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Forging New Political Identities in the Shanty Towns of Durban, South Africa
Historical Materialism 26.2 (2018) 178–197 brill.com/hima Forging New Political Identities in the Shanty Towns of Durban, South Africa Richard Michael Pithouse University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa [email protected] Abstract This contribution offers some observations with regard to political identities in a pop- ular movement largely based in the shantytowns of Durban, South Africa. It seeks to examine, via more than a decade of immersion and research, one instance of how popular organisation and mobilisation have been mediated through shifting political identities. It argues that if discourse professionals on the left are to become effective actors it will be necessary to take popular political identities a lot more seriously, and to enable mutually transformative engagement between theory and actually-existing forms of popular striving and struggle. Keywords political identities – popular politics – Durban – South Africa The intra-elite contestation within the public sphere in South Africa has come to be shaped by intense conflict between elites organised around accumula- tion via the market and those organised around accumulation via the state. In ideological terms liberalism, which continues to take the form of racial capi- talism, is pitted against a form of authoritarian nationalism organised around forms of clientelism that have approached kleptocratic levels. Both sides in this conflict present their own interests as enmeshed with those of the people, or sometimes the poor, and themselves as the protagonists best equipped, in terms of credibility and expertise, to represent the people, or the poor. But, as the convergence between the state and capital formed in response to the strikes on the platinum mines in 2012 showed so clearly, there © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2018 | doi:10.1163/1569206x-00001644 Forging New Political Identities 179 is a shared hostility to autonomous organisation and struggle on the part of impoverished or working-class people. -
Abahlali Basemjondolo Is One Such Counter-Hegemonic Movement
‘Unlearning’ hegemony: An exploration of the applicability of Alain Badiou’s theory of the event to informal learning through an examination of the life histories of South African social movement activists By Anne Harley Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of KwaZulu-Natal 2012 Abstract This thesis argues that it is both necessary and possible to change the world. Changing the world requires engaging with, to try to understand it from the basis of lived reality, and then acting. Our ability to do this is, however, affected by hegemony, which attempts to convince us that the way things are is either normal and natural and the only possible way they could be, or that it is impossible to change them. Nevertheless, there is always resistance to this, and I suggest that we might learn something useful by examining how this happens. The thesis thus explores Gramsci’s theory of hegemony, and its applicability to our current world; and also considers resistance to this. I argue that the nature of capitalism has shifted, and discuss how this shift has impacted on hegemony, identifying three current interlocking hegemonic ideologies. I consider current resistance to this hegemony, including the role of social movements. Much resistance, and many social movements, I argued, cannot properly be called counter-hegemonic in that, although it/they may critique the dominant economic system, it/they remain trapped within hegemonic logic. However, it is clear that there is existing truly counter-hegemonic resistance, including some social movements, and I argue that Abahlali baseMjondolo is one such counter-hegemonic movement. -
Anna Selmeczi Central European University Selmeczi [email protected]
“We are the people who don’t count” – Contesting biopolitical abandonment Anna Selmeczi Central European University [email protected] Paper to be presented at the 2010 ISA Convention in New Orleans, February 17-20th Panel: Governing Life Globally: The Biopolitics of Development and Security Work in progress – please do not cite without the author’s permission. Comments are most welcome. 2 “We are the people who don’t count” – Contesting biopolitical abandonment 1. Introduction About a year before his lecture series “Society Must be Defended!”, in which he first elaborated the notion of biopolitics, in a talk given in Rio de Janeiro, Foucault discussed the “Birth of the Social Medicine”. As a half-way stage of the evolution of what later became public health, between the German ‘state medicine’ and the English ‘labor-force medicine’, he described a model taking shape in the 18th century French cities and referred to it as ‘urban medicine’. With view to the crucial role of circulation in creating a healthy milieu, the main aim of this model was to secure the purity of that which circulates, thus, potential sources of epidemics or endemics had to be placed outside the flaw of air and water nurturing urban life. According to Foucault (2000a), it was at this period that “piling-up refuse” was problematized as hazardous and thus places producing or containing refuse – cemeteries, ossuaries, and slaughterhouses – were relocated to the outskirts of the towns. As opposed to this model, which was the “medicine of things”, with industrialization radically increasing their presence in the cities, during the subsequent period of the labor force medicine, workers and the poor had become to be regarded as threats and, in parallel, circulation had been redefined as – beyond the flow of things such as air and water – including the circulation of individuals too (Ibid., 150). -
Ungovernability and Material Life in Urban South Africa
“WHERE THERE IS FIRE, THERE IS POLITICS”: Ungovernability and Material Life in Urban South Africa KERRY RYAN CHANCE Harvard University Together, hand in hand, with our boxes of matches . we shall liberate this country. —Winnie Mandela, 1986 Faku and I stood surrounded by billowing smoke. In the shack settlement of Slovo Road,1 on the outskirts of the South African port city of Durban, flames flickered between piles of debris, which the day before had been wood-plank and plastic tarpaulin walls. The conflagration began early in the morning. Within hours, before the arrival of fire trucks or ambulances, the two thousand house- holds that comprised the settlement as we knew it had burnt to the ground. On a hillcrest in Slovo, Abahlali baseMjondolo (an isiZulu phrase meaning “residents of the shacks”) was gathered in a mass meeting. Slovo was a founding settlement of Abahlali, a leading poor people’s movement that emerged from a burning road blockade during protests in 2005. In part, the meeting was to mourn. Five people had been found dead that day in the remains, including Faku’s neighbor. “Where there is fire, there is politics,” Faku said to me. This fire, like others before, had been covered by the local press and radio, some journalists having been notified by Abahlali via text message and online press release. The Red Cross soon set up a makeshift soup kitchen, and the city government provided emergency shelter in the form of a large, brightly striped communal tent. Residents, meanwhile, CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Vol. 30, Issue 3, pp. 394–423, ISSN 0886-7356, online ISSN 1548-1360. -
Ccs Events and Activities, May - August 2006
CCS EVENTS AND ACTIVITIES, MAY - AUGUST 2006 1 With goodnatured mirth and to knowing laughter, Ashwin Desai offered our July 21 Social Movements Research Workshop a caustic assessment: ‘Patrick seems to think that by scheduling a bewildering series of seminars this month, somehow we’re going to get closer to The Truth.’ Still, discounting a mild case of institutional burnout, perhaps we did get a bit closer during the middle third of 2006. This was CCS’s most active period to date, and this newsletter records conferences, workshops, major lectures, seminars, publishing outputs and other projects. But we also began to take time for reflection on CCS’s trajectory, in the form of our first Phase (2001- 06) review. This led to some innovative strategies for the second Phase, which we will be sharing with our associates and broader community in coming weeks. Highlights included several Economic Justice project debates in June, including one that brought us the views of ANC/Alliance leaders and intellectuals; the International Society for Third Sector Research (ISTR) biannual congress; and in late July, the Workshop on the World Social Forum cohosted with the Bangkok/Manila/Mumbai thinktank Focus on the Global South (attended by 200), four ecological seminars and the International Sociological Association (ISA) quadrennial world congress. Detailed reports are below. The Phase 1 review included two aspects thus far: a draft report – Inquiring Activism: CCS Five Years On – authored by the highly regarded civil society analyst David Sogge, who is associated with the Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa; and a local follow-up workshop report on implications for strategy by local organisational development expert Catherine Collingwood. -
The Struggles of Abahlali Basemjondolo As an African Philosophy in the Making
A journal dedicated to the scholarship of teaching and learning in the ‘global South’ Volume 4 , Issue 1 April 20 20 Pages: 26 -36 Peer-reviewed article Living Ubuntu: The struggles of Abahlali BaseMjondolo as an African philosophy in the making Motlatsi Khosi University of South Africa [email protected] Department of Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology Abstract What does it mean to engage in a philosophy of struggle and emancipation in our South African context? As part of my MA research I took an internship with Abahlali BaseMjondolo, a shack dwellers’ movement whose office is based in central Durban. Their members reside in various settlements within KwaZulu Natal and the Eastern Cape. Whilst interning at the movement I conducted interviews with some of their members, using this experience to gain insight into the movement’s theory and philosophy. Here I was challenged by what it means to do research using narrative as the foundation of my work. It is through narrative that one can tackle the problematic representations of black people in academia and society. I argue that in this movement a philosophy is at work. Their philosophy is based on the lived experience of struggle. As producers of knowledge, I argue that they represent the workings of Ubuntu. Using Maboge B. Ramose’s (2002) explanation of ‘Ubuntu as philosophy’ I show how it can help us understand what it means to be human and how this is being affirmed in spaces of struggle. As agents of struggle we (black people) must be recognised for how we create knowledge. -
Izwi Labampofu
December 06 Volume 1, Issue 1 Mahala Free: Please read and pass on 86 Kennedy Road, Clare Estate IZWI LABAMPOFU Durban 4098 South Africa www.abahlali.org Editorial Collective For This Issue: System Cele, M’du Hlongwa, Fazel Khan, VOICE of THE POOR Mnikelo Ndabankulu, Zama Ndlovu, Richard Pithouse, Antonis Vradis & Thoko Zikode, Special thanks to Daniel Bailey, COHRE. Newspaper of the Abahlali Basemjondolo Movement Thanks also to Anthony Collins for use of his house and eqipment. Funeral). Bazibophezele ukulwela Ngakusasa bavela e nkantolo belimele umhlaba nezindlu,ukususwa ngenk- ngenxa yokushaywa kanzima ama- Abahlali Bayanda! ani. Emashini eyasukela ku Foreman phoyisa. Unsumpa wale police station u Abahlali abawu 45.Sebeke bamenywa Glen Nayeger wathwetshulwa amanye Inhlangano yaBahlali baseMjondolo la kuKennedy wathi bakhathele ukudlala kwi nkulumo mpikiswano ne Meya ye amaphoyisa eshaya ngesihluku o Sbu no inhlangano enkulu yabantu abampofu amakhansela ebadayisa .etshela intatheli Theku u Obed Mlaba ku Asikhulume Philani ebangqubuza ezindongeni nokwa eNingizimu Afrika. Akusiyo inhlanga- u-Fred Kockott emva kwalokho Abahlali uhlelo olukumabonakude.Ngo Sep- holela ekutheni u Philani aquleke. Nase Mo- no yezepolitiki. Isebenzisana nabanye abawu1200 kuKennedy bamasha befuna themba 11, I GAGASI FM lamema u tala Heights kwenziwa isihluku esifanayo Abahlali baseMjondolo okubalwa kubo kudedelwe amalungu abo awu 14 kodwa Sbu Zikode no Philani Zungu kanye sokuhlukunyezwa kwabantu amaphoyisa, nabadayisi basemgwaqeni, Inamalungu avinjwa ngamaphoyisa ngezinja nesisa no Mnikelo Ndabankulu,ukuthi bacha- nakweminye imijondolo eminingi.Lolu emijondolo engu 34 eyehlukene .Ikhule esikhalisa unyembezi. Ngalobobusuku za kabanzi ngomzabalazo wabahlali. dlame olubhekiswe kwabampofu lusho ngokuqala kubhikishwe eKennedy Road uSbu Zikode owayengusihlalo ngaleso- Kodwa ababange besafi ka ngenxa ukuthi Abahlali Base Mjondolo basahlalel- ngoMashi 2005. -
Journal of Asian and African Studies
Journal of Asian and African Studies http://jas.sagepub.com/ Abahlali's Vocal Politics of Proximity: Speaking, Suffering and Political Subjectivization Anna Selmeczi Journal of Asian and African Studies 2012 47: 498 DOI: 10.1177/0021909612452703 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jas.sagepub.com/content/47/5/498 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Journal of Asian and African Studies can be found at: Email Alerts: http://jas.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jas.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://jas.sagepub.com/content/47/5/498.refs.html >> Version of Record - Oct 1, 2012 What is This? Downloaded from jas.sagepub.com at Rhodes University Library on October 19, 2012 JAS47510.1177/0021909612452703Journal of Asian and African StudiesSelmeczi 4527032012 Article J A A S Journal of Asian and African Studies 47(5) 498 –515 Abahlali’s Vocal Politics of © The Author(s) 2012 Reprints and permission: Proximity: Speaking, Suffering sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0021909612452703 and Political Subjectivization jas.sagepub.com Anna Selmeczi Central European University, Hungary Abstract Using as its point of departure the claim that today the urban is the main site for the abandonment of superfluous people, this article explores the emancipatory politics of the South African shack-dwellers’ movement, Abahlali baseMjondolo. Based on a notion of political subjectivization as the appropriation of excess freedom, I argue that Abahlali disrupt the order of the ‘world-class city’ when they expose the contradiction between the democratic inscriptions of equality and the lethal segmentation of the urban order. -
Popular Media, Democracy and Development in Africa
Popular Media, Democracy and Development in Africa Popular Media, Democracy and Development in Africa examines the role that popular media could play to encourage political debate, provide information for develop- ment, or critique the very definitions of ‘democracy’ and ‘development’. Drawing on diverse case studies from various regions of the African continent, the chapters employ a range of theoretical and methodological approaches to ask critical ques- tions about the potential of popular media to contribute to democratic culture, provide sites of resistance, or, conversely, act as agents for the spread of Ameri- canized entertainment culture to the detriment of local traditions. A wide variety of media formats and platforms are discussed, ranging from radio and television to the Internet, mobile phones, street posters, film and music. Grounded in empirical work by experienced scholars who are acknowledged experts in their fields, this contemporary and topical book provides an insight into some of the challenges faced throughout the African continent, such as HIV and AIDS, poverty and inequality, and political participation. Examples are grounded in a critical engagement with theory, moving beyond descriptive studies and therefore contributing to the intellectual project of internationalizing media studies. Popular Media, Democracy and Development in Africa provides students and schol- ars with a critical perspective on issues relating to popular media, democracy and citizenship outside the global North. As part of the Routledge series International- izing Media Studies, the book responds to the important challenge of broadening perspectives on media studies by bringing together a range of expert analyses of media in the African continent that will be of interest to students and scholars of media in Africa and further afield. -
KEEPING STOLEN LAND KWAZULU-NATAL's LAND, LABOR & HOUSING STRUGGLES a Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate
KEEPING STOLEN LAND KWAZULU-NATAL’S LAND, LABOR & HOUSING STRUGGLES A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Professional Studies in Africana Studies by Jeffrey Lee Purcell August 2007 © 2007 Jeffrey Lee Purcell ABSTRACT This thesis explores the common roots of several contemporary social movements in Durban, South Africa. My point of departure is a series of community meetings in May, June, and July 2006, during which geographically separated Black and Indian community organizations expressed remarkably similar grievances against the municipality and government, all rooted, I argue, in the colonial dispossession and alienation of Africans, and later in the enforced marginalization of Indian communities. Largely, these dispossessions occurred in the 19th century and early in the 20th century – decades before the policy Apartheid begin in 1948. It is the continued relationship of exclusion and repression in relation to land and space in Natal, I argue, that accounts for the common struggles of these movements. I shall cite Antonio Gramsci extensively in order to argue that his conceptions of “consent” and “coercion” explain the perpetual success of policies designed to preserve colonial and Apartheid dispossession. Moreover, several labor struggles will be considered in order to illustrate the degree to which the majority’s consent has been secured, and to offer evidence that Gramsci’s theories are powerful assistance to us. Mahmood Mamdani’s identification of “subject” and “citizen” will factor, as the transition from Apartheid to ANC rule has essentially cemented the status of landless South African subjects. -
Yousuf Al-Bulushi
THE STRUGGLE FOR A SECOND TRANSITION IN SOUTH AFRICA: UPRISING, DEVELOPMENT AND PRECARITY IN THE POST-APARTHEID CITY Yousuf Al-Bulushi A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Geography. Chapel Hill 2014 Approved by: John Pickles Altha Cravey Michael Hardt Scott Kirsch Eunice Sahle ©2014 Yousuf Al-Bulushi ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Yousuf Al-Bulushi: The Struggle for a Second Transition in South Africa: Uprising, Development and Precarity in the Post-Apartheid City (Under the direction of John Pickles) This dissertation explores the limitations of post-apartheid liberation in the specific environment of Durban, South Africa. It takes a social movement of shack dwellers, Abahlali baseMjondolo, as a looking glass into urban debates concerned with the wellbeing of some of South Africa’s most marginalized communities. As the country struggles to deal with the ongoing crises of mass poverty, inequality, and unemployment, the government has responded with a range of developmental projects. At the same time, poor people around the country have protested injustice in record numbers, rivaling levels of unrest in any other part of the world. A mix of state repression and increased governmental redistribution of wealth has been the official response. This study explores these contentious issues by placing them in the context of South Africa’s Second Transition. More broadly, the approach situates the study at multiple geographical scales of analysis from the global to the continental, and the regional to the city. -
Our Struggle Is Thought, on the Ground, Running” the University of Abahlali Basemjondolo1
“OUR STRUGGLE IS THOUGHT, ON THE GROUND, RUNNING” THE UNIVERSITY OF ABAHLALI BASEMJONDOLO1 CENTRE FOR CIVIL SOCIETY RESEARCH REPORT NO.40 RICHARD PITHOUSE2 CENTRE FOR CIVIL SOCIETY, UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL [email protected] The Centre for Civil Society publishes and distributes regular peer reviewed research reports in order to stimulate debate and reflection in civil society. Most of these research reports are work in progress and are later formerly published in academic books and journals although some are republished with permission.We 1 The quote is taken from a comment made by S’bu Zikode at a meeting at the Kennedy Road settlement, 15 March 2006. I have heard two explanations of the origins of the word umjondolo. The first is that this initially colloquial word for shacks comes from John Deere – the first shacks built in Durban when white control of the city began to falter in the 1980s were made from discarded and then salvaged and traded packing crates for John Deere tractors. This origin of the word is thought to speak to life lived from within detritus. The second explanation, which Mark Hunter has brought to my attention, is that umjondolo has an older origin and comes from the word umjendevu, which means spinster, and speaks to the settlements as sites of gendered transgression. The transgression inheres in the fact that settlements, against apartheid rules that largely reserved access to the city to male migrant workers, enabled women to become migrant workers outside of life in domestic labour and, thereby, enabled a new degree of access to city life by umarried women.