LITERATURE ON HORTICULTURE A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY

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1998-99

BY

Roll No. 98 LSM-06 Enrol. No. W-7267

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

CHAIRMAN

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Prof,Y, Shahahat Husain lief.„ . No,, .i.bc. (Hons.), M.Sc, M.Lib.Sc, (Alig.), M.Phil. (U.K.) CHAIRMAN Dated..Oj.r,,\[-..\.S>$J.. CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ms. Haleema Khatoon has completed

her dissertation entitled "Literature on Horticulture : A

bibliometric study", in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

the degree of Master of Library and Information Science

(1998-99) She has conducted the work under my supervision

and guidance. I deem it fit for submission.

Prof. Shabahat Husain

Chairman

f'o.-ra! Ac/clrfss 4/465, SHARAFAT LODGE (BEHIND AKBAR MARKET), CIVIL LINES A L I G A R H_202 002 (U.P,;), INDIA DEDICATED TO MY ADORABLE PARENTS CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PG.No. CHAPTER-I BIBLIOMETRICS 1-17 CHAPTER-II HORTICULTURE: AN INTRODUCTION 18-55 CHAPTER-III BIBLIOMETRICS: OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY 56-63 CHAPTER-IV DATA ANALYSIS,INTERPRETATION AND PRESENTATION 64-118 CHAPTER-V APPLICATION OF BIBLIOMETRIC LAWS 120-129 CHAPTER-VI CONCLUSION 130-133 LIST OF TABLES

S.No. Title Page No.

1. Ranking of periodicals 66-11

2. Countri^vise Distribution of Items 80-83

3. Yearwise Distribution of Items 86

4. Language^vise Distribution of Items 89

5. SubjectwiseDistribution of Items 92-93

6. Formwise Distribution of Items 96

7. Ranking of Authors 99-118

8. Bradford's Table 122-123

9. Ranking of Words 129 LIST OF GRAPHS

S.No. Title Page No.

1. Graphical Representation of Countrywise Literary

Output 84

2. Graphical Representation of Yearwise Distribution of

Items 87

3. Graphical Representation of Languagewise Distribution

of Items 90

4. Graphical Representation of Subjectwise Distribution

of Items 94

5. Graphical Representation of Formwise Distribution of

Items 97

6. Bradford's Bibliograph 124 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To begin with, I wish to thank the Almighty, the most benevolent and merciful

Allah as, besides other worldly factors, his blessings alone enabled me to complete this dissertation.

Secondly, I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my respected teacher and supervisor Prof, Shabahat Husain, Chairman, Department of Library and

Information Science, A.M.U., Aligarh for his invaluable guidance and advice which

helped me in understanding and analyzing the problems involved in this work. Without

his constant support and encouragement this task would have been difficult to

accomplish.

I am greatly indebted to my respected teacher Mr. S. Mustafa K.Q. Zaidi, Reader,

Department of Library and Information Science, A.M.U., for his inspiring support.

I owe my immense gratitude to my teachers Mr. Naushad Ali P.M., Ms.

Sudharma Haridasan, Mr. Masoom Raza and Ms. Nishat Fatima, Lecturers of the

Department of Library and Information Science, A.M.U. for their continuous

encouragement during the course onstay in the department.

Thanks are due to Mr. Khwaja Moin Ahmad, Mr. Riaz Abbas and Mr. Asrar

Ahmad Khan, staff of the Seminar Library for their whole hearted cooperation during the

completion of my B. Lib. & I. Sc. and M. Lib. & I. Sc. I am also thankful to Mr. Masood Aziz, and Ms. Rehana Qadir, library staff,

Department of Botany for providing relevant material to me.

I am extremely gratefUl to my friend Miss Asma for her continuous help in undertaking this venture.

I am extremely grateful to my brother, MuttaUb and my sisters, Huma and Hina for their moral support.

I am also gratefial to all of my friends, family members and relatives specially my maternal uncle, Mr. Suhail Ahmad Siddiqui for his inspiring support and patience at every step in the completion of this dissertation.

Jk- HALEEMA KHATOON CHAPTER! BIBLIOMETRICS

INTRODUCTION:

Discipline that investigates the properties and behaviour of information, the forces

governing the flow of information, and the means for processing information for optimal

accessibility and usability is termed as "Information Science". It occurs individually as well

as in combination with other words such as information analysis, information service,

infDrmation source, scientific and technological information and soon.

Ii'dormation may be defined as :-

"IriforiTiation is the message conveyed or intended to be conveyed by a system.atised

boci^' of ideas or its accepted or acceptable substitutes".

» According to D, Bell (1979) "Information is news, facts, statistics, reports , legeslation,

text lodes, judicial decisions, resolutions and the like".

• According to Machlup (1983) " Information is the peacemeal, fragmented, timely,

transitory .-• flow of messages".

The term information science was coined first in U.S.A. in 1959. The most

significant use of the term is to be seen in the changing of the name of the American

Documentation Institute (ADI) to American Society for Information Science (ASIS) in 1968. The title of its journal "American Documentation" was changed to "Journal of the

American Society for Information Science (JASIS) in 1970.

Information Science is a disciphne concerned with the study of property and

behaviour of information as well as the factors influencing the flow of information.

In the present age, librarians have been observing the evergrowing number of

bibliographic units like books, periodicals, articles in periodicals; corresponding increase in

the size of library collection, number of readers, issue of library material, number of

catalogue cards, changes in search strategy and so on. This becomes all the more

problematic because of the in elastic budgetary provisions. Realizing these factors, no

single library can afford to acquire every document. Hence, limited and selected

procurement of journals seems to be one of the practical remedies. Bibliometric is relatively

a new one recent origin, which has emerged to identify the pattern of publications,

authorship, citations used for a subject etc. over a period of time and thereby offering

insight into the dynamics of the area under a particular study.

1 BIBLIOMETRICS:

Bibliometric has been derived from the two words 'Biblion' and 'Metric'. The word

'Biblion' means Books and 'Metric' means measurement. So, Bibliometrics generally

means'Measurement pertaining to Books'. It implies a use of quantitative or statistical method to study the behaviour of information.

This term is comparatively of Recent Origin and Bibliometric studies are being conducted in different disciplines.

1.1 Origin and History:

First study regarding Bibliometrics was conducted in 1917 by Xole' and 'Eale\

They wrote on "The History of Comparative Anatomy Part-1: A Statistical Analysis",

First term used for this was" Statistical Analysis".

Henkle (1938), Gosnell (1943\44), Barker (1966) also used the same term i.e.

' Statistical Bibliography'.

In 1968 Pritchard analyzed the term 'Statistical Bibliography' and found to be contusing with 'Statistics' and 'Bibliography on Statistics'. Therefore he coined another term i.e. called'Bibliometrics'.

Hence, the term Bibliometric has a very recent origin. The term Librametrics,

Scientometrics, Econometric and Informatrics are also used in literature. Bibliometrics is anaiogus to 'Ranganathan's librametrics, Russian concept 'Scientometrics', FIDS

'Informatics' and also to some other well established sub-disciplines like 'Econometrics',

'Psychometrics','Sociometrics' and 'Biometries'. 1.2 Definitions:

Bibliometrics is that branch of science which studies the behaviour of information.

We can also say that "Bibliometric" is that branch of information theory that attempts to analyse quantitatively the properties and behaviour of recorded knowledge.

It has been defined by different people in different ways:-

I) Hulme (1923): The purpose of Statistical Bibliography is to shed light on the process

of written communication and of the nature and course development of a discipline by

means of counting and analysing the various facets of written communication.

II) Raising (1962): The assembling and interpretation of statistics relating to books and

periodicals use of books and journals and to ascertain in many local situations the

general use of books and journals.

III) Pritchand (1969): Application of mathematical methods to books and other media of

communication.

IV) Fairthorne (1969): Quantitative treatment of the properties of recorded discourse and

behaviour appertaining to it.

V) Hamkins (1977): Quantitative analysis of the bibliographical features of a body of

literature. VI) Potter: Bibliometric is the study and measurement of the publication patterns of all

forms of written communication and their authorship.

VII) Schrader ; "Bibliometric is the scientific study of recorded discourse".

VIII) Broadus: Bibliometric is the quantitative study of physical published units or of

Bibliographic Units of Surrogates either.

IX) Sengupta: Organization , Classification and Quantitative evolution of publication

patterns of all macro and micro communications along with their authorship by

mathematical and statistical calculus.

X) British Standard Institute: The study of the use of documents and patterns of publication

in which mathematical and statistical method have been applied.

2 BIBLIOMETRICS ; Its Scope:

The scope of bibliometric includes the studying of relationship within a literature

or describing a literature. Typically these descriptions focus on consistent patterns involving

Authors, Monographs, Journals, Subject, Language Forms.

Bibliometric studies fall mainly into two broad groups: a) Descriptive Studies: Those describing the characteristics or features of literature. b) Behavioural Studies: Those examining the relationship formed between components of

a literature.

The techniques of bibhometric are simple to complex in nature. The basic units of

bibliometric are all facets of written communication, such as Primary and Secondary

periodicals, Articles, Books, Monographs and other media of communication. Bibliometric

techniques have extensively applied equally in Sociological Studies of Science Information

Management, Librarianship, history of science including science policy. Study of Science

and Scientists and also in different branches of Social Science. Bibliometric laws are usefiil

in uderstanding some of the information phenomena and may help in planning many of the

library activities, as they indicate certain basic patterns and relationships governing

information items and activities. The study mostly relates to quantification of items and

their pattern of distribution. Hyperbolic distribution and exponential growth are the

prominent trends underlying information and document phenomena. The studies throw light

on the pattern of growth of literature, productivity and influence of authors, interrelationship

among different branches of knowledge, distribution of terms in information storage and

retrieval pattern of collection build up, their use and the like. 2.1 Purpose of Bibliometrics: Pritchard assigned its purpose as to shed light on the process

of written communication and of the nature and course of development of a descriptive

means of counting and analyzing the various facts of written communication.

According to Dr. S.N. Singh "The purpose of bibliometric is to provide quantitative analysis of the phenomenon going with documents, their organization, use and services in library and Information Centres and Systems. It offers to the information worker a type of statistical technique for the study of characteristics and attributes of literature and that of communication media.

The main purpose of bibliometric study is :

• To find out major form of literature.

• To prepare a ranked Hst of journals.

• To make a comparison between ranked journals.

• To identify the country with greatest library output.

• To find out the chronological scattering of all cited literature.

• To ascertain the amount of utilization of language. Some other purposes are :

• To develop norms and standardization .

• To regulate inflow of information and communication.

• To identify authorship and its trends in documents of different subjects.

• To measure useful news of adhoc and retrospective SDI services and so on.

3 UTILITY OF BIBLIOMETRIC IN RESEARCH:

At present, bibliometric work often provides the background for a more practical

task. It is an established technique covering wide area of knowledge. It has therefore been

able to involve scholars from many of these disciplines. Consequently it has attracted

scholars from different disciplines or their respective fields. Day by day, it is attaining

sophistication and complexity having national, international and interdisciplinary character.

It has estabhshed itself as a viable and distinctive research technique for studying science of

science based on bibliographic data. As a matter of fact, its backbone Hes in its sound theoretical foundation most efficiently and effectively laid by some pioneers like Gross,

Lotka, Bradford, Zipf, Derek J. De SoUa Price, Bookstein, Massavesik, Cole brother, Pritchard, Garfield, Hulme, Fairthorne and many others who are all not basically librarians, but belong to different branches of knowledge.

The techniques evolved by these pioneers are capable of throwing light to various complicated problems faced by many while handling information to quantify the process of written communication. It has established itself as a viable and distinctive research tool for quantitative measurement of human knowledge. Data analysis both of citations and of volume of publications year by year can be useful in planning retrospective bibliographies.

Bibhometric also provides information about the structure of knowledge. Its classification studies give information about the subject, language and country relationship which is based on literary warrant. Bibliometric is very useful in any field of research or in any discipline or it can be used in small and manageable ways by individuals, to improve some part of library or information service.

4 BIBLIOMETRIC LAWS:

There are three fundamental laws which laid the formation of bibliometrics:

4.1 Lotka' s inverse square law of scientific productivity.

4.2 Bradford's law of scattering. 4.3 Zipf s law of word occurrence.

4.1) Lotka's Inverse Square Law:

The frequency distribution of productivity of authors of scientific papers was first studied by Alfred Lotka, who proposed that the number of authors making n contributions is about 1/n^ of those making one contribution, and the proportion of all contributors who make a single contribution is about 60 per cent, or a(n)=k\n^.

Where a is the number of authors producing n papers and k a constant.

In other words, for every 100 authors contributing one article, 25 will contribute two articles, about 11 will contribute 3 articles and 6 will contribute 4 articles and so on.

4.2) Bradford's Law of Scattering:

This law was given by S.C. Bradford in 1948. S.C. Bradford examined two bibliographies prepared in the science library on applied Geophysics and Lubrication and he prepared lists of journals arranged by decreasing order of source items contributed by the journals to the Bibliographies.

He noticed that in each subject, there were a few very productive sources, large number of sources of constantly diminishing productivity. In the list of periodicals ranked

10 by diminishing productivity, Bradford identified three groups of periodicals that produced approximately the same number of articles on the subject, but the number of periodicals in these three equi-productive zones increased by a constant factor.

Based on this he stated this law as, "If scientific periodicals are arranged in order of decreasing productivity of articles on a given subject that may be divided into a nucleus of periodicals more particularly devoted to the subject and several groups or zones containing the same number of articles as the nucleus when the number of periodicals in the nucleus and succeeding zones will be given as :

1 : n : n^

4.3) Zipfs Law of Word Occurrence:

This law was given by Zipf in 1949. Zipf developed and extended an empirical law, as obseived by Estoup governing a relation between the rank of a word and the frequency of its appearance in a long text.

If 'r' is the rank of a word and T is its frequency, then mathematically Zipf's law can be stated as follows:

rf = c, where ^c is a constant.

This law states that in a long textual matter if words are arranged in their decreasing order of frequency, then the rank of any given word of the text will be inversely proportional to the frequency of the occurrence of the word.

11 He found that by multiplying the numerical value of each rank (r ) by its corresponding frequency (f), he obtained a product (c ) which is constant throughout its text, e.g.:

Rank (r) Frequency (f) Product (rf)=c

1 400 400 2 200 400 3 133 399 4 100 400 5 80 400 6 66 396 7 58 406 8 50 400 9 41 369 10 40 400

Table shows distribution of words inversely proportional to the frequency of occurrence of the word.

Thus, these three laws are respectively based on

(i) Number of authors contributing in a discipline or other field;

(ii) Distribution of articles in a set of journals;

12 (iii) Ranking word frequency in a particular set of documents.

Other Laws:

The three other important laws that need to be mentioned here are:

4.4 Price's Square Root Law of Scientific Productivity:

This law was given by Derek De Solla Price in 1963. This law states that "half of

the scientific papers are contributed by the square root of the total number of scientific

authors".

4.5) Garfield's Law of Concentration:

This law was enunciated by Eugene Garfield in 1971. This law states that " a basic

concentration of journals is the common core of nucleus of all fields".

4.6) Sengupta's Law of Bibliometrics:

This law has been put forward by Sengupta in 1973 which is also known as off

setting weightage formula for re-ranking periodicals to avoid discrimination against new journals which necessarily have fewer citation credits. This is basically an extension of the

Bradford Law.

It states that "during phases of rapid growth of knowledge in a scientific discipline,

articles of interest to that discipline appear in increasing number of periodicals distant from

that field".

13 Mathematically this law stands in the following form:

f (x + y) = a + b log (x + y)

Where f (x + y) is the cumulative number of references as contained in the first (x

+y) most productive journals, x indicate number of journals in the same discipline and y stands for number of journals of unrelated disciplines (y>x) and a and b are two constants.

5) Subdivisions of Bibliometrics:

5.1: Operation Research (Linear Programming, Transport problems).

5.2: Statistics (Multivariable techniques, trends, correlation).

5.3: Bibliometric Laws (Laws of Zipf, Lotka and Bradford).

5.4: Citation Analysis (Networks, Science Policy).

5.5: Circulation Theory (Models).

5.6: Information Theory.

5.7: Theoretical Aspects of Information and Retrieval.

6. Application of Bibliometrics:

As bibliometric lies between the border areas of social sciences and physical sciences, its techniques have extensive applications equally in sociological studies of science

, information management, librarianship, history of science and also in some other branches of social science and sciences. Some of the areas where bibliometrics techniques are consistently being applied are enumerated here:

14 • To design information services.

• In library management.

• Evaluation of indexing services and retrieval system.

• Weeding and stacking policy.

• To find out core journals by applying Bradford Law.

• To find out trends in research activities.

• Trends in authorship.

• To find out the distribution of scientific articles or scattering of articles through

applying Bradford Laws.

• To find out the productivity of scientist by applying Lotka's Law.

• To lead the reader to fiirther studies in the field.

• Help in preparation of Bibliographies.

• To find out the relative use of different languages.

• To study the use of literature from different countries.

« To study the scattering of subject. o To study the rate of collaborative research.

15 7. Limitations in Application:

Though most of the studies tend to support the Bradford distribution some other researcher could not get the satisfactory results. Gross found that the scatter of research papers among physics journals deviated from that predicted by Bradford's Law. Out of 50

Bibliographies studied by Chonez, only six followed the law. Therefore, he calls the low pseudo scientific.

7.1 Lotka'sLaw:

In the case of Lotka's law it was found to fit in most cases. However the value of indexing was found to vary for different groups of scientists.

Another problem with Lotka's law is that it totally ignores the potential authors who have not produced any publication so far.

7.2 Citation Analysis:

In case of Citation Analysis, the common arguments against it are;

• Too much of self citation and in-house citation.

• Practice or citing only to get the favours of the powerfiil or to appears others.

• Citation given just to dress up the paper.

• Variation of citation rate during life time of paper.

• Variation of citation rate with type of paper and speciality.

• Negative citation

16 Because of all these limitations the empirical nature of these laws are generally questioned.

CONCLUSION:

Bibliometrics has emerged as the most active field of library and information science during the past few decades. It is estimated that literature on this topic occupies more than

25% of the total contribution in library and information science. Citation Analysis studies form a major portion of it, pertains to the application of bibliometric laws. However, there is a long way to go in achieving perfection in the studies. Even the spread of computers for retrieval, counting and analysis are unlikely to achieve perfection in the studies. This study is merely a method, not a theory. To make it a theory and more useful, researchers must concentrate on the casual factors underlying Bibliometric phenomena. The changes that are frequently occupying in the publication practices are likely to complicate the studies in fliture. In such circumstances it is advisable to consider the results of such studies as more guidelines rather than ends in themselves.

BiWiometric is a formal scientific subdiscipline that includes the complex of mathematical and statistical method, used to analyze bibliographical characteristics of documents. It has been recognized as the structure part of the methodology of library and information science also.

17 CHAPTER-II HORTICULTURE : AN INTRODUCTION

Horticulture may be defined as an agricultural science which treats of the production, utilization and improvement of fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants. The term is derived from the Latin words 'hortus' which means garden, and 'cultural means cultivation. It is a tremendous industry composed of numerous commercial enterprises and even more numerous home gardens, orchards, lawns and ornamental plantings. It is a field that affects and influences all people. It provides a large portion of our food supply. It is a bounteous source of beauty in our homes, cities, rural landscapes, parks, campuses, gardens, conservatories, greenhouses anfl areas of the great outdoors.

The role of horticulture In daily life will vary greatly among individuals. It may be a profession as with research workers, plant breeders and teachers. Horticulture may be a pastime, an adventure , or a means of exercise and health. It is a hobby for many people.

Various aspects of the science and art of Horticulture may be the favourite subject for the cartoonist, the author, the poet, the humorist, the artist, the composer, the photographer, and the coimoisseur of food. It even approaches the weather in popularity as a Conversation Piece.

18 1) Division of Horticulture

There are four divisions or coordinate branches of horticulture. Each branch includes not only the production of crops but also the home or form operations incident in the handling and marketing of products. A list of the division follows:

1.1 Pomology: Includes the culture of apples and pears. Stone fruits , citrus fruits, nuts,

grapes, the various berry crops and miscellaneous temperate, subtropical and tropical

fruits.

1.2 Olericulture: Is a large commercial industry and a very popular home land farm

activity. Certain crops in areas of favourable soil and climate have been developed into

large commercial enterprises. Large scale production with good shipping and

refrigeration facilities have brought the produce to distant markets in good condition.

1.3 Ornamental Horticulture: Includes the culture and use of many hundreds of species

of plants. Subdivisions are based on types of culture in the various groupings.

1.3.1 Floriculture; Is the art of growing, selling, designing and arranging flowers and

foliage plants.

19 1.3.2 Trees and Shrubs: Are important ornamentals for homes, farm steads, parks, public

buildings, avenues and recreation areas.

1.3.3 Turf Grasses; Receive considerable attention as ornamental plantings.

1.3.4 Landscaping: This phase of horticulture consists of planning and arrangement of

home grounds and farm steads, public areas, highways and business establishments. It

involves not only the use and placement of horticultural plants but also placement of

buildings, walks, drives, fences, service areas and other parts of the landscape.

Each of these divisions of horticulture can be a science, an art, a business or an industry in itself They all have characteristics which fit into the meaning of horticulture.

2) Importance of Horticulture to Daily Life :

In the economy of the world and within each nation, horticulture is a basic industry.

It is an important source of the food supply of the world. Production, processing and marketing of horticultural crops provide gainful occupation for many citizens of the world.

Horticultural crops enter interstate commerce and world trade as fi^esh fruits, vegetables

and ornamental plants.

20 From the nutrition stand point, horticulture is extremely important to our daily living. Fruits and vegetables play a vital role in satisfying the nutritive requirements of the human body.

The leaves of most plants are good source of minerals. Most vegetables and fruits

are sources of one or more of the vitamins or vitamin complexes needed for good health.

Many people have become aware of the vitamin value of fresh fruits and vegetables

and tend to shift their eating habits accordingly. This increase in per capita consumption

must thus reflect a decrease in other foods. In an age of technology where much labor is

done by machine, the "human machine" needs less of the fuel supplying foods. Thus with

an increased consumption of salad crops we have a decreased use of high carbohydrate,

high energy vegetables on a per capital basis.

3) Classification of Horticultural Plants:

Differences and similarities are important criteria for describing and distinguishing

among people, animals, nations, civilizations, eras and a host of other tangible and

intangible entities. This is also true of plants. Horticulture deals with fruits, vegetables and

ornamentals. Their kinds, types and cultivars are distinguished by comparing characteristics

of form, habit of growth and longevity.

21 3.1 Fruits: To the botanist a fruit is simply a ripened ovary. To the horticulturist from

common usage of the term, a fruit is the fleshy, edible product of a woody or perennial

plant which in its development is closely associated with a flower. An outline of fruits

with some typical examples are given below :

• Fruits borne on woody plants

A - TREE FRUITS

1. Deciduous

a. Pome

Apple, Pear, Quince

b. Drupe (Stone Fruits)

Peach, plum, apricot, cherry

2. Evergreen

a. Citrus

Orange, grapefruit, tangerine, lemon, lime

b. Palm

Date, coconut

c. Avocado

d. Papaya

22 B SMALL FRUITS

1. Grape

2. Brambles

Raspberry, blackberry, boysenberry

3. Blueberry and cranberry

4. Currant and gooseberry

Fruits borne on herbaceous perennial plants: A. Prostate growth Strawberry B. Upright growth Banana, pineapple

Fruits may also be grouped according to climatic adaptability as temperate, sub tropical and tropical.

3.2 Vegetables:

In general, a vegetable is the edible product of herbaceous garden plant.

Vegetables can be grouped according to length of life cycle as annuals, biennials, and perennials. They can be classed as cool or warm season types. Sometimes vegetables are described by edible portion of the plant. They are frequently placed in categories of similar

23 characters because of the similarity of culture within the group. Such a classification follows:

3.2.1 Root Crops

Carrot, beet, rutabaga, turnip, radish, sweet potato.

3.2 2 Bulb Crops

Onion, garlic, shallot.

3.2.3 Tuber Crops

White potato, Jeruselum artichoke.

3.2.4 Vine Crops

Cucumber, pumpkin, squash, watermelon.

3.2.5 Cole Crops

Cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kale.

3.2.6 Greens

Spinach, chard, chicory, mustard.

3.2.7 Salad Crops

Lettuce, celery, cress, endive, Chinese cabbage.

24 3.2.8 Perennial Vegetables

Asparagus, horse-radish.

3.2.9 Solanaceous Fruits

Tomato, pepper, egg plant, husk tomato.

3 2 10 Pod Crops

Bean, pea, okra.

3.2.11 Corn

Sweet com, popcorn.

3.3 - Ornamentals: Plants grown for ornamental use, such as cut flowers, bedding plants,

interior foliage plants, or landscape plants, represent an enormous group and include

thousands of species. They may be grouped as follows:

3.3.1 Flowers and bedding plants:

• True annuals (marigold, petunia, zinnia).

• Bieimials (English daisy. Foxglove)

• Perermials (daylily, delphinium, iris, rose)

• Bulbs and'corns (crocus, gladiolus, harcissus, tulip)

• Fohage (interior) plants (philodendron, sansevieria)

• Ground covers and vines (English ivy, Japanese spurge)

• Lawn (turf) plants (bermuda grass, bluegrass)

25 3.3 2 Evergreen Shrubs and Trees:

• Broadleaf (holly, rhododendron)

• Narrowleaf(fir, juniper, yew)

• Deciduous Shrubs (dogwood, lilac, viburnum)

• Deciduous trees (ash, crabapple, magnoha, maple)

4) Anatomy of Plants:

The principal parts of horticultural plants are stems, leaves, buds, flowers, fruits and

roots. They assume important roles in plant production, propagation, food manufacture,

and in providing balance for the cycles of nature.

4 1 The Woody Dicot Stem:

Woody stems differ from herbaceous stems in that they show greater maturation and

hardiness of stem tissue. Principal parts of the woody stem are the xylem,cambium and

phloem. The xylem is the wood, the phloem is a major portion of the bark, and the

cambium is a thin layer between the wood and the bark. The xylem, phloem and cambium

are all involved in such horticultural practices as grafting, pruning and wound treatment.

They play vital roles in growth, development and production of horticultural plants.

4 2 The Herbaceous Dicot Stem:

Herbaceous stems, like those of geranium, are more succulent, less fibrous, more pithy and less tough then woody stems. Th^, characteristically are not as strong, not as hardy, and not as rigid.

26 4.3 The Monocot Stem:

Monocot stems generally do not have a cambial ring between the xylem and phloem tissues. Such plants as sweet corn, lilies, onions and grasses are herbaceous monocots.

4.4 The Leaf:

The structure of the leaf is designed to facilitate the synthesis of food for the plant by the complex process of photosynthesis. The petiole, mid rib and veins of the leaf supply water and minerals to the leaf cells through their basal connection with the xylem of the stem.

4.5 The Bud:

A bud is an undeveloped shoot, or flower, or shoot and flower. By position, a bud is either terminal or lateral on a twig or shoot. By activity, a bud is either resting, dormant or latent.

4 6 The Flower:

The flower precedes, and is essential for, fruit development. It is a reproductive organ of the plant, since, in complete fulfillment of its function, seed is produced.

4.7 The Fruit:

The fruit, whether horticultural or botanical, is the object in growing tree and small fruits, many vegetables and some ornamentals. Pollination and fertilization provide a

27 stimulus to fruit set and seed development. Each specific kind of plant has its own flowering and fruiting habits.

4.8 The Root:

Roots do not have nodes. The branch roots arise at irregular intervals and locations instead of from buds. This is a determining feature which classes the sweet potato as a root and the Irish potato as a tuber.

The chief function of roots is absorption of moisture and minerals from the soil.

5) PROBLEMS IN HORTICULTURE:

A number of problems in horticulture are recognized and identified as follows:

5.1 Weeds

5.1.1 Annual weeds

5.1.2 Perennial weeds

5.1.3 Mosses and liverworts

5.2 Large Pests

5.2.1 The rabbit

5.2.2 Deer

5.2.3 The brown rat

5.2.4 The grey squirrel

5.2.5 The mole

28 5.2.6 The wood-pigeon

5.2.7 The bullfinch

5.3 Small pests, soil organisms and bees

5.3.1 Slugs

5.3.2 Insects

5.3.3 Mites

5.3.4 Other arthropods

5.3.5 Nematodes

5.4 Fungi, bacteria and viruses

5.4.1 Fungi

5.4.2 Bacteria

5.4.3 Viruses

5 IWEEDS:

Most plants, whether wild or cultivated, grow in competition with other organisms

such as pests, diseases, and other plants. Any competitive plant unwanted by man is termed

a weed.

29 A weed is a plant of any kind which is growing in an undesirable place: groundsel smothering lettuce, moss covering a lawn, last year's potatoes emerging in a plot of cabbage, rose suckers spoiling a herbaceous order.

Damage caused by weeds may be categorized into seven main areas:

• Competition between the weed and the planting for water, nutrients and light

may prove favourable to the weed if it is able to establish itself quickly. The

plants are therefore deprived of their major requirement and poor growth

results. The extent of this competition is largely unpredictable varying with

climatic land cultural factors. The uncontrolled proliferation of weeds will

inevitably produce serious plant losses.

• Seed quality is lowered by weed seed, e.g. fat hen contamination in batches of

seed, e.g. carrots.

• Machinery, e.g. mowing machines and harvesting equipment may be fouled by

weeds such as knotgrass, which have stringy stems.

• Poisonous plants. Ragwort, Sorrel and buttercups are eaten by farm animals

when more desirable food is scarce.

• Pests and diseases are commonly harboured on weeds, e.g. Sowthistles are

commonly attacked by chrysanthemum leaf miner.

30 • Drainage depends on a free flow of water along ditches, dense growth of

grasses, e.g. couch, and water loving weeds, e.g. chickweed, may seriously

reduce this flow and increase waterlogging of horticultural land.

• Tidiness is essential in a well-maintained garden. The amenity horticulturist may

consider that any plant spoiling the appearance of plants in pots, borders, paths

or lawns should be removed, even though the garden plants themselves are not

affected.

5.1.1 Annual Weeds:

Three species, chickweed, groundsel and speedwell are described below to demonstrate some features of their biology that make them successful weeds: a) Chickweed (Stellaria media)

This species is found in many horticultural situations as a weed of flower beds, vegetables, soft fruit and greienhouse plantings. The seedling cotyledons are pointed, with a light coloured tip, while its true leaves have hairy petioles. b) Groundsel (Senecio Vulgaris)

This is a very common and important weed, found in many countries, particularly on heavy soil. It grows on both poor and rich soils up to almost 600 m. in altitude.

31 The seedling cotyledons are narrow, purple underneath, and the true leaves have step-like teeth, c) Speedwells (Veronica Persica and V.filiformis

The first species, the large field speedwell, is an important weed in vegetable production, while the second species, the slender or round-leaved speedwell is a serious turf problem.

The seedling cotyledons are spade-shaped, while the true leaves are opposite, notched and hairy in both species.

5.1.2 Perennial Weeds:

Four species, creeping thistle, couch, yarrow and broad-leaved dock are described below to demonstrate the major features of their biology. a) Creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense)

This species is a common weed in grassland and perennial crops, e.g. apples, where it forms dense clumps of foliage.

The seedling cotyledons are broad and smooth, the true leaves spiky. b) Couch grass (Agropyron repens)

This grass, sometimes called 'twitch', is a widely distributed and important wed found at altitudes up to 500 m.

32 c) Yarrow (Achillea millifolium)

This strongly scented perennial, with its spreading flowering head is a common hedgerow plant found on most soils at altitudes up to 1200 m.

The seedling leaves are hairy, and elongated with sharp teeth. d) Broad-leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius)

The seedling cotyledons are narrow, the true leaves large, broad and crimson- coloured. This is a common weed of arable land, grassland and fallow soil.

5.1.3 Mosses and liverworts:

These primitive plants may become weeds in wet growing conditions. The small cushion-forming moss (Bryum spp.) on sand capillary benches, and thin, acid turf which has been closely mown. Feathery moss (Hypnum spp.) is common on less closely mown, unscarified turf. A third type (Polyrichum spp.), erect and with a rosette of leaves, is found in dry acid conditions around golf greens. Liverworts (PelUa spp.) are recognized by their flat leaves growing on the surface of pot plant compost.

5 2 LARGE PESTS

5 2.1 RABBIT (Oryctolagus Cuniculus)

The rabbit may consume 0.5 kg of plant food per day. Young turf and cereal crops are the worst affected. Rabbits may move from cereal crops to horticultural holdings. Stems of'topVfruit may be ring-barked by rabbits.

33 5.2 2. DEER

Deer may become pests in land adjoining woodland where they hide. Muntjac and roe deer ring-bark trees and eat succulent crops.

5 2 3. THE BROWN RAT (Rattus norvegicus)

The brown rat, also called the common rat, is well known by its dark-brown colour, blunt nose, short ears and long, scaly tail. It will eat seeds, succulent stems, bulbs and tubers. A rat's average annual food intake may reach 50 kg.

5 2 4 THE GREY SQUmREL (Sciurus Carolinensis)

The horticultural damage caused by gray squirrel varies with each season. In spring, germinating bulbs may be eaten, and the bark of many tree species stripped off.

In summer, pears, plums and peas may suffer. Autumn provides a large wild food source, though apples and potatoes may be damaged. In winter, little damage is done.

5 2.5 THE MOLE (Talpa europea)

This dark gray, 15 cm long mammal, uses its shovel-shaped feet to create an underground system 5-20 cm. Deep and up to 0.25 h in extent. The tunnel contents are excavated into mole hills. The resulting root disturbance to grassland and other crops causes wilting, and may result in serious losses.

34 5 2 6 THE WOOD PIGEON (Columba Palumbus)

This attractive, 40 cm. Long, blue-gray pigeon with white underwing bars is known to horticulturists as a serious pest on most outdoor edible crops. In spring, seeds and seedlings of crops such as brassicas, beans and germinating turf may be systematically eaten.

In summer, cereals and clover receive its attention; in lautumn, tree fruits may be taken in large quantities, while in winter cereals and brassicas are often seriously attacked.

5 2 7 THE BULLFINCH (Pyrrhula Pyrrhula)

This delightful, 14 cm. Long bird is characterized by its sturdy appearance and broad bill. From April to September the bird progressively feeds on seeds of wild plants. From

September to April the species forms small flocks which , in addition to feeding on buds and seeds of wild species.

5 3 SMALL PESTS, SOIL ORGANISMS AND BEES:

5.3.1) SLUGS:

These animals belong to the Phylum MoUusca which cause a little damage to plants in greenhouses and private gardens. The slugs feed by means of a file-like tongue which cuts through plant tissue held by the soft mouth, and scoops out cavities in the affected plants.

In moist, warm weather may cause above-ground damage to leaves of plants such as establishing turf, lettuce and Brussels sprouts.

35 5.3.2) INSECTS:

Insect groups are classified into their appropriate order according to their general appearance and life cycle stages: a) Springtails (order collembola)

Tliis group of primitive wingless insects , about 2 mm in length, have a springlike appendage at the base of the abdomen. They are very common in soils, and normally aid in the breakdown of soil organic matter. b) Peach-potato aphid (Myzus Persicae)

It is common in market gardens and greenhouses. It may cause three types of damage. Using its sucking stylet, it may inject a digestive juice into the plant phloem, which cause severe distortion. c) Spruce-larch adelgid (Adelges Viridis)

These may cause serious damage on spruce grown for Christmas trees. The

emerging nymphs, injecting poisons into the shoots, cause abnormal growth into green

pineapple galls which spoil the tree's appearance.

36 d) Glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes Vaporariorum)

This small, moth like pest causes serious problems on a range of glasshouse food and flower crops. e) Greenhouse mealy bug (Planococcus Citri)

This pest, a distant relative of the aphid, spoils the appearance of some glasshouse crops. f) Brown Scale (Parthenolecanium Corni)

It is a serious pest on vines, currants and cotoneasters and in greenhouses attacks peaches and Amaryllis, causing stunted growth and leaf defoliation. g) Leaf hoppers (Graphocephala fennahi)

They live on the under surface of leaves, causing a mottling of the upper surface.

They also carry the serious bud blast diseased which kills off the flower buds. h) Common green capsid (Lygocoris Pabulinus)

. This pest occurs on fiuit trees and flower crops. Because of the poisonous nature

of its salivary juices, young foliage shows distorted, growth with small holes.

37 i) Moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera)

This order characteristically contains adults with four large wings and curled feeding

tubes. The larva (caterpillar), with six small legs and eight false legs, is modified for a

leaf-eating habit. The larva is the only damaging stage of this insect group. j) Flies (Diptera)

This order is characterized by the single pair of clear forewings, the hind wings being

adapted as balancing organs. The larvae are legless elongated and their mouth parts are

simple hooks. The larvae cause crop damage. k) Beetles (Coleoptera)

This order is characterized in the adult by hard, homy forewings which when folded,

cover the delicate hind wings used for flight. Most beetles are beneficial, helping in

breakdown of humus, e.g. dung beetles. A few, e.g. wireworm, raspberry beetle, and

vine weevil, may cause crop damage.

1) Sawflies and Bees (Hymenoptera)

This group together with wasps and ants are characterized by adults with two pairs

of translucent wings, the fore and hind wings being locked together by fine hooks.

Larvae have 3 parts of legs, and more than 4 pairs of false legs. It defoliates mainly

leaves and flowers.

38 m) Thrips (Thysanoptera)

These are very small, yellow and brown pests caused mainly spotting of leaves and

petals, e.g. onion thrips. n) Earcoigs (Dermaptera)

These pests bear characteristic pincers at the rear of the 15 mm long body. They eat

flowers.

53 3) MITES (Acarina)

This important group classified with spiders and scorpions in the Arachnida, is

distinguished from insects by the possession of four pairs of legs, a fused body structure

and by the absence of wings. The life cycle is composed of egg, larva, nymph and adult.

These pests mottle or distort leaves, buds, flowers and bulbs.

5 3 4) OTHER ARTHROPODS

In addition to insects and mites, the phylum arthropoda contains three

horticulturally relevant classes: a) Woodlouse (ArmadiUidium nasutum):

These pests confined damage mainly to stems and lower leaves of cucumbers, but

39 occasionally young transplants may be nipped off near ground level, in the manner of

cutworms and leather-jacket damage. b) Symphilids (Scutigerella immaculata):

These delicate white creatures, with twelve pairs of legs can crawl ahead of the steam's advance.

c) Millipedes:

These elongated, slow moving creature are characterized by a thick cuticle, and the

possession of many legs. These pests cause damage to roots of strawberries and cucumbers

respectively.

5.3.5) NEMATODES

This group of organisms, also called eelworms, is found in almost every part of the

terrestrial environment, ranging in size from the large animal parasites. Five horticulturally

important types are described below;

a) Potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis and G. Pallida)

This serious pest is found in most soils that have grown potatoes. The larvae invade

the roots, disturbing translocation in xylem and phloem tissues and sucking up plant cell

contents.

40 b) Stem and bulb eelworm (Ditylenchus dipsaci)

Attacks many plants, e.g. narlissus, onions, beans and sttrawberries. c) Chrysanthemum eelworm (Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi)

These nematodes blotched and purpled the leaves, which spreads to become a dead brown area between the veins. The lower leaves are worst affected. Greenhouse grown

Chrysanthemums are rarely affected, as they are raised from pest-free cuttings. d) Root knot eelworm (Meloidogyne spp.)

Found mainly in greenhouses and thrives in high temperature conditions, causing typical galls on the roots of plants such as Chrysanthemum, cucumber and tomato, c) Migratory plant nematodes

These species transmit the important viruses, arable mosaic on strawberry, and tomato black ring on ornamental cherries.

5 4) FUNGI, BACTERIA AND VIRUSES:

5.4.1) Fungi:

These organisms, commonly called moulds, cause serious losses in all areas of horticulture. They are thought to have common ancestors with filamentous algae.

41 The fungus is composed in most species of microscopic strands, which may occur together in a loose structure, form dense resting bodies, or produce complex underground strands.

A) Leaf and flower diseases: a) Downy mildew of cabbage and related plants (Perenospora brassicae)

This serious disease causes a white bloom mainly on the under surface of leaves of ornamental cruciferous plants. The disease is most damaging when seedlings are germinating, particularly in spring. b) Powdery mildew of ornamental mains and apple (Podosphaera leucotricha)

This disease is distinguished by its dry powdery appearance, most commonly found

on the upper surface of the leaf The disease survives the winter as mycelium within the buds, which often appear small, and the infected twigs have a dried, silvery appearance. The

emergence of the mycelium with the germinating buds in spring results in a white bloom over the young leaves.

42 c) Black spot of roses (Diplocarpon rosae)

This common disease in gardens and greenhouse produced roses is first seen as dark leaf spots, and then leaf drop. The infection of young shoots has a slow weakening effect on the whole plant.

B) Stem diseases:

This disease is most commonly recognized by the dense, light gray fungal mass which follows its infection. In lettuce, the whole plant rots off at the base and the plant goes yellow and dies. In many flower crops, infected petals show purple spots. b) Apple canker (Nectria galligena)

This fungus causes sunken areas in bark of both young and old branches of ornamental malus, apples, or pears and occasionally on fiiiit. Poor shoot growth is seen,

and wood may fi"acture in high winds.

c) Dutch elm disease (Ceratocystis ulmi)

The first symptom of this disease is a yellowing of foliage in one part of the tree in

early sumirier. The foliage then dies off progressively firom this area of the tree, often

resulting in death within three months.

43 d) Club root (Plasmodiophora brassicae)

This disease causes serious damage to most members of the cruciferae family which

includes cabbage, cauliflowers, sprouts and stocks. Infected plants show signs of wilting

and yellowing of older leaves.

e) Damping off (Pythium and Phytophthora species)

These two fungi cause considerable losses to the delicate seedling stage. The

infection may occur below the soil surface. Occasionally the roots of mature plants, e.g.

cucumbers, are infected.

f) Conifer root rot (Phytophthora cinnamomi)

This soil-inhibiting fungus causes the foliage of plants to turn gray-green, then brown

and eventually to die off completely.

g) Honey fungus (Armillaria mellea)

This fungus primarily attacks trees and shrubs e.g. apple etc.

44 h) Fusarium patch on turf (Fusarium nivale)

This disease appears as irregular circular patches of yellow then dead brown grass up to 30 cm in diameter on fine turf. Under extreme damp conditions, dead leaves become slimy.

5 4 2) BACTERIA

These minute organisms occur as single cells which divide rapidly to build up their numbers. They are important in the conversion of soil organic matter and cause serious losses to horticultural plants. a) Fireblight (Erwinia amylovora)

This disease, can cause serious damage on members of the Rosaceae. Individual branches wilt, the leaves rapidly turning a 'bumf chestnut brown, and when the disease reaches the main trunk it spreads to other branches and may cause death of the tree. b) Bacterial canker (Pseudomonas morsprunorum)

This disease affects the plant genus prunus which includes ornamental species, plum, cherry and apricot. Symptoms typically appear on the stem as a swollen area exuding a light brown gum.

45 c) Soft root (Erwinia carotovora)

This bacterium affects stored potatoes, carrots, bulbs and iris, where the bacterium's ability to dissolve the cell walls of the plant results in a mushy soft rot.

5.4.3) VIRUSES

Viruses are extremely small; much smaller even than bacteria. They appear as rods or spheres when seen under an electron microscope. The virus particle is composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protective protein coat. The virus, on entering a plant cell, takes over the organization of the cell nucleus in order to produce many more virus particles.

In recent years the broad area called 'virus diseases' has been closely investigated.

Virus particles have, in most cases, been isolated as the cause of disease, e.g. cucumber mosaic.

C) Virus Diseases: a) Cucumber mosaic:

Several strains of virus cause this disease, and many families of plants are attached.

On cucumbers, a mottling of young leaves occurs, followed by a twisting and curling of the whole foliage, land fruit may show yellow sunken areas.

46 b) Tulip break:

The petals of infected tulips produce irregular coloured streaks and may appear distorted. Leaves may become light green, and the plants stunted after several years infection. c) Tomato mosaic:

This disease may cause serious losses in tomatoes. Infected seedlings have a stunted, spiky appearance. On more mature plants leaves have a pale green mottled appearance, or sometimes a bright yellow symptom. d) Plum pox:

Plums, damsons, peaches, blackthorn and ornamental plum age affected by this disease. Leaf symptoms of feint interveinal yellow blotches can best be seen on leaves from the centre of the infected tree. Sunken dark blotches are seen on fruits.

e) Chrysanthemum stunt viroid:

This disease, found only on plants of the compositae family and mainly on the chrysthemum genus, produces a stunted plant, often only half normal size but without any distortion.

47 f) Arabis mosaic:

This disease infects a wide range of horticultural crops. On strawberries, yellow spots are produced on the leaves, and certain cultivars become severely stunted. g) Reversion disease on blackcurrants:

This vims disease seriously reduced blackcurrant yields. Flower buds on infected bushes are almost hairless on close inspection, and appear brighter in colour than healthy buds.

6) CONTROL MEASURES

The main types of control measures to include legal aspects, crop management methods, use of beneficial organisms and the rather complex area of chemical control are described below:

• Cultural control • Resistance • Biological control

• Chemical control

6.1) Cultural control:

Horticulturists, in their every day activities, may remove or reduce damaging

organisms, and thus protect the crop. Below are described some of the more important

methods used.

48 6.1.1) Cultivation: Ploughing and rotavating of soils enable a physical improvement in soil

structure as a preparation for the growing of crops. The improved drainage and tilth may

reduce damping-off diseases, disturb annual and perennial weeds.

6.1.2) Chemical sterilization: This involves the use of substances toxic to most living

organisms, thus necessitating application during the fallow, or inter crop period. Soil

applied chemicals include methyl bromide. Methaiii sodium, dazomet and

dichloropropene.

6.1.3) Soil fertility: While the correct content and balance of major and minor nutrients in

the soil are recognized for optimum crop yield and quality, excessive nitrogen levels may

encourage the increase of insects such as flingi.

6.1.4) Planting and harvesting time: Some pests emerge from their overwintering stage

at about the same time each year. By planting early to establish tolerant brassica plants

before the pest emerges, a useful supplement to chemical control is achieved.

6.1.5) Clean seed and planting material: Seed producers take stringent precautions to

exclude weed seed contaminants and pests and diseases from their seed stocks.

6.1.6) Alternate hosts: Alternate hosts harbouring pests and diseases should be removed

where possible. Soil-borne problems, e.g; club root of cabbage, and free living

49 eelworms on strawberries are harboured by Shepherd's purse and chick-weed

respectively.

6 2) RESISTANCE

Wild plants show high levels of resistance to most pests and diseases. In crops such as antirrhinum, lettuce and tomatoes, one or more resistance genes have been deliberately incorporated to give protection against rust, downy mildew and tomato mosaic virus respectively. The disease organisms may overcome these genetic barriers, and the crop thus again becomes infected. Growers may sow a sequence of cultivars, each with different resistant genes, in order that the disease organism is constantly exposed to a new resistance barrier, and thus limit the disease.

6 3) BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Some of the more effective species being used as the Biological Control are

described below:

6.3.1) Phytoseiulus Persimilis: This is a globular, deep orange, predatory tropical mite

used in greenhouse production to control glasshouse red spider mite. It is raised on

spider mite-infected beans, and then evenly distributed throughout the crop.

50 6.3.2) Encarsia Formosa: This is a small wasp, which lays an egg into the glasshouse

whitefly scale causing it to turn black and eventually release another wasp. This parasite

is raised on whitefly-infested tobacco plants.

6.3.3) Other biologic control organisms: Peach-potato aphid is parasitized by the wasp,

Aphidius matricariae. and fungus verticillium lecanii. Chrysanthemum leaf miner is

controlled by the parasitic wasps, opius and diglyphus spp. Mealy bug is rapidly eaten by

the tropical green and brown ladybird cryptolaemus montrouzieri. Caterpillars may be

killed by an extract of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. Vine weevil larvae can be

infected and killed by the parasitic nematode, Steinernema bibionis.

A combination of biological methods may be used on some crops, e.g.

chrysanthemums, tomatoes and cucumbers, in order to control a range of organisms.

6 4) CHEMICAL CONTROL

This method of control aims ideally to use a selected chemical for reduction of weed, pest or disease without harming man, crop or wild life. About three million tonnes of crop protection chemicals are used worldwide each year, two fifths being herbicides, two fifth insecticides, and one fifth fiangicides.

51 6.4.1 Herbicides: Herbicides which are applied to the seed bed or growing crop must kill the weed but leave the crop undamaged.

This selective action may succeed for one of several reasons. The broad-leaved turf weed, daisy is controlled by 2,4-D, leaving the turf grasses unaffected.

a) Paraquat: Is commonly used to scorch and kill top growth of a wide spectrum

of weeds in stale seedbeds, after harvest, in perennial crops.

b) Amitrole: Is used in similar situations to paraquat, but is more residual,

surviving in the soil for several weeks.

c) Glyphosate: Enters the foliage of actively growing annual and perennial weed

and is translocated to underground organs, subsequently killing them.

d) Soil-acting herbicides : Are either sprayed on to the soil surface or soil

incorporated. They must be persistent for several months to kill the seedling

before or after it emerges.

e) Chlorpropham : A relatively insoluble compound, is applied as a pre-sowing or

pre-emergent spray to control a wide variety of annual weeds in brassicas,

strawberries, onions and leeks.

f) Dichlobenil: Gives total control against germinating weds, couch grass and some

perennial weeds in waste ground, soft fiaiit,to p fiiiit and established ornamental

shrub and tree areas.

52 g) Propachlor : A relatively insoluble compound, is applied as a presowing or pre-

emergent spray to control a wide variety of annual weeds in Brassicas,

Strawberries, Onion and Leaves.

6.4.2) Insecticides and acaricides: The insects and mites have three main points of

weakness for attack by pesticides which are as follows:

a) Dormant-season: Control ofpests may be achieved on trees such as apple by the

use of toxic contact insecticides. It kills eggs of aphids, red spider mite and

capsids, but useful predators are also eliminated.

b) Melathion: Belongs to the organophosphorus group. It enters through the

cuticle and on reaching the nervous system, interferes with "messages" crossing

the nerve endings ofpests such as aphids, mealy bug, fliesan d red spider mites.

c) Pirimicarb: Belongs to the third group, is systemic, and controls many aphid

species without affecting beneficial ladybirds.

6.4.3) Nematicides: No active ingredients are, at present, available exclusively for

nematode control. Soil inhabiting stages of cyst nematodes, stems and bulb

eelworm, and some ectoparasitic root eelworms are effectively reduced by soil

incorporation of granular pesticides, e.g. aldicarb at planting time of crops such as

potatoes and onions. This group of chemicals acts systematically on leaf nematodes

of plants such as chrysanthemum land dahlia.

53 6.4.4) Fungicides: Fungicides must act against the disease but not seriously interfere with

plant activity. Protectant chemicals prevent the entry of klhyphae into roots, and the

germination of spores into leaves and other aerial organs. Although there are many

fungicidal chemical groups, three are chosen here as examples:

a) Inorganic chemicals: Have long been used to protect horticultural crops. Copper

salts, when mixed with slaked lime form a barrier on the leaf to fungi. Fine

grained sulphur controls powdery mildews, and may be heated gently in

greenhouse 'sulphur lamps' to control this disease by vapour action on plants

such as roses.

b) Organic chemicals: Contain carbon, Zineb and related synthetic compounds act

protectively on a wide range of quite different foliar diseases, e.g. downy

mildews, celery leaf spot and rusts, by preventing spore germination.

c) Benomyl (benzimidazole group): Is an example of systematic ingredient which

moves upwards through the plant's xylem tissues, slowing hyphal growth and

spore production of fungal wilts, powdery mildews and many leaf spot

organisms. Damping off, potato blight and downy mildews are unaffected by

this chemical group.

54 CONCLUSION:

Horticulture is an agricultural science which treats of the production, utilization and improvement of fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants. The role of horticulture in daily life will vary greatly among individuals. Millions of people are engaged in horticulture on a foil time, part timed, leisure time or amateur basis. Sometimes it is used as part of our home: some people used it as a hobby. Since horticulture is an art as well as a science, it can be flirther developed as an art through hobbies involving painting, sketching, drawing etc. Literature and music have been inspired by horticulture topics, including flowers, trees and beauty in general.

In the last, we can say that horticulture is a very vast subject and it is treated by a number of people in a number of ways.

55

OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY OF BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY:

Due to the multidimensional growth of knowledge Librarians and Information

Scientists are facing great problem in acquisition, organization and dissemination of information. The acquisition and organization of information is a challenge for the librarians due to this situation of information explosion; because libraries are labour intensive organizations. It is necessary to have need based collection to meet the requirements of maximum number of library users by within limited resource.

Prof Bernal has reported that literature growth is six folds more than the population gro^vth and if some method is not introduced it will lead towards the literature deluge.

Due to the huge amount of literature and limited financial resources it is rather impossible to acquire everything. The document selection must be done according to the information needs of users. For this purpose a number of user studies that study the use of information by reader, has been done by librarians. User studies can be done in two ways: a) In terms of information and its user and b) In terms of user and this information

The first kind of study is the analysis through its artifacts. Britain calls this study as the 'systematic' approach to study the use of literature. In 1963 Pritchard

56 introduced the term 'Bibliometrics' to this study which is now one of the well recognized and dependable technique for research in the field of library and information science.

1. OBJECTIVES:

1.1) To find out the most used pattern of different types of documents i.e. books, journals,

reports, standards, patents etc.

1.2) To know about the use of literature from different countries to find out the country

producing most of the literature .

1.3) To know the most productive year/years of the literature published on the subject.

1.4) To find out the most dominating language(s) in which the most of the articles on the

subject have been produced.

1.5) To know the core periodicals containing the most of the published literature.

1.6) To know eminent personalities in the field of Horticulture.

1.7) To study the rate of collaborative research that can be effectively measured from the

number of authors in papers.

1.8) To show the inter disciplinary character of the subject under study.

57 2. METHODOLOGY OF BIBLIOMETRICS:

We can discuss the methodology of Bibliometrics under the following points:

Selection of Source Document

Formulation of Hypothesis

Collection of Data

Analysis and Interpretation of data

Conclusion

2.1) Selection of Source Document:

The first and foremost task is to select the source document from which data is to be

drawn. Biological Abstracl/which is published from BIOSIS (Biological Information

Service), Philadelphia, USA. since 1927 is the most authoritative and comprehensive

58 source material on the subject. I have scanned two volumes of Biological Abstract for

the year 1996-97 to collect 5138 references on the subject 'Horticulture'.

Biological Abstract is found to be most comprehensive guide in the field of Applied

Biology. The informative abstract given in biological abstract are the best and most

used sources of information.

Due to the rapid growth of the list of source journals and due to the geographic and

linguistic bias data has been collected from the secondary source like Biological

Abstract instead of any primary source.

For this purpose I have chosen two volumes of Biological Abstract (i.e. 1996, 97) as

the source document.

2.2) Formulation of Hypothesis:

Hypothesis is the tentative generalization of the problem. One should be very careful \—^ . during the Formulation of Hypothesis because result of the problem completely

depends upon it, otherwise it will lead to the wrong conclusion.

Regarding the present problem of BibUometric study, Hypothesis which I have drawn

is given below:

2.2.1 Periodical article may be the most used form of document.

2.2.2 There will be great influence of team research in the field of Horticulture.

59 2.2.3 There will be significant difference among countries regarding Geographical Scattering

of articles in the field of Horticulture.

2.2.4 English language will be the most used language by the authors for writing articles in

the field of'Horticulture'.

2.2.5 Research output in 'Horticulture' is increasing year by year.

2.3) Collection of Data:

Data pertaining to the field of'Horticulture' was collected from Biological Abstract

on 5 X 3 catalogue cards.Each reference consisted of information about author, title, name

of the periodical, place, year, language and form of document. In other words, we can

say that a bibliography was created on cards and these cards are arranged and rearranged

during the analysis.

2.4 Analysis:

The data consisting of 5138 entries was collected and analyzed under the following

headings:

2.4.1 Ranking of Periodicals

2.4.2 Geographical Scattering of Items

2.4.3 Year wise Distribution of Items

2.4.4 Language wise Distribution of items

60 2.4.5 Subject Dispersion

2.4.6 Form wise Distribution

2.4.7 Ranking of Authors

2.4.8 Application of Bibliometric Laws

2.4.1 Ranking of Periodicals:

The main objective of this study is to find out the core periodicals containing the

research Hterature on Horticulture. To conduct this study, the items published in

different periodicals are grouped together and counted. Information about the most

productive periodicals on the subject is much useful for the librarians as well as for

research scholars. After the identification of core periodicals in the field, ranking of

periodicals is done and tabulated.

2.4.2 Geographical Scattering of Items:

This is done to determine the geographical scattering of item while studying the use

pattern of research literature in the subject under study. The information was collected

from the informative abstract of each item, which clearly gives the place of origin of

each item. The entries were then grouped on the basis of their country of origin. They

were then counted and ranked in a table.

61 2.4.3 Year wise Distribution of Items:

With the help of this study, currency of information in the secondary source may be

useful in finding out the most productive year of items ranked. Through this study we

know that how many articles were published in which year. The information about

the period of origin of the item can be easily known by the bibliographic information

given in Biological Abstract.

2.4.4 Language wise Distribution:

It is also important to know the most dominant language used in scientific

communication on the subject, because Biological Abstract reports items published

from different countries in different languages. This information given along with

informative abstract in the Biological Abstract is analyzed and tabulated.

2.4.5 Subject Dispersion:

Though most of the literature on a given subject is published in some core journals but

sometimes some material of research value is published in the journals belonging to

related fields. It is, therefore, important to know the interdisciplinary nature of the

subject. Subject dispersion analysis is done on the basis of subject field of periodicals,

the information about which was obtained from Ulrich International Periodical

Directory (33" ed.). The analysis not only identifies the core subject where most of

the articles on the subject Horticulture are published but also the subjects publishing

62 some relevant information. Thus, it will show the interdisciplinary nature of the

subject.

2.4.6 Form wise Distribution:

Document on any subject are published in different forms like periodical articles,

research reports, bulletins and patents. It is important to know the most popular form

of document. For this purpose, the information about the form of document was

collected and tabulated.

2.4.7 Ranking of Authors:

This is done to know the eminent personalities in the subject. The data cards of

different contributors in the field were separated out. The number of cards under each

name were counted and tabulated. Authors are then ranked in order of decreasing

productivity.

2.4.8 Application of Bibliometric Laws:

The whole study depends upon the application of bibliometric laws such as Lotka,

Bradford and Zipf s law. For checking the validity of these laws, they will be

individually applied on the analyzed data.

63 CHAPTER-IV DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND PRESENTATION

Two volumes of Biological Abstract for the year 1996-97 were consulted for collecting the sum total of 5138 data items. The volume of 1996 contained 2602 items and the volume of 1997 contained 2536 items. Collected data was analyzed as under:

1. Ranking of Periodicals:

Periodicals play a vital role in scientific communication as well as for dissemination of information because periodicals are the sources of current information. Periodicals that contribute most of the literature in every subject field are called core journals. Identification of core journals in the subject under study will be usefial from the point of view of scientists and librarians alike.

The main aim of the present study is to identify the most important journal containing the most of the literature of research value in the field of horticulture. This information of core journals in various subjects will go a long way in preparing the subscription list of periodicals by libraries. The information is usefiil for the information scientists as well.

In the collected data, all the 5138 references have been published in 432 periodicals which have been ranked up to 55 positions. However the table 1 lists only 188 periodicals, showing 52 rank positions. There are periodicals in which the frequency of occurrence of items is up to 4. The periodicals with less than 4 items have not been considered. Table 1

64 shows that the first rank was occupied by the journal titled 'Hortscience' which accounts for 7.66% of total references. Next four positions are occupied by journals like' Jr. Of

American Society for Horticultural Science' (4.80%), Jr. Of the Japanese Society for

Horticultural Science (3.17%), Scientia Horticulturae (2.99%) and Euphytica (2.74%) respectively.

Table 1 and Table 1.1 show that most of the literature of Horticulture appeared in 7 periodicals as a total number of 1347 items constituting 26.17%) of the total, appeared in those periodicals. They may be regarded as core journals in the field.

The journals having their frequency of occurrence in the range of 70 to 99 is 6, those, in range of 50-69 is 4, in range of 35-49 is 12, in range of 25-34 is 22, in range of

15-24 is 21, in range of 10-14 is 36, in range of 4-9 is 80. It is therefore obvious that though most of the literature constituting 26.17% references appeared in 7 core journals, the number of periodicals had been increasing for finding out much less number of items i.e. as many as 80 periodicals are required for 8.87% of items. This is in accordance with

Bradford's Law of Scattering.

The present ranking list should be of use for the libraries in taking policy decisions regarding the subscription list of periodicals. It will be equally important for the documentalists in preparing an exhaustive documentation list. The study may be usefial for the scientists as they know the core journals carrying the highest percentage of items.

65 RANKING OF PERIODICALS

TABLE- 1

S.NO. RANK NAME OF PERIODICAL COUN­ FREQU PERCE­ TRY ENCY NTAGE

01 1 Hortscience U.S.A. 344 6.69

02 2 Jr. of the American Society for Horti­

cultural science U.S.A. 194 3.77

03 3 Jr. of the Japanese Society for

Horticultural Science Japan 155 3,01

04 4 Scientia Horticulturae U.S.A. 154 2.99

05 5 Euphytica Netherlanc 141 2.74

06 6 Jr. of the Korean Society for

Horticultural Science S.Korea 134 2.60

07 7 Jr. of Maharashtra Agricultural

University INDIA 114 2.21

08 8 Crop Science U.S.A. 96 1.86

09 9 Indian Jr. of Genetics and Plant Breeding INDIA 90 1.75

10 10 Indian Jr. of Agricultural Science INDIA 84 1,63

66 11 11 Jr. of Plant Nutrition INDIA 80 1.55

12 12 Jr. of Environmental Horticulture U.S.A. 77 1.49

13 13 Crop Research U.S.A. 75 1.45

14 14 Egyptian Jr. of Horticulture U.A.E. 69 1,34

15 15 RDA Jr. of Agriculture Science

Horticulture USA. 64 1.24

16 16 Fruit Varieties Jr. U.S.A. 62 1.20

17 17 Gartenbauwissenschaft GERMANY 60 1,16

18 18 Jr. of the Indian Potato Association INDIA 48 0.93

19 19 Australian Jr. of Experimental AUSTRA­

Agriculture LIA 45 0.87

20 19 Plant Cell Reports U.K. 45 0.87

21 20 Environmental Control in Biology INDIA 43 0.83

22 21 Canadian Jr. of Plant Science CANADA 41 0.79

23 21 Plant and Soil INDIA 41 0.79

24 21 Sarhad Jr, of Agriculture PAKISTAN 41 0.79

25 22 American Jr. ofEnology

and Viticulture U.S.A. 39 0,75

26. 22 Plant Breeding U.K. 39 0.75

67 27. 23 Advances in Plant Sciences GERMANY 36 0.70

28. 23 Weed Technology U.K. 36 0.70

29. 24 Communication in Soil Science and

Plant Analysis U.S.A. 35 0.68

30. 25 Jr. of Arboriculture U.K. 34 0.66

31. 26 Field Crops Research NETHERLAND 33

32. 26 Japanese Jr. of Crop Sc. JAPAN 33 0.64

33. 27 Crop Improvement U.S.A. 32 0.62

34. 28 Research Bulletin of the Aichi-ken

Agricultural Research Centre U.S.A. 31 0.60

35. 28 Seed Science and Technology U.S.A. 31 0.60

36. 29 Seed Research U.S.A. 30 0.58

37. 30 Bragantia BRAZIL 29 0.56

38. 30 Plantation Recherche Developpment U.K. 29 0.56

39. 31 Annals of Biology INDIA 28 0,54

40. 31 Jr. of the Indian Society of Soil Science INDIA 28 0.54

41. 32 American Potato Jr. U.S.A. 27 0.52

68 • 42. 32 Bulletin of the Taichung District

Agricultural Improvement Station U.S.A. 27 0.52

43. 32 Genetic Resources and Crop NETHER-

Evaluation LAND 27 0.52

44. 32 Newzealand Jr. of Crop and NEWZEA­

Horticultural Science LAND 27 0.52

45. 32 Theoretical and Applied Genetics CHINA 27 0.52

46. 33 Indian Jr. of Plant Physiology INDIA 26 0.50

47. 34 AgriculturaJ Science Digest INDIA 25 0,48

48. 34 Ciencia Agrotechnologia INDIA 25 0.48

49. 34 Experimental Agriculture INDIA 25 0.48

50. 34 PKV Research Jr. U.K. 25 0.48

51. 34 Sefskokhozyastuennaya Biologiya U.K. 25 0.48

52. 35 Jr. of Agriculture Science and Food Chemistry FINLAND 24 0.46

53. 36 Albana Agricultural Experiment Station Auburn University Progress RUSSIA 20 0.38

54. 36 Jr. of Agronomy and Crop Science INDIA 20 0.38

55. 36 Tropical Agriculture U.K. 20 0.38

69 56. 37 Izvestiya Timiryazeuskoker s kokhozyaistvennai Akademii U.K. 19 0.36

57. 37 Jr. of Agricultural Science INDIA 19 0.36

58. 37 Jr. of the Science of Food and Agriculture FINLAND 19 0.36

59. 38 Biological Agriculture and Horticulture U.S.A. 18 0.35

60. 38 In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology Plant U.S.A. 18 0.35

61. 39 Agricultural Ecosystems and Environment U.S.A. 17 0.33

62. 39 ' Annals of Botany U.K. 17 0,33

63. 39 Ciencia e Pratica POLAND 17 0.33

64. 39 Economic Botany U.A.E. 17 0.33

65. 39 Jr. of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research U.K. 17 0.33

66. 39 Jr. of Genetics and Breeding U.K. 17 0.33

67. 39 Netherlands Jr. of Agricultural NETHER- Sciences LAND 17 0.33

68. 40 Acta Agronomica Hungarica HUNGARV 16 0.31

69. 40 Arboricultural Jr. U.K. 16 0,31

70. 40 Fertilizer Research INDIA 16 0.31

71. 40 Jr. of Agricultural Association of China CHINA 16 0,31

72. 41 RDA Jr. of Agricultural Science Upland and Industrial Crops TAIWAN 15 0.29

70 73. 42 Agriculture and Forest Meteorology NETHERLAND 14 0.27

74. 42 Breeding Science CANADA 14 0.27

75. 42 Doklady Rossiskoi Akademiii SeF s kokhozyastvennykh Nauk ARGENTINA 14 0.27

76. 42 Jr. of Research Punjab Agricultural University INDIA 14 0.27

11. 42 Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture CANADA 14 0.27

78. 43 Agronomie FRANCE 13 0,25

79. 43 Arnoldia U.S.A. 13 0.25

80. 43 Jr. of Medical and Aromatic Plant Sciences U.S.A. 13 0.25

81. 43 RDA Jr. of Agricultural Science Biotechnology U.S.A. 13 0.25

82. 44 Agricultural Research Centre U.S.A. 12 0.23

83. 44 Annals of Applied Biology U.K. 12 0.23

84. 44 Bulletin of the Yamaguchi Agricul­ tural Experiment Station U.K. 12 0.23

85. 44 Canadian Jr. of Botany CANADA 12 0.23

86. 44 Indian Jr. of Experimental Biology INDIA 12 0.23

87. 44 Investigacion Agraria Produccion y Protection Vegetables U.S.A. 12 0.23

71 88. 44 JARQ JAPAN 12 0.23

89. 45 Acta Botanica Indica INDIA 11 0.21

90. 45 Agricultural Water Management NETHERLAND 11 0.21

91. 45 Bangladesh Jr. of Botany BANGLADESH ll 0.21

92. 45 Bulletin of the Fruit and Tree Research Station U.S.A. 11 0.21

93. 45 Crop Protection U.K. 11 0.21

94. 45 Forest Research MALAYASIA 11 0.21

95. 45 Indian Jr. of Agricultural Research INDIA 11 0.21

96. 45 Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg BRAZIL 11 0.21

97. 46 Acta Agro Scandanavica Section B Soil and Plant Sc. FRANCE 10 0.19

98. 46 Agrokhimiya RUSSIA 10 0.19

99. 46 Arkanas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series U.S.A. 10 0.19

100. 46 Australian Jr. of Agricultural Research AUSTRALIA 10 0.19

101. 46 Biology and Fertility of Soils GERMANY 10 0.19

102. 46 Dirasat Agricultural Science JORDAN 10 0.19

103. 46 Jr. International des sciences de la Vigneet duvin U.S.A. 10 0.19

104. 46 Jr. of Plant Resources and Environment U.S.A. 10 0.19

72 105. 46 Jr, of Production Agriculture U.K. 10 0.19

106. 46 Principes U.S.A. 10 0.19

107, 46 RDA Jr. of Agriculture Science Soil and Fertilizer FRANCE 10 0.19

108. 46 Revista Mexicana de Micologia MEXICO 10 0.19

109. 47 Agronomy Jr. U.S.A. 9 0,17

110. 47 Canadian Jr. of Soil Science CANADA 9 0,17

111. 47 Jr. of Faculty of Agriculture kyushu University INDIA 9 0.17

112. 47 Kagawa Daigaku Nogakubu Gakujutsu Hokoku JAPAN 9 0,17

113. 47 MARDI Journal CAMEROON 9 0,17

114. 47 Molecular Breeding U.S.A. 9 0.17

115. 47 Pakistan Jr. of Botany PAKISTAN 9 0.17

116. 47 Pertanika Jr. of Tropical Agricultural Science BRAZIL 9 0.17

117. 47 Plant Science GERMANY 9 0.17

118. 47 Plant Varieties and Seeds GERMANY 9 0.17

119. 47 Soil Science and Plant Nutrition U.S.A. 9 0,17

120. 47 US Forest Service Jr. Technical Report PNW U.S.A. 9 0.17

73 121, 47 Vyesti Akademii Ahranykh Navuk Byelarusi BELARUS 9 0.17

122. 47 Weed Science U.S.A. 9 0.17

123. 48 Geobios INDIA 8 0.15

124. 48 Indian Jr. of Mycology and Plant Pathology INDIA 8 0.15

125. 48 Jr. of AgriculturalMeteorology JAPAN 8 0.15

126. 48 Jr. of Sericultural Sc. Of Japan JAPAN 8 0.15

127. 48 Nigerian Jr. of Botany NIGERIA 8 0.15

128. 48 Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias ITALY 8 0.15

129. 48 Universidad Nacional de Cuyo U.S.A. 8 0.15

130. 48 WANATCA Yearbook U.S.A. 8 0.15

131. 49 Biologia Plantarum NETHERLANI ) 7 0.13

132. 49 Gientifica BRAZIL 7 0.13

133. 49 Discovery and Innovation KENYA 7 0.13

134. 49 European Jr. of Agronomy U.S.A. 7 0.13

135. 49 Jr. of Nuclear Agriculture and Biology INDIA 7 0.13

136. 49 Phyton MEXICO 7 0.13

74 137. 49 Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida Annual Proceedings U.S.A. 7 0.13

138. 50 Acta Agrobotanica JAPAN 6 0.11

139. 50 Agro Forestry System RUSSIA 6 0.11

140. 50 Arquivos de Biologiae Tecnologia BRAZIL 6 0,11

141. 50 Fiziologiyori Biokhimiya Kulturnykh Rastenii UKRAINE 6 0.11

142. 50 Indian Jr. of Natural Rubber Research INDIA 6 0.11

143. 50 Cahiers Agricultures FRANCE 6 0.11

144. 50 Jr. of Korean Forestry Society S.KOREA 6 0.11

145. 50 Jr. of Wine Research S.KOREA 6 0.11

146. 50 Norsk Landbruksforsking NORWAY 6 0.11

147. 50 Outlook on Agriculture NORWAY 6 0.11

148. 50 Technical Bulletin of Faculty of Horticulture Chiba University U.S.A. 6 0.11

149. 51 Bulgarian Jr. Of Plant Physiology BULGARI/N . 5 0.09

150. 51 Egyptian Jr. of Soil Science U.A.E. 5 0.09

151. 51 Irrigation Science SWEDEN 5 0.09

152. 51 Jr. of Phytological Research U.S.A. 5 0.09

153. 51 Malaysian Applied Biology MALAYSIA 5 0.09

75 154. 51 Medelingen Facultait Land-boukundigeen Tolgepaste wetens Chappen Universiteict Gent BELGIUM 5 0.09

155. 51 Mycological Research GERMANY 5 0.09

156. 51 Natural Medicines U.S.A. 5 0.09

157. 51 Soil and Tillage Research CANADA 5 0.09

158, 51 Soil Science Society of America Journal U.S.A. 5 0,09

159. 51 Tree Physiology NIGERIA 5 0.09

160. 51 Zeitschrift flier Lebesmitte Untursuchung Und-Forschung A U.S.A. 5 0,09

161. 52 Acta Botanica Gallica SPAIN 4 0.07 162. 52 Acta Physiologiae Plantarum POLAND 4 0.07

163. 52 Agricultural Chemistry and Biotechnology U.S.A. 4 0,07

164. 52 Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Auburn University Bulletin U.S.A. 4 0,07

165. 52 Alimentaria COLOMBIA 4 0,07

166. 52 Annali della Facolta di Agraria Universita Studidi Agraria U.S.A. 4 0,07

167. 52 Annals of Botany U.K. 4 0.07

168. 52 Applied Plant Science GERMANY 4 0,07

169. 52 Canadian Agricultural Engineering CANADA 4 0.07

76 170. 52 Compost Science and Utilization U.S.A. 4 0.07 171. 52 Computers and Electronics in Agriculture NETHERLAND 4 0.07 172. 52 Current Science INDIA 4 0.07 173. 52 Idesia INDIA 4 0.07 174. 52 Jr. of Applied Botany POLAND 4 0.07 175. 52 Jr. of Economic and Taxonomic Botany U.S.A. 4 0.07 176. 52 Jr. of Experimental Botany U.S.A. 4 0.07 177. 52 Jr. of Nuclear Agriculture and Microbiology INDIA 4 0.07 178 52 Jr. of the National Science Council

of Sri Lanka SRILANK^ L 4 0.07 179. 52 Korean Jr. of Mycology S.KOREA 4 0.07 180. 52 Nature Biotechnology U.S.A. 4 0.07 181. 52 Norwegian Jr. of Agriculture Sciences NORWAY 4 0.07 182. 52 Plant Foods for Human Nutrition INDIA 4 0 183. 52 RDA Jr. of Agriculture Science Farm Management Agriculture Engineering Sericulture Mycology and Farm Products Utilization S.KOREA 4 0.1184 184 52 Revista de Ciencies Agrarias ITALY 4 0.07 185 52 Science Bulletin of the Faculty of Agricultre Kyushu University INDIA 4 0.07 186. 52 Turkish Jr, of Botany TURKEY 4 0.07 187. 52 Ukrayins'kyi Botanychnin Zhurnal UKRAINE 4 0.07 188. 52 Zhongguo Zhongya'o Zazhi GERMANY 4 0.07

( Ace. JVo )¥]

4: 77 'r^' 1 T" ,vctA. i •-• TABLE 1.1

SHOWING RANGE OF FREQUENCY

S.No. Frequency No. of No. of Items Percentage Cumulative

Range Periodicals % percentage

01 100 7 1347 26.17 26.17

02 70-99 6 502 9.73 35,90

03 50-69 4 255 4,94 40.84

04 35-49 12 489 9.45 50.29

05 25-34 22 595 11.98 62.27

06 15-24 21 375 7.22 69.49

07 10-14 36 414 7.92 77.41

08 4-9 80 477 8.87 86.28

09 1-3 244 684 13.31 99,59

Total 432 5138 99.59

78 2 Countr^ise Distribution:

It is known fact that certain countries give more research output in a particular subject. This information is very much useful not only for the information managers in finalizing the subscription Hst of periodicals but also for the research scholars as they tend to know the countries that are leaders in the field.

Table 2 contains a list of 105 countries producing research material on

Horticulture. These countries have been ranked on the basis of frequency of occurrence of items. It was observed that 23.16% of articles were published from U.S.A. only. This is followed by India and Japan which produce 17.12% and 9.45% research items respectively.

The analysis not only shows the most potent countries of research on Horticulture but also indicates the wide coverage of Biological Abstracts, as the pubhcation from 105 countries of the world have been hsted.

79 TABLE - 2

COUNTimVISE DISTRIBUTION

S.No. RANK NAME OF THE COUNTRY FREQUENCY PERCENT- OF OCCURRENCE TAGE

01 1 U.S.A. 1190 23.16 02 2 INDIA 880 17.12 03 3 JAPAN 486 9.45 04 4 S.KOREA 259 5.04 05 5 U.K. 230 4.47 06 6 CANADA 133 2.58 07 7 AUSTRALIA 126 2.45 08 7 SPAIN 126 2.45 09 8 FRANCE 123 2.39 10 9 NEWZEALAND 122 2.37 11 10 BRAZIL 113 2.19 12 11 ITALY 88 1.71 13 12 EGYPT 87 1.69 14 12 GERMANY 87 1.69 15 13 NETHERLANDS 85 1.65 16 14 RUSSIA 79 1.53 17 15 CHINA 62 1.20 18 16 PAKISTAN 56 1.08 19 17 ISRAEL 53 1.03 20 18 TAIWAN 51 0.99 21 19 MEXICO 40 0.77 22 20 NIGERIA 37 0.72

80 23 21 POLAND 34 0.66 24 22 S. AFRICA 31 0.60 25. 23 DENMARK 28 0.54 26. 23 GREECE 28 0.54 27. 23 PORTUGAL 28 0,54 28. 24 NORWAY 24 0.46 29. 25 BELGIUM 22 0.42 30. 25 MALAYSIA 22 0.42 31. 26 UKRAINE 21 0.40 32. 27 SYRIA 20 0.38 33. 28 URGENTINA 19 0.36 34. 28 BANGLADESH 19 0.36 35. 29 BELARUS 18 0.35 36. 30 JORDAN 16 0.31 37. 31 FINLAND 15 0,29 38. 32 AUSTRIA 13 0.25 39. 33 HUNGARY 12 0.23 40. 33 KENYA 12 0.23 41. 33 TURKEY 12 0.23 42. 34 BULGARIA 11 0,21 43. 34 HONG KONG 11 0,21 44. 34 SRI LANKA 11 0,21 45. 34 SWEDEN 11 0,21 46. 35 COLOMBIA 10 0.19 47. 36 WEST INDIES 9 0.17 48. 37 CHILE 8 0.15 49. 37 THAILAND 8 0.15 50. 38 PHILLIPPINES 7 0.13 51. 38 SWITZERLAND 7 0.13 52. 39 CZECH REPUBLIC 6 0.11 53. 39 GUAM 6 0.11 54. 39 KOREA 6 0,11

81 55. 39 PERU 6 on 56. 39 SAUDI ARABIA 6 0.11 57. 40 OMAN 5 0.09 58. 40 SINGAPORE 5 0.09 59. 40 UGANDA 5 0.09 60. 40 YUGOSLAVIA 5 0.09 61. 40 ZIMBABWE 5 0.09 62. 41 ALGERIA 4 0.07 63. ^ 41 IRELAND 4 0.07 64. 41 VENEZUELA 4 0.07 65. 42 COSTA RICA 3 0.05 66. 42 ESTONIA 3 0.05 67. 42 ETfflOPIA 3 0.05 68. ^ 42 INDONESIA 3 0.05 69. 42 SLOVAKIA 3 0.05 70, 42 SUDAN 3 0.05 71. 42 TOBAGO 3 0.05 72. 42 U.A.E. 3 0.05 73. 43 BOLIVIA 2 0.03 74. 43 CROTIA 2 0.03 75. 43 CUBA 2 0.03 76. 43 GHANA 2 0.03 77. 43 IRAN 2 0.03 78. 43 IRAQ 2 0.03 79. 43 MALAWI 2 0.03 80. 43 MOROCCO 2 0.03 81. 43 NEW CALEDONIA 2 0.03 82. 43 SENEGAL 2 0.03 83. 43 SLOVENIA 2 0.03 84. 43 TANZANIA 2 0.03 85. 43 TUNISIA 2 0.03 86. 43 TURKMENISTAN 2 0.03

82 87. 44 BURKINA-FASO 0.01 88. 44 CAMEROON 0.01 89. 44 COTED IVOIRE 0.01 90. 44 CYPRUS 0.01 91. 44 GUATEMALA 0.01 92. 44 HONDURAS 0.01 93 44 IVORY COAST 0.01 94 44 JAMAICA 0.01 95 44 LIB AN 0.01 96 44 LATVIA 0.01 97 44 MALI 0.01 98 44 NEW GUINEA 0.01 99 44 QATAR 0.01 100 44 ROMANIA 0.01 101 44 TOGO 0.01 102 44 TUNISIE . 0.01 103 44 WEST AFRICA 0.01 104 44 YEMEN 0.01 105 44 ZAIRE 0.01

TOTAL 5138

83 < LU < C/)

< < o < LU < Q Z X CO ^ < t 3 Z 3 O O s • a a • B B

Lil

LU in

Z 3 CO O H LU O 3 Q: H Z Z 5 D o h- O o Z LU tn LU cr: QL UJ

< in o lo o Lo o LO LO O "^ '^ CO CO CM Csl -r- 3yniv>J3in 3. Yearwise Distribution:

Currency of information is an important factor for any good abstracting service.

The main objective of the chronological study is to find out current information published by

Biological Abstracts. This study is too much useful in knowing the currency of information and also in knowing the most productive year of items ranked. Through this study, we know that how many articles were published in which year.

Table 3 shows the chronological scattering of all references. It gives the number of items pubUshed in the volumes of 1996-97 in biological abstract in different years. It is to be observed that the frequency of occurrence of items in the volume of 1996 was the highest i.e., 1585 for the same year and that of 1997 the frequency of occurrence was 1434 which was again the highest for that year. However, the total percentage of the frequency of occurrence of items in both the volumes of Biological Abstract was the highest i.e., 50.56% in 1996. This is followed by 1997 and 1995 with a total percentage of frequency of occurrence as 27.90% and 19.85%) respectively. For the year 1993 and 1994 the total percentage of frequency of occurrence is 0,13%i and 1.53%) respectively. For the years 1991 and 1992 references have not been published in the volumes of 1996 and 1997 of Biological

Abstract.

85 TABLE - 3 YEARWISE DISTRIBUTION OF ITEMS

Period of Frequency Total Percentage Cumulative S.No origin of occurrence of Frequency of Frequency of Percentage items in Occurrence Occurrence Frequency Volume Volume 1996 1997

01 1991 - - - - -

02 1992 - - - - -

03 1993 7 - 7 0.13 0.13

04 1994 76 3 79 1.53 1.66

05 1995 934 86 1020 19.85 21.51

06 1996 1585 1013 2598 50.56 72.07

07 1997 - 1434 1434 27.90 99.97

TOTAL 2602 2536 5138 99.97

86 to CD CD CD

O) s CM - 0) o lO Jz- 00 z O) (U0J LU Q: Q. LU 0^ lO CO CM" - o> s o> s \ f^ o< \ *^ XT~ CO o C3>

CSj" 1 I I 1 ~ - 1 h cn c 3 O o o o o c a > to '•J CO csj ^ »> °v?^ adnivaain 4. Languagewise Distribution:

The main objective of this type of study is to find out the most dominant language

or languages in which the literature on the subject 'Horticulture' is being produced.

Language plays a significant role in the exchange of scientific information. Information

about the most dominant language is very much useful for the librarians in the acquisition of periodicals and provision of translation services to the user.

Table 4 shows that the total number of items (5138) were published in 22

different languages. Out of which English was found to be the most dominant language, as

4163 items constituting 81.02% were reported to be published in that language. The

second position is occupied by Korean Literature, in which 244 items constituting 4.74% were reported in two volumes of Biological Abstract. The third, fourth and fifth position were occupied by, Japanese (4.57%)), Russian (1.81%) and Portugese (1.71%o). About

6.01% of the total literature on Horticulture is being published in other languages.

Thus, the most dominant language of scientific communication on Horticulture is

found to be English, followed by Korean, Japanese, Russian and Portugese languages. TABLE - 4

LANGUAGE WISE DISTRIBUTION

S.No. Rank Name of the language Frequency Frequency Cumulative occurrence % frequency % 1. 1 ENGLISH 4163 81.02 81.02

2. 2 KOREAN 244 4.74 85.76

3. 3 JAPANESE 235 4.57 90.33

4, 4 RUSSIAN 93 1.81 92.14

5, 5 PORTUGESE 88 1.71 93.85

6. 6 CHINESE 83 1.61 95.46

7. 7 FRENCH 70 1,36 96.82

8. 8 GERMAN 52 1.01 97.83

9. 9 SPANISH 47 0.91 98.74

10. 10 BELORUSIAN 19 0.36 99.01

11. 11 UKRAINESE 9 0.17 99.27

12. 12 NORWEGIAN 8 0.15 99.42

13. 13 AFRICAN 5 0.09 99.51

14. 14 ITALIAN 4 0.07 99.58

15. 14 SWEDISH 4 0.07 99.65

16. 15 ARABIC 3 0.05 99.70

17. 15 BULGARLW 3 0.05 99.75

18. 15 TURKISH 3 0.05 99.80

19. 16 POLISH 2 0.03 99.83

20. 17 COOATION 1 0.01 99.85

21. 17 CZECHOSLOVAKIAN 1 0.01 99.86

22. 17 INDONESLW 1 0.01 99.87

89 o 00

O m a: CO I- (0 G Lij ^ CO

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CO

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OOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOO O>00N*

Usually, the information on a given subject is published in the journals belonging to the same subject. But, sometimes some of the vital information has been found in some related disciplines of the subject. This phenomena is called scattering. The present analysis

has been done to know the scattering of literature of Horticulture in other subject fields. I

have consulted 'Ulrich International Periodical directory' to determine the subject field of

periodicals. Out of a total of 432 titles, 8 periodicals could not be traced in the directory

and therefore, have been put under the category Unknown.

It is observed from Table 5 that all the collected items belong to 28 different

subject areas which have been ranked from 1 to 20 on the basis of frequency of occurrence

of articles. The analysis shows that 56.81% of the literature belongs to Gardening and

Horticulture, 24.17% belongs to Agriculture, 6.18%) belongs to Crop Production and Soil,

3.89%) belongs to Biology. The frequency of occurrence of items in other subjects is less

than 1%. However, even such a negligible percentage of literature published in different

subject fields constitutes a significant amount of literature that might be usefial for

Horticulture specialists and scholars.

91 TABLE - 5

SUBJECT WISE DISTRIBUTION OF ITEMS

S.No Rank Subject Area Frequency Frequency Cumulative Occurrence % Frequency %

1, 01 GARDENING AND 2919 56.81 56.81 HORTICULTURTE 2. 02 AGRICULTURE 1242 24.17 80.98

3. 03 CROP PRODUCTION AND SOIL 318 6.18 87.16

4. 04 BIOLOGY 200 3.89 91.05

5. 05 BOTANY 49 0.95 92

6. 06 ENTOMOLOGY 47 0.91 92.91

7. 07 GENETICS 45 0.87 93.78

8. 07 MICROBIOLOGY 45 0.87 94.65

9. 08 FORESTS AND FORESTRY 32 0.62 95.27

10. 09 BIOTECHNOLOGY 20 0.38 95.65

11. 10 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 19 0.36 96.01

12. 10 METEOROLOGY 19 0.36 96.37

92 13. 10 TOXICOLOGY 19 0.36 96.73

14. 11 CONSERVATION 16 0.31 97.04

15. 12 POULTRY AND LIVESTOCK 15 0.29 97.33

16. 12 BIOCHEMISTRY 15 0.29 97.62

17. 12 FOOD AND FOOD INDUSTRIES 15 0.29 97.91

18. 12 SCIENCE: COMPREHENSIVE 15 0.29 98.2 WORKS 19. 13 AGRICULTURE - ABSTRACTING, 14 0.27 98.47 BIBLIOGRAPHIES, STATISTICS 20. "^ 14 BEVERAGES 12 0.23 98.7

21. 14 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 12 0.23 98.93

22. 15 MEDICAL SCIENCES 11 0.21 99.14

23. 16 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES : 10 0.19 99.33 WASTE MANAGEMENT 24. 17 AGRICULTURE - FEED, FLOUR 7 0.13 99.46 AND GRAIN 25. 18 AGRICULTURE - COMPUTER 6 0.11 99.57 APPLICATIONS 26. 19 BIOPHYSICS 3 0.05 99.62

27. 19 CYTOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY 3 0.05 99.67

28. 20 PHARMACY AND 2 0.03 99.7 PHARMACOLOGY 29. 21 UNKNOWN 8 0.15 99.85

TOTAL 5138 99,85

93 C CO c c -^

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CD O O O O O CD CD in ^ CO csi T" 6. Form wise Distribution:

Information is available in a variety of forms namely periodicals, conference proceedings, research reports, letters, bulletins, patents etc. The main objective of this study is to find out most used form of source material. It will help the information scientists and their users to know the most dominant forms of documents in which information is being produced on the subject.

Table 6 gives the form wise distribution of items. It was found from the analysis that periodical articles are the most dominant form in which scientific .information is communicated in Horticulture. It is obvious from the fact that 95.17% literature on the subject appeared in form of periodical articles. Bulletins and research reports constitute

2.02% and 1.61%) of the total, while the other forms like Digest, Conference Proceedings,

Yearbooks, Newsletters and Technical Reports constitute less than Wo. ,

This analysis may help the information scientist decide as to which forms of documents he has to procure in the library to meet the information requirements of the researchers in the field of Horticulture.

95 TABLE - 6

FORM WISE DISTRIBUTION

S.No. Rank Name of the Form Frequency Frequency Cumulative occurrence % frequency % 01 1 ARTICLE 4890 95T7 95.17 02 2 BULLETIN 104 2.02 97.19

03 3 REPORT 83 1.61 98.8

04 4 DIGEST 24 0.46 99.26

05 5 RESEARCH REPORT 15 0.02 99.28

06 6 CONFERENCE 11 0.21 99.49 PROCEEDINGS 07 7 YEARBOOK 8 0.15 99.64

08 8 NEWSLETTERS 2 0.03 99,67

09 9 TECHNICAL REPORT 1 0.01 99.68

TOTAL 5138 99.68

96 a: 3 <\ D+O s

IT) ^, CN r= LL zHI 2Z (/) O

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LU ~ (^ Q^ . K U) Q i 1 1 1 o o o o o cD o 00 CD '^ CN 39VlN30d3d 7. Ranking of Authors:

There are certain eminent personalities in every subject field who achieve recognition through their research and writings. These personalities form the backbone in their own subjects. The main objective of this study is to find out authors whose contributions are significant in the field of Horticulture. For this purpose, a ranking list of eminent authors has been given in Table 7, in the order of their frequency of occurrence.

Analysis shows that 638 items (12.41%) were contributed by single author, 1525 items

(29.68%) by two authors and 2975 items (57.90%)) by more than two authors. Therefore we can say that trend of research in the field of Horticulture is joint efforts involved to

complete a research project. It may be due to the complexity and interdisciplinary nature of

research topics. The first three eminent authors in the field are : Simonne, Eric (25 items),

Johnson, B. J. (9 items), Singh, K.B. (9 items).

The present ranking list may help in knowing the latest significant contributors in

Horticulture. Such authors may be given due place in the bibliographical services provided

in the subject.

98 TABLE - 7

RANKING OF AUTHORS

S.No. Rank Name of the Author Frequency

01 1 SMONNE, ERIC 25 02 2 JOHNSON, B. JACK 9 03 2 SINGH, KB. 9 04 3 BASSETT, MARK J. 7 05 3 CLARK, JOHN R, 7 06 3 RUSSO, V.M. 7 07 3 SHIRAISHI, SHIN-ICHI 7 08 4 BIEMOND, H. 6 09 4 CRAUFURD, P.Q. 6 10 4 HOSOKI, TAKASHI 6 11 4 REYNOLDS, AG. 6 12 5 ARGO, WILLIAM R. 5 13 5 BESSLER, B. 5 14 5 EL-SAEID, H.M. 5 15 5 FOOLAND, MR. 5 16 5 GOLDMAN, I.L. 5 17 5 GUERTAL, E.A. 5 18 5 HANDRECK, KELVIN A. 5 19 5 ISMAIL, MOHD. RAZI 5 20 5 JIM, ex. 5 21 5 KANG, JUM SOON 5 22 5 MATSUBARA, YOH-ICHI 5 23 5 PATIL, S.S.D. 5 24 5 SINGER, S.M. 5 25 5 TAKAMURA, TAKEJIRO 5 26 5 WARADE, S.D. 5 27 5 YAMAMOTO, TAKAMORI 5 28 5 YAMASHITA, MASATAKA 5 29 5 YOON, JAE TAK 5

99 30 6 ABDUL-BAKI, A.A. 4 31 6 ABOU-ELADID, A.F. 4 32 6 AHN, GWIYEAN 4 33 6 BIRADAR, B.D. 4 34 6 BRASS, THOMAS J. 4 35 6 BREDMOSE, NIELS 4 36 6 CHANG, CHIH-SHENG 4 37 6 CHAUDHARI, H.K. 4 38 6 CHEN, K. 4 39 6 ERSKINE, W. 4 40 6 EVANS, MICHAEL R. 4 41 6 FARDOSSI, ADEL 4 42 6 FERREE, DAVID C, 4 43 6 GARNER, JAMES M. 4 44 6 HAMK), A. 4 45 6 HAMPSON, CHERYL R. 4 46 6 HUETT, D.O. 4 47 6 HUSSAIN, M.S. 4 48 6 ITO, AKIKO 4 49 6 JAISWAL, V.P. 4 50 6 LANGE, DIANA L. 4 51 6 LAVI, U. 4 52 6 LAYNE, RICHARD EC. 4 53 6 MYERS, J.R. 4 54 6 NDUNG^U, C. KAMANDE 4 55 6 NILSAMRANCHIT, SURIN 4 56 6 OKANO, KUNIO 4 57 6 ORTIZ, R. 4 58 6 OSAKI, MITSURU 4 59 6 PANDITA, V.K. 4 60 6 PERIERA-LORENZO, S. 4 61 6 RAB, ABDUR 4 62 6 ROY,K. 4 63 6 SAMAL, K.M. 4 64 6 SHIRAISHI, M. 4 65 6 SINGH, A.R. 4 66 6 SINGH, S.P. 4 67 6 SON, KI-CHEOL 4

100 68 6 SONG, CHEON YOUNG 4 69 6 SPARKS, DARRELL 4 70 6 STERN, R.A. 4 71 6 WANGE, S.S, 4 72 6 WENNER, TODD C. 4 73 6 WIDODO, SOESILADI E. 4 74 6 WURR,D.C.E. 4 75 6 YAMEDA, MASAHIKO 4 76 6 YEH, D.M. 4 11 6 YEOUNG, YOUNG R. 4 78 7 ABDEL-NABY, A. 3 79 7 ALBREGTS, E.E. 3 80 7 ALLEYNA, VICTORINE 3 81 7 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 3 82 7 ANDERSON, J.A.D, 3 83 7 BAKKEN, ANNE KJERSTI 3 84 7 BIJARNIA, H.S. 3 85 7 BOOIJ, R.L. 3 86 7 BOSKOVIC, R. 87 7 BOUND, S.A. 3 88 7 BOYES, STERWART 3 89 7 BURGER, D.W. 3 90 7 BURGESS, P.J. 3 91 7 CALKINS, JAMES B. 3 92 7 CARAMORI, P.H. 3 93 7 CARROW, R.N. 3 94 7 CARUSO, J. 3 95 7 CAVERO, JOSE 3 96 7 CHAUDHARI, S.M. 3 97 7 CHO,DOO-HYUN 3 98 7 CHOI, YE. 3 99 7 CLARK, G.E. 3 100 7 CONNER, PATRICK J. 3 101 7 CRESTE, JOSE EDVARDO 3 102 7 DAMASCO, OP. 3 103 7 DED, V.N. 3 104 7 DELTREDICI, PETER 3

101 105 7 DEVI, D.S. RADHA 3 106 7 DRAGLANG, STEINAR 3 107 7 DROSSOPOULAS, J.B. 3 108 7 ECKSTEIN, K. 3 109 7 EMAMI, M.K. 3 110 7 ENDO, MUNEO 3 111 7 EVERAARTS, A.P. 3 112 7 FISHER, PR. 3 113 7 FOSHEE,WG. 3 114 7 FOUSEKA, HEMAL D. 3 115 7 FUKUOKA, NOBUYUKI 3 116 7 GABR, MAHDIA F. 3 117 7 GALLETTA, GENE J. 3 118 7 GENET, R.A. 3 119 7 GENY, LAURENCE 3 120 7 GLENN, D. MICHAEL 3 121 7 GREEN, S.R. 3 122 7 GUMBER, R.K. 3 123 7 GUU, JM WEN 3 124 7 HAN, YOUN YOL 3 125 7 HARBAUGH, BRENT K. 3 126 7 HARTZ, T.K, J 127 7 HAZRA, P. 3 128 7 HIRIMBUREGAMA, K. 3 129 7 HORNING, R. 3 130 7 HOWARD, B.H. 3 131 7 HUAGE, Y.H. 3 132 7 IBRAGMOV, V.K. 3 133 7 JEFFERIES, R.A. 3 134 7 JENNI, SYLVIE 3 135 7 JEONG, HAL-BOONG 3 136 7 KAI, KAZUHIRO 3 137 7 KANG, JANG GOO 3 138 7 KANO, YASUTAKA 3 139 7 KAWAI, YOSHITAKA 3 140 7 KILICHEWAKI, A.V. 3 141 7 KILILI, A.W. 3 142 7 KIM, JONG HWA 3

102 143 7 KLOCK, KIMBERLY A. 3 144 7 KOBAYASHI, NOBUO 3 145 7 KOLI, B.D. 3 146 7 KOOL, M.T.N. 3 147 7 LAMADE, E. 3 148 7 LANE, W.D, 3 149 7 LEE, JONG SUK 3 150 7 LEE, TRAE IK 3 151 7 LIN, TIEN-CHIN 3 152 7 LOPEZ, F.B. 3 153 7 LOSS, S.P. 3 154 7 LOUE, STEPHEN L. 3 155 7 MAIER, N.A. 3 156 7 MARLER, THOMAS E. 3 157 7 MAULA, FAZAL 3 158 7 KMCGUIGAN, PATRICK J. 3 159 7 MILLER, DP. 3 160 7 MOORE, PATRICK P. 3 161 7 MORTENSEN, LEIV M. 3 162 7 MUHAMMAD, SHER 3 163 7 NAGARAJU, A.P. 3 164 7 NESMITH, D. SCOTT 3 165 7 NIVMI, YOSHIJI 3 166 7 O'BRIEN, TARA A. 3 167 7 ODEIGAH, P.G.C. 3 168 7 PANDEY, LS.K. 3 169 7 PARK, KWANG JUN 3 170 7 PARK, S.J. 3 171 7 PERCIVAL, GLYNN 3 172 7 PIEZ, DAVID 3 173 7 PODWYSZYNSKA, M. 3 174 7 PRASAD, CHANDRESHWAR 3 175 7 QIAN, Y.L. 3 176 7 RA, SANG-WOOK 3 177 7 RAM, M. 3 178 7 RANALLI, P. 3 179 7 REITZ, S.R. 3 180 7 SAHANE,D.V. 3

103 181 7 SALAMA, G.M. 3 182 7 SANDERSON, KEVIN R. 3 183 7 SAXENA, K.K. 3 184 7 SCHNEIDER, KRISTIN A. 3 185 7 SHARMA, B.D. 3 186 7 SHARMA, S.K. 3 187 7 SHIBLI, R.A, 3 188 7 SIDDIQUI, S. 3 189 7 SINGH, D.N. 3 190 7 SINGH, I.D. 3 191 7 SINGH, J.P. 3 192 7 SNOWBALL,ANGELA M. 3 193 7 STAMPS, R.H. 3 194 7 STAUB, JACK E. 3 195 7 SUH, JONG-TAEK 3 196 7 TAGLIAVINI, M. 3 197 7 TAMURA, FUMIO 3 198 7 THERON, K.I. 3 199 7 THOMPSON, T.E. 3 200 7 THOMPSON, THOMAS L. 3 201 7 TENG, W.L. 3 202 7 TREHAN, S.P. 3 203 7 TSAI, YI-FONG 3 204 7 VAN DER MEULEN-MUISERS 3 205 7 VERMA, M.M. 3 206 7 VOS, J.G.M. 3 207 7 WANG, M, 3 208 7 WANKHADE, R.V, 3 209 7 WATANAME, K.N. 3 210 7 WUENSCHE, JENS N. 3 211 7 XU, H.L. 3 212 7 YAKUSHIJI; HIROSHI 3 213 7 YOSHIDA, SATOSHI 3 214 7 ZHANG, X.P. 3 215 7 ZIMMERMAN, RICHARD H. 3 216 7 ZUKER, AMIR 3 217 8 ABDEL-WAHEB, A.M. 2 218 8 AHMAD, MAQBOOL 2

104 219 8 AHMAD, NAZEER 2 220 8 AHN, GWIYEON 2 221 8 AL-BACHIR, M. 2 222 8 ALEXANDER, JOHN H. 2 223 8 AL-KARAKI, G.N. 2 224 8 AMARANTHUS, MICHAEL 2 225 8 ANDHALE, B.M. 2 226 8 ANISKO, TOMASZ 2 227 8 ARMITAGE, A.M. 2 228 8 ARORA, RAJEEV 2 229 8 ARSENAULT, W.J. 2 230 8 ARYA, M.P.S. 2 231 8 ASADU, CHARLES LA. 2 232 8 ASHBURNER, G.R. 2 233 8 ATANASSOVA,BISTRA 2 234 8 AULT, JAMES R. 2 235 8 AYAZ, FAIK AHMED 2 236 8 BABOO, R. 2 237 8 BADAWI, M.A. 2 238 8 BAGAL, P.K. 2 239 8 BANAFAR, R.N.S. 2 240 8 BANGSANG-WOO 2 241 8 BANNISTER, N.R. 2 242 8 BAR, Y. 2 243 8 BARROS, RAIMUNDA S. 2 244 8 BATEN, M. ABDUL 2 245 8 BATES, RICK M. 2 246 8 BAY, A.P.M. 2 247 8 BELAKABIR, A. 2 248 8 BELLINDER, ROBIN R. 2 249 8 BEN CHEKROUN, M. 2 250 8 BENZ, J.S. 2 251 8 BEYER, DAVID M. 2 252 8 BHAT, K.L. 2 253 8 BHATTACHARYA, M.K. 2 254 8 BHOPLE,R.S. 2 255 8 BICKNELL, R.A. 2 256 8 BOGOMAZOU, N.P. 2

105 257 8 BONNIER, F.J.M. 2 258 8 BORDELON, B.P. 2 259 8 BOYDSTON, R.A. 2 260 8 BOYLE, THOMAS H. 2 261 8 BRAMLAGE, WILLIAM J. 2 262 8 BRAR, M.S. 2 263 8 BURGOS, L. 2 264 8 BURGOS, NILDA R. 2 265 8 BUSSI, C. 2 266 8 BYARI, S.H. 2 267 8 CAMPBELL, JAMES A. 2 268 8 CAO, WEIXING 2 269 8 CARDENAS, C.A. 2 270 8 CASTELLANOS, J.Z. 2 271 8 CHAND, POORAN 2 272 8 CHANDLER, C.K. 2 273 8 CHARLE, R. BRUCE 2 274 8 CHAUDHARI, VINOD KUMAJ I 2 275 8 CHANG, HYUN-YOU 2 276 8 CHART ZOULAKIS, K. 2 277 8 CHAUHAN, Y S. 2 278 8 CHEN, JUN 2 279 8 CHO, JA YONG 2 280 8 CHOI, DONG-JIN 2 281 8 CHOI, IN-HU 2 282 8 CHOI, JONG MYUN 2 283 8 CHOI, SANG TAI 3 284 8 CHOI, YE. 2 285 8 CHUNG, HEE-DON 2 286 8 CHUNG, JIN-HWAN 2 287 8 CLEMENT, CHARLES R. 2 288 8 COLON-GUASP, WILFREDO 2 289 8 CORLEY, W.L. 2 290 8 CORTRELL, JESSICA M. 2 291 8 CONICELLA, C. 2 292 8 COSTELLA, L.R. 2 293 8 COWLING, W.A. 2 294 8 CROSSAN, L.K. 2

106 295 CSIZINSZKY, A, A. 2 296 DAMKE, M.M. 2 297 DAPOIGNY, L. 2 298 DAR, M.A. 2 299 8 DAS, S.N. 2 300 8 DECOSTA, W.A.J.M. 2 301 DEMAGANTE, A.L. 2 302 DENIS, FRANK G. JR. 2 303 DERUITER, HA. 2 304 DESWAL,D.P. 2 305 8 DE, VRIES I.M. 2 306 8 DIAS, LUIZ ANTONIO 2 307 8 DIXIT, J.P. 2 308 8 DODDS, GEORGE T. 2 309 8 DOIJOIDE, S.D. 2 310 8 DOKOOZLIAN, N.K. 2 311 DORCUS, D. 2 312 DRAGAVTSEVA, I.A. 2 313 8 DRORY, AMIR 2 314 8 DUBOUZET, J.G. 2 315 DUKES, PHILIP D. 2 316 DUNN, DIANA E. 2 317 8 DUSSERT, STEPHANE 2 318 8 EGUCHI, T. 2 319 8 EDSON, C.E. 2 320 EHLENFELDT, M.K. 2 321 EHLERS, J.D. 2 322 EKEBERG, EGIL 2 323 EL-GHANDOUS, lA. 2 324 8 EL-HABBASHA, K.M. 2 325 8 ERIESSON, N.A. 2 326 8 ESHED, YUVAL 2 327 8 ETIENNE, H. 2 328 8 EVANS, J. 2 329 8 FERNANDEZ, G.E. 2 330 8 FERY, R.L. 2 331 FUPSE, E. 2 332 PONTES, P.C.R 2

107 333 8 FRANCIS, P.B, 2 334 8 FRANCO, J.A. 2 335 8 FRIETAS, B.M. 2 336 8 FRY, JACK D. 2 337 8 FUCKS, MARCEL 338 8 FUTANE, D.N. 2 339 8 GABRYSZEWSKA, ELEOMORA 2 340 8 GAIT AN HERNANDEZ, R. 2 341 8 GALYUON, IK.A, 2 342 8 GARBER, M.P. 2 343 8 GARNER, LAUREN C. 2 344 8 GEORGE, A.P. 2 345 8 GERA, HITENDRA K. 2 346 8 GELL, J.S. 2 347 8 GILMAN, EDWARD F, 2 348 8 GIOVANNINI, ANNALISA 2 349 8 GOH, K.M. 2 350 8 GOLDSCHMIDT-REISCHEL, ERICH 2 351 8 GOPAL, J. 2 352. 8 GORA, DR. 2 353 8 GRAFTON, K.F. 2 354 8 GRAHAM, HEATHER A. HATT 2 355 8 GRAHAM, J. 2 356 8 GRAIFENBERG, A. 2 357 8 GRANGER, RAYMOND L. 2 358 8 GRANT, R. STANLEY 2 359 8 GRAVES, WILLIAM R. 2 360 8 GROCHOWSKA, MARIA J. 2 361 8 GULDAN, LSTEVEN J. 2 362 8 GUNES, AYDIN 2 363 8 GUPTA, V.P. 2 364 8 GUPTON, CREIGHTON L. 2 365 8 GWOZDECKI, JOZEF 2 366 8 HAGGAG, LAILA, F. 2 367 8 HAK-KI, SHIN 2 368 8 HALEPYATl, A.S. 2 369 8 HALL, F.R, 2 370 8 HANNA,W. 2

108 371 8 HARBAGE, J.F. 2 372 8 HARUKI, KAZUHISA 2 373 8 HAVEY, MICHAEL J, 2 374 8 HAWLADES, M.S.H. 2 375 8 HAYASHI, TORU 2 376 8 HEIBERG, NINA 2 377 8 HERFNANDEZ, L.E. 2 378 8 HELMY, Y.H. 2 379 8 HEV\/ELINK, E. 2 380 8 HIDE, G.A. 2 381 8 HINESLEY, L. ERIW 2 382 8 HIRATSUKA, SHIN 2 383 8 HO, JUNG-HSIANG 2 384 8 HONG, JIO HENN 2 385 8 HONG, SE JIN 2 386 8 HONG, TUN-HI 2 387 8 HOPANSON, STAN C. 2 388 8 HORN, LC.P. 2 389 8 HSIEH, CHING-FANG 2 390 8 HUH, KUM YANG 2 391 8 IGOUNET, 0, 2 392 8 ILBAY, LM. ERTUGRUL 2 393 8 IMANISm, HIDEO 2 394 8 INAGAKI, NOBORU 2 395 8 INAMOTO, KATSUHIKO 2 396 8 INGALE, B.V. 2 397 8 INOMATA, YUJI 2 398 8 TRIAWATI, HIROSHIMIYAK 3 2 399 8 ISHIZAKA, HIROSHI 2 400 8 ISLAM, A.F.M. SAIFUL 2 401 8 ISLAM, MD. SHAHIDUL 2 402 8 ISOBE, KATSUNORI 2 403 8 ISRAELI, Y. 2 404 8 ITO, DAIYU 2 405 8 ITOH, MATSUO 2 406 8 JADHAV, V.T. 2 407 8 JANG, SUK-WOO 2 408 8 JAMES, DAVID J. 2

109 ... 2 409 8 JEONG, LBYEONG-CHOON 410 8 JEONG, LYEON K. 2 411 8 JETT, LEWIS W. 2 412 8 JEUFFROY, MARIE-HELENE 2 413 8 JHON, A.Q. 2 414 8 JOHNSON, PAUL G. 2 415 8 JOURDAN, CHRISTAPHE 2 416 8 JOYAL, ELAINE 2 417 8 JOYCE, DC, 2 418 8 KADNER, R. 2 419 8 KAGA, A. 2 420 8 KAHARAGI, ESTHER M, 2 421 8 KAHN, LBRIAN A. 2 422 8 KALPANA, R. 2 423 8 KAMIMURA, CHIKASHI 2 424 8 KANEKO, KAZUHIKO 2 425 8 KANWAR, J.S. 2 426 8 KATAOKA, IKUO 2 427 8 KATO, HIROYUKI 2 428 8 KATO, LM. 2 429 8 KAWAGISHI, KOJI 2 430 8 KEPPEL, HERBERT 2 431 8 KERRIGAN, RICHARD W. 2 432 8 KHATTARI, SAYED K. 2 433 8 KIM, DEOG-SU 2 434 8 KM, HONG-YUL 2 435 8 KM, JEAM-KUK 2 436 8 KM, JIN-SOO 2 437 8 KM, SUNG-EUN 2 438 8 KM, TAE JOUNG 2 439 8 KIMURA, PAULO H. 2 440 8 KINTZIOS, SE. 2 441 8 KJELGREN, ROGER 2 442 8 KLEINHENZ, V. 2 443 8 KLINAC, D.J. 2 444 8 KODAIRA, EIICHI 2 445 8 KOMAI, FUMINORI 2 446 8 KONOKOU, P F. 2

110 447 8 KOOMAN, PL. 2 448 8 KOPSELL, DEAN A. 2 449 8 ROSTOV, 0. 2 450 8 KOSTYUKK, V.I. 2 451 8 KOTUR, S.C. 2 452 8 KOUL, AJAY 2 453 8 KOZAI, TOYOKI 2 454 8 KRASOVA,N.G. 2 455 8 KRYUCHKOU, A.V. 2 456 8 KSHIRASAGAR, C.R. 2 457 8 KU, CATHERINE S.M. 2 458 8 KUBOTA, AKI 2 459 8 KUBOTA, CHIERI 2 460 8 KUDOU, AJAY 2 461 8 KUDOU, RIKA 2 462 8 KUMAR DHARMENDER 2 463 8 KUMAR, KAMINl 2 464 8 KUMAR, NARENDRA 2 465 8 KUMAR, RAMESH 2 466 8 KURASHASHI, TAKAO 2 467 8 KURDALI, F. 2 468 8 KURODA, HASUYUKI 2 469 8 KWACK, BEYOUNG HWA 2 470 8 KWOK, CHAN-YTNG 2 471 8 LAKSHMANAN, P. 2 472 8 LAL, GOPAL 2 473 8 LAMRANI, Z. 2 474 8 LANCASTER, I.E. 2 475 8 LANE, RONALD 2 476 8 LARSEN, FENTON E. 2 477 8 LARSSON, LISBETH 2 478 8 LASHERMES, P. 2 479 8 LASSEIGNE, F. TODD 2 480 8 LATUSHKIN, V.V. 2 481 8 LAURI, PEIRRE-ERIC 2 482 8 LI, Y.C. 2 483 8 LI, LONGYUN 2 484 8 LIN, HSIN-SHAN 2

111 485 8 LIN, JINN-TSAIR 2 486 8 LINDGREN, DALE T, 2 487 8 LINDSAY, G.C. 2 488 8 LING, JING-TIAN 2 489 8 LIU, HAIBO 2 490 8 LIU, YOUNQING 2 491 8 MA, YAN 2 492 8 MAAROE, MUHAMED GHAWAS 2 493 8 MACKAY, WAYNE A, 2 494 8 MACTAVISH, HAZEL S. 2 495 8 MAGDALITA, PABLITO M. 2 496 8 MALIK, R.S. 2 497 8 MAMOUN, MICHELE 2 498 8 MANLEY, RESSER C. 2 499 8 MARSAL, JORDI 2 500 8 MARSH, K.B. 2 501 8 MARTIN, P.J. 2 502 8 MARTINEZ, M.C. 2 503 8 MATAA, MEBELO 2 504 8 MAYNARD, BRIAN K. 2 505 8 MCARTNEY, STEVEN J. 2 506 8 MCCARTY, LAMBERT B. 2 507 8 MCDONALD, RE. 2 508 8 MCLAREN, G.E. 2 509 8 MCMOHAN, M.J. 2 510 8 MCPHARLIN, I.R. 2 511 8 MEGLIC, ULADDVUR 2 512 8 MENARD, C. 2 513 8 MERWIN, IAN A. 2 514 8 MIA, M. WAHIDUZZAMAN 2 515 8 MIAH, M. GIASHUDDIN 2 516 8 MICHAEL, N.N. 2 517 8 MDCA, AUGUSTYN 2 518 8 MILLER, GRADY L. 2 519 8 MILLS, T.M. 2 520 8 MISENER, G.C. 2 521 8 MIYAJIMA, DAIICHIRO 2 522 8 MOHAMED, MAHASEN A.H. 2

112 523 8 MOON, DOO-YOUNG 2 524 8 MOOT, DERRICK JAN 2 525 8 MORAGHAN, JOHN T. 2 526 8 MORENO-CASELLES, J. 2 527 8 MUJTB, A, 2 528 8 MUNI RAM 2 529 8 MURAGE, EPHRAIM N. 2 530 8 NAGARTA, KENJI 2 531 8 NAIK, L.B. 2 532 8 NAIK, PRAKASH S. 2 533 8 NAKAMURA, MITSUO 2 534 8 NAM, SANG YOUN 2 535 8 NANDAL, T.R. 2 536 8 NANDEKAR, D.N. 2 537 8 NAOR, A. 2 538 8 NARAGUMA, JOSEPH 2 539 8 NEWMAN, STEVEN E. 2 540 8 NIJENSOHN, LEON 2 541 8 NJOROGE, J.M. 2 542 8 NOBLE, R. 2 543 8 NOBOUOKA, TAKASHI 2 544 8 NORCINI, JEFFREY G. 2 545 8 NOVY, RICHARD G. 2 546 8 NYEKI,J. 2 547 8 ODA, MASAYUKI 2 548 8 OGALE, V.K. 2 549 8 OGASAWARA, NOBUYOSHI 2 550 8 OGATA, TATSUSHT 2 551 8 OGATA, TSUNEO 2 552 8 OHLER, TRACY A. 2 553 8 OKASHA, K.A. 2 554 8 OKIE, W.R. 2 555 8 OKPARA,D.A. 2 556 8 OKUBO, MASATAKA 2 557 8 OLADIRON, J.A. 2 558 8 OLASANTON, F.O. 2 559 8 OLIVIERA, PATRICIA D.D. 2 560 8 OSWALD, A. 2

113 561 8 PASSAN, H.C. 2 562 8 PASTERNAK, D. 2 563 8 PATAKAS, A, 2 564 8 PAXIL, B.N. 2 565 8 PAVAN, M.A. 2 566 8 PERRY, LP. 2 567 8 PHILIP, TOMY 2 568 8 PILL, WALLACE G. 2 569 8 PODESTA, LIDIA 2 570 8 POLISETTY, REGHUVEER 2 571 8 POMMER, CELSO VALDEVINO 2 572 8 POOLER, MR. 2 573 8 PRAKASH, O.M. 2 574 8 PRIVE, JEAN PIERRE 2 575 8 PROHENS, J. 2 576 8 PROIETTI, P. 2 577 8 QASEM, J.R. 2 578 8 RAO, A.R. 2 579 8 RAO, S.K. 2 580 8 RAMGIRY, S.R. 2 581 8 RAMANA, B.S. 2 582 8 RANA, G.S. 2 583 8 REDDY, G. SUBBI 2 584 8 REDDY, L.J. 2 585 8 REDDY, Y.T.N. 2 586 8 REEVES, A.F. 2 587 8 REID, J.B. 2 588 8 REISCH, B.I. 2 589 8 REPELLIN, ANNE 2 590 8 REYES, TRINIDAD 2 591 8 ROITMAN, G. GERMAN 2 592 8 ROTHENBURGER, W. 593 8 ROTTENBERG, AARON 2 594 8 ROBERTS-NKRUMAH, LB. 2 595 8 ROE, NANCY E. 2 596 8 ROBINSON, DARREN K. 2 597 8 ROKKA, VELI-MATTI 2 598 8 ROMERO, ARANDA R. 2

114 599 8 ROSA, EDVARDOA.S. 2 600 8 RICHERF-LECLERC, C. 2 601 8 RIVANO, F. 2 602 8 RUIZ, DIONISIO 2 603 8 RUIZ, JUAN J. 2 604 8 RUTER, JOHN M. 2 605 8 SAAYMAN, D, 2 606 8 SAINDON, G, 2 607 8 SAINI, J,P. 2 608 8 SAITI, YAOKO 2 609 8 SAKAI, KOZO 2 610 8 SAMUDIO, SUSAN H. 2 611 8 SANDORD, L.L. 2 612 8 • SANGAKKARA, U.R. 2 613 8 SANKHLA, DAKSHA 2 614 8 SANSAVINI, S. 2 615 8 SANTAMARIA, PIETRO 2 616 8 S ANT AMOUR, FRANK S. JR. 2 617 8 SAUNDERS, P.J. 2 618 8 SAP ATE, A.R. 2 619 8 SARKAR, R.K. 2 620 8 SATTI, S.M.E. 2 621 8 scHUPP, J:R. 2 622 8 SCHOPKE, CHRISTAIN 2 623 8 SCHUCH, URSULA 2 624 8 SEAGER, NICKY G. 2 625 8 SELLMANN, MARK J. 2 626 8 SEN, JAYANTI 2 627 8 SERNA, M.D. 2 628 8 SEXTON, P.J. 2 629 8 SHARMA, A.B. 2 630 8 SHARMA, RAJIV K. 2 631 8 SHER REHMAN 2 632 8 SHERMAN, W.B. 2 633 8 SHIN, HAK-KI 2 634 8 SHIMADA, YUKDCO 2 635 8 SHRESTHA, YOGESH HARI 2 636 8 SIDHU, A.S. 2

115 637 8 SIMON PHILLIP W. 2 638 8 SINGH, ANUPA 2 639 8 SINGH, AZAD 2 640 8 SINGH, B.B. 2 641 8 SINGH, GAVENDRA PAL 2 642 8 SINGH, GYANENDRA 2 643 8 SINGH, J.V. 2 644 8 SINGH, K.P, 2 645 8 SINGH, M.V. 2 646 8 SINGH, SAJJAN 2 647 8 SINGH, VN. 2 648 8 SINGH, ZILE 2 649 8 SMITH, A.L, 2 650 8 SOLANO, X. 2 651 8 SONG, JEONG-SEOB 2 652 8 SPARNAAIJJ, L.D, 2 653 8 STUBBS, HUNTER L. 2 654 8 STALIN, P. 2 655 8 STELLING, D. 2 656 8 STEPHENSON, R.A, 2 657 8 STEVENSON, E.G. 2 658 8 STINO, R.G. 2 659 8 STIRZAI^ER, R.J. 2 660 8 STORLIC, CRAIG A. 2 661 8 SUBHANULLAH, MOHD. ISHTIAQ 2 662 8 SUD, K.C. 2 663 8 SURYAVANSHI, Y.B. 2 664 8 SUZUKI, AKIRA 2 665 8 SYVERTSEN, J.P. 2 666 8 TACHIBANE, S. 2 667 8 TAGLIAVINI, N. 2 668 8 TAHIR, M. 2 669 8 TAI, CHEN-YANG 2 670 8 TAKAGAKI, MICHIKO 2 671 8 TAKEDKA, TADASHI 2 672 8 TAMBOLI,B.D. 2 673 8 TAN, S.L, 2 674 8 TANI, AKIRA 2

116 675 8 TARUMOTO, ISAO 2 676 8 TAYA, J S. 2 677 8 TAYADE, G.S. 2 678 8 UENO, KEI-ICHIRO 2 679 8 UGURU, N.I. 2 680 8 UGWU, B.O. 2 681 8 UMAHARAN, P. 2 682 8 UNRUH, J.B. 2 683 8 UPADYSHEV, M.T. 2 684 8 URRESTARAZU, M. 2 685 8 VALIA, R.Z. 2 686 8 VAN DEN BERG, J.H. 2 687 8 VANDER WALT, DAVID I. 2 688 8 VAN DOORN, W.G. 2 689 8 VAN lEPEREN, W. 2 690 8 VANNIARAJAN, C. • 2 691 8 VAN PIJLEN, J.C. 2 692 8 VERAMENDI, J. 2 693 8 VLASAAK, KATRIEN 2 694 8 VODENICHAROVA, MARGARITA 2 695 8 VOLZ, RICHARD K. 2 696 8 VUYLSTEKE, DIRK R. 2 697 8 WALSH, LB.D. 2 698 8 WALTON, E.F. 2 699 8 WANG, SHIPING 2 700 8 WANN, F.V. 2 701 8 WARKENTIN, T.D. 2 702 8 WARRINTON, I.J. 2 703 8 WATAD, ABED A. 2 704 8 WATERER, DOUG 2 705 8 WEIR, B.J. 2 706 8 WERNETT, HEIDI C. 2 707 8 WHILEY, A.W. 2 708 8 WHITE, JEFFREY W. 2 709 8 WHITMAN, CATHERINE M. 2 710 8 WIDDERS, IRVIN E. 2 711 8 WILLIAMS, C.M.J. 2 712 8 WILLIAMS, KIMBERLY A. 2

117 713 8 WILLIAMSON, J.G. 2 714 8 WOLPERT, JAMES A, 2 715 8 WOO, YOUNG- HOE 2 716 8 WOOD, BRUCE W. 2 717 8 WORLEY, RAY E. 2 718 8 XIA, M.Z. 2 719 8 XIAO, XING-GUO 2 720 8 YADAV, JANARDAN 2 721 8 YAHATA, DAIJIROU 2 722 8 YAMADA, RYOZU 2 723 8 YAMAGUCHI, TAKASHI 2 724 8 YAMAMOTO, I. 2 725 8 YAMAMOTO, MASASHI 2 726 8 YAM.AZAKI, HIROKO 2 727 8 YAN, GUIJUIN 2 728 8 YANG, WEI-QIANG 2 729 8 YAZOOB, MOHD. 2 730 8 YOOM, HAE-SOON 2 731 8 YONEMORI, KEIZO 2 732 8 YOO, KILSUN 2 733 8 YOO, YONGKWEON 2 734 8 YOSHIDA, YUICHI 2 735 8 YULIAN, Y. FUJIME 2 736 8 ZAKRA, N. 2 737 8 ZEBROWSKA, J. 2 738 8 ZERCHE, S. 2 739 8 ZHOU, ZAIZHI 2 740 8 ZORNOZA, P. 2

..- - : . . , . .

118 CHAPTER-V 1. APPLICATION OF BIBLIOMETRIC LAWS:

After the analysis and interpretation of data, the next step is application of

Bibliometric laws, which will be applied on the analyzed data to check their validity,

LI BRADFORD'S LAW OF SCATTERING:

This law states that "If a group of journals are arranged in an order of

decreasing productivity, i.e. the journals that yield the most relevant article coming first and

the most unproductive last, then the journals will be grouped into a number of zones, each

producing a similar number of relevant articles". However, the number of journals in each

zone will be increasing very rapidly and show a geometric progression.

The relationship between the zones is to be given by the following equations:

1 : n : n^

Where, 1 is number of journals and n is a multiplier.

On the basis of this law, I have chosen 432 periodicals and divided them

according to their frequency of occurrence.

In the first zone, 13 periodicals contained 1738 items, in the second zone 68

periodicals contained 1705 items and remaining 351 periodicals contained 1695 items in the

third zone.

120 In other words, we can say that first 13 periodicals have covered 1/3 of the total items, next 68 periodicals have covered 1/3 items and 351 periodicals also covered yet another 1/3 items. This data has been taken from Table 1 Ranking of Periodicals. This analysis very closely shows the phenomenon of scattering of items in different zones of journals.

As the nucleus zone contains 13 journals, followed by 68 journals in second zone and 351 journals in third zone, the zone thus identified will form an approximately geometric series:

13 : 68 : 351

Here 68 = 13 x 5 (Approx.)

351 = 13x5x5 (Approx.)

therefore, 13 = 13x5:13x5x5

substituting 5 - n

we get 13 : 13n : 13n^

i.e. 1 : n : n^ (where 1 is number of journals in the nucleus and n is a multiplier).

Thus Bradford Law is proved. The number of journals in the nucleus can be obtained by plotting f ( r ) and log n on semi logarithmic graph paper (a bibliograph), where f ( r ) is cumulative frequency and log n is log of rank of journals as shown in the graph. This graph is drawn with the help of data analyzed and computed in Table 1.

The log value of 13 journals in the first zone is 1.113943352. The log value of 68 journals in the second zone is 1.832508913. The log value of 351 journals in the third zone is 2.545307116.

121 TABLE - 8

BRADFORD'S TABLE

S.No. No. of Journals Cumm. Of Journals Number of Items Cumm of Items

01 1 344 344 02 2 194 538 03 3 155 693 04 4 154 847 05 5 141 988 06 6 134 1122 07 7 114 1236 08 8 96 1332 09 9 90 1422 10 10 84 1506 11 11 80 1586 12 12 77 1663 13 13 75 1738

1738

122 14 2 15 150 1888 15 3 18 105 1993 16 3 21 200 2193 17 3 24 100 2293 18 6 30 150 2443 19 6 36 160 2603 20 7 43 250 2853 21 8 51 150 3003 22 8 59 140 3143 23 10 69 200 3343 24 12 81 100 3443 1705

25 15 96 60 3503 26 16 112 72 3575 27 16 128 70 3645 28 17 145 70 3715 29 17 162 150 3865 30 20 182 155 4020 31 25 207 197 4217 32 45 252 300 4517 33 50 302 121 4638 34 60 362 160 4798 35 70 432 340 5138 1695

123 CUMULATIVE NUMBER OF SOURCE ITEMS

g

> O c

>

< m •

DO m O D O •n c O r> - C/) a m Taking log n on x-axis and taking number of items in each zone on y-axis, a graph was plotted. The bibliograph thus obtained was found to be by and large, similar to

Bradford's bibliograph, as the graph begins as a rising curve API and continues as a straight line. The rising part of the graph represent the nucleus of highly productive journals. The points PI, P2 and P3 on bibliograph are the boundaries of the three equiproductive zones in which almost the same number of articles as the nucleus (represented by 1= yly2 = y2y3) derived from an increasingly larger number of journals (represented by oxl, xlx2 and x2x3).

The Bradford's law is proved thus.

1.2 LOTKA S INVERSE SQUARE LAW:

This law states that, the number of scientists who contribute n papers will be l/n2 of those who contribute only one paper.

During the present analysis it was observed that 17,845 authors have contributed

5138 items. Out of 17,845 authors only 740 authors have contributed more than one paper and rest 17,105 authors contributed one paper each i.e. single contribution.

However, according to Lotka's law, single contributors should account for 60% of the total.

Lotka's law was applied to know the number of scientists contributing 2 papers; 3 papers and 4 papers respectively, as given below:

125 1.2.1 Scientists Contributing 2 Papers:

As we know that the number of authors contributing one paper is 17,105.

Therefore, number of scientists contributing 2 papers may be calculated by the formula:

No. of Scientists publishinR 1 paper n^

= 17,105 x'/2^

= 17,105/4 = 4276.25

Thus, number of scientists publishing 2 papers is 4276.25. However an analysis of the data shows that only 524 authors have contributed 2 papers, which is far less than the 4276,25 figure, obtained by applying Lotka' s law.

1.2.2 Scientists Contributing Three Papers:

Apply the formula:

= 1/n^

= 17,105x1/3^

= 17,105/9 =1900.55

During the analysis it was found that only 139 authors contributed 3 papers each, which is far less than 1900.55,

126 1.2.3 Scientists Contributing Four Papers:

Apply the formula = 1/n^

= 17,105 x'/4^

= 17,105/16= 1069.06

Number of authors publication 4 papers = 1069.06

The analysis of the actual data shows that only 48 authors contributed 4 papers which is again far less than calculated figure 1069.66.

It may therefore be concluded that the trends of research now a days have changed as compared to the period when Lotka's law was formulated. That is why on the basis of analysis of the present data it is different to testify the Lotka's law.

13 ZIPF S LAW OF WORD OCCURRENCE:

This law states that "In a long textual matter if words are arranged in their decreasing order of frequency, then the rank of any given word of the text will be inversely proportional to the frequency of occurrence of the word",

r 1/f

Where, r is rank.

f is frequency of word occurrence

fr (constant)

127 For the application of this law I have collected those words, whose frequency of occurrence is more. 1 have collected the words from the title of the articles and represented them in Table - 9 according to their frequency of occurrence in decreasing order. The Table - 9 shows distribution of words are inversely proportional to the frequency occurrence of the word. The law represents only approximation of occurrence which is hyperbolic. Zipf s Law: F ( r) =c/n where C is constant log F ( r) + log n = C On application of this law we found that the log of frequency of occurrence of words when added to log of their rank, the results are almost same for each word as: I. Word-Effect Frequency-596 time Rank-1 Log of frequency + log of Rank Log 596 + Log 1 = 2.7752 + 0 = 2.7752 II. Word - Application Frequency - 548 time Rank - 2 = Log 548 + Log 2 = 2,7387 + 0.3010 = 3.0397

III. Word - In Vitro Frequency - 497 time Rank - 3

Log 497 + Log 3

= 2,6963+0.4771

= 3.1734

128 RANKING OF WORDS

S.No. Rank Words Frequency Log C=Constant

01 1 Effect 596 2,7752 02 2 Application 548 2.7387 03 3 In Vitro 497 2.6963 04 3 Registration 497 2.6963 05 4 Influence 448 2,6512 06 4 Cultivation 448 2.6512 07 5 Evaluation 387 2.5877 08 6 Response 369 2,5670 09 7 Identification 311 2.4927 10 7 Nitrogen 311 2.4927 11 8 Genetic 299 2.4756 12 9 Fertilization 278 2.4440 13 9 Phosphorus 278 2.4440 14 10 Production 249 2.3961 15 11 Seed 220 2.3424 16 11 Crop 220 2.3424 17 12 Performance 201 2.3031 18 13 Growth 196 2.2922 19 13 Yield 196 2.2922 20 14 Suitability 187 2.2718 21 15 Disease 180 2.2552 22 16 Biology 177 2.2479 23 17 Ornamental 160 2.2041 24 17 Embryos 158 2,1986 25 18 Plant 150 2,1760

129 CHAPTER-VI CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

Bibliometric analysis is now becoming an important research tool for the understanding of science, scientists, scientific contributions and publications. Bibliometric techniques are being applied for eliminating low quality literature and to select a small portion of significant, reliable land relevant high quality publications. These are also applied for the management of science, analyzing the utility of journals and fields and measuring the performance of scientist.

The present study was conducted to identify the distinguished characteristics of the literature on "Horticulture" with the help of well established method of bibliometrics. The source document "Biological Abstract" has been selected for collecting data. The subject area selected is "Horticulture" which deals with the production, utilization and improvement of fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants. The main objective of this bibliometric study is as following:

• To compile a ranked list of journals.

• To find out the individual contribution of significant authors and observe

authorship pattern.

• To distribute cited serials according to their country of origin and languages.

• To find out the form of the document used in the subject field.

130 • To observe chronological distribution and frequency of cited journals.

Table - 1 gives a ranking list of 188 journals. The most productive periodicals in the field of Horticulture are:

1. Hortscience 344 (6,69%)

2. Jr. of the American Society for Horticultural Science 194 (3.77%)

3. Jr. of the Japanese Society

for Horticultural Science 155 (3.01%)

4. Sciential Horticulturae 154 (2.99%)

5. Euphytica 141 (2.74%)

This study will help the librarian in deciding as to which periodicals in Horticulture may be subscribed in the library.

While studying the use pattern of research literature in a particular discipline like

Horticulture, it is important to determine the geographical scattering of cited journals.

It is clear from the Table - 2 that the literary output of U.S.A. is more as compared to other countries, as it accounts for about 23.16% of the total data. The 2"'', 3''',

4* and 5"^ positions were held by India (17.12%), Japan (9.45%), S. Korea (5.04%), U.K.

(4.47%)) and Canada (2.58%) respectively. In this table 105 countries have been listed, this also shows the wide range of the source document.

131 This study will help the librarian in deciding from which country he has to procure the documents.

Chronological study in Table - 3 shows that maximum number of items have originated during the year 1996 (50.56%). The other productive years are 1995 and 1997 accounting for 19.85% and 27.90% literature respectively. This study shows how currently information is being published by Biological Abstracts.

Language wise analysis shows the most dominant language of scientific communication in the field of Horticulture. Table - 4 shows that 81.02%) literature in the field of Horticulture is published in English language. About 18.84% literature of

Horticulture is being published in other languages such as Korean (4.74%)), Japanese

(4.57%), Russian (1.81%), Portugese (1.71%) and so on. This analysis suggests that scholars should know at least one foreign language other than English and librarian should have adequate translation facilities.

Subject dispersion analysis in Table - 5 shows that 56.81% literature belongs to

Gardening and Horticulture. 43.04% literature is scattered in other disciplines like

Agriculture, Biology, Botany and so on.

This study may help the librarian in the provision of abstracting, indexing, CAS and SDI Services.

132 The fore nost conclusion drawn from tables is that world output is dominated by the periodical articles, as 95.17% of the total data was found to be in form of articles. Ranking vif authors has been done to know the eminent personalities in the field of Horticulture. From this analysis it was found that 638 items (12.41%) were contributed by single author, ]52i items (29.68%)) by two authors and 2975 items (57.90%)) by more than two authors. Ficrn Table - 7 the eminent personalities in the subject under study were found to be: 1. Simoiine, Eric (25 items) 2. John: on, B.J. (9 items) 3. Singl , K.B. (9 items) The rail ing of authors shows the recent trends of research in the subject 'Horticulture'. At last tlie bibhometric laws such as, Bradford's law, Lotka's law land Zipf s law have been applied Among them Bradford and Zipf s laws have been testified as they are still valid today Bibliometric studies are of much significance for the designers of catalogue codes, or the compilers of bibliographies and for the organizers of scientific information. Fur her research is required to establish its impact on the organization of research and comnmnication pattern of scientists in the field of Horticulture. Tenability of the Hypothesis: The hypothesis which I had set for the present study have been examined in the light of above fmd ^ ags. According to the result of the study. All the hypothesis which I have sot are fully substantiated.

133 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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91.

4. Fairthor ne, R. A. - Empirical hyperbolic distribution for bibUometric

description and prediction, Jr. Doc, 25: 1969; 319-343.

5. Guha, B. - Documentation and information.- Calcutta: World Press,

1978.

6. Pritchard, A. - Statistical bibliography on Bibhometrics. Jr. of Doc.

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7. Adams, C.R. - Principles of Horticulture, - 2nd ed,- New Delhi: CBS Publishers, 1993,

8. Denisen, Erwin L. - 2nd ed - New York: MACMILLAN, 1979,

9. McGraw Hill - Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. - New York:

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