Hebrew Verb Conjugation
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Hebrew verb conjugation In Modern Hebrew , verbs are conjugated to reflect their tense and mood , as well as to agree with their subjects in gender , number , and person . Each verb has an inherent voice , though a verb in one voice typically has counterparts in other voices. In transliterations below, vowels are in Latin and consonants are in English . Classification of roots A root is classified according to the letters that appear in it. Roots that contain certain letters are conjugated differently. waw or ו yod as the 2nd letters are called hollow roots. The י waw or a ו Roots that contain a .yod rarely appear in any conjugation though are usually written as part of the root י the dag דג ,(dan (discussed דן ,(gar (lived גר ,(shar (sang שר :Examples of hollow roots (fished). ה álef , and א , áyin ע , ħet ח , nun נ , yod י ,Roots that contain at least one of the weak letters hey , are called weak roots. Each weak letter/position pairing results in a slightly different yod . Examples of י conjugation pattern. The largest group of these are those that end with nafal נפל ,(yarad (went down ירד ,(ala (went up עלה ,(shata (drank שתה :weak roots (fell). Roots that do not fit into the other two categories are called strong or complete roots. The Binyanim - binyanim) םיניינב Hebrew verbs are conjugated according to specific patterns called םישרוש constructions") where vowels and affixes are slotted into the (mostly) three-letter" (shorashim - roots) from which the majority of Hebrew words are built. which has the ל.ע.פ There are seven basic binyanim. The traditional demonstration root is basic meaning of "action" or "doing": active reflexive passive נפעל פועל הופעל התפעל הפעיל פיעל פעל paal piel hifil hitpael hufal pual nifal causative intensive simple Present tense howe ) agrees with its subject in gender (masculine or הוֶֹוה ) A verb in the present tense feminine) and number (singular or plural), such that each verb has four present-tense forms: Singular Plural Form Root Translation M F M F שׁוְֹמרוֹת שׁוְֹמִרים שׁוֶֹמ ֶרת שׁוֵֹמר שׁמר Paal Guards sh-m-r shomer shoméret shomrim shomrot ְמַגְדּלוֹת ְמַגְדִּלים ְמַגֶדּ ֶלת ְמַגֵדּל גדל Piel Raises, grows (something) g-d-l megaddel megaddélet megaddlim megaddlot ַמְקִטינוֹת ַמְקִטיִנים ַמְקִטיָנה ַמְקִטין קטנ Hifil Shrinks (something) q-t-n maqtin maqtina maqtinim maqtinot ִמְתַבְּטּלוֹת ִמְתַבְּטִּלים ִמְתַבֶּטּ ֶלת ִמְתַבֵּטּל בטל Hitpael Belittles oneself, loafs b-t-l mitbattel mitbattélet mitbattlim mitbattlot מוְּקָטנוֹת מוְּקָטִנים מוְּקֶטֶנת מוְּקָטן קטנ Hufal Is shrunken by q-t-n muqtan muqténet muqtanim muqtanot Is raised ְמגוָּדּלוֹת ְמגוָּדִּלים ְמגוֶּדּ ֶלת ְמגוָּדּל גדל Pual g-d-l meguddal meguddélet meguddalim meguddalot ִנְשָמרוֹת ִנְשָׁמִרים ִנְשֶׁמ ֶרת ִנְשָׁמר שׁמר Nifal Is guarded sh-m-r nishmar nishméret nishmarim nishmarot The present tense doesn't inflect by first, second or third person because its use as a present tense is a relatively recent trend, as this form was originally used as the participle . The ancient language didn't have strictly-defined past, present or future tenses, but merely perfect and imperfect tenses, with past, present or future connotation depending on context. Later the perfect and imperfect tenses were explicitly refashioned as the past and future tenses respectively, with the participle standing in as the present tense. (This also happened to the Aramaic language around the same time.) The modern present tense verb is still used as the present participle; see further down. Past tense (avar ) agrees with its subject in person (first, second, or third ָעַבר ) A verb in the past tense and number, and in the second-person singular and plural and third-person singular, gender. Note that the past/perfect and the present/participle tenses of the third-person singular nifal were historically pronounced with different vowels in the final syllable—the past/perfect with a pata ħ gadol ( ַ = / /), and the present/participle with a qamats gadol ( ָ = / /). In Modern Hebrew, both of these vowels have merged to /a/ , and the two verb forms now are "nishmar means "he was guarded ִנְשַׁמר pronounced the same. For example, the past tense ִנְשָׁמר or in old-fashioned perfect tense "he is/was guarded"), whereas the present tense) nishmar means "he is being guarded". Singular Plural For Ro m ot Thou Ye He She I They We M F M F ָשַׁמ ְרנוּ ְשַׁמְרֶתּן ְשַׁמְרֶתּם ָשׁ!ְמרוּ ָשַׁמ ְרִתּי ָשַׁמְרְתּ ָשַׁמ ְרָתּ ָשׁ!ְמָרה ָשַׁמר שׁמר Paal sh- shama shamárt shmarte shmarte shamár shamra shamart shamárti shamru m-r r a m n nu גד ִגּיַדְּלנוּ ִגּיַדְּלֶתּן ִגּיַדְּלֶתּם ִגּיְדּלוּ ִגּיַדְּלִתּי ִגּיַדְּלְתּ ִגּיַדְּלָתּ ִגּיְדָּלה ִגּיֵדּל ל Piel g- giddalte giddalte giddáln giddel giddla giddálta giddalt giddálti giddlu d-l m n u ִהְקַטְנֶתּ ִהְקַטְנֶתּ ִהְקִטי ִהְקַטְנִתּ ִהְקַטְנ ִהְקַטְנ ִה ְקִטיָנ ִהְקִטי קט ִהְקַט נּוּ ן ם נוּ י ְתּ ָתּ ה ן נ Hifil q-t- hiqtante hiqtante hiqtánn hiqtin hiqtina hiqtánta hiqtant hiqtánti hiqtinu n m n u ִהְתַבַּטּ ִהְתַבַּטּ ִהְתַבַּטְּל ִהְתַבְּטּ ִהְת ַבַּטּ ִהְתַבַּטּ ִהְתַבַּטּ ִהְתַבְּטּ ִהְתַבּ בט ְלנוּ ְלֶתּן ֶתּם לוּ ְלִתּי ְלְתּ ְלָתּ ָלה ֵטּל ל Hitp ael b-t- hitbatt hitbattl hitbattá hitbatta hitbattál hitbattl hitbattalt hitbattalt hitbattál l el a lta lt ti u em en nu הוְּקַטנּ הוְּקַטְנ הוְּקַטְנֶתּ הוְּקְט הוְּקַטְנ הוְּקַטְנ הוְּקַטְנ הוְּקְטָנ הוְּקַט קט וּ ֶתּן ם נוּ ִתּי ְתּ ָתּ ה ן נ Hufa l q-t- huqta huqtánt huqtante huqtante huqtánn huqtna huqtant huqtánti huqtnu n n a m n u גד גּוַּדְּל נוּ גּוַּדְּלֶתּן גּוַּדְּלֶתּם גּוְּדּלוּ גּוַּדְּלִתּי גּוַּדְּלְתּ גּוַּדְּלָתּ גּוְּדָּלה גּוַּדּל ל Pual g- gudda guddált guddalte guddalte guddáln guddla guddalt guddálti guddlu d-l l a m n u ִנְשַׁמ ְרנ ִנְשַׁמְרֶתּ ִנְשַׁמְרֶתּ ִנְשְׁמר ִנְשַׁמ ְרִתּ ִנְשַׁמְר ִנְשַׁמ ְר ִנְשְׁמָר ִנְשַׁמר שׁמר וּ ן ם וּ י ְתּ ָתּ ה Nifal sh- nishm nishmár nishmar nishmárt nishmr nishmart nishmart nishmár nishmra m-r ar ta t i u em en nu Future tense atid ) agrees with its subject in person and number, and in ָעִתיד ) A verb in the future tense the second- and third-person singular, gender. The second-person singular masculine and third-person singular feminine forms are identical for all verbs in the future tense. Historically, there have been separate feminine forms for the second- and third-person plural (shown in parentheses on the table). These are still occasionally used today (most often in formal settings), and could be seen as the 'correct' forms; however in everyday speech, most Israelis use the historically male form for both genders. Singular Plural For Ro m ot Thou They Ye He She I We M F M (F) M (F) ִנְשׁמוֹ ִתְּשׁמוֹר ִתְּשְׁמ ִתְּשׁמוֹר ִיְשְׁמר ֶאְשׁמ ִתְּשְׁמ ִתְּשׁמוֹ ִתְּשׁמוֹ ִיְשׁמוֹ שׁ ר ָנה רוּ ָנה וּ וֹר ִרי ר ר ר מר Paal sh- yishm tishmo tishmo tishmr eshmo yishmr tishmór tishmr tishmór nishm m- or r r i r u na u na or r ִתְּגַדּ ְלָנ ְתַּגְדּל ִתְּגַדּ ְלָנ ְתַּגְדִּל גד ְנַגֵדּל ְיַגְדּלוּ ֲאַגֵדּל ְתַּגֵדּל ְתַּגֵדּל ְיַגֵדּל ה וּ ה י ל Piel g- yegadd tegadd tegadd tegadd agadd yegadd tegadd negadd tigdálna tigdálna d-l el el el li el lu lu el ַתְּקֶטיָנ ַתְּקִטי ַתְּקֶטיָנ ַיְקִטינ &ְקִטי ַתְּקִטי ַתְּקִטי ַתְּקִטי ק ַנְקִטין ַיְקִטין ה נוּ ה וּ ן ִני ן ן טנ Hifil q- yaqtin yaqtin taqtin taqtin taqtini aqtin taqtéyna taqtinu taqtéyna naqtin t-n u ִנְתַבֵּטּ ִתְּתַבֵּטּ ִתְּתַבּ ִתְּתַבֵּטּ ִיְתַבְּטּ ֶאְתַבּ ִתְּתַבּ ִתְּתַבּ ִתְּתַבּ ִיְתַבֵּטּ ב ל ְלָנה ְטּלוּ ְלָנה לוּ ֵטּל ְטִּלי ֵטּל ֵטּל ל טל Hitp ael b- yitbatt titbatte titbatte titbattl etbatte yitbattl titbattél titbattl titbattél nitbatt t-l el l l i l u na u na el תּוְּקַטָנּ תּוְּקְט תּוְּקַטָנּ יוְּקְטנ אוְּקַט תּוְּקְט תּוְּקַט תּוְּקַט ק נוְּקַטן יוְּקַטן ה נוּ ה וּ ן ִני ן ן טנ Huf al q- tuqtánn tuqtánn yuqtan tuqtan tuqtan tuqtni uqtan yuqtnu tuqtnu nuqtan t-n a a ְתּגוַּדּ ְלָנ ְתּגוְּדּ ְתּגוַּדּ ְלָנ ְיגוְּדּל ֲאגוַּדּ ְתּגוְּדּ ְתּגוַּדּ ְתּגוַּדּ גד ְנגוַּדּל ְיגוַּדּל ה לוּ ה וּ ל ִלי ל ל ל Pual g- yegud tegudd tegudd tegud agudd yegudd teguddá tegudd teguddá negud d-l dal al al dli al lu lna lu lna dal ְתַּשֵׁמּ ְרָנ ִתּיָשְּׁמ ְתַּשֵׁמּ ְרָנ ִייָשְּׁמ ֶאָשֵּׁמ ִתּיָשּׁ ִתּיָשֵּׁמ ִתּיָשֵּׁמ ִייָשֵּׁמ שׁ ִניָשֵּׁמר ה רוּ ה רוּ ר ְמִרי ר ר ר מר Nifa l sh- yishsh tishsha tishsha tishsh eshsha yishsh tesham tishsha tesham nishsh m- amer mer mer amri mer amru mérna mru mérna amer r As in the past tense, personal pronouns are not strictly necessary in the future tense, as the verb forms are sufficient to identify the subject, but they are frequently used. Imperative Except for the strictly passive binyanim ( pual and hufal ), each binyan has distinct imperative forms in the second person. This imperative form is only used for affirmative commands. of the future-tense ת Paal , nifal , piel , and hifil form their imperatives by dropping the initial ,tishmri (singular תשמרי ,"!pta ħ! "open פתח → (.tifta ħ (singular, masc תפתח ,.form (e.g shimri! "guard!"); the fifth, hitpael , forms its imperative by replacing this שמרי → (.fem ת titbattel → hitbattel "do nothing!"). (Note that the dropping of the initial ) ה with ת initial often results in a change in vocalization, as can be seen in the instance of tishm əri /sh imri ). ,al followed by the future-tense form. For example אל Negative commands use the particle .(al tid ʼag means "don't worry" (masculine, singular אל ת דאג In colloquial speech, the future tense is commonly used for affirmative commands when tifta ħ can mean either "you will open" or תפתח ,making requests, so that for example "open" (masculine, singular), but this is considered incorrect usage. The infinitive can be used as a "general imperative" when addressing nobody in particular (e.g.