I € +. o ,l .-I k f- q) F(oO$61 $ $ ci cA \O f- cA :f, c-l eo ro € r- co ' o\ C\ \n F{ C.l a ,!€ F.OCi$F.O\OOF. \o 1'lc?t I ooloo \o rrieoeac{Fro€cico c.l E€ o\lo\ (\l F,. $ !-r t6l ll E50- F EE s O\ \O C\ O\ O\ O\ \O .+ s E(D cr lg I I'\ @lr- (/) cOOtf,F{caXOl-f- s o\lo\ $\.rl !Ä d lc\cil a(a g - It €! J( IC ) E- O 6l l.n I tll o a= E € t tr€ o\ ä0 - .Fl € (l) -a $ .IA -t- E E:= E ,o a J * 6l c\$o\\0 OOO\$ (^ a T r-. O\ oo E (f) c\ O\ EGt OO\O$ |l) $ Fl ll') \O lr) f,l ä \.| r-a F( CA tr -- € q) Fa -l o\ (al E9 c\ () ts.1 I .rl ä q) g a üE A \o O\FrF*OO ca cn o\ o (v'l 6l 60\O\\n o\oa E"ä € O co r-. CO C- o\ E o\ (\ $ A0 Ä€ ^(v c) tr crl EE O .9'6 -A -tl ?,t -l .l E 'E -.: Gl q) & E +6 D ö €'6 ä3 rrl (J'ä' r\ - - s E eääB ü EB ä 5E€Y_T E9 cri g2E sse*gEE€FE A = Ä 'E E ä A 5 p,E ö tr ä =.q,

26) 394 MARKETS- MrLK

M.l3.l5 Community buffer and skimmed-milk powder stocks 1t) on I April

I 000r % TAV Butter (2) 1984 l 985 1983 1984 1985 r979 1984

I 2 3 4 5 6

Deutschland r23 296 372 12,3 25,7 France 72 188 105 48,5 - 44,1

Italia r2 XX Nederland 77 t92 183 25,5 4,7 Belgique/Belgiö 5296 l4,l -79,3

Luxembourg I XX United Kingdom 29 r20 140 27,9 16,l Ireland 24 67 70 x 4r5 Danmark 9 13 12 7,6 7,J

Ellas XX

EUR IO 340 907 890 0,4 1,9

Skimmed-milkpowder (z)

Deutschland 394 48s 328 5,5 - 32,4

France 30 20 17,3 X

Italia l0 50p; 44,3 X

Nederland l4 49 l0 X -79,6

Belgique/Belgiö 4 l0 - 25,6 X

Luxembourg X X United Kingdom I l5 r63 43 41,2 -73,6 Ireland 68 76 2l 33,4 -72,4

Danmark l4 28 4 7r0 - 85,7

Ellas X X

EUR IO 648 88r 405 I 1,9 - 54,0

Sozrce: EC Conmisiol, Directonte4enenl for Agricultw. (l) Steks refcnsd to ir Article 6 of Regulation No 804/68 (buttcr: public üd private stoage; skimmed-milk powder: public stongc). (2) Prcdwt reight (r) Tmsfer from Gcmmy to ltaly. MARKETS - MILK 395

M.13.16 Interventionmeasures in 1984for - butter - skimmed-milk Powder 0 000t)

Public storage - Release from storage Private storage

Quantity On the subject Butter (r) Taken into storage For For Community Total toa export food aid market storage contract

7 I 2 3 4 5 6

Deutschland 185 53 l7 70 77 France r02 66 57 9 r32 3l Italia p; I I 2 Nederland 89 l4 5l 8 73 70 Belgique/Belgiö 15 t7 5 22 ll Luxembourg I I I United Kingdom 73 29 ; 6 36 23 7 Ireland 40 6 4 j l5 Danmark 4 3 7 4 Ellas

226 EUR l0 c; 507 190 tt7 50 357

Release from storage

Skimmed-milk powder (z) Taken into storage For To the Community I I fo, food aid Total market I exPort I

Deutschland 301 3il 70 381 France 26 26 Italia p; 48 48 Nederland ; 38 ; 48 t0 Belgique/Belgiö 9 I Luxembourg United Kingdom ; 147 8 r55 Ireland l7 67 6 73 Danmark ll 4 l5 Ellas

EUR l0 c; 390 6s6 99 755

Sowe: EC Conmisioq Dimtonte-Grenl for Agricultre' (r) In a@rdüe with R€Sulation(EEC) No 804/68,Anicl€ 6. (2) In a@ldüc with Regulatiod(EEC) No 804/68,Atticle 7. who have alrcady itrcludedthes qwlities in irl il" a"r ioi Iarv *tä rt*t" ö.igäG i" trt" puuri" *rtorys of the_othq Member states, their figw& To ävoid rl,oubleouting the EUR 9 ud EUR l0 totsls excludethe data for ltaly' 396 MARKETs- MrLK

M.l3.17 Consumerprices: - milk - cheese butter

% TAV

l 983 l 984 t982 1983 1984 t973 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Milkltl Deutschland DMN 1,24 1,25 1,23 3,0 - 1,6 France FFA 3,35 3,72 4,03 10,7 8,3 Italia LTTN 788 894 964 17,6 7,8 Nederland HFI-4 1,40 1,42 1,40 5,6 - 1,4 Belgique/Belgiö BFRl 19,25 20,75 22,31 6,8 7,5 United Kingdom pence/pint 20,20 20,90 21,50 12,9 2,9 Ireland pence/pint 16,50 l g,6g 21,10 12,5 13,0 Danmark DKR/I 4,44 4,40 4,97 8,2 10,7 Ellas DR/640g 23,75 27,42 31.33 X 14,3 Cheese (21 Deutschland DM/ks tl,g4 12,09 12,06 3,2 -0,2 France FF/kg 37,53 41,15 43,36 l0,l 5,4 Italia LIT/rs 12996 15353 l8 584 15,2 21,0 Nederland HFI-/kg 12,00 12,22 12,49 4,7 2,2 Belgique/B€lgiö BFR/kg 194,00 215,00 225,37 6,3 4,9 United Kingdom pence/lb ll3,g0 115,30 116,g0 12,3 1,3 Ireland pence/lb 128,00 l3g,l0 147,90 15,2 7,0 Danmark DKR/kg 46,93 49,12 50,27 9,6 4,5 Ellas DR/kg 225,21 259,61 2ggJg x ll,7 Butter (t) Deutschland DM/250 g 2,59 2,55 2,53 2,3 -0,9 France FF/kg 26,19 27,49 2g,10 6,8 2,2 Italia LlTks 7 097 8 097 8 489 13,6 4,9 Nederland HFU250e 2,62 2,79 2,54 3,3 - 9,6 Belgique/Belgiö BFWkg 185,00 205,00 203,5 5,4 -0,7 United Kingdom pence/lb 99,20 gg,l0 100,50 l3,l 1,4 Ireland pence/lb 75,00 93,70 92,90 10,4 I1,0 Danmark DKR/kg 31,54 33,07 35,97 8,6 g,g Ellas DR/kg 300,69 344,64 402.00 x 16,6

Source.' Eurostat. Frische Vollmilch 3,5%, in standfesten packungen. Pasteurise : lait entier. latte. Gepasteuriseerde volle melk (lles). Lait entier en bouteille - Volle melk in flessen. Milk, ordinary p€r pint, natural fat, pasteurized. Milk, natural fat, pasteurized. Ssdmelk. Gala. Edamer oder Gouda - ,10/45% Fett. Emmenthal frangais. Parmigiano. Belegen Goudse kaas. Gouda 45%. Cheese, Cheddar type. Cheese, natural. Ost 45%,'Danbo'. Tiri skliro. Dt. Markenbutter in %-kg-packungen. Beurre laitier en plaques. Burro. Roomboter. Beurre de laiterie - Melkerijboter. Butter, home product. Butter. Smsr saltet. Voutiro. MARKETS- MILK 397

M. 13.18 Consumer price index - milk, butter, cheese (in money and real terms)

1939=100 % TAV

1983 1984 1983 1984 r982 t975 1983

6 I 2 3 4 5

Money terms

-0,7 Deutschland 110,2 113,3 112,5 2,8

France 172,2 138,0 147,3 8,8 6,7

Italia 135,4 156,0 172,7 15,1 10,7 -0,7 Nederland 111,8 I12,8 112,0 3,7

Belgique/Belgiö I 18,3 131,4 137,0 5,4 4,3

Luxembourg 118,3 131,3 135,7 4,6 3,4

United Kingdom 121,6 126,7 129,1 13,0 1,9

Ireland r19,9 134,5 149,5 10,0 lI,2

Danmark 126,7 131,8 T46,7 8,2 10,8

Ellas 163,9 r92,5 221,1 16,5 14,9

Real terms -2,6 Deutschland 101,2 100,8 98,2 -0,7 - -0,7 France 101,3 99,7 99,0 0,5

Italia 97,1 97,2 97,7 -0,2 0,5 - Nederland 100,0 98,9 95,8 - 1,1 3,0 - Belgique/Belgiö 105,0 I 10,1 108,7 0,3 1,3

- -2,r Luxembourg 105,0 110,0 107,7 lrl - United Kingdom 101,7 100,1 98,8 2,0 1,3

Ireland 88,8 90,I 93,r _)) 3,3

Danmark 103,4 99,5 105,5 0,2 6,0 -2,4 Ellas I10,3 108.1 105,0 8,9

Source: Eurostat.

27) 398 MARKETS- MrLK

M.l3.l9 Quotas on milk deliveries

Deliveries Quotas 2.4.1984- Difference Quotas 1984/85 l 985/86 31.3.1985

Deutschland 23 487 23 466 2l 23 423

France 25585 25 584 I (3) 25 494

Italia 8 3231t; 8 270 53p; 8 798

Nederland 120s2 t2 208(2) 156 tr 979

Belgique/Belgiö 3 163 3 051 - trz 3l3l

Luxembourg 293 29r 2 291

United Kingdom l5 552 l5 305 -247 ls 395

Ireland s 583 5 586 3 5 583

Danmark 4 932 4 9tZ lzy 20 4 882

Ellas 472 440 321t1 467

EUR IO 99 44291 99l13 -329 9939s

(t) Excluding transferred quota of 475 000t. from direct sales to deliveries to purchasers. (z) Adjusted period NL: 8.4.1984- 6.4.t985, DK : 9.4.t9g4 -7.4.t995. (l) Provisional. MARKETS - BEEF AND VEAL 399

M.14.1 Cattle numbers (Decemberof previous year)

I 000 head % TAV

)r1984( 1985 1983 1984 1985 >1975( 1984

I 2 3 4 5 6

Deutschland 15098 rs ss2 15688 0,8 0,9 - France 23 656 23 5r9 23 102 -0,3 1,8 -3,3 Italia 9 r27 9 22r 8 92r 0,9 - Nederland s 192 5 359 5 280 1,4 1,5 Belgique/Beleiö 2896 29s8 2993 0,3 r,2 Luxembourg 2r9 220 22r 0,6 0,4 - United Kingdom t3 r77 L3r57 t2977 - r,2 1,4 Ireland 5 783 5812 5835 - 4,2 0,4 - Danmark 2 857 2 876 2704 - 0,9 6,0 - Ellas 785 769 757 - 1,6 1,6

EUR IO 78 79r 79 443 78 478 0,1 - L,2

Source.' Eurostat.

M.14.2 Beef and veal supply balance EUR 10

I 000t 1t; 96TAV p 1983< 1984 r982 1983 1984 >1977< 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

Gross domestic production 6 663 6928 7 s33 0,9 8,7 Net production 6 6s6 6 916 7 499 l,l 8,4 Changes in stocks 20 178 36s : 105,1 -6,3 Imports 1z; 374 384 360 I1,8 Exports (z) 392 500 694 31,9 38,8 -0,4 Intra-Community trade (r) 1 398 l 4r2 | 406 8,4 Internal use (total) 6 618 6 622 6 800 0,3 2,7 Gross consumption (kglhead/year) 24,4 24,3 25,0 0,0 2,9 Degree of self-supply (%) (t) 100,7 104,6 110,8 1,0 5,9

Source: Eurostat and EC Commission, Dilectorate-General for Agriculture. 1r; Carcass weigbt. (z) Total trade, with the exoeption of live animals. (3) All trade, including live animals (figures basd on imports). 4OO MARKETS - BEEF AND VEAL

M.14.3 Net beef and veal production (adult bovine animals and calves)(r;

I 000t 1z; % TAV

p 1983( 1984 r982 1983 1984 >1974< 1983 I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Deutschland Adult bovine animals | 402 I 413 | 526 1,6 9,0 France | 394 | 449 I 606 1,2 l0,g Italia 951 987 I 002 0,8 1,5 Nederland 286 297 35I 2,1 lg,2 Belgique/Belgiö 24t 248 272 - 0,3 9,7 Luxembourg 8910 0,0 I l,l United Kingdom 961 1046 tt4l 0,1 g,l Ireland 346 352 388 1,3 10,2 Danmark 228 236 243 l,l 3,0 Ellas 78 79 78 0,1 - 1,3 EUR IO 5895 6116 66t7 1,0 8,2

Calves Deutschland 69 73 83 l,l 13,7 France 3s2 362 385 l, I 6,4 Italia t54 160 180 3,2 12,5 Nederland 134 154 t64 3,7 6,5 Belgique/Belgiö 33 34 38 3,4 I 1,9 Luxembourg 000 0,0 0,0 United Kingdom 566 - 6,5 0,0 Ireland lll 0,0 0,0 Danmark 234 -3,2 33,3 Ellas 1277 -g,g 0,0

EUR IO 762 800 868 1,6 8,5

Beef and veal Deutschland | 471 | 487 I 609 1,6 9,2 France t745 18ll t992 1,2 10,0 Italia I 104 | t47 I 182 l,l 3,0 Nederland 420 450 515 2,6 t4,4 Belgique/Belgiö 274 282 310 0,1 g,g Luxembourg 899 - 1,3 0,0 United Kingdom 966 1052 | r47 0,0 g,l Ireland 348 353 389 1,3 10,2 Danmark 230 239 247 1,0 3,3 Ellas 90 85 8s 1,5 - 1,2

EUR IO 6656 6916 7485 l,l 8,2

Source.' Eurostal N.B.: These figures do not correspond to gross domestic production; for this see Table M.22.1. (t) Tot"t slaughterings of animals including those of roreibr origrn. (z) C-arcass werght. MARKETS - BEEF AND VEAL 401

\Oe\C\O\OOcAFTO\!f,$ a\ CAO\-r\O-

F s vlv \n -. ,-( .-. d Fr c\coöl€r)o\oc!'-roo \o calt 6l OO CQ Öl O €lr- -l-ldc.icjdci-l-id -l -l e.i c.i c'i d.d d c'i ol 616 I lll ^l^

O\OO\Of-rtOta-rF-C\ .o^ ö! c?,"1 ,"1 O^ to^ -i oo^ q €- oo $ € -l od c.i =tr od c.i f-lraC7)O-V.)(-)(.-l-C\ oo o\ d \i 6..i S O\C!l-OO\OOf-f-cQN o\ --C\cQcAO$:f,f-Öl -( c.l co c\t c\ ca co c\ c\ c\ c-l c.I - -a F( -( r-( F( F(

äa rat € -( r-t C\| OO f\ tü f* f- Öl c\ $ -< O\ C.| cO O\ öl r-r f- ötr co eg -l € o\ -l\dc.i+-lci{d,ri-l c\ c.i c.i J od od S -:" ..i c.f \o O\" oc\r-oo\o€r-ooeÖc\ o\ rd * C-l C-l C-l O rat CO \O - $s cn cq c\l c.l ca c\ c.l c.l ol c\ c\ r-{F(F(F{---- 9c

(\ O\O\(ÖOO\\OO\\Or,^tf\ (n OO CA C\ öl F( '-< €

r- \o ca e.t o\ !f, c\ c\ ea \o .f^ $ertO\Oc.lOf-OoOO h $ l"o ooloo t- old-loirJ\dol-ic.ii oo ol+d,.ioddc.idold \o 616 F(F(- --

F s vlv r-r |{.t OO Ca Ci t(l. ea \AölONf-C)OW(f),-( ?ol9 f\ O C- C.t €lr- \o -lcidc.i-:"..idddd -l J c.i -l ii e.i.d c..i + 6lo d ci ^l^ lllll rr 1 ll I

O\ $ \ar \O oO ül cQ \n tr) F{ o\ €ooo\ooo(>car-\or- \o $ (f) '-. f- $ C.l CA \O O\ CO \n oo O c.l rn \A O\ -l \a) \al O o\€ ial -< O\ \O C\ f- -r (v) O C.l \o f- CA $ C.l C.l F( ca lA tt CQ '-( $ '-t '-t c.l ("Q *< -r f- c\l € a fil q) q) $:f,f-$rf,-r-rrf,C\O\ f-O\\r)OOOOOf-f--f- o\ ?t) .-< Fr \at \^ t,n € \r OOr+C\$OOca-(\.|O!f, ca $ o\ or \o - a o\ \o$\oo\o ooc\oca o\ \O -( Cat .-t öl -( oo Clt (..) r-( ('?) F( Fr (f) r-r r-{ \o I 5 $ \f, O € c\ A I GI ooöl$co(f|\o\n@'-too oo AOraO\(n-rOSoOO\O\ \o tr a öl - OOTaOc'.\c\cac\€\n € c\F-cA$f- or\ cAC- f- 00 cl € tn cO !n \O (n öl O\ cO ca \odN-Öl \o A o\ f- O F (f) F( -( \o I $$d)-r tr)-'. .I a t\l c I ö0 6l g o) .a u, I I = ro .!l c crt E 4 E 'äE tr -I ä !t d E cl (\ -ääE ßi G' GI E EtäB r !F fi i\ 5B€:.E E or - ZEac = (tt cl o E ä0 g tr - p (rl .I ÄEt i äis s Ä * Äs = äEs Ä* k o Q) .A € äl) -Ä A ä0 -I c) -6l q) E6 0 7,a 3e u4t Xco EI .f, o s + 0.) F{ .o E.E tF "dGl C! R Q dä :. 402 MARKETS - BEEF AND VEAL

M.14.5 Market prices (r) for beef and veal

ECU/100ks (2) % TAV (3)

1983 1984 r982 1983 1984 r973 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Adult bovine animals Deutschland 153,818 157,7l7 151,460 2,3 - 4,9 France 172,312 l74,4gg 164,1lg 7,0 -0,5

Italia 171,327 169,g53 163,702 12,2 2,9 Nederland 145,581 146,763 l3g,l l7 2,7 -6,5 Belgique/Belgiö 172,924 167,794 157,369 4,5 -2,6 Luxembourg 176,7 13 176,929 169,623 4,8 -0,3

United Kingdom 150,539 146,907 l4g,4lg 16,1 1,7 Ireland 142,851 145,440 146,lg5 18,2 5,1 Danmark 151,637 154,225 152,269 6,9 0,4 Ellas 182,706 190,003 172,450 x ll,8

EUR l01a; 160,478 161,267 155,540 3,5 -3,6

Calves Deutschland 219,329 224,553 215,702 1,2 - 4,8

France 253,560 254,160 235,962 7,0 - 1,8

Italia 230,465 231,47| 224,134 I1,3 3,3 Nederland 218,024 22l,ggg 207,500 2,2 -7,1

Belgique/Belgiö 241,197 241,206 219,544 4,7 - 5,5 Luxembourg 156,281 l4g,gg5 143,296 - 0,3 0,0 United Kingdom 182,854 179,336 179,336 12,6 0,0 Ireland 212,697 215,037 2ll,53g 18,3 2,9 Danmark 162,750 169,g45 164,592 6,4 - 1,5 Ellas 234,493 220,949 204.702 x 8,1

EUR l01a; 222,929 224,159 213,905 2,7 - 4,6

Source : EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. (t) Representative markets. (:) Live weight - 6'all classes'. (3) Calculated on the basis of prices in national currencies. (r) Weighted g ECU/100 ks" MARKETS- BEEFAND VEAL 403

M.14.6 Consumer price of beef and veal

96 TAV

1983 1984 1984 1982 1983 t973 1983

5 6 7 I 2 3 4 -7,7 37,78 38,73 35-,71 3,8 Deutschland DM/kg 77,47 8,8 5,9 France FF/kg 66',35 73,,14 r0 923' I I 856 12370 13,0 4,3 Italia LlTks 4,5 51,6 HFI-/kg t4,gg 15,14 2?,21 Nederland 500'02 5,5 2,6 Belgique/Belgiö BFR/kg 464',0 487,50 267',90 279,8 293,! t2,5 4,9 United Kingdom pence/lb 7,1 pence/lb 260',90 277,4 297,2- 12,9 Ireland 61,82 8,7 3,4 Danmark DKR/kg 57"58 59;,79 : XX Ellas DR/ks 360,81 :

Source: Eurostat. Deutschland: Lendenfilet France: Faux-filet Par6. Italia: C-arne bovina s. o. Nederland: Runderbiefstuk Beleique/Belgiö : Entrocöte/tussenribstuk. United Kingdom: Sirloin steak Ireland: Sirloin steak Danmark: Okseksd. Ellas: I(r6as voos.

counhies(t) M.14.7 World production and production of princiDol beef anrüveal-producing/exporting 96TAV % I 0001

)p1983( 1984 1983 1984 r982 1983 1984 t982 >>1975( 1983

6 7 8 9 I 2 3 4 5

44920 47 6ffi 46249 -2,0 1,2 World 100,0 100,0 100,9 -4,4 -1,2 0;,2 0,2 0,2 90 86 85 - Ellas 7 499 l,l 8,4 - 14,8 l5,l 16,2 6656 6916 EUR IO 422 390 0,0 -7,6 - 0,9 0,9 0,8 420 -0,8 Spain t23 ll8 lr7 5,4 - Portugal 0,3 0,2 0,3 - r0 425 l0 748 10929 1,5 1,7 - USA 23;,2 23,5 23,6 6 700 7 010 7 150 0,3 2,0 - USSR 14,9 15,3 15,5 -0,1 -8,7 5,3 5,2 4,7 238s 23s9 2 rs3 - Brazil 2 558 -2,9 7,3 - 5,7 5,2 5,5 25sr 2384 Argentina u2 310 - 1,3 -29,9 - 0,9 1,0 0,7 407 Uruguay l 412 1248 -5,4 - I1,6 - 3,7 3,1 2,7 r 678 -14,9 Australia 519 510 434 -2,9 - New 7*aland 1,2 l,l 0,9 0,6 0,7 266 315 - Peop. Rep. China 997 -2,9 1,1 - 2,,3 2,2 2,2 l 032 986 Canada 65s 696 0,7 6,3 - 1,4 1,4 1,5 626 Mexico 614 564 599 -0,5 6,2 - Colombia 1,4 1,2 1,3 -2,2 1,4 1,3 1,4 639 610 651 6,7 - Poland 350 0,4 1,4 - 0,7 0,8 0,8 343 34s Yugoslavia 495 535 6,2 8,1 - 1,0 l,l 1,2 481 Japan 599 632 664 3,7 5,1 - South Africa 1,3 1,4 t,4

Source: FAO and other international organizations' 1r; Net production. 404 MARKETS - BEEF AND VEAL

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I caF.O O \O c.) (n s fllr' O\ r\ (\ (.| oo rrl € ri \o n:c.idd -d o\ t 1r) €(n s r- { O\ O\ €$a.ta-l € Ot (\{ @\- $ c\

< t-- Or t-- .o^ q -i -i cl s \tl ,.i .d \t \o f-OOr.td$ O\ \c) \o d *s o\ f-\O$ v, lrl ö.1 co o\ d* c- o a x lrl \o^ cl \o I \ \oco$(n\o $ o cO S t*- ,.i \n -Or-sf f\ f-- \^ Ä \o O\f,!f,F > O\ c\ cq cO -OS €) r?| c.l

I \oot+ r.) r\ \O $ f- c?l \o € E r..i o\ O\ {r1 cO od c\ -l,')-O\O o\ \O co rJ EtI] \o O\ cO r-l O\ O\ O c\ o\ c\ Q\< rü c.l

I H\O€ r,r) O\r'-O€c?l Ftt € SO\ca ri cO € aq t^ ol+.dd od c.i iE o\ (v) H co cO rrl ca < (v) \o

E cl €^ öJ C.l q -O\9$f- (n rf, rr \o f- oi o q$cn dirj-l -.: It- c\ cO (') !A f- c\ ' c-.1 (t) -O\öl- oo c-l < cO

I t-- co rü s q .o^ cl .rI o^ €^ q Ect O\ OO cO € \o r\ oo(ao\o$ \o o\ E lrl * ö.1 (n \o (n o\0\ öl C{ c-l oo c\

I rö \^ oo oo t!,. ci O\$V\OoO t ,.i od c'i r rJ s -l e.i od d .d F: * 3a1 (f.) s iE c\ ooct $ aa H^l \f tr EI H- tf t E $O\OO € \ö r+(n\ao$ c.l \oo\$ $ ,.i o OO - .<& zg + 9F. u€esäÄ;gä 5g | | | 5g Eg | | | | p.9 j a XE a (v'l Äö MARKETS - BEEF AND VEAL 405

-ss .go r/1€€ooO\öl€c{O -raölQ!nÖl(>Öl\n -: e.f r.) $\f,r'-C--\O€€O eci c.i c.i ,*i S d d s s ötc!d (\lc.)co O a B P s o\\n$caFcoc{ölo \a) \o\ornr-dl-o\o\n- s $ I $ e'ild-l-idolod,rid ,ridc.i,rird...lddct { s o\€ o\ oF\rt7)-$- s gg\o\o-$:\o r\ $

s: s 3 O\<€(\€$f--O r-o€o$oooöln (n .dod.d.ddr{.drJd c.iÄiddc.i.rddS(v1 5 -(\c{ c\ ci

rA \o t\\noO$Ot\\Or € f'- O\ O\ O\ \O $ t- ca -lodr.:rjci-l rJ -i oi d ri vf \ti

caC!O$f-dO\$ .d.riFJ-trdvi+.d I ,3; s -(+1C\ R33+s*

(\l C{cO!+c?)-\Of-f-O co -r-€1O^\O^O^€. öl -iod+oddc.id-ic"i € o €o\cadc.r$o\o<) o\ r-\ococ\c{-ca oo ovs * tf --E s

f-c-lOc!r-$r\- C\C--f-tnsf,(vln -f-f--<\nOr\Ol o\ ld-': s c\c\di o $c.iR+c.iR

c.I c\€odo\aooln f-or\F-Sc?|f-ci-O .dFJododd-i+ s € ??)o\\os\nooo e.i Jol \o 6 € \o €cdctl <'f-.=f,C-

r$$rq€trtc\ f-\OOrO\rn c\ tal t.) ln \c) / F-' lci I c\ .dc'ir{c.i-i+od.d I c?t C\ a s c\c\-- C{ q) .l h 9 I- T (\l\odooar\o€ O\$tnd)tnC{F-O ro^ o -t^i-1l-ildrJdd r,,') rjdrjoi-iododd c7) I E I € \c) I lr| öl) o\ \O(ntf--C\-V $ o\-Sc\o\ (n '6 \o €tr .E (n Ä .a - (l| I o €\OO\r|')C\O\\O\n t\\Oq,5 l-\OO- t- Ä C' - ,.i e'i c.i oi c.i (-i e.i ,*i Gi e..i -i" I d I O () I ral oi od oi I (\ ca ct) .- s (.al d d t tl - 3 - AX .T cO r.r= :) C-O\C{cOO\€\OS o\ f\f\aAf\\al€O\n E o\ ,/ido(r-dr{dd (\ dä - sf6lcqc\OO\c\c\tl oo I - r- s ChcAC\-Öl xc) c Cn \O CFt - (-r S (.) co s .Eoo- Q) cl d9 i .T tvoE €c\<€oo\ol-|c't \o@ $ooo\c!c7| CJ . => A ti i,iÄ | ++od.döici 1d I co o.\oco\oo\c-t(J9l d) q) 5 -(\<-- O t\l C-l t!rt+ t tl - ,tfP t F- F6 E o >\Cl tr ,tI ,tl .O^ q. - O c\ a 6> 4 U sfc\Fc!$O\O* c\ O^ € I -O\\OC-

M.l5.l Pig numbers (Decemberof previous year)

I 000 head % TAV

1984 1985 1983 1984 1985 t974 1984

I 2 3 4 5 6

Deutschland 22 478 23 449 23 617 1,4 0,7 France ll 709 rr 251 10975 -0,2 -2,5 Italia 9 t32 9 t87 8 976 l,l -2,3 Nederland r0 590 I I 008 rr 799 4,8 7,2 Belgique/Br'lgrö 5ll3 5182 5303 0,9 2,3 Luxembourg 74 7t 70 - 3,5 - 1,4 United Kingdom 8 205 7 782 7 802 - 1,8 0,3 Ireland l 081 I 053 I 020 0,2 - 3,1 Danmark 9 504 9 016 8 960 0,8 - 0,6 Ellas l2l8 1168 lll5 3,5 -4,5

EUR IO 79 t04 79 t68 79 637 1,0 0,6

Source: Eurostat.

M.15.2 Pigmeatsupply balance EUR 10

I 000t 1t; yo TAV 1983 1984 r982 1983 1984t r973 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

Gross domestic production l0 183 l0 518 t0 548 2,4 0,3 Imports - Live animals 43542 x 740 - Exports Live animals 16 l0 XX Intra-C-ommunity trade 334 386 373 x -3r4 Net production l02ll t0522 10590 2,4 0,6 Changes in stocks -9 +12 - 15 0,9 - 125,0 Imports lll 69 t20 - I1,0 73,9 Exports 226 367 420 1,0 14,4 Intra-Community trade l 698 l 732 l 676 4,7 -3,2 Internal use 10097 10224 10275 2,2 0,5 Gross consumption in kglhead/year 37,3 37,6 37,7 0,9 0,3 Degree of self-supply (%) l0l 103 r02 0,1 - 1,0

Source: Eurostat (t) Carcass weight MARKETS- PIGMEAT 407

M.15.3 Net pigmeat production (t)

I 0001 % TAV

1983 1984 1982 1983 1984 r973 '1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

Deutschland 3151 3218 3234 2,0 0,5 Fra.nce l 806 I 808 1 819 1,7 0,6 Italia l 108 I 166 r 220 5,4 4,6 Nederland | 2rr | 248 1 306 4,4 4,6 Belgique/Belgiö 672 689 730 1,6 6,0 Luxembourg 899 0,0 0,0 United Kingdom 958 I 007 942 0,3 6,5 - Ireland 155 161 139 l,l 13,7 Danmark 986 1043 1035 3,1 0,8 Ellas t46 149 t49 4,5 0,0

EUR 10 10202 10498 10583 2,4 0,8

Source; Eurostat. (t) Animals of national and foreign origin.

M.15.4 Number of pigs slaughtered(t;

Average carcass % TAV I 000 head % TAV weight in kg

r983 1984 1983 1984 1982 1983 1984 t982 1983 1984 r973 1983 r973 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0 ll

-0,3 -0,9 Deutschland 37379 38087 38652 2,2 1,5 84,3 84,5 83,7 -0,5 France 20488 2055r 20776 1,7 l,l 88,2 88,0 87,6 0,0 Italia 10542 l0 999 rr 447 4,L 4,1 105,1 106,0 106,6 L,2 0,6 Nederland 14349 14833 155l I 4,3 4,6 84,4 84,1 84,2 0,0 0,1 Belgique/Belgiö 7 968 8 017 8324 l,l 3,8 94,3 85,9 87,7 0,5 2,1 Luxembourg tr7 t34 126 0,9 6,0 70,1 67,2 71,4 0,3 6,3 -0,3 United Kingdom r499r ls 989 14906 0,6 6,8 63,9 63,0 63,2 0,3 -0,7 -2,8 Ireland 2363 2 502 2224 1,7 - [ 1,1 65,6 64,3 62,5 Danmark 14416 15125 14785 2,9 2,2 68,4 69,0 70,0 0,2 1,4 Ellas 2331 2287 2262 4,1 l,l 62,6 65,2 65,9 0,4 l,l

EUR IO 124943 r28524 129019 2,3 0,4 81.7 81,7 82,0 0,1 0,4

Source.' Eurostat. 1t) Animals of national and foreign origin. 408 MARKETS- prcMEAT

M.15.5 Market prices for pigmeat(r)

ECU/100ks (2) % TAV (3)

1983 1984 r982 1983 1984 r973 r983

I 2 3 4 5 6

Deutschland 155,616 141,457 145,236 - 0,5 0,4 France 174,6Q5 163,2lg 165,749 4,8 5,9 Italia 181,760 170,341 l7g,g42 I l,l 9,5 Nederland l5l,l2g 147,674 152,713 1,0 2,0 Belgique/Belgiö 17l,615 153,927 162,295 2,4 6,0 Luxembourg 189,929 l72,4gg 172,376 3,3 0,5 United Kingdom 149,615 140,600 162,16g 8,2 15,3 Ireland 154,532 149,555 l5l,l7l 10,0 4,4 Danmark l52,2lg l4g,23l I 69,716 4,5 l4,g Ellas l8l,2g0 lg2,3l7 196,314 x 10,9

EUR 101+; 16l,187 151,342 l5g,g47 X 5,6

source : EC commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. (t) Representative markets. (z) Slaughtered weight - Ctass II. (3) C-alculated on the basis of prices in national currencies. (4) weighted O ECIJ/r0f,kc.

M.15.6 Consumer price of pigmeat

% TAV

1983 1984 1982 1983 1984 t973 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Deutschland DM/kg 12,46 12,30 I l,6l 2,3 -5,6 France FF/kg _ 40,45 42,27 43,g1 715 3,6 Italia LITlkg 7 07t 7 783 7 98r 13,4 2,5 Nederland HFL/kg 15,46 l4,gg 14,39 2,5 -3,3 Belgique/Belgiö BFR/kg 2\7,W 225,25 227,75 4,5 1,1 United Kingdom pence/lb !23,90 122,20 135,50 9,2 10,9 Ireland pence/lb 258,40 272,40 296,30 14,2 8,9 Danmark DKR/kg -86,93 gg,g0 t2g,6g 10,3 43,1 Ellas DR/kg 242,40 290,90 30g,g0 10,0

Source; Eurostat. Deutschland: Kotelett. France: Filet de porc. Italia: C.arne suina senz'osso. Nederland: Haaskarbonade. Belgique/Belgiö: Cöte de porc/varkensrib. United Kingdom: l,oin (with bone). Ireland: Steak. Danmark: Mellemkam uden spek. Ellas : Fileto hirino. MARKETS - PIGMEAT 409

c.t\O\O\OO\O$OcnO\$tarÖ!O\lntr) .f ä i J' ..i -i + d -l oi + \i -i rJ c.i ".i rrltt

€^ q o^ \ q o^ oq o^ o^ c.I u? \ e_^ ? Öl Y" crica\Oc.i$iic\$c\F{ciO\$O\F( I

c\ r..| o () o rn o o (.| r.| a o I o o \n N\o\ö& $\,^,-(-rc.l\O6ö$c\oOO\oOO\C\€ (t)o (|1OF.fr\O\AF.t-(t-(- ff) Fl F( .I Lr ! FI T -rt o I ä! d F-O\ocO\Ot(.}\ooc\q,c)o\o9r.)!o I !f, .l \o o, 6l ö ö \o o o, ca co s oo - ca 9\ U J - = oO oo c}\ !-r r- L ; + a F ca $ c\ ol\ SOF{!+\O\att-(F{F(F g fA r-. t-( €)X ä0 F- .Fl I -I E ooca$c\$l,n\ac\r-c)or-.r-9e=c? ö r- ; ö \o ca $ \O c\ ö F \ .: a a S tr F

f, II I .-ä0 a - 'tI ct O^ -i -: dI ,q q \o^ ö! \o^ c'f ,o^ \ *o^ \ Öl g t-{ Ot C.l f- i O C.l C\ C\ Fr F. F{ t-. 6l .-l O Ö I O F{ C\ t-{ F{ A T .Fl Lr q

fl - I o O^ q -: ,'I O^ ,q \o^ \o^ ,"I oo^ .o^ 'tI oo^ 'fI .!l \ a € ö cF' c.i ö \O c.l O c\ c! c! r-r r-. r-r r-'r c\ d I O F. C\ t-{ F. -I €o Li a I .I ! 0 o O(r)F{cAC!(flFIOOF-CAO\\O\OF-O\.q a F -a äoie.idldc..idc..ic..ic..i-i-l-l-l-i-l o t-{ C\ Fr r-r € 9 a a o äDL r5^ -a 6l

a oI .l *J g -I E o h cl a .= € cs -lr ö* o ci .F ? 'E = Eg ,,' cr E o f- f; ,.i sxFä;snEBäuEgeg€ e SAäsf;338q'6öörüEö :t = lsrrrttttllllllll I 4IO MARKETS- EGGs

M. 16.I Laying hens

I 000 head % TAV

1983 1984 1982 1983 l9E4 r973 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

Deutschland 53 800 51 300 51 400 -2,4 0,2 France 74 800 71 7w 0,7 Italia 49 527 47 480 51 046 - 0,5 7,5 Nederland 29 408 Belgique/Belg,iö 12292 tt 977 I I 604 -2,7 -3,1 Luxembourg 90 90 90 -6,4 0 United Kingdom 55448 52080 51 608 -2,3 -2,9 Ireland 3 r34 3 140 3 29r -2,4 4,9 Danmark 4 634 4 475 4 185 - 1,5 - 6,5 Ellas r7 360 r7 623 16715 0,9 - 5,2

EUR IO 300493

Source: Eurostat.

M.16.2 Number of utitity chicks hatched from laying hens

I 000 head % TAV

1983 1984 r982 1983 t984 r973 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

Deutschland 40 979 40 729 4t t22 - 0,8 1,0 France 54731 46276 48 ll9 3,0 4,0 Italia 28 059 24 834 20 838 -2,1 - 16,l Nederland 38 853 44 03r 44 460 9,3 1,0 Belgique/Belgiö 14386 15 478 16233 1,5 4,9 Luxembourg 000 XX United Kingdom 41 074 36 184 35053 -3,9 3,1 Ireland 2 429 2 r59 2 223 0,3 3,0 Danmark 4 387 4 025 4 r54 -2,2 3,2 Ellas 3 904 3 091 3 008 : -2,7

EUR IO 22880r 2t6 806 2t5 209 : -0,7

Source: Eurostat. MARKETS - EGGS 4II

M.16.3 Production of eggs in shell (total eggs)

1000r % TAV 1983 1984 1982 1983 1984*r t97t 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

Deutschland 77t 759 760 - 1,5 0,1 France 9s0 908 908 2,1 0 - Italia 658 664 64r 0,9 3,5 Nederland 643 645 677 8,1 5,0 -2,6 UEBL/BLEU 195 189 184 -2,2 - United Kingdom 804 783 771, -0,9 1,5 Ireland 35 37 37 00 - Danmark 83 81 80 1,0 1,2 -2,4 Ellas t25 126 r23 1,8

EUR IO 4 264 4 r92 4 181 0,9 - 0,3 fuurce: Eurostat.

M.16.4 Eeg supply balance(total eggs) EUR 10

1000t % TAV 1983 1984 t982 1983 1984*f r973 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

Usable production 4264 4 r92 4 181 1,0 0,3 Change in stocks 5 -20 XX Imports 33 38 36 - 3,8 5,3 -23,r Exports r62 r73 133 15,8 Intra-Community trade 507 505 s43 6,7 7,5 Internal use 4128 4 057 4084 0,6 0,7 of which: - eggs for hatching 232 22s 2rr 2,5 6,2 - industrial use ll ll ll 00 - losses (market) t2 ll l0 - 6,2 9,1 - human consumption 3 873 3 810 3 852 0,5 1,1 Human consumption (kglttead/year) 14,2 14,0 l4,l 0,2 t,4 Degree of self-supply (%) 103,3 103,3 102,4 0,4 0,9

fuurre: Eurostat 4I2 MARKETs- EGGS

M. I 6.5 Market prices for eggs ( t )

ECU/100 pieces % TAV (2)

1983 1984 1982 1983 1984 r973 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

Deutschland 5,266 5,796 6,270 - 1,0 5,3 France 5,042 6,507 7,204 2,5 16,1 Italia 6,287 6,916 7,755 10,9 17,6 Nederland 4,334 4,296 5,433 0,3 7,5 Belgique/Belgiö 3,784 5,623 5,957 0,6 11,6 Luxembourg 6,455 7,190 7,944 2,0 13,0 United Kingdom 5,022 4,ggg 7,609 2,1 23,5 Ireland 8,256 7,590 7,942 5,6 7,0 Danmark 7,597 7,469 9,231 4,8 ll,2 Ellas 9,693 9.351 13.144 x 56,9

M.16.6 Consumer prices for eggs

% TAV

1983 r984 r982 1983 1984 r973 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Deutschland DM/piece 0,26 0,26 0,27 0,7 3,9 France FF/piece 0,70 0,90 0,92 6,5 15,0 Italia LITlpiece 143 r70 197 I1,8 l5,g Nederland HFI-/piece 0,24 0,25 : 0,8 x Belgique/Belgiö BFR/piece 4,50 4,92 5,67 3,4 L5,2 United Kingdom pence/piece 6,89 6,63 7,35 7,8 l0,g Ireland pence/piece 7,63 6,90 9,67 7,8 42,2 Danmark DKR/piece l,l7 1,23 l,2g 7,2 4,9 Ellas DR/piece 7.01 7.92 I 1.75 x 48,4

Source: Eurostat. Deutschland: Dt. Frischeier, Kl. A Gewichtsklasse 3. France: Frais emballös. Italia: Uova fresche. Nederland: Eieren. Belgique,/B€lgiö: OeulVeieren. United Kingdom: Eggs, large. Ireland: Fgg*. Danmark: Alg, Ellas: Avga. MARK.ETS - POULTRYMEAT 4T3

M.l7.l Number of utility chicks of table strains hatched

I 000 head % TAV

1983 1984 1982 1983 1984 rgß 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

Deutschland 263 r43 236 326 237 05r 2,3 0,3 France 667l0l 619030 604033 516 2,4 Italia 390451 359l8t 289510 2rl - lg,4 Nederland 346 420 348 096 339 558 1,3 215 UEBI-/BLEU 95 391 86 836 88 735 0r7 212 United Kingdom 444 389 445 153 467 867 2,7 5rl Ireland 24 89s 24 707 26 849 0r3 8,7 Danmark 83 155 80 698 80 983 l13 014 Ellas 65 5r7 63 939 67 705 5,9

EUR 10 2 380458 2263962 2202288 : -2,7

Source: Eurostat.

M.17.2 Grossdomestic production of poultrymeat

1000t % TAV

1983 1984 r982 r983 1984 *r' r973 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

Deutschland 379 344 351 1,9 2,0 France r 333 | 284 1247 4,5 -29 Italia I 040 I 043 I 020 2,5 -2,2 Nederland 4r9 397 410 l,l 3,0 UEBL/BLEU t34 126 126 1,2 0 United Kingdom 809 800 825 1,7 3,4 Ireland 49 49 52 2,4 6,1 Danmark ll0 lr2 110 2,0 - 1,8 Ellas 157 160 r54 3,5 0,7

EUR IO 4$A 4315 4295 2,7 -0,4

Source.' Eurostat. 414 MARKETS - PoULTRYMEAT

M.17.3 Poultrymeatsupply balance EUR 10

I 000t 1t; % TAV 1983 1984 t982 1983 1984*f r973 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

Gross domestic production 4397 43ll 4295 2,9 0,4 Imports - live birds 323 - r4,0 50,0 Exports - live birds 3ll XX Intra-Community trade 58 59 52 9,4 - I1,9 Net production 4 397 4 3r2 4 297 2,9 0,3 Changesin stocks 99 34 -r2 XX Imports 64 60 78 0,8 30,0 Exports 426 442 379 12,2 - 14,3 Intra-Community trade 313 326 350 2,0 7,4 Internal use (total) 3 937 3 897 4 003 2,2 2,8 Human consumption (kglhead/year) 14,4 14,3 14,7 1,9 2,8 Degree of self-supply (o/o) IlI,7 110,6 107,2 0,7 3,1

Source: Eurostat. (r) Carcass weight.

M.17.4 Market prices for chickens (t)

ECU/kg(z) % TAV (3)

1983 1984 1982 1983 t984 t973 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

Deutschland 1,242 l,2gg 1,463 - 0,3 10,8 France l, I 84 1,302 1,321 6,6 6,6 Italia l, 107 1,265 l, 160 8,7 -4,1 Nederland t,r49 1,160 1,346 - 1,2 14,8 Belgique/Belgiö 1,437 l,4gg 1,559 2,4 8,1 Luxembourg 1,659 l,5gg 1,539 2,1 0 United Kingdom 1,491 1,593 1,667 8,0 4,7 Ireland 2,106 2,094 2,175 10,5 7,4 Danmark 1,386 1,395 1,606 3,8 17,0 Ellas I,816 t.g2t 2.062 x 20,5

Source ; EC Cornmission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. (t) Deutschland: BML - Hähnchen bratfertig, 70%, Großhandelsverkaußpreis. France: Paris-Rungis: poulets classe A (moyens), 83%, prix de gros ä la vente. Italia : Forli: polli allevamento intensivo, prezzi d'acquisto all'ingrosso, peso vivo. Nederland : LEI: kuikens 70% - Groothandelsverkoopprijs. Belgique/Belgiö: Poulets 70%, prix de gros ä la vente/kuikens 70%, Groothandelsverkoopprijs. A partir de juillet 82 prix franco frontiöre/vanaf 3l juli 82 prijs franco grens. United Kingdom: london: chickens, 83%, wholesale price. Ireland: Chickens, 70%, wholesale price. Danmark: Kyllinger, 70%, slagterie til detailhandel. Ellas: Chondriki timi, 70%. (z) Slaughtering weight. 1l; Calculated on the basis of prices in national currencies. MARKETS - POULTRYMEAT 4I5

M.17.5 Consumerprices for chickens

% TAV

1983 1984 1983 1984 1982 r973 1983

7 I 2 3 4 5 6

Deutschland DM/kg 5,31 5,16 5,27 1,6 2,r France FF/kg 18,74 19,56 20,55 917 5,1 Italia LrT/ks 3 422 3 650 3 844 12,5 5,3 Nederland HFL/kg 6,98 6,88 6,92 2r7 0,6 Belgique/Belgiö BFR/kg I 16,0 126,0 137,8 4,8 914 United Kingdom pence/lb 72,20 74,3 78,1 4,8 5,1 Ireland pence/lb X X Danmark DKR/kg ::: X X Ellas DR/kg 133,26 157,58 189,02 X 20,0

Source: Eurostat. Deutschland: Brathähnchen. France: Poulet industriel effilÖ. Italia: Pollame (Gallina). Nederland: Braadkuiken - veß. Belgique/Belgiö : Poulet/braadkuiken. United Kingdom: Chicken, fresh 4 lbs. Ellas: Lianiki timi.

M.18 Output of silkworm cocoons and number of boxes of silkworm eggs used

Quantity % TAV 1983 1984 t982 r983 1984 r973 1983

7 I 2 3 4 5 6

- Silkworm cocoons France 3 922 3 sr6 3 336 I1,8 5,1 (in ke) Italia 84326 105157 150307 - 13,6 42,9 Ellas 65000 34s97 54801 ll,4 58,4

EUR IO 153248 143270 208,444 - 12,0 45,5

Boxesof France 188 167 167 11,9 silkworm eggs Italia 3 377 3 729 4 083 - 13,3 nt Ellas 2729 r 564 2 5r5 13,4 60,8

EUR IO 6 294 5 460 6 765 - 10,0 23,9

Source; EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. 416 MARKETS- sHEEpMEAT

M.lg.l Sheep and goat numbers (December)

I 000 head 0,6TAV Sheep 1983 1984 r982 1983 1984 r973 1983 I 2 3 4 5 6

Deutschland I r72 | 2r8 I 300 1,8 6,7 France 1225r (t) rr 231 I 0 824 0,9 3,6 Italia r0 493 t0 745 r0 923 3,2 1,4 Nederland 910 875 910 2,9 4,0 Belgique/Belgiö 83 97 100 2,J 3,1 Luxembourg 445 - 4,0 25,0 United Kingdom 22 930 23 3t7 23 946 1,4 2,7 Ireland 2 424 2 537 2 690 - 1,4 6,0 Danmark 37 39 40 - 3,5 2,6 Ellas 9 8301t; 9 962 t0 029 1,8 0,7

EUR IO 60 r34 60024 60767 1,6 1,2

Goats

Deutschland 36 36 36 - 0,6 0,0 France l 208 | 042 962 l12 7r7 Italia I 105(t) | 223 r 176 2,6 3,8 Nederland (2) 30 32 33 10,5 3,1 Belgique/Belgiö 7 6 6 4,1 0,0 Luxembourg 0 0 I 0,0 100,0 United Kingdom 47 48 49 14,0 2,1 Ireland 0 0 0 0,0 0,0 Danmark 0 0 0 0,0 0,0 Ellas 4 660 5 3561t; 5 432 1,8 l14

EUR IO 7 093 7 743 7 69s L,9 0,6

Source: Eurostat.

(t) Change in the statistical method. (2) May @nsus. MARKETS . SHEEPMEAT 417

M.19.2 Gross domestic sheepmeat and goatmeat production

1000t % TAV 1983 1984 1983 1984(t) r982 r973 1983

6 I z 3 4 5

0,0 Deutschland 20 22 22 6,3 2,3 France 184 174 170 3,1 5,9 Italia 52 51 54 4,9 - 14,3 Nederland 19 2r l8 7,7 Belgique/Belgiö 2,3 0,0 Luxembourg 0,7 United Kingdom 266 297 295 2,1 - 5,0 Ireland 42 40 42 0,5 0,0 Danmark 111 0,0 8,4 Ellas rzt 119 r29 1,6

EUR 10 710 729 735 2,4 0,8

Source; Eurostat. (r) Estimate.

M.19.3 Sheep and goats slaughtered

Average carcass % TAV I 000 head % TAV weight in kg

) 1983( 1984 > 1983( 1984 1982 1983 1984 r982 1983 1984 >>1974< 1983 >>1974< 1983

l0 ll I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

-1,6 -4,7 Deutschland 1269 1323 I 339 5,6 L,2 2l,l 2l,l 20,1 France 9 900 9 337 9 10s 2,9 2,5 l9,l 19,1 l9,l 0,3 0,0 g,o -0,4 -2,3 Italia 7 527 7 638 8047 2,7 5,4 8,8 8,6 -0,5 - 5,7 Nederland 'l s22 458 391 -2,1 -14,6 24.3 24.4 23,0 - Belgique/Belgiö 306 343 ll,2 -10,2 24.3 22,3 20.4 0,3 8,5 Luxembourg I 14851 1,6 1,5 19,0 19,0 r9,2 -0,3 l,l United Kingdom 13899 15068 -3,6 Ireland | 676 | 624 I 683 -0,7 3,6 24,2 25,2 24,3 0,0 -3,9 13,6 Danmark 23 19 25 -2,6 31,6 20,4 20,5 23,3 Ellas ll 288 n 366 Ll 499 0,3 1,2 10,6 10,6 I1,3 0,9 6,6

EUR l0 46410 47 2r5 47 283 0,7 0,1 15,6 15.7 t5.7 0,0 0,0

Source: Eurostat. 4I8 MARKETS - SHEEPMEAT

M.19.4 Sheepmeat and goatmeat supply balance EUR 10

I 000t % TAV

1983 1984 1982 1983 1984 r982 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

Gross domestic production 710 729 735 2,6 0,9 Imports - live animals(t; l8 19 20 5,6 5,3 Exports - live animals(t) 000 0,0 0,0 Intra-Community trade (t; 15 2r 18 40,0 - 14,3 Net production 728 748 755 2,7 0,9 Changesin stocks 14 15 16 7,1 6,6 Imports (z) 262 233 229 - I l,l 1,7 Exports(2) 455 25,0 0,0 Intra-Community trade (11 80 94 96 17,5 2,1 Internal use 972 961 963 - l,l 0,2 Gross consumption (kglhead/year) 3,5 3,5 3,5 2,9 0,0 Degree of self-supply (%) 73,0 75,9 76,3 3,8 0,6

Source; Eurostat and EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. (t) Carcass weight. (z) Carcass weight - All trade with the exception of live animals. 1l; All trade in carcass weight, including that of live animals (figures based on imports).

M. I 9.5 Imports of sheepmeat ( t )

t % TAV EUR IO 1983 1984 1982 1983 1984 r982 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

Total imports (z) - Spain 44r 233 614 47,2 163,5 - Portugal - New kaland 223798 194347 200350 13,1 3,1 - Argentina r44r0 12269 rr 347 I4,9 7,5 - Australia ll45r 16205 8284 41,5 -48,9 - Hungary 12003 l0 812 r0 654 9,9 1,5 - Bulgaria 3 t97 3 4s0 2920 7,9 - 15,4 - Poland 4 732 6 038 6 r92 27,6 2,5 - Yugoslavia 4455 4 553 4944 2,2 g,6 - Uruguay 2 772 2r9 656 92,1 lgg,5 - GDR 1z; 195 0 77 - 100,0 100,0 - Romania 12,7 - 13,6 - Other countries 3 273 3 001 I 839 8,3 -39,7

Grand total 28t 374 25r 692 248365 10,5 - 1,3 source.' EC commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture - Nimexe. (l) Live animals included. (z) Excluding trade between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic. MARKETS - SHEEPMEAT 4I9

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E co\ c\@ rn € rn O\ O- co d c.i \O- sO oo ra c\ OF- s B o l- o

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I -$ oo o\ N \o !ütr O\ oO O- $^ c.i od c.i oi iE cO rdi o\€ oo ra lr.l r\ r\ $ tr c.l öl o a E sf, \O O$ rf, I $ oo \o OÖI Hc{ c.i c.i o $ - 00 ol H(\ OC\ \o t\'l .f, ca €c\ a f\ s H > r- c\ a?| o0 q) c\ .l c.l I g q) 6 Q" a I c\ (fl c\ (.l -t: c\ o Flrr c?) H(\ g oo t?) *\O o\ .\l' H OÖI $ EE r\ c\ C- A' o\ I - tl (D rE' i ct I c\$ F-X h ooO s^ r\ ctl !n ! E c.r OöI f- 6l d\i f- od !El r\ r\ 3ä (J lri \o \o H6l ra) x'6 (\ öt E] 2' .P6 I (A x€ € cl c.) (t) E ct Q) E + is s, -s FI tr t\ ll +_ I al .s || f€ 6t () al s|cläo(u x^ !) .a o h ä0 \i !)tr s E ,\, sä (ü (a q) r3 s o aä o -l \ sg I tr o äo o .räE! .ts q) G' F Sa E $F *. o !s ä ,R8 ct \$ 9€t cl (D o ES Y-ä 4' -l 3eB ct s 89 FI Nt .E 6) I A 'iS FE 8H ä EEä e .s-t XE == = E E q) :-s s ö= a q) üF rrtr tr c) T cll q) F3E fl €Hs e vt It er9ä a s: x € sF Ex b*e (A \E: RE h as (ü iEf; SO\üFÄ8F tr$ l- tS-ss !; siüä o E.t t- o\ i;{#üöäö Sr- ä& z6 ie I I Eäüü8 p.9 j 5ö \= | | | | IE 3 a o Äö MARKETS . SHEEPMEAT 42I

-s oO * !n cA- .O^ O^ q \O" oo €r*.do\c\--o\c\ O\ dc.iodd-loddö'\o 3 s rr) oX-J-3Oc\co ;\o

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c\ c{ € (n cq \o r- r-- o^ \n$t--ttif-ol*-v? d.dc.id

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a- .ÄI *.4 ;.C{OO\O-\a)Oql !t c\r t öt ö{ o- €^ o^ c{ ' ri - I oiöiöi-lrirJii-l c\ oo € $ öl) \o dc.i-:cid,'tOö -C\OO .- o\ c.l (l) q) B - 3 CT, 6l o .- L. I c.)f\f--C$f-_l L I r (l) -l\d-:cidrJdc.i s$x33ä33 I ; s 6rc{$ tl F E a F I 3 l'- X U r-Ogta-c\qO^\ (\ $, d(\O\OOOOc\tl \o I dä o\ ' c.f td \d -i od s-o d c.i \d c- s dc.[Jciddoo € N-C'IR f- X() I o\ öl =' - .86 ct +, d9 i o *.o E € o^-.o.t^Öloo^?a I => O. | rJc.iodoölfoo (fl o o *a 5 *- cl 3ä333fr53 Ttt q) a FI :.I qsE cl qqoql-:$^?a co .t>Ft I r*. g oo | 6rr,dctii\O€Oöl Za ä0 r\ t\ 3i333333 € -C\- r- c (\ (\l E äs h -I eö 6l E +. 9 =-äE: GI = 6icEEe q) ü, - o !l x I Ee ä3E e tr 3 lrl (t) lrr E r JetF q) o= A o 5 - -) ü a0 E558e äo T DE E=; a tr Ylrlä YIIJtr \!. tr g E=v E EdV T Z oF oo .^tGl r <.x eq) ..ü O. g E I 4 E E 6'ä\€€ REHgeNEEE.E R4E t .rÄEEEs53Ä# S 8 A E E 5 5 E Ä fi qza 422 MARKETS- ALcoHoL

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o I

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I I twl ll ll I tll 5(, .S-- tJ N) \o5{5 \ol\o {VN)O I y, )o 9o { @l@ 90 J' 9 )o J'.r J' "(/r ",, "oo "O (,l5 F -| (Jl "9H(A5(r{\O{ "P N) 5 O\ {- { (r(js 424 MARKETS- PoTAToEs

ca öl r\ ,"i $ä q ,rl -l ca r o\ a.lcer \o €t€ (\l--ölc.rcAC.ircOC{99,.ic.ico€cq\^d+-l c.i 6lo\ c!

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\oh oo öt c\c\o(no\co \n Ot- F- r-\n$\öo\(.) a oo öl a?l o\ r\ ca ca .i (Y1 e\ ca cO

OO\-Oc\ .flco q ca (r) o\ ool€ \o od-i\öä.i 6l o\ cO od 6l o\ ttttl s

t-( a q) s 9n€r\.o OO\f-\t (tl \o calco c.r ta o\ c.t r- r\ \o o €lrr (,.) c\ o\ c\ I 6lo\ Fjs-td-i -:" ,ri cl 6 ,-i d cO L tttl tttl I I e tH O\ \O $ o\ a\ o\ cO -O c.) \o o\ oo :f r\ c\ $ oo f, E r o\ O o aÄ I I I - € sf,$ E (n o\ .a c\ r,') c\ cA c\o $ \o $ o\ c?) o )< € ca r\ c\ r- h o\ c 5

€s h ct €O oo \r) \n c! (\ co- $ \o $ @ ö.1 (\ o\ c! € o\ c\ -q) .I

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t t, cl E (A tr ä qä tll o cl EE7 = .ct ? EEEgr IIJ O I c\ (/n g .. 4 E E p a f; E E x j () EttFt:FEr :s o r&,=zÄ55.84fi I MARKETS. POTATOES 425

sfO- t\ f\ =t: .+ | c?l €l€ \o f-f-S oooc\ ra € o, lo\ (\ -(\t I I

F

co€$ OOd $ s cilcQ rn öl (\l -l-f\ co r- €lf- ral o\lo\ \oc\$ S\oco cn tl tll I

d \al öl \o O\o€l (a) s !f,$$ tf I o\ € ri rats ca co c\ o\ (\ €o Or

(A 4C\ \o c- ??l $C-öl O c\d\o r\ c{ a a oo aa !f,$\f co ca o\ 8 c\

_O€ o\ öl co$ts oo N € (\ \n$:f, cn (\ o\ öt

i C.l (n \o o\ .o^ \n $ lri -irjd r- öl €t€ oo (a 616 e.l -d I I I

F. OO\ tn Öl e.l € s co l??| \o $< v r- €lt- \.d ol6 ode'i -id I

Os\f, € € I t*- O\ \O Or () oo C.t-- o\ o\

c, ro r

O\$..)$ ra) öl \osöt€ € oo F ö.1 -*öi - o\

c?t o \o t lca ooloo ,.iod di od o\lo\ \() H \r'l (\ a q) I o +. F 6l I rn 6l !f, \o o s c.r I cct ro^ €^ c\ \n .l q oOlnr <^ a o\lo\ r.) \o c\t f c{o ca co tl I I I I q)t -I t rar s c?| r\ g€ € öl c\ - ch s oI .tl:, I = (tl ral E ra o € ci k g o\ a rtr s I 6t O öl t\ oo -€ 6 öl Q) .l

a\ cl (D fi t ct .A E] o c\ a tu .o E E ä ää Ä q) I ct E s s E ä€ E E E r :s A 'E E E;f,:5 s s fi I

l'/ 426 MARKETs- porAroEs

M.20.b.3 Potatosupply balance EUR 10

1000t % TAV

1982/93|* 1983/84 r98r/82 1982/83 1983/84 r98t/82 ß8A83

I 2 3 4 5 6

Usable production 33 282 33960 29032 2r0 14,5

Change in stocks -74 2s9 - 68

Imports 498 394 696 -20,9 76,6

Exports | 074 | 02r 847 4,9 - 17,0

Intra-Community trade 3 346 3 513 3677 5,0 4,7

Internal use 32 779 33074 29222 0,9 - I1,6 of which: - animal feed 3 463 3 857 | 962 ll,4 -49,1 - seed 2 650 2 573 2 553 2,9 0,9 - industrial use 571 456 342 -20,1 - 25,0 - alcohol 571 456 342 -20,1 - 25,0 - processing 4 381 4 029 3 331 8,0 - 17,3 - losses(marketing) | 428 l 438 | 0r2 0,7 -29,6 - human consumption 20 286 20722 20022 2,1 3,4

Human consumption(kglhead/year) (') 74,6 76,2 73,5 2,1 3,5

Degree of self-supply (o/o)1t; 101,5 t02,7 gg,3 1,2 2,9

Source; Eurostat. (t) EUR 9. MARKETS- POTATOES 427

O $lr?t $\or- \.| €l€ t\ cri -l d d B*rrl c.i 616 $ $l

F s t-. c.r I c.r c! & o\ €lr* -tl 6lo\ ca$

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g € L (n _OO f- a * - C.I € € r- f- oO F- r.|lr)\o ca N tr o\ Fl-F

0 tr q) o ()= .t= c.l f- \.) c\ c\ \n c.I € an $ X €tr (at .+ ,-( ca €o\ \o r-{ O\ @ +x sä c\.1 r-( r-( c.l oo Q cl (t) ()(u.r, e A

\F. e.| oo t\ r\ O\tn$ oo rr| \O (a) :f,os c\i c.t o\ f- F( F( ti Fl o tr

tr cl c) o c\\oocoocoa-o \o s iiNoOt-t.rr$ac\€ $ \o \o \o c.r oo i-( o\ F- ) o\€ $ i\ i.i trl f\ \O C\ \O t-( C- F $ cö €q (ll q) J tr G' o = q) (.) q) O\toOc!caOa\nq\ a (n 6 ö t- -i o\ rn c\ ca O F- = c\ oo x € c?l € o o\ \ö trE o tn \f) C\ ln F( \n @ c\ €F €o ,o o E 'Ea3ä q) F ßi oo) q) L.!.! !+ \O oO \o or\ O O\ t'- oO !O I E.- öl f- c) 1.4 +=cO-(F,r-OcqoO ,-( -l € öl \o \o c\ \o oo c\ oo o\ ö E 6t= \O C\ \O F. \O t-. t-t $ o f- cn :ä I FO () o tl d o

ah ; ah €) n E 9 :atr 6l *a 5 n gÄ ov A 'Ftfü ,t) Xr.I]c g,l lrl $ Eejvt .o E ESEE .Y O g g bd E Y c.l E .E :3 Ä,8 E E E ! Ä # 8 428 MARKETs- HoNEy

(/t r\l ^l c\ € C\ - - O C\ -alold-Oöl ,rl -d 9l --

J' L. CI E c.ltao-h _o roc\c)c)ral ro c sf, cl \o

€ tr cO cO cl o\ OHOO- g O-OOd

:t \o $co tAaHcaC\ € d ,'i CnO\rC\a d$ Eä-u c{ öI _c!

}D rrtO ErIJ d\|')i- l,al rr tÜO- l,al (rtO Itl Fl c{ Ac\

lt tr cl $ (n c.l \o o€coc!\o €(l) d oo c\ cfl r- O$ zc)

(n cl ca c.t \oooca\o € GI ral OT\ r-O\Oc{\O ,-i €d d cA !f,

q) (.) ca$ \f ca tr t caoocNoo\ dod €r-c\oc.) E - \o -c\ dod lJ. f\

I f\l co gE c.t v €C\-ts$ -.lr o\odcooo -id tcl -\OdC- (\ dl\-t\ Ä- c.l

o *i* \O \.) \o c{ (\l t !?c\oo-o

q) I A I 6l - al G' q) ()G € h ä ä ctl CI, Il c) q) e a E a E -e o \ o x 0 8gc s€, 8€E s€, eF.9 c sgä Fä -q) (IEä .:a lt .9äE äF äbF -rA o tr 7A A F (ll H EEAa 3ql : EE o g Aä 3E e E E a g: 2 () öb E E 8ts trl O c.t Eg { Ä fi E E EE EE $ 58 gf 5F :s s äE ä e Ei EO * s ä ÄE EO I MARKETS- WOOD 429

M.20.d Internal and external trade in wood and wood products EUR 10

Imports Exports Deficit Mio ECU Mio ECU Mio ECU 1000r 1000t (%) (%)

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

44:. World 982 31301 8 940 12065 3 184 5 756 Wood and articles of wood, (Intra 983 32940 10134 12039 3499 6 635 wood charcoal + 984 33531 10972 13382 3926 7 046 Extra) > 983( 32591 10015 12495 3 536 6 479 > 983( (100) (100) Intra 982 7 796 2022 7 897 2062 40 EUR IO 983 7 892 2204 7 996 2256 52 984 8 877 2503 8 864 2533 30 D 983( 8 188 2243 8252 2284 4l ))983( (22,4) (64,6) Extra 982 23505 6 918 4 168 | r22 5 796 EUR 10 983 25048 7 930 4043 t243 6 687 984 24654 8469 4 518 1393 7 076 983( 24402 7 772 4243 | 252 6 519 D 983( (77,6) (35'4)

47: World 982 l0 117 4120 2 345 407 3713 Papermaking material (Intra 983 l0 862 4 126 2 495 446 3 680 + 984 tr770 5 683 3 179 709 4 974 Extra) D 983( 10916 4643 2 673 521 4 t22 ) 983( (100) (100) Intra 982 1733 346 l 698 310 36 EUR IO 983 I 851 358 t799 334 24 984 2304 546 2267 5r2 34 > 983( l 963 417 r92r 385 32 ))983( (9,0) (73,9) Extra 982 8 384 3774 647 97 3 677 EUR IO 983 9 0ll 3768 696 trz 3 656 984 9 466 5 137 9t2 r97 4940 D 983( 8 954 4226 752 136 4 091 > 983( (e1.0) (26,1)

48: World 982 16 462 12034 7 854 8 102 3 932 Paper and paper board, (Intra 983 l8 002 13095 8 557 8 868 4227 articles of paper pulp, + 984 t9 675 15747 9 859 l0 955 4792 of paper or of paper board Extra) 983( 18046 13625 8757 9 308 4 317 983( (100) (100) Intra 982 623s 5907 6 l9l 5729 178 EUR IO 983 6 846 6437 6697 6 l9l 246 984 7 537 7 695 7 390 7 377 318 >) 983( 6873 6 680 67s9 6 432 248 > 983( (49,0) (69,1) Extra 982 10227 6 r27 1663 2373 3754 EUR IO 983 lr 156 6 658 1 860 2677 3 981 984 12138 8 052 2469 3 578 4 474 D 983( n r74 6946 l 998 2876 4070 983( (51,4) (30,9)

- Total World > 1983( 61553 28283 23925 13365 14918 Intra > 1983( r7 024 9340 16932 9101 239 Extra > 1983( 44530 18944 6993 4264 - 14680

Source; Eurostat - Nimexe.

!e) 430 MARKETS - FEEDINGSTUFFS

s s s S v, GI 3 El

J O\ \n \.) (a (ll ,.,?t? \9 O Cn\ c\ o oo Ö oo ,-( 6l c\ eri E S-C{a.l- tr (lt ln C\ t-.

€tr cl E o\

\otatF-oooc\ooF( o\$(.'\ococ\Föoo Eä€ \n OO ln .+ C\ C.l F{ ,E OölF(

€El r\ El 'l

E tr OQ ca d O eA f- t-{ \O .tt CI \o(a\oFcacoooöe.l (u \o \O \O f- C\.1 C\ J F \n €() 6l cA F{ z € (r) ct

(u ql$\9€\oc\or-c! äa 9\ooor-{\ö\aör-od cl $ f-\OO\$-cA!nf-c.l =$ca

I \e\ocah\oo\f-\o\o 89 €,-(f-oo+cacac{; c.l O\ C\ F- \O ; tn =al 61 61i ,-{ \r) \o c\

t öl sl

a0 ?, I .I €(D e t* -l Gl ;,6f A9 tr -l o - ci il .A a- s 't I 6o o 6l lq)9 ti öB .Ah € €HFa o 'd)C)E8€X €o ä:ä a Ar I €9EH - h8 Fgü',8 '-a 9+ E€ -\-9oo rrg € c.) g lc) ooo ä EE : r E Ii o\ a)trc)Y\/ sz lil t-. ai=LaEä6 Aä =.JiE.;€eE 'iE -.: FqEEEä#3- öl g t{9 I 'g€ Eb E ,.$ X lrl S -i e.i di + d \ci 80 MARKETS - FEEDINGSTUFFS 43I

M.21.2 Products used for animal feeding in the EC

1000t % TAV

EUR IO 1982/83 1983/84 t98t/82 1982/83 1983/84 t98r/82 ß8A83

I 2 3 4 5 6 l. C-ereals 68 910 68 908't 0

2. Feedcake(r; 23953 24848* 3,7 of which: soya 15959 15904'l -0,3

3. Animal meal 2399 2333* -2,8 of which: fish 707 704* -0,4 meat and similar | 692 | 629* -3r7

4. Dehydrated fodder (lucerne etc.) I 550 | 442* -7,0 -4,7 5. Milk powder (skimmed and other) t754 l 672*

6. kgumes (field beans etc.) 689 I 079* 56,6

Source: Eurostat - Fodder supplies (provisional). (r) Excluding olive residues.

M.21.3 Feed requirements expressed in fodder units EUR 10

Mio FU % TAV

EUR IO 1983 1984 1982 1983 1984 1978 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

-1,2 Beef cattle 172,8 174,1 172,0 0

Pigs 50,9 52,3 52,8 2,1 1,0 _ Poultry 32,3 31,7 31,2 L,7 T,6

Other (sheep,goats, horses,asses) 27,9 28,9 29,0 0,6 0,3

283,9 287,0 285,0 0,6 -0,7

' ource.' EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. 432 MARKETs- FEEDrNcsruFFs

M.21.4 Industrial production of compound feedingstuffs

1000t 0,6TAV

1983 1984 1982 1983 1984 t973 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cattle feed EUR 9 2922r 31944 29 645 6,6 -7,2 Ellas ::: EUR IO ::: Pig feed EUR 9 26 793 26 879 26 543 2,3 - 1,3 Ellas ::: EUR IO ::: Poultry fged EUR 9 2t 9r9 2r r27 2t 249 1,5 0,6 Ellas EUR IO ::: Other feed EUR 9 3 464 3 s42 3 70r 5,8 4,5 Ellas EUR IO

Total EUR 9 81 397 83 492 81 138 3,6 -2rg Ellas EUR IO :

Source.' EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture; FEFAC.

M.21.5 hoduction of the compoundfeedingstufrs industry by categoryof snimaland by MemberState (1e84)

Q0üa

Pigs Poultry Cattle (t) Other Total

I 1 3 4 ) 6

Deutschland 6 r92 3 351 7 t09 567 l7 2r9 France 4 440 5 525 3 683 | 320 14 968 Italia 2 442 4 048 3 770 740 l1 000 Nederland 6 579 3 2r2 6 000 249 16040 UEBL/BLEU 2 524 986 | 376 r29 5 015 United Kingdom 2 099 3 330 4 803 512 r0 744 Ireland 441 277 l l5l 68 | 937 Danmark l 826 520 | 753 ll6 4 215

EUR 9 26 543 21 249 29 64s 3 701 8l 138 Ellas EUR l0 : : : : : source.' EC commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture ; FEFAC. (t) Including milk replacer ßed for calves. MARKETS - FEEDINGSTUFFS 433

M.21.6 Use of cereals in compound feedingstuffs

% of production of I 0001 % TAV compound fbedingstuffs 1983 1983 1984 t982 1983 1984 r982 1983 1974 1982

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -0,2 Deutschland 22,3 21,6 23,4 3 836 3 830 4 028 - 1,1 France 42,4 47,7 48,2 6 506 7 256 7 2r3 3,2 11,5 Italia 55,2 53,3 6 000 6 000 6,2 0 -2,7 Nederland 16,5 15,3 16,2 2 425 2 360 2 597 - 3,8 -0,9 UEBL/BLEU 28,0 21,4 I 400 I 388 -4,7 United Kingdom 40,7 43,6 4 813 5338 0 10,9 Ireland 41,1 68,5 750 I 411 5,8 88,1 Danmark 35.8 37.5 I 650 I 700 5,0 3,0

EUR 9 33.5 35,1 27 240 29 283 1,4 7,5 Ellas EUR 10 ::

Source: EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture; FEFAC.

M.zl.l Use of cake in compound feedingstuffs

96 of production of 1000t % TAV compound feeAingstufs 1983 1983 1984 1982 1983 1984 1982 1983 1974 t982

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Deutschland 35,6 3l,l 6 r28 5 520 6,8 9,9 - France 21,7 18,0 3 331 274r 2,6 L7,7 Italia 24,9 24,0 2700 2700 10,3 0 Nederland 16,1 22,8 2373 3 521 3,6 48,4 UEBT./BLEU 21,5 24,2 r 076 t 226 1,7 13,9 United Kingdom 17,5 16,7 2073 2039 8,9 1,6 Ireland 16,8 14,6 306 302 12,2 1,3 Danmark 43.8 44,5 2020 2017 6,0 0,1

EUR 9 24,6 24,03 20007 20066 5,7 0,3 Ellas EUR l0 ::

Saurce: EC Commission, Directorarc-General for Agriculture; FEFAC. 434 MARKETs - FEEDINGsTUFFs

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M.22.1 Gross productionof meat in the Community

% TAV % of total 1000t 1983 1984 E[.JR IO r983 1984 r982 1983 1984 r982 p. L97t 1983

7 8 9 I 2 3 4 5 6

Meat (t; 10548 2,4 0,3 - Pigmeat 42,5 42,7 41,8 10183 10518 7 533 2,4 8,7 - Beef and veal 27,8 28,3 29,9 6 663 6 928 4 295 2,7 -0,4 - Poultrymeat 18,4 t7,6 17,0 4 397 4 3rr 725 2,4 0,6 - Sheepmeat and goatmeat 2,9 2,9 2,9 696 72r 59 0,5 0 - Horsemeat 0,2 0,2 0,2 58 59 530 0,8 0 - Other 2,2 2,2 2,1 s23 530

2,7 Total 94,0 93,9 93,9 22 520 23067 n 694 214

1550 2,6 4r0 Edible offals 6,0 6,1 6,1 1438 r 49r

2,8 Total 100 100 100 23 958 24 ss} 2s 240 215

Source : EC C.ommission, Drectorate-General for Agficulture. (t) Carcass weigbt. 436 MARKETs - ALL MEAT

M.22.2 Meat consumption

% of total kglhead % TAV EUR IO 1984 1983 1984 1982 1983 1984 r982 1983 p 1973 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Meat (t; - Pigrneat 42,0 42,3 42,0 37,3 37,6 37,7 2,0 0,3 - Beef and veal 27,7 27,4 27,6 24,4 24,3 25,0 0 2,9 - Poultrymeat 16,3 16,1 16,2 14,4 14,3 14,7 1,9 2,8 - Sheepmeatand goatmeat 3,9 3,9 3,9 3,4 3,5 3,5 00 - Horsemeat 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,7 0,7 0,7 -1,3 0 - Other 2,5 2,5 2,4 2,2 2,2 2,2 0,5 0

Total 93,2 93,0 g2,g 82,4 82,6 83,8 L,2 1,5

Edible offals 618 7,0 7,1 6,0 6,2 614 2,0 3,2

Total 100 100 100 88,4 88,8 90,2 L,3 l16

Source: EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. (r) Carcass weight. MARKETS - ALL MEAT 437

M.22.3 Net balance of external trade (t) in meat 1z; and degree of self-supply in the EC

Net balance Degreeof self-supply EUR IO 1000t % of total (%)

t* 1982 | rggrp 11984** r982 1983 I 1984 r973 1984

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Meat - Pigmeat 88 222 278 38,1 277,5 86,9 101,4 102,t - Beef and veal 40 155 376 17,3 193,8 117,5 85,0 110,8 - Poultrymeat 363 357 291 - 157,1 446,3 90,9 103,3 107,2 - Sheepmeatand goatmeat -277 -247 -244 119,9 - 308,8 -76,2 61,0 75,9 - Horsemeat -133 -r24 -l2r 57,6 - 155,7 -37,8 25,0 31,I - Other 84 80 80 36,4 - 100,0 -25,0 87,9 86,9

3 283 500 1,3 353,8 156,3 93,0 103,5

Edible offals -228 -203 - 180 98,7 -253,8 - 56,3 95,2 89,6

Total -231 80 320 100 100 100 92,4 102,5

Source.' EC Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture. (t) Exports - imports. 1z) Including live animals, in carcass weight equivalent. 438 MARKETs- ALL MEAr

M.22.4 Consumer price indices - Meat EUR 10 (in money and real terms)

1980: 100 % TAV

1983 1984 19821t; 19831t; 19841t; t975 1983

I 2 3 4 5 6

Money terms

Deutschland 112,3 113,6 112,6 2,9 - 0,9

France 129,6 139,0 147,3 9,0 6,0

Italia 138,5 152,2 162,2 l3,l 6,6

Nederland 114,2 114,6 113,6 3,9 - 0,9

Belgique/Belgiö t09,7 118,2 r22,8 5,0 3,9

Luxembourg 124,5 134,9 139,7 6,5 3,6

United Kingdom I l8,l I l8,g 123,5 9,1 3,9

Ireland 132,4 137,9 144,7 I 1,8 5,0

Danmark 126,3 129,7 r42,0 7,8 9,5

Ellas 171.0 205.8 234,8 17,8 13,8

Real terms

Deutschland 103,1 l0l,l 98,3 - 0,6 -2,8

France 102,8 100,4 99,0 -0,4 -lr4

Italia 99,3 94,8 92,0 - L,9 - 3,0

Nederland 102,1 100,5 97,2 - 0,9 -3,3

Belgique/Belgiö 97,3 99,0 97,5 - 0,1 - 1,5

Luxembourg 104,I 106,2 r02,6 0 -3,4

United Kingdom 98,7 94,6 94,5 - 1,5 -0,1 ; Ireland 98,I 92,3 90,I -0r7 -24

Danmark 103,1 97,9 102,5 -0,2 4,7

Ellas I l5,l I 15.6 lll.3 2,0 -3,7

Source: Eurostat. 1t) Partially estimated by Eurostat. MARKETS - FATS 439

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EuropeanCommunities - Commission

The Agricultural Situation in the Gommunity - 1985 Repon

Luxembourg: Officefor Official Publicationsof the EuropeanCommunities 1986- 439 pp., 11 fig. - 16,2 x 22,9cm

DA, DE,GR, EN, FR, IT, NL

rsBN 92-825-5794-4

Catafogue nu mber : CB-44-85-670-EN-C

Price (excludingVAT) in Luxembourg:

ECU 22,28 BFR 1 OOO IRL 16 UKL 13.20 USD 19

This report is the eleventh publishedversion of the annual Report on the Agricultural Situation in the Community. lt contains analyses and statistics on the general situation (economic environment and world market), the factors of production, the structures and situation of the markets in the various agricultural products,the obstacles to the common agricultural market, the position of consumers and producers, and the financial aspects.The general prospects and the market outlook for agricultural products are also dealt with.