Landscape Management for Urban Green Space Multifunctionality
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Landscape Management for Urban Green Space Multifunctionality: A comparative study in Sheffield (UK) and Yuci (China) by Wenzheng Shi BSc. Town Planning (Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology) 2005 MA. Landscape Management (University of Sheffield) 2008 A thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Landscape University of Sheffield United Kingdom October 2013 Acknowledge Special thanks to my supervisors, Paul Selman and Helen Woolley, for supporting me during these past four years. I am deeply appreciative of Helen whose support, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me research and write this thesis. She also gave me a lot of excellent ideas, useful guidance and suggestions on methods for my study of landscape management. Moreover, I also learned a lot of experiences about solid learning and cultivation from her in my PhD period, and understand how to consider questions in academic research. I am very lucky to have been Paul’s PhD student. He is a professor of great scholarship, and has taught me a lot of knowledge and experience during my development as a researcher. In my PhD study, he guided and supported me to finish my research. Specifically, at the last stage of my thesis, Paul gave much attention to my thesis, even though he had surgery on his right eye; he still tried to read my draft and gave comments. I am very grateful to him. All staff in the Department of Landscape have given me great support in my study period. Special thanks to Helen Morris, Emma Shaw, Paul Buck and Denise Hall. They have given me a lot of help during my master and PhD studies. Thank you to the staff from Parks and Countryside Services in Sheffield City Council and people from Landscape Department in Yuci. They have all warmly helped to support my research. I also want to thank Shanxi Academic Institution of Urban Planning and Design, which is my former working unit before my PhD study. During the last four years, the Institution has provided a lot of opportunities to sponsor my research. Thank you all my friends and colleagues from the ninth floor of the Arts Tower in the Department of Landscape: especially Yuhan Shao, Jie Tang, Liyuan Gu, Dawei Li and Xi Wang, they have given me great support as we have worked together in the office and eaten food together in the last few months, before the thesis submission. i Especially, thanks are due to my family for their encouragement for my study. My parents have given me very important support in my study. They always encouraged me when I was struggling with my work. Finally, I want to express my appreciation to my wife, Bai Yujie. During these four years, she has given me a warm family and brought my sweet son into my life which makes my life more colourful. This is an important motivation for me finish the thesis as soon as possible. Thanks to my parents in law. They help me and my wife to take care of the baby, and support me to study without any question. I am very lucky that a lot of friends and people have supported and helped me. ii Abstract The key purpose of this thesis is to investigate how the concept of multifunctionality, applied to the totality of green infrastructure, can help to underpin an improvement in the management of urban green space. The thesis uses a paired comparison study to investigate ways of enhancing landscape multifunctionality in green infrastructure through improved management in different cities. This study compares actual and potential prospects for development of green infrastructure in Sheffield, UK and Yuci, China. Landscape management plays a key role in improving the quality of urban environments and enhancing green infrastructure. The concept of multifunctionality has been considered as a core property of green infrastructure and has been particularly impacted in Europe, UK and USA. However, most literature on green infrastructure emphasises its spatial planning phases, and usually gives less attention to landscape management aspects. Therefore, this thesis concentrates on management aspects of green infrastructure; particularly those that enhance its multifunctionality. This research commences with a literature review to understand related research and management background. Subsequently, Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to show and explain what kind of green spaces and multifunctionality are present. Based on GIS mapping, relevant policies and plans are reviewed and evaluated in selected cities, supplemented by interviews with landscape managers. The interviews provide particular insights into implementing action and monitoring of management proposals and actions. As a comparative study, this thesis has critically compared national and local policy contexts for green spaces in the UK and China. Based on mapping exercises and policy analysis, a representative set of management practices and specifications have been selected for more detailed analysis. The extent to which these documents contain multifunctional management approaches has been undertaken by evaluating them in relation to multifunctionality criteria. iii It is clear that there are significant differences in practices between Sheffield and Yuci, although, many of their needs are similar. One output of the research is to contribute to 'knowledge exchange' as a way of improving policy and practice. The comparative case studies in this thesis identify a number of potential factors in management for improving multifunctional green infrastructure. The roles of policy, management approach, and comprehension of multifunctionality among managers are discussed in order to ascertain the ways in which multifunctionality can be promoted in green infrastructure. Some of the benefits and barriers in the management process such as legislation and resources are discussed to investigate potential opportunities. On the other hand, the experiences of management from different backgrounds are explored as a basis for knowledge exchange. Key Words: landscape management, green infrastructure, multifunctionality, knowledge exchange iv Content Content Acknowledge ................................................................................................................................. i Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ iii Table List ....................................................................................................................................... I Figure List ................................................................................................................................... III Map List ........................................................................................................................................ V Picture List ................................................................................................................................. VII Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background to the research ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Theory and practice: landscape concepts within landscape management ....................... 4 1.3 Research aims and objectives ....................................................................................... 13 1.4 Thesis structure ............................................................................................................. 14 Chapter 2 Literature Review ....................................................................................................... 15 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Related concepts ........................................................................................................... 15 2.2.1 Urban green spaces ............................................................................................ 16 2.2.2 Green infrastructure: a developing concept ....................................................... 28 2.2.3 Landscape multifunctionality ............................................................................. 49 2.3 Landscape Management ................................................................................................ 61 2.3.1 Concept of Landscape Management .................................................................. 62 2.3.2 Delivery and success management..................................................................... 68 2.3.3 Summary ............................................................................................................ 77 2.4 Policy context (Development of policy at national level) ............................................. 78 2.4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 78 2.4.2 The UK policy context (focus on England) ....................................................... 79 2.4.3 Landscape policy context in China .................................................................... 88 2.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 97 Chapter 3: Research Methodology .............................................................................................. 99 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................