NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES • VOLUME 1 NUMBER 4 • JULY/AUGUST 1980 In this issue . . . SYMPOSIUM SYMPOSIUM 2 Symposium: Literature and the Urban Experience James Baldwin Ed. Note: The Rutgers-Neivark Conference on Lit­ walk; and for the first time they talk to each Joyce Carol Oates erature and the Urban Experience originated with a other. They are like children at a fair—delighted Bruno Bettelheim grant from the Neiv Jersey Committee for the by the snow, delighted by the fact the subways Humanities, obtained additional funding from at aren't moving, the buses aren't moving, they 9 Humanities and the least a dozen private donors, and received a $55,000 can't get to work—all they have is each other. Urban Renascence grant for post-conference dissemination through the But when the snow melts and things go back to Boston and Chicago NEH Division of Special Programs. what we call "normal," nobody says a word to Houston For three unforgettable days, th„ standing- anybody. Baltimore room-only crowd who had come to listen to and learn Now, what does this mean? Obviously, I New York from what many of America's best writers and think­ can't tell you what it means. I can only, ask my­ Atlanta ers had to say about the urban experience— their self what it means—what it has meant for me in and experience-overflowed the main auditorium into two the time I have been on earth. Danzig: A Destroyed Community closed-circuit television lounges. Of the nine I think of one of our poets—a black poet— Lives On by Vivian B. Mann thousand people who attended the conference during who wrote a song called "Living for the City." the three days, about seventy percent had no college It was Stevie Wonder, and it contains these 16 State of the States: or university affiliation. In short, it was the adults— lines: "His hair is long, his feet are hard and The Role of the Scholar the out-of-school public—who came to hear how the gritty, he spends his life walking the streets of in Public Programs humanities might help to enrich their lives. New York City. He is almost dead from breath­ by Barbara Delman Wolfson It was an editor's dream or nightmare — ing in air pollution, he would like to vote, but choosing from nearly forty of America's most distin­ for him that's no solution" and Stevie says 18 Deadlines for Grant Applications guished authors and literary critics to give "Stop the giving, just enough for the city." Humanities' readers the essence of what happened. 19 The National Council It may be interesting to suggest that, apart on the Humanities We decided to edit the three keynoters in order of from our other addictions, the city is probably their appearance at the conference, and excerpt as the most visible product of the industrial rev­ 20 Dustjackets: A Program for much as space would allow. If you would like• more olution. People left the land to come to the city Scholarly Publishing information about how to obtain the publications, because they had no choice. by Richard Koffler and video or audio tapes available from the confer­ I am not a sociologist. I am not equipped to ence, please contact the conference directors, Ann discuss in detail the implications of the creation 22 Recent NEH Grant Awards Watts and MichaeL Jaye, % English Department, of the city. But I can say that [the city's] creation Rutgers University; Neivark, NJ 07102. has had devastating effects on human life 29 NEH Grant Making: Who Decides? everywhere. by John Lippincott I have, for example, a typewriter some­ JAMES BALDWIN: 30 Letters to the Editor where else in the country. I spend a lot of my I am a city boy. Many years ago I was in the time living in the country trying to work, trying 32 About the authors country, walking along a country road and a to write. In the country you wake up whenever In the next issue woman passed me—a white woman, by the it is that you wake up and you look at the sky. It way—and she said "Good morning." And I is there: it gives you some idea what kind of a thought "Who is that nut?" No one in the city, day you are going to have. And you walk on the FOR INFORMATION ABOUT except your immediate family (and not always ground; it is there. It [the country] gives you SUBSCRIPTIONS SEE PAGE 37 they) says good morning. I thought about it be­ some sense of yourself. You go about your cause it meant something enormous. I had duties. You have your lunch; you take a walk. grown up or I had become accustomed to such You know that at a certain moment the sun is an incredible silence. going to go down and you prepare yourself to In New York, when it is immobilized by deal with that—close the shutters, turn on the Humanities some natural disaster like snow, people have to lights, have a drink, make love, go to sleep. a bimonthly review published by the National Endowment for the Humanities Editor's Notes Chairman: Joseph D. Duffey Director of Public Affairs: Barry D. Wanger Editor: Judith Chayes Neiman "Repelled but fascinated; embittered but Faneuil Hall Marketplace, described in our story Editorial Board: home." on Page 9 said, "Forget about Architecture with Harold Cannon, Geoffrey Marshall, B.J. That is how James Baldwin began his pre­ a capital 'A'; death to all monuments, they stifle Stiles, Armen Tashdinian, Barry D. Wanger, sentation at the Conference on Literature and our dreams. . . ." Judith Chayes Neiman the Urban Experience and why we have devoted In Baltimore, Chicago, Atlanta, Houston— Editorial Assistant: Linda Blanken most of this issue of Humanities to the renas­ even in the embittered South Bronx—many Production Manager: Robert Stock cence of cities and the contribution the humani­ people are dreaming of new beginnings as they Librarian: Jeanette Coletti ties are making. rediscover their past. The bittersweet knowl­ Designed by Maria Josephy Schoolman Americans have always felt ambivalent edge of old mistakes^ human as well as architec­ about city life. Since Jefferson's bucolic dream, tural, is resulting in a new respect for differ­ The opinions and conclusions expressed in H um anities the city—for some—has meant loneliness, ences in language, customs, and what it means are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect alienation, and disintegration of the agrarian to be an American. Endowment policy. Material appearing in H um anities may be freely reproduced although the editor would democratic idyll. To others, as Joyce Carol Oates Is it too much to hope that by studying lit­ appreciate notice and copies for the Endowment's ref­ says in her essay on Page 3, the city has been a erature, history and philosophy, America's city erence. Use of funds for printing this publication has beacon of hope, opportunity, independence. dwellers may become the first truly multiracial, been approved by the Office of Management and Budget. Send address changes and requests for sub­ Critic Wolf Von Eckardt, describing a recent multicultural civilization in the world? scriptions to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Aspen conference, said the question was, "Does The humanities projects described in these Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. architecture primarily serve art or civilization?" pages cannot make that happen. But they can i Subscription price, $7 per 6 issues. (USPS 521 -- 090) Other communications should be addressed to: Editor, Moshie Safdie, according to Eckardt replied, bring an awareness, of the problems, and, it is Humanities, National Endowment for the Humanities, "that the symbolic meaning of a building hoped, of some of the solutions that will permit Mail Stop 204, Washington, D.C. 20506. Telephone: evolves from its human purposes." the rebirth of America's cities. 202/724-1840. ISSN 0018-7526. Benjamin Thompson, architect of Boston's —Judith Chayes Neiman 2 SYMPOSIUM:S YMPOSIUM SYMPOSIUM

Every day in the country is a little like that. and Chicago. They are moving back into the Literature On the other hand every day in the city,— ghettos that they drove us into and then drove and I grew up in the city—involves a subtle di­ us out of. They are reclaiming the real estate, vorce from reality. There is something a little and nobody knows and nobody cares what is terrifying about being forty stories in the air and going to happen to the niggers. and the urban looking around you and seeing nothing but The quality of life in all of our cities is a di­ walls—other skyscrapers. You don't dare lobk rect result of the American terror. It says some­ down. If you are on the ground, if you want to thing, which I cannot describe, about the see the sky, you must make an effort of the will American morality. In short, the American experience and look up. And if you do that, you are likely panic has made all of our cities virtually unliva- to be carried off to Bellevue. ble. If I am right, the tremendous noise of the What to do about this is more than I can tell city, the tremendous claustrophobia of the city you. But I do know that in the attempt to escape is designed to hide what the city really does: di­ black people or the non-white person—for that vorce us from a sense of reality and divorce us is what it is—Americans have lost their own from each other. And when we are divorced sense of identity. It is very important to suggest from each other, we have no way back to real­ that of all the people who came here blacks ity. Because even in this democracy, people were the only people who did not deny their cannot live without each other—something ancestors. Americans are going to have to discover again. Concretely, for example, there was a mo­ The European immigrants coming through ment in the Greek boy's life when he could not Ellis Island had gone to the cities before I did; talk to his father because he had to speak Eng­ and once they had become white Americans, lish and his father only spoke Greek. One has part of their function was to keep me out of the overlooked the meaning of that rupture. It city. When I got to the city, I met slaughter. means that when you are in trouble, there is But more important than that, the reason nothing behind you. There is nothing to sustain my father left the land and came to the city was you in the midnight hour when you have to get because he was driven by the wave of terror through, somehow, to your father and your which overtook the South after the first World mother and the people who produced you— War. Soldiers were being lynched in uniform, .who gave you the strength to move from one slaughtered like flies. place to another. So, Daddy came to New York—others went If you give that up sooner or later, you find to Chicago, some went to Detroit—and we a psychiatrist; and, sooner or later, as is hap­ know what happened when we got there. We pening now, you go back to witch doctors and immediately became, from an economic point of become born again. view, a captive population. We were herded Black people, who had no written history, into the ghettos which the immigrants were came here chained to each other from different trying to get out of. That is part of the hidden tribes unable to speak to each other, forbidden thing that Americans are going to have to think by law to read or write. This despised and un­ about and confront again. known people were given one thing only—not I know, historically speaking, what drove the Bible because it was forbidden to read. They me to these shores. I may be the only American were given the Christian cross, and that is all. who can say, quite candidly, "I know I never With that they had to forge an identity and dis­ meant to come here.'' Never. I am the only im­ cover who they were, whence they came, and migrant who, in Judge Bruce Wright's words, bring us to where we are now. "never got a package from home." I suggest that this is an unprecedented If that is so—and that is so—it says some­ journey. It says everything about America. The thing about the price Americans paid for the question before this country (not only in the ticket to cross all that water and to become cities) is whether you will find in Americans. The price of the ticket was high. yourselves—we will find in ourselves—the The price of the ticket was to become white. courage and the moral passion to accept this Americans failed to realize that they were not miracle—the miracle of our brotherhood—or white before they got here—they were Greek, perish. they were Russian, they were Turks—they were everything under heaven, but they were not JOYCE CAROL OATES: white. They were being white because they had Imaginary Cities: America to keep me black. There are economic reasons If the City is a text, how shall we read it? for that, and the economic reasons have moral American literature of the twentieth cen­ repercussions and moral results. tury suggests that the City, an archetype of the The life of the city is hard for everybody. human imagination for thousands of years, (the But, baby, try it if you are black. We begsn to Heavenly City, the Kingdom of the Dead, the move across the river to the Bronx; and when City of God, the City of Man, the Cities of the we started -moving across the river to the Bronx, Plains,) has absorbed into itself presumably op­ all those people who had lately become white posed images of the "sacred" and the "secu­ fled in terror. One of the results is the present lar. disaster called the South Bronx where nobody The City of God and the City of Man have can live. The movement of the white people in conjoined out of psychological necessity in an this country has been—and it is terrifying to say era of diminished communal religion. A result this, but time to face it—a furious attempt to get of this fusion of polar symbols is that the con­ away from the niggers. temporary City, as an expression of human in­ Now, having fled all the way to the suburbs genuity and a material expression of civilization and having created the unmitigated disaster itself, must always be read as if it were Utopian that we call the inner city as a result, they are (that is, "sacred")—and consequently a tragic trying to reclaim the land in Harlem and Detroit disappointment, a species of hell. 3 Illustration: John Wiebenson

. . none of us is as perfect as we wish, nor as bright as we would hope .... If we are to be human, we must strive to do better, because clearly we are quite some distance from what we can be," said Nikki Giovanni to an overflow crowd during the discussion on "The Poet in the City." Many of our writers have spoken out boldly withered persons, and ragged children, and tion" in these terms, Anzia Yezierska takes ev­ (if poetically) about the psychological kinship derelicts, and pugnacious young men who erything on faith, knowing only that the fu­ between the individual and the City, interpret­ imagine the world "composed, for the most ture— "America"—is infinitely preferable to the ing the fate of one in terms of the influence of part, of despicable creatures who were all trying past. . . . the other, which is almost always malefic. Saul to take advantage" of them. . . . No one has written with more tenderness Bellow's Charley Citrine says, in his meditation The novelist and short story writer Anzia and authority of the almost physical yearning upon the miserable life and premature death of Yezierska (18857-1970) is probably a more for knowledge a certain kind of young person the poet Von Humboldt Fleisher. . . . "Chicago realistic portrayer of certain aspects of city life possesses. (Is this young person inevitably the with its gigantesque outer life contained the in the early twentieth century than her famous child of very poor parents? Or is the struggle for whole problem of poetry and the inner life in male contemporaries. education and self-realization simply more vivj America." Her writing is autobiographical and emo­ idly italicized, in a context of poverty?). . . The more autonomous an archetype in the tional; the City of her fiction—New York's The City is, ironically, a kind of hell—yet Unconscious, the greater its numinosity in what Lower East Side Jewish ghetto—is complex and the only possible place for the liberation of a we might call, echoing Jung, the collective ambiguous, by no means simply a marketplace certain kind of independent and courageous imagination; the more contradictions it displays or jungle in which the individual is suffocated. woman. The relatively egalitarian nature of the in consciousness, the greater the range of emo­ Between 1920 and 1932 Yezierska published bitter struggle for money allows girls like tions it arouses. six books, among them her best-known novel Yezierska's heroines to break away from the Like Nature (by which I mean the idea of Bread Givers. In fast-moving and relatively un­ world of their fathers, and if their goals, their Nature, .... Nature as the timeless though sophisticated prose Yezierska dramatizes the triumphs—acquiring a teaching certificate, for hardly exact counterpart of the City) this image struggle of a strong-willed young woman to free instance—seem to us modest enough, we must functions almost exclusively as a symbol: it is herself of both the immigrant slums of the New remember out of what stifling poverty, beneath the dramatic background against which fictional World and the religiously enjoined subservience what appallingly low ceilings, they were persons enact their representative struggles and chatteldom of the old. . . . dreamt. . . . with those values, frequently internalized, that Anzia Yezierska was born in a shtetl in Rus­ Yezierska writes without irony, however; the City embodies. sian Poland and emigrated with her family in she is never critical of the lure of "Americaniza­ In America, emphasis has generally been the 1890s to the New World of Manhattan. In tion" itself. And unlike fellow contemporaries— upon the City as an expression of the mar­ this "new " world, Jewish immigrants tried with Henry Roth, for instance, whose Call It Sleep is ketplace struggle that will yield, should yield, varying degrees of success and failure to recon­ of course a work of far greater psychological individual success in financial and social terms: struct the "old" world, and the narrowing con­ subtlety than Yezierska's—she did not appear to Utopia may not really exist, but the Utopian flict between Yezierska's heroines and their take an interest in the craft of fiction itself; . . . dream of salvation is still potent. The autobiographical energies of a first-person At one extreme, as depicted in the fiction of narration . . . need n<">t invariably bring with late nineteenth and early twentieth century the "When black artists write, them a slackening < control, as Bellow's mas­ struggle is graphic and literal: the City is a place terpiece The Adventures of Augie March makes in which human beings die as a consequence of whether they profess love of clear. But Yezierska is so close to her material the unspeakable conditions of slum life and ac­ and to her woman protagonists that the am­ tual mistreatment by employers or by one urban life as Langston Hughes biguities that disturb and enrich 'serious' fiction another. "The things which could not kill you," did, or despise it as Baldwin are largely missing. Anzia Yezierska says in the story "My Last The City's gift of anonymity, the promise of Hollywood Script," "were the making of you" does . . . the emotion cannot be wages for work—wages agreed upon in advance — but very few people were "made" by the —make the individual possible for the first time: exhausting struggle of daily slum life, of which compared to Sandburg's or the individual woman, one might say. . . . Yezierska writes so powerfully. Quite apart from the somewhat mechanical At another extreme, in the fiction of the Fitzgerald's, . . . its sources are fatalism of Stephen Crane, and the platitudi­ past several decades, perhaps most eloquently not the same." nous pessimism of Dreiser; apart from the "so­ in Saul Bellow, the struggle has become inter­ cial realism" of Anzia Yezierska, and a more re­ nalized, a ceaseless philosophical inquiry. Bel­ —Toni Morrison cent woman novelist of comparable power, Har- low's masterful novels all address themselves to riette Arnow—one encounters a celebration of "the lessons and theories of power" in a great conservatively pious fathers must stand as a the city as an end in itself: an archetype of American city; Bellow is obsessed with the rid­ paradigm of this larger cultural conflict. amoral dynamism that awakens no emotion dle of what it means to be an urban man in the The Old World makes its claim in this typi­ more violently than that of simple awe. . . . secular, mass-market culture that appears to be cal outburst of the father in Bread Givers: One of the most remarkable achievements vertiginously extraverted, without a coherent . .My books, my holy books always were, of James Joyce's Ulyssses—more remarkable by sense of history or tradition—in which, in fact, and always will be, the light of the world. You'll far than the dazzling harlequinade of its styles "all the ages of history" can be experienced as see yet how all America will come to my feet to and Homeric structure—is the rendering, in the simultaneous. learn." Yezierska observes: "The prayers of his most supple, sensuous, and precise language The industrial landscapes of Detroit evoked daughters didn't count because God didn't lis­ possible, of the city of Dublin: that city where in Philip Levine's poetry—notably in They Feed ten to women. ..." "everyone knows everyone else." The Lion and 2933—are glimpsed in fragments Her heroine Sara breaks with her family at Joyce's boldly new art renders the city but but coalesce, in the reader's imagination, to a seventeen—an extraordinarily courageous act. refuses to present it: we experience Dublin in hellish city, a city "pouring fire." And the citi­ Her father is outraged but she replies: "My will snatches and fragments, catching only glimpses zens of Donald Barthelme's City Life suspect is as strong as yours. I'm going to live my own of it, carried along by the momentum of Leo­ (probably with justification) that they are suf­ life. Nobody can stop me. I'm American!. . pold's or Stephen's subjectivity: we know the fering brain damage as a result of their polluted If Sara is to save herself from suffocating in city from the inside, though in a sense we environment: ". . .we are locked in the most her ghetto-bound family she must become "know" it hardly at all. The Dublin of Ulysses is exquisite mysterious muck. This muck heaves American. She understands as a very young subliminally granted. "Everything speaks in its and palpitates. It is multi-directional and has a child that there is "no move in this world with­ own way," Bloom quietly observes. The City mayor. ..." out money" and she concludes that by studying speaks through everyone and everything, in a Students of American literature are all English in night school she will have the means multitude of voices. familiar with the hellish City of late nineteenth- of freeing herself from poverty. "Moses Herzog" and "Charley Citrine" are and early twentieth-century literature, power­ If the romantically American rags-to-riches Joycean names, if not precisely Joycean people, fully presented by Upton Sinclair (whose equa­ plot seems excessive to contemporary readers, but we should suspect in any case that Saul tion of Chicago with the "jungle" is still, per­ one should be reminded that Anzia Yezierska Bellow has learned from Joyce . . . for who haps, a viable image) and Stephen Crane underwent approximately the same experience among twentieth-century American novelists (whose Maggie: A Girl of the Streets is set on the — her writing is autobiographical in outline if has evoked the City with more passion and Bowery—in Crane's words "the only interesting not always in detail. more resonance than Bellow? place in New York"). The city is a "dark region" Where Crane, Dreiser, Henry James, and, As the creator of superbly modulated prose of "gruesome doorways" that surrender babies indeed, most serious writers of the epoch se­ and as the observer of character and cityscape, to the street and the gutter. There are aged verely criticized the very basis of "Americaniza­ Bellow is Joyce's equal. He has written no novel 5 to rival Ulysses—who has?—but the complex hand. . . The "universal eligibility to be worthless in the Depression years.) On the riches of his numerous books attest to an imagi­ noble" informs most of his acts .... walls of tenement buildings he reads enigmatic nation as deeply bound up with his subject as Chicago is America writ large, and the scrawls as if they contained a message for him: Joyce was with his; and if he is less experimen­ American legend is wonderfully seductive: why "So the sealed rooms of pyramids were deco­ tal than Joyce it should be noted that he is less should one not succeed in becoming an Ameri­ rated, and the caves of human dawn. . . ." self-indulgent as well. Augie March might be can? "What did Danton lose his head for, or Herzog is a richly textured and extremely in­ speaking for his creator in these arresting why was there a Napoleon," Augie asks pas­ tense novel about an urban man, Moses Her­ opening words of The Adventures of Augie March: sionately, "if it wasn't to make a nobility of us zog, who shuttles back and forth between I am an American, Chicago born—Chicago, all?" Chicago and New York, negotiating the terms of that somber city—and go as I have taught Darkened by a few degrees, Augie's adven­ a most unpleasant divorce as he comes closer myself, free-style, and will make the record tures might well be tragic; his ebullience might and closer to a breakdown. . . . Like Augie in my own way: first to knock, first admit­ swerve into mania, or angry despair. . . . Yet March, Herzog consciously resists the tempta­ ted; sometimes an innocent knock, some­ Augie's free-wheeling gregariousness manages tion to be heroic—to be involved in a dramatic times a not so innocent. to absorb (thanks to the elasticity of Bellow's (and consequently artificial) sequence of acts. Augie March's Chicago . . . of the 1920s prose) a number of troublesome things — the The novel's theme is central to Bellow's mature and 30s is a place of congestion and drama. anti-Semitism of neighborhood Polish Catho­ work, and is stated quite explicitly midway in European immigrants, blacks, even Mexicans— lics, the disappointments of numerous petty the narrative: "the real and essential question is Jews and Catholics, the Chicago of welfare jobs and various sorties into amateur crime, and one of our employment by other human beings clinics and ward politics, local millionaires— the gradual disintegration of the March family. and their employment by us. Without this true "bigshots and operators, commissioners, grab­ For though Augie is very much a loner, Augie employment you never drea ’ death, you culti­ bers, heelers, tipsters, hoodlums, wolves, fix­ March is the most generously populated of vate it. ..." ers, plaintiffs, flatfeet, men in Western hats and novels, nicago emerges as a city of giants who In Herzoq one catches hardly more than women in lizard shoes and fur coats, hothouses reveal themselves in their speech (eloquent, ec­ glimpses of Herzog's Chicago, though he ad­ and arctic drafts mixed up, brute things and airs centric, lyric as any in Ulysses) and in their pos­ mits to being deeply involved with it. . . . of sex, evidence of heavy feeding and sessions (which, like Joyce, Bellow loves to Driving to his elderly step-mother's home he systematic shaving, of calculations, griefs, not- catalog at length). . . . broods over "clumsy, stinking, tender Chi­ caring, and hopes of tremendous millions"—all Augie understands himself "forced early cago. ..." eagerly observed by young Augie March. . . . into deep city aims" in a crowded environment There is nothing tender, nothing remotely Augie is idealistic but he learns quickly the that can, at any moment, turn against him. redemptive, about the City of Mr. Sammler's lessons of the city: to plot, to calculate, to "You do all you can to humanize and familiarize Planet, . . . New York City. As one of the negotiate, to press forward, never to allow him­ the world," Augie observes, when his fortune "great" cities of the civilized world it is sharply self to be manipulated, never to allow others to declines, "and suddenly it becomes more disappointing: its hold on civilization is ex­ define his limits. . . . strange than ever." At the city college he at­ tremely tenuous. Not only does society appear He is there to learn the "lessons and tends . .. . "the idea was," American: which to be sinking into madness, but there is, as well, theories of power" in the great city of Chicago, means to acquire power, by way of wealth, by the excuse of madness. . . . confident . . . that these lessons and theories way of the manipulation of others. . . . Sammler passes judgment on a "whole na­ will be generally applicable. For every Augie In the long story "Look for Mr. Green" in the tion, all of civilized society . . . seeking the March in the near-slums of Chicago there were volume Mosby's Memoirs the native-born Chica­ blameless state of madness. The privileged, al­ hundreds of Studs Lonigans, but Augie—of goan George Grebe is employed by the welfare most aristocratic state of madness." course!—is the survivor, the prince, just as Bel­ department to deliver checks in the Negro Mr. Sammler's Planet shares with Humboldt's low's unique synthesis of the humanistic and district—but he cannot find the crippled black Gift, and parts of Herzog, a curious and some­ the tragic, his apparently effortless synthesis of man Green, no matter how courageously or times uneasy wedding of high, grave, and in­ the "classic" and the defiantly modern, greatly how desperately he tries. The black slums of deed "prophetic" musings and a plot that is outdistances the time- and place-locked "natu­ Chicago will not yield their secrets to him; he frequently farcical, populated by comic charac­ ralism" of James T. Farrell. cannot find the possibly mythical Green. But in ters. Elderly, half-blind, a distinguished histo­ Like his creator, Augie refuses to be "de­ his search he learns of a world, and of people, rian and journalist, Arthur Sammler looks back termined" beforehand. He defines himself; he that he had not previously encountered. (He is upon his friendship with another prophet, H.G. declares himself a "Columbus of those near-at- a university graduate, with a degree in Classics Wells, and his acquaintance with Bloomsbury; he looks back, with distinctly less pleasure, on the madness of Nazism, the concentration camps, and a death ditch in Poland in which he . . kids begin to view themselves . . . as the objects of history. almost died. He is a seer, a voice: he exists primarily in his judgments, which are quite sav­ History, they say, is not something that we do, but what is done age. . . . Like anyone who has seen the world —Jonathan Kozol collapse once, Sammler entertains the possibil­ to us." ity that it might collapse twice. Sammler feels like the time-traveler in . . what cities alone make possible -the confluence of many people talking, asking and answering . . . is dialogue established, dialectic invented- . . long before I had ever been invited to a conference or stood behind a classroom desk, I learned the first duty of the teacher: patiently to explain." —Leslie Fiedler

Wells' fantasy The Time Machine, and though Chicago and land you in New York two hours the curve of the novel brings him to a thematic later? Or could it compute a space shot? It had (and heavily rhetorical) affirmation of this life, no such powers. And interest was where power this earth— in short, this planet—the novel's vi­ was. . ; . It was not Humboldt, it was the USA tality springs from his general repulsion. This is that was making its point; 'Fellow American, lis­ the symbolic City in which a rat can be mistaken ten. If you abandon materialism and the normal for a dachshund, and sexual experimentation of pursuits of life you wind up at Bellevue like this various kinds is taken up on principle. Simply poor kook.'" living in New York makes Sammler think com­ . . . Beneath Citrine's comic despair is the pulsively of Sodom and Gomorrah — a general heart-cry of Bellow himself, who has written, doom "desired by people who have botched elsewhere, frankly and thoughtfully of the fail­ everything. . . ure— that is, the refusal—of the nation's 'lead­ By contrast, Hubert Selby Jr.'s extraordi­ ers' to pay the most minimal attention to nary collection of stories, Last Exit to Brooklyn, novelists and humanists like himself. One and John Rechy's rather more reticent, but still hardly wants the State to show an interest in deeply disturbing, City of Night, attempt to il­ literature like that of Stalin's—yet the situation luminate from the inside the nightmare qualities is rather discouraging for a writer with Bellow's of the City in more or less the stage of deteriora­ justifiable claims of "leadership. . Nikki Giovanni tion that so upsets Sammler. The near-primitive In a self-interview published in 1975, BRUNO BETTELHEIM: nature of Selby's characters and the almost con­ shortly after the appearance of Humboldt's Gift, The Child's Perception of the City sistently uninflected rhythm of his prose should Bellow attacks the "formulae, the jargon, the The manner in which we respond to living not obscure the fact that Last Exit to Brooklyn is, exciting fictions, the heightened and dramatized in a city, and with it what our urban experience in its way, a formal experiment: an attempt to shadow events" selected by the media and ac­ will be, is conditioned by the ideas of what city force the reader to feel the repulsiveness of its cepted by the public, and "believed by almost life is all about which we developed in and subject. One does not tour Brooklyn in a Rolls everyone to be real." Is the reading of serious around our home, long before we had much di­ Royce or its moral equivalent in Last Exit, nor is literature at all possible for such people? In the rect experience with the city's wider aspects, or one allowed an aesthetic distance from the cities universities, where one might expect something any ability to evaluate them objectively. These of night (New York at Times Square, Los very different, "the teaching of literature has early impressions . . . are decisive for their im­ Angeles at Pershing Square, New Orleans dur­ been a disaster." Interpretation— critical meth­ pact on the child. . . . ing Mardi Gras) in Rechy's deeply moving and odology— "learned" analyses— are substituted Do those close to the child, most of all the surprisingly lyric novel of the homosexual sub­ for the actual experience of the work of art it­ parents, experience urban life as uniquely en­ culture. To use Schopenhauer's terminology, self. And the cultural-intelligentsia (professors, riching, or as severely depriving? Are the these naturalistic works give verbal life to the commentators, editors) have become politicized streets of the city friendly expanses, a source of Will— and if the Idea is present it must be in­ and analytical in temper, and hostile to litera­ new and fascinating challenges to growth; or do ferred by the reader, who should not, on that ture: the members of this elite, Bellow says, had these persons impress the child overtly or account imagine himself superior to the "sing­ literature in their student days and are now well covertly with their anxious conviction that the ular dirty mystery" of these fictions. beyond it. city is horrid, its streets murderous jungles Humboldt's Gift . . . resolves in comedy of a The City of Humboldt's Gift is background where dog eats dog, and that whatever mean­ frequently outsized, loony nature many of the primarily, experienced in snatched moments, ingful activities may go on in the city are closed tragic paradoxes of Sammler's world. In Hum­ though greatly bound up with Citrine's medita­ to them, and hence will be closed to their child? boldt's Gift, discursive and moralizing passages tion upon death. . . . In one of the book's It is people who condition the urban experi­ seem, at times,, set down almost at random in strongest passages, Citrine broods: . . On hot ence, not buildings, streets, public places, the text, and the novel's protagonist— Charley nights Chicagoans feel the city body and soul. parks, monuments, institutions, or means of Citrine, a "famous" and commercially success­ The stockyards are gone, Chicago is no longer transportation! . . . The urban experience re­ ful playwright— often earns the impatience his slaughter-city, but the old smells revive in the quires a large agglomeration of people, but ex-wives and other critics ("Reality Instruc­ night heat. . . . In the surrounding black slums what counts for us most is a very limited tors") feel for him. Yet beneath the carnival-like incendiarism shoots up in summer. . . . number of them. . . . plot there is the constant brooding upon death Chicago, this night, was panting, the big urban Literary sources suggest the same. They as­ — mortality and love and fame and death in engines going, tenements blazing in Oakwood sert that what is essential for the urban experi­ America — that Bellow has elsewhere explored; with great shawls of flame, the sirens weirdly ence are the unique human opportunities it of­ as Augie said long ago, "There is a darkness. It yelping, the fire engines, ambulances, and fers and the easy access to them which it per­ is for everyone." police cars—mad-dog, gashing-knife weather, a mits. However much an author may prefer to Humboldt is, of course, Von Humboldt rape and murder night. . . . Bands of kids live secluded out in the country, away from the Fleischer, the beautiful brilliant boy-genius of a prowled with handguns and knives. . . ." Have pressures of the large city, the metropolis is the poet who becomes — all too quickly, and too we come full circle to the demonic City of setting which makes literary creations possible, plausibly — a dishevelled ruin of an alcoholic Stephen Crane's Maggie? although an author may produce them in an whose fate is a lonely death in a hotel off Times Yet Citrine, and presumably Bellow, would isolated place. Square. Charley Citrine, his old friend, is ob­ leave us with the conviction that the individual Shakespeare wrote his plays not in Strat­ sessed with Humboldt .... because Hum­ is, indeed, capable of transcending the physical ford but in London, at his time one of the boldt's fate illustrates the fate of the poet in limits set for him by the City. Citrine appears largest cities of the Western World. Only with America at the present time. . . . convinced . . . that one's existence is "merely the creation of a large city and a permanent Where once the poet was considered to the present existence, one in a series," and that capital in Kyoto does Japanese literature begin have divine powers, now his relative impotence there is more to any experience, connection, or to bloom. is shown for what it is: "Having no machines, relationship than ordinary consciousness, the After having spent most of his long life in a no transforming knowledge comparable to the daily life of the ego, can grasp. "The soul be­ small town, Goethe said that Germany's cul­ knowledge of Boeing or Sperry Rand or IBM or longs," Citrine says, "to a greater, an all- tural life was mediocre because men of culture RCA. . . . For could a poem pick you up in embracing life outside. . . ." and talent were scattered, rather than living in 7 one big city, such as Paris, “where the highest able life only in a non-urban setting. Even in a play in the street.' 'Don't run in front of cars.' talents of a great kingdom are all assembled on book entitled City Days, City Ways the children 'Don't ride on a bicycle.' 'Keep off the grass.' one spot and, by daily intercourse, strife, and in the stories are shown as living on tree-lined 'Stop, look, and listen before you cross the emulation mutually instruct each other," condi­ streets in detached single family homes. While street. . . .' When I first moved to the city, I tions which permit or greatly facilitate high lit­ urban life is not described as undesirable— hated it." Do you wonder why? erature to be created. . . . nothing is in these books—it is denied impor­ This series of basic texts is designed for use Nearly two and a half millenia before tance through complete neglect, suggesting to all over the United States where, after all, quite Goethe's time the Greeks expressed the same the child that it is not worth paying attention to. a few children live in suburban and rural set­ idea: "Not houses finely roofed or the stones of The variety of pleasant activities in which tings. So let us consider the images of an urban walls well built, nor canals or dockyards make the children of the primers' stories engage take existence which are conveyed to the child in the city, but men able to use their opportunity." place in settings which convey nothing of urban readers especially designed for use with minor­ . . . All through the middle ages, and well life, although some of them are located in a ity children who live in metropolitan areas. One into modern times, the conviction was that only playground. When outdoors, the children chase of the readers of this series is typically titled city air makes us free. In many places the law rabbits and squirrels, swim in pools, go on pic­ Uptown, Downtown, promising to reflect in its decreed that a serf who reached a city, or man­ nics, take motorboat rides on lakes and pony stories an urban existence. One story, "What do aged to live in it for a year, automatically be­ rides; they even travel on trains and airplanes. you think?" is as follows: "The little girl came out of her new house, and what do you think she saw? Just a corner. She went around the "The city formed and deformed me . . . . Since our cities are grids corner, and what do you think she saw? Just of Them and Us experiences, fiction is a way of inducting you another corner. She went around that corner, and what do you think she saw? Still another into the cities other people know: people who are poorer or richer corner. So she went around it, and then what do you think she saw? And what do you think than you; people who speak another language; . . . people who she did?" The emptiness and purposelessness of a live down streets you fear or streets who fear you" city existence is not an isolated instance of what —Marge Piercy forms the content of this new series of readers, designed for city children. The following exam­ came a free man. While a visit to a zoo may suggest a city facility, ple from the primer titled Around the City, illus­ Not only did the city free those who dwelt it indicates a desire to escape city confines trates further. Once more the title promises that in it, only there had the average man relatively rather than making a go of an urban existence. by reading the stories in this book the child will ample opportunities to develop his mind, some When children enter a more urban setting, it is learn about city life. But what do the stories tell? freedom to live according to his beliefs, and clearly only temporarily, to shop in stores. "All around the city, all around the town, boys with it occasion to be truly himself. . . . While much is said about the pleasures one can and girls run up the street. Boys and girls run In my thirties I had to adjust to an urban enjoy in the country, besides buying things in down. Boys come out into the sun. Boys come existence very different from the one I had the city, nothing good is told about it. out to play and run. Girls come out to run and known. It is hard to imagine two cities more dif­ Story titles in first readers of the most play. Around the city, all the day. All around ferent than Vienna and Chicago. But based on widely used series of basic texts illustrate the the city, all around the town, boys and girls run my attitude, ingrained in my childhood, that an emphasis on rural life. They are: "In the up the street, boys and girls run down." These urban existence is what suits my needs and as­ meadow," "Too much clover," "In the green stories project without relief a depressing image pirations best, all that was needed was to free woods," "Faraway farm," etc. Not a single one of the emptiness of an urban existence. the inner image of the city as the only appropri­ of the titles suggests a city setting, nor is any of Little wonder that many of those who as ate matrix for my life from its specific Viennese the forty-seven stories in this book placed in an children were impressed by reading that city life traits and to modify it in line with my percep­ urban environment. has nothing positive to offer have little love for tions of the externally so different Chicago. . . . The first and only time in which urban life cities. Being forced to read that the matrix of The literary images of Chicago which I had carried in my mind for years [from reading James Farrell and others] dropped away within "The Bronx of the 30s and 40s was my Mississippi River Valley. weeks under the reality of the city. But that I could transfer to Chicago a past commitment to Yes, I saw poverty and despair . . . I remember to this day the an urban existence as the best setting for my life ashen pallor on my father's face when he told us we would have helped me to acquire an image of Chicago emi­ nently suitable to living happily there. . . . to go on welfare .... But there were books and classes and [Many of] the typical literary images of the urban experience that are forced on our children teachers . . . and alone, on a concrete and asphalt Mississippi, I at an early age will let you judge whether these images are true to fact, and are conducive to journeyed through the crowded sidewalks and paved-over having them gain impressions that will help backyards . . . Chinese laundries, Italian shoe repair shops, the them live well in what will probably be the ma­ trix of their lives. neighborhoods of Irish, Italians, blacks, Poles . ... I was an Since children's most decisive experiences within their families are too diverse to permit urban sailor on the raft of my own two feet." — Chaim Potok generalizations, I must restrict myself to those literary sources to which all children are ex­ is directly mentioned is in a second-grade their lives* is bleak and disappointing does not posed: the textbooks used to teach them read­ reader in a story in which a dog compares his encourage reading, particularly when no sug­ ing. previous life in the country with his present one gestions are offered about how things could be Although the vast majority of American in the city. Since the dog is the hero of six improved. Such reading tends to discourage children live in cities, one could not guess this stories of this reader, filling thirty pages, the interest in both literature and living in cities. from the contents of [most of] the books they all child is expected to identify in a positive way The literary impressions I received in my are made to read during their first few years of with the dog. Typical of the attitudes towards childhood left me with an attitude towards cities school, when they are at a most impressionable city life which these readers convey are the fol­ which permitted me, even in difficult moments, age, and when many of them first become ac­ lowing lines: "Before we came here, we lived in to be very satisfied with an urban existence. quainted with literature. a little town called Hillside. We lived at the edge This literature encouraged me to engage in ef-~ The readers designed for kindergarten and of town. Out there we had space enough to run forts to improve those aspects of the city that I the early grades depict life as universally and play and have fun. It was not my fault that could better. I wish the literary impressions our pleasurable. The settings in which this pleasant we came to live in the city. Do you know what a children gain from their reading Would do the life unfolds are not citified, but predominantly city is? A city is houses and garages, cars and same for them. If this were so, maybe the urban rural, or suburban. Consequently it is im­ people. There is no room for anything else. A existence of the next generation would be a vast pressed on the child that he can have an enjoy­ city is where everyone keeps on saying 'Don't improvement over the present one. Humanities and the Urban Renascence Photograph: Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities Another Tale of Two Cities: Boston and Chicago Boston—one of the nation's most venerable and mercial success as well as a benchmark for day program of events, including neighborhood historic cities—is giving itself a 350th birthday urban planners around the world. exhibits, lectures and walking tours. party this year. As well as invoking its illus­ "Place Over Time: the Autobiography of Buildings indelibly etched in the national trious past, Boston can justly celebrate an urban Boston"—an exhibit sponsored by the Boston memory— Old North Church, Faneuil Hall, Bos­ renascence that has transformed a blighted cen­ Landmarks Commission and Jubilee 350, with ton Common—are interpreted as symbols of the tral city into a lively and attractive place to live, NEH funding, will introduce visitors as well as decisions and processes that shaped the 350- work and play. Visitors now delight in strolling native Bostonians to the city's development and year history of Boston's built environment. through the newly restored Faneuil Hall/Quincy continuing vitality over three centuries. "Place Thus, visitors are made aware of the role that Market area, which has been an instant com­ Over Time" is the centerpiece in Boston's birth­ explicit public policies have played and are still

Quincy Market Semi-Centennial, August 1876; and Faneuil Hall Marketplace with Boston's new Government Center in the background. A. Hausen Saloon and Boarding House, Chicago, 1880s-1890s Chicago newsboys, August 11, 1904

Photograph: Chicago Historical Society, IChi-14096 playing in the evolution of their own cities. undertaken by scholarly organizations such as The exhibit—through enormous photo­ the Chicago Historical Society, which collects, murals — shows the development of familiar preserves and interprets urban historical mate­ places in downtown Boston—Dock Square, rials on a grand scale. These resources, which State Street, Government Center, Beacon Hill, are made accessible to the public via exhibits, Copley Square. The murals, showing each place books and permanent collections, will in time at different periods of history, are arranged to document a historical portrait of the city. give visitors a sense of gradual change over the The goal is to break down the traditional past three centuries. notion that local history is the dry-as-dust pas­ In nineteen separate neighborhood exhibits at time of scholars and pedants. "The words branch libraries, the house of an ordinary citi­ 'museum' and 'library' no longer exist in the vo­ zen is shown and interpreted at a critical cabulary of the Chicago Historical Society," juncture of development to show the connec­ says Dr. Harold K. Skramstad, CHS Director. tion between residential neighborhoods and "The best museum is the city itself." public places. Developed by teams of neighbor­ The People of Chicago ingeniously exploits hood residents, the house displays constitute a documentary sources—photographs, maps, remarkable grassroots enterprise. prints—in addition to its vast body of manu­ "Place Over Time" opens in September at scripts, archives, city records and monographic Museum Wharf and will eventually move to a literature. Illustrations include paintings, permanent location in the newly rehabilitated drawings, sheet music, newspaper sketches, Charlestown Navy Yard, where the frigate, advertisements, handbills, and cartoons. No U.S.S. Constitution's docked. longer is urban history primarily the study of Boston's claim to the title "Athens of buildings and population change. New subjects America" rests largely on her cultural like ethnicity and race, neighborhoods, the life landmarks—the Museum of Fine Arts, the Bos­ of institutions and legendary public figures — ton Symphony Orchestra, the Massachusetts politicians, entrepreneurs, criminals—who have Historical Society (the first state historical or­ long dominated the fantasy life of Chicagoans ganization in the country), the Boston Public are vividly depicted. Library—all established by a combination of The portrait delineated by this approach is private and public initiative and decision­ that of a mature city which in the last quarter of making. Awareness of these historical, cultural, the twentieth century—physically, econom­ economic and political forces that have made ically, socially and politically—has become a the city go leads one to a new appreciation of living artifact. Successfully reshaping an artifact the city's built environment. to meet new needs demands extraordinary sen­ In Boston, efforts to revitalize the city by sitivity to historical development and to the fab­ recapturing the best of the past are nothing ric of institutions and social character. new. Quincy Market, for instance, which intro­ "People who say that our country is tired duced concepts of marketing new to the have never been to Chicago," says Con­ nineteenth century when it opened in 1826, may gressman Sidney R. Yates, who has represented have been America's first major urban renewal Chicago's lakefront 9th District since 1949. "A l­ project. And in the 1970s, Boston's old fish though it is difficult to reduce the energy of our wharves and tawdry entertainment district gave ebullient city to a single volume," he adds, "the way to a spacious urban plaza and park, recog­ Chicago Historical Society's project is a monu­ nizing the original topography of Boston Com­ mental achievement in urban biography." mon and Beacon Hill, as well as the functional A color lithograph drawn for Armour & Company A great American city — Sandburg's medieval street patterns of the old city. "stormy, husky, brawling city of the big "Boston has a great stock of fine old build­ city of conflicting images defined as much by its shoulders"—deserves nothing less. ings," says Mayor Kevin White, who has pre­ disasters, appetites and excesses as by any ra­ — Tanya Beauchamp sided over his city's renovation foj: twelve tional continuity of the planning process. The Ms. Beauchamp is an architectural historian. years. "We have tried to save the best of the rich panoply of its history, from earliest settle­ past and to combine it with good new construc­ ment to the present, is explored in The People of tion." The process, he points out, involves Chicago,. a book produced by the Chicago His­ "Place Over Time: The Autobiography of Boston"/ complex esthetic, social and economic deci­ torical Society in collaboration with Washington Pauline Chase Harrell/Boston Redevelopment Au­ thority, Boston, MA/$359,620/1979-1981/Museums sions. "Place Over Time" is a splendid "way of University, St. Louis, and the University of Il­ and Historical Organizations, Division of Public letting Bostonians and visitors know how the linois at Chicago Circle, with NEH support. Programs/"People of Chicago"/Glen E. Holt and process works and why it's important." The book exemplifies the relatively new Perry R. Duis/Chicago Historical Society, Chicago, Chicago, only half the age of Boston, is a field of urban biography. It is the product of an IL/$72,407/1977-1978/State, Local, and Regional sprawling, open-minded enterprising city—a aggressive urban history program now being Studies, Division of Research Programs 10 In Houston the future is now "Best,” says Texas author Larry McMurtry, "is which were then displayed in branch libraries. the superlative Texans usually tack onto those A comprehensive set of booklets was pro­ things they can allow themselves to be senti­ duced; the first three were extensive, imagina­ mental about (i.e., the best little woman, best tive bibliographies that outlined a general sur­ damn horse, best little town). While 'Biggest' is vey of the city in America. Books cited included reserved for a more serious category (biggest John Blassingame's Black New Orleans, Bernard ranch, biggest fortune, biggest failure, biggest Rudofsky's Streets for People, and St. Augus­ deal). Houston, our biggest city, thus falls natu­ tine's philosophical treatise, The City of rally into the category of things to be taken seri­ God. Rayner Banham's Los Angeles: The Ar­ ously." chitecture of Four Ecologies and Robert Venturi's Houston, America's quintessential boom- Learning from Las Vegas, discuss architectural town, hellbent on hurtling towards tomorrow, styles similar to Houston's and point out paral­ its sense of newness the source of a belief that lels among the cities. all things are still possible in Houston, appears "Houston is a boom town, and boom towns to be a youthful city unencumbered by a past. do not differ all that much. Houston, like most This is a misconception: Houston was founded of them, is lively, open, and violent. The com­ in 1836, the same year as Chicago. Other errors mon goal is tomorrow's dollar. . . . The past and myths about Houston's past make it hard yields to the present with a minimum of resis­ for its citizens to understand and come to terms tance. Indeed, unless the past can be sold it is with their often baffling and unsettling envi­ summarily kicked out the way," writes Larry ronment. McMurtry in Essays on Texas. To help the general adult public see Hous­ So books especially important to Houstonians ton in context—to recognize its unique charac­ were Kenneth Wheeler's To Wear a City's Crown, teristics as well as to see how its growth mirrors a history of Texas cities in the nineteenth cen­ the development of other cities—the Houston tury; Henry Lundsgaarde's Murder in Space City, Public Library, with a grant from the NEH pub­ on crime patterns in Houston. "One cannot lic libraries program, designed "CITY!—Our help believing that Houston's astonishing Urban Past, Present and Future." homicide rate is related to its equally astonish­ The various programs in "CITY!"—an am­ ing rate of growth," McMurtry has written. bitious range of lectures, films and book Two other booklets in the series published discussions—all took place at the Houston Pub­ by the library were "The Moderne Style of Ar­ lic Library either Central Library or branches. chitecture: A Houston Guide," and "Icons and By advertising the multipurpose resources the Eyecons," pictorial guides to some arresting fea­ library makes accessible to the public, the proj­ tures of the Houston landscape—art deco ect also alerted Houston's citizens to the fact buildings, and signs and billboards. that libraries can do many more things than An autobiographical pamphlet, "While You passively catalog books. Were Away," by author William Goyen, who Over the course of fifteen months, forty dif­ grew up in the Woodland Heights section of the ferent topics were presented, each underpinned city was also read by him at a public forum. by visual displays at Central Library. Another booklet, "Invisible in Houston," Humanities scholars from the Houston area outlined the often neglected role of three worked with the Library throughout the project, groups—women, blacks and Mexican- beginning in the summer of 1977 when they Americans. gave introductory workshops for librarians who The underlying theme treated in all pro­ wanted to steep themselves in history, religion, grams was Houston's destiny: what shaped the psychology, sociology, architecture and litera­ city's past, where is it now, what lies ahead? ture. The scholars compiled a reading list of Lectures considered the relations between nearly 200 titles (most of them already in the Li­ Houston and Galveston, its Gulf coast port, the brary's holdings), and NEH funding supported history of the luxurious River Oaks neighbor­ the purchase of duplicate copies of the books, hood, and the writings of Houston-educated

Author Larry McMurtry's book, In A Narroiv Grave: Essays on Texas says, withal, a city that has not as yet had the imagination to match its money"; and "The Astrodome . . . is a near-perfect symbol of Houston, a city with great "One cannot help believing that Houston's astonishing homicide rate is wealth, some beauty, great energy, and all sorts of youthful confidence; but related to its equally astonishing rate of growth." Larry McMurtry, who has set three novels in library demonstrated that its resources of in­ American city," he says. In Houston, the future the city. The Library's archives provided all the formation constitute the best tools with which is now. —Edward J. Osowski photographs, maps, architectural drawings and they can arm themselves to meet architectural Mr. Osoivski is Project Director of the Learning Li­ scrapbooks that illustrated the programs on historian Vincent Scully's challenge. Scully has brary Program of the Houston Public Library. Houston's history, buildings, and black and written that cities are too important to leave to Hispanic communities. the architects, planners and urban sociologists. ''City!''/Edward J. Osowski/Houston Public Library, For fifteen months “CITY!" helped raise the “Every citizen must now share an active and Houston, TX/$346,489/1978-1981/Libraries Humani­ consciousness of Houston's citizens, while the critical responsibility for the future of the ties Projects Program, Division of Public Programs

Baltimore Voices In 1977, a group of Baltimore history teachers swered my prayers," she said. were disturbed that written history, with its Baltimore Voices frankly expresses differ­ emphasis on precision and documentation, may ences in how "we" perceive "them" among have lost its original meaning of "story" and, blacks, Jews, immigrants from Italy and Eastern

thereby, its appeal to students. Calling them­ Europe, and those who came from farms to Brough Scham p

selves the Baltimore Neighborhood Heritage work in the mills. Yet, senior citizens watching /. Project (BNHP), they began to collect oral his­ Voices appear to have a common recognition tories with the hope of writing Baltimore that they had lived all those years together, as neighborhood stories as remembered by its well as separately. residents. The drama also is presented before children As interviewing progressed, friendship be­ who bring no memories or knowledge to the tween interviewers and interviewees opened subject matter. Durr says that children respond the gates of memory. The Project grew, arith­ to Voices with profuse questioning and, at metically, into hundreds of tapes and, geo­ times, incredulity. graphically, into six neighborhoods, each with a BNHP, with partial funding from the large ethnic population. Maryland Committee for the Humanities, also One day in 1978, Project Director, and has created a traveling museum composed of Chairman of the Social Studies Division at the photographs and artifacts collected from per­ University of Baltimore, W. T. Durr walked into sons whose interest was aroused by the pres­ the office of Philip Arnoult, Director of the Bal­ ence of the oral historians in the neighborhood. timore Theatre Project, to propose an experi­ Called Neighborhoods, the museum has moved ment. Durr said that he had taken so much from around various sites in Baltimore with senior those who had been interviewed, he wanted to citizens serving as docents. Frequently, visitors “give something back to them." to Neighborhoods will return with family trea­ Remembering someone observing that oral sures of photographs and memorabilia to add to history requires hours of listening to tapes the collection. Neighborhoods will be perma­ while, in reading transcipts, one misses much of nently installed in City Hall on August 8 in a the human feeling, Durr proposed that Ar- ceremony concluding the celebration of Balti­ noult's Theatre Project dramatize portions of more's 250th birthday. the tape. Arnoult thought the opportunity was Monographs on the histories of each of the “too great to miss." six neighborhoods have been produced by This was the genesis of Baltimore Voices, BNHP (together, the six neighborhoods com­ more than an hour-long presentation gleaned prise one-fourth of Baltimore's population) and from words spoken on the tapes. Six actors, tape transcriptions have been cross-indexed by four of them from a CETA training program, subject matter and date. read through transcripts of 74 of the more than Future plans are to produce a documentary 200 interviews the Project had conducted and film showing how the project came to fruition shaped a script composed of a series of vi­ and a book, Voices From History. Besides being a gnettes. The show toured Baltimore from history of the history project, the book will de­ January through June this year, playing before scribe the uses of various methods for doing so­ neighborhood audiences in schools, churches, cial history, including demographic analysis, senior citizen and community centers, and per­ family history and oral history. formed at the national meeting of the U.S. Con­ In April, Durr presented a paper before a ference of Mayors in Seattle. meeting of the Organization of American Histo­ The Voices speak dramatically about how rians entitled "Confessions of An Audience people felt as their lives were touched by the Seeking A Wider Scholarship." Durr told the movement of history. They tell, of everyday meeting that in collecting information on "the matters— working in the factories and mills — material basis of human existence," which is and of the strike that closed the plant; of the one of the concerns of “new history," the Proj­ 1918 flu epidemic, when “your mother was your ect found that “the wider audience would give best friend"; of feelings for the neighborhood an abundance of information in inter­ where all the family members had been born views. . . they would come to history work­ and still lived; of the black struggle to maintain shops, walking tours and reminiscing sessions. dignity — individual blacks defying prejudice We discovered that they would produce ar­ with subtle wit, as well as the black community tifacts and sometimes exquisite photographs organizing to combat inner city deterioration; of from the turn of the century." preparing for the Jewish sabbath and the abid­ And at an evaluation session following a ing sense of loss after the Holocaust. performance of Baltimore Voices he said, “His­ The Voices recall the Depression— “In the tory is a story, told by people and subject to the morning we would wrap a brick in paper to look feelings of people. History is eclectic. All like a lunch," says a man who was jobless for 18 methods are legitimate.”— Anita Franz Mintz months in the 1930s. “And then we would go Mrs. Mintz is a Washington ivriter. Photograph: Mimi Briggs Photograph: Baltimore Neighborhood Heritage Project Photograph: Lester and David Levy Photograph: out all day and look for work." When he finally “The Baltimore Neighborhood Heritage Proj- Cast of Baltimore Voices; Jewish immigrants to found a job with the Fire Department, he and ect'VW.T. Durr/University of Baltimore Educational Baltimore in the 1890s; Baltimore neighborhood his wife put their arms around each other and Foundation, Baltimore, MD I $ 2 5 7 ,3 8 3 11979 market around the turn of the century; formal Bal­ cried. "I thanked God because God had an­ -1980/Special Projects, Division of Special Programs timore family portrait. 12 The Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies de­ veloped a low-rise high-density housing prototype, in conjunction with the New York State Urban Development Corporation. The drawing shows the middle of a typical cluster of four three-bedroom duplexes with one duplex above the other on either side of the center line.

The links between society, culture and architec­ iconography. This has recently been recognized bates on architecture, urbanism, the arts and ture are too often obscure to the people who in Europe, particularly in Italy, where architec­ design. Topics have included "Style and live and work in modern cities. The forms and tural studies, defined to include the content of a Meaning in American Architecture," "The styles of buildings no longer seem to stand for whole society and culture, offer an alternate Anglo-American Suburb: Village, House and readily apprehended cultural values. Neither methodology for reading contemporary history. Garden,” and "Housing versus the City.” Open the liberal arts curriculum nor professional pro­ Buildings are the text for discussing contempo­ Plan's core of courses cuts across traditional grams treat architecture and urbanism as disci­ rary issues and problems. subject lines to concentrate on one primary con­ plines rooted in the humanist tradition. Open Plan, a unique public education pro­ cern: The contemporary state of American ar­ Architecture is not just for architects. It is gram funded by NEH at the Institute for Ar­ chitecture and urban culture, its problems, and the most public and inescapable of the arts, chitecture and Urban Studies in New York, has various attempts to solve them. touching .all of us. Partly because of the her­ since 1977, explored the theme: Architecture in The audience for Open Plan includes pro­ metic nature of professional practice as well as American Culture. The Institute, founded in fessionals whose continuing education proceeds the academic treatment of architecture as a spe­ 1967 as an alternate structure for teaching and on a serious level; but, equally important, the cialized field of study open only to initiates, the practicing architecture and urban design, has program has. consistently attracted people with general public, while knowing what it likes, sought to foster programs that place buildings no professional education. By the time Open may not understand why. in their cultural, social and political context. Plan concludes its three-year existence this fall In fact the field of architecture properly en­ The format of Open Plan is a series of inter­ with a conference reviewing its work, thirty dif­ compasses history, economics, sociology, and connected lectures, courses, seminars and de­ ferent courses will have been offered. 13 The list of speakers and participants is a roll gory of Government: George Washington's Bronx Development Office spoke in the course call of renowned—and controversial— architects Capital," "Olmsted and the American Land­ on "Housing vs. the City." Logue, who de­ and planners, including I.M. Pei, Philip scape" and "Levittown Houses." scribes himself professionally as "a bombardier Johnson, Paul Rudolph, Moshe Safdie and De­ Sociologist Richard Sennett has conducted and a lawyer," points out the degree to which nise Scott Brown. An array of critics—Ada a seminar on Ghettoes and Their Voyeurs, Open Plan has engaged non-professionals. Louise Huxtable, Brendan Gill, Peter Brooks — exploring how communities of the poor, the de­ "The more people are interested in cities," he historians, filmmakers, and designers has also viant and the foreign are perceived by others in says, "the better off we are." contributed to the discussions. the city. Here examples ranging from Les Hailes —Patrick Pinnell An Open Plan course is likely to be fero­ in Paris to New York's West Village were Mr. Pinnell, a practicing architect, is Director of ciously interdisciplinary. As part of "The Mod­ analyzed in order to come to a clearer under­ Open Plan. ernist Vision," offered in 1977, historian Carl standing of the culture of modern cities. Schorske discussed Wagner and Schonberg in a Novelist William Gass, also a professor of phi­ lecture* on Music and the Social Order. Last losophy, discussed The Architecture of Fiction "Open Plan"/Patrick Pinnell/Institute for Architec­ year's "The American Monument" looked be­ through reading of John Barth's novellas. ture and Urban Studies, NYC/S357,000/1977-1980/ yond the nation's great bridges, skyscrapers Edward J. Logue, the city planner and de­ Higher Education Projects, Division of Education and roads in lectures on "Monument as Alle­ veloper who is currently director of the South Programs

Atlanta's

. i, it Photograph: Atlanta Urban Design Com m ission Sweet Auburn An architectural detail from one of the buildings in “Sweet Auburn"; some of the participants in the NEH Youthproject; the birthplace of Martin Luther King, Jr.

An oral history project of historic inner city At­ cial institutions begun in Auburn's early years. Matwilda Dobbs is also featured in the Sweet lanta neighborhood completed by local teen­ Included are the financial giants of Auburn Auburn Chronicle. Like many of his contem­ agers has provided the impetus for the City Avenue—many of which rank among the largest poraries, Dobbs was extremely active in the Council to provide funds to renovate sections of U.S. black-owned businesses today. The Atlanta fledgling civil rights movement. It was Dobbs the community. Daily World, the country's oldest black-owned who named the community "Sweet Auburn" The teenagers—working under a $5000 daily newspaper, is still published on Auburn after the pastoral village in Oliver Goldsmith's NEH Youth Project grant—interviewed the old Avenue. The world-famous Ebenezer Baptist poem, "The Deserted Village." residents of Auburn Avenue and collected in­ Church, Martin Luther King's birthplace, and a Dr. Lefever said that by focusing attention formation for a walking tour of the once thriv­ multitude of small businesses yet survive the on Auburn's past glory and present disrepair, ing black business and professional center. They neighborhood's disintegration. the project brought visibility to the Auburn learned that Sweet Auburn was not, as one par­ The dreams that shaped the original Au­ community and "sparked a new enthusiasm for ticipant originally thought, "just another slum." burn are illuminated by dialogues reproduced in history in the young people, most of whom had With support from Atlanta's Bureau of Cul­ the Sweet Auburn Chronicles, two newsletters known little or nothing about Sweet Auburn's tural Affairs as well as NEH, Project Director published by the project's participants. An past importance." Dr. Harry Lefever, chairman of the Spelman interview with 93-year-old Dr. Homer E. Nash, In addition to learning applied social his- College Sociology Department, and two other recalls the struggle and ideals of an aspiring ,tory techniques, the project participants learned scholars trained people between the ages of six­ black professional in the Jim Crow era: the meaning of Sweet Auburn's epithet,' reciting teen and twenty in oral history techniques and What inspired me was that they had only with sincere appreciation what John Wesley helped them to conduct interviews, contribute two Negro doctors in Auburn—and oh, Dobbs must have whispered as he strode down to photographic essays and prepare tours and how they needed two more! I decided to go the bustling avenue: s brochures on the history of Sweet Auburn. into it with nothing. I wanted to serve the Sweet Auburn! loveliest village of the plain, Interwoven with remembrances by long­ poor people. You have to apply Christian Where health and plenty cheered the la­ time residents and illustrated with photo­ ethics to your every move. boring swain. . .— Oliver Goldsmith, "The graphs, the Sweet Auburn Walking Tour, a book­ A profile of the late John Wesley Dobbs, Deserted Village" let widely distributed to Atlanta visitors, por­ Auburn political leader and grandfather of At­ —S. E. Lumbye trays the scope and variety of business and so­ lanta's Mayor Maynard Jackson and opera star Ms. Lumbye-is a.Virginia writer. JL' Danzig: A Destroyed Community [Lives On Schone Danzig— city of towers, gates, and the tive memory, even as its physical presence in sea, of cobblestone streets leading to wrought- Danzig was being obliterated. The cemeteries iron railings ornamenting the front of tall nar­ and buildings were sold, the Great Synagogue row houses. Beautiful Danzig—city of late dismantled; but the archives of the community Gothic churches with intricate vaulting, of bur­ went to Jerusalem, and the contents of the ghers and traders, and for centuries, a city with synagogue and its communal Jewish museum a small Jewish population. came to America for safekeeping. On September 1, 1939, Hitler's armies at­ This remarkable story is the basis of an tacked Poland and the Second World War exhibition organized by The Jewish Museum in began. For the Jewish community of Danzig the New York with funding from the National En­ end had already come. Under increasing Nazi dowment for the Humanities. After its initial pressure, many Jews residing in the Free City showing at the Jewish Museum, Danzig 1939: had emigrated, until by late 1938 only some five Treasures of a Destroyed Community will travel to thousand remained. On the night of December six cities in the United States and then abroad. 17, 1938, watched by the Gestapo, the Jews of American cities on the itinerary are: Danzig fathered in the Great Synagogue and Wichita; Chicago; Washington, D.C.; Los voted to dissolve their community and to sell all Angeles; Eugene, Oregon; and Cam­ their property to finance the emigration of the bridge, Massachusetts. The Museum of the members.' Thus the Jewish community seized Jewish Diaspora in Tel Aviv will display the the opportunity to save its people and its collec- exhibit in August through September of 1982. 14 The great significance of the Danzig collec­ community also regarded the building as out­ tion, apart from the worth of individual objects, standing. A Danzig postcard of the early twen­ is its wholeness. It is the one communal collec­ tieth century features five sights of the city, in­ tion that survived with its historical context intact. cluding the venerable Stockturm. The fifth One of several themes associated with this monument chosen was the Great Synagogue. exhibition is the manner in which the architec­ Only a decade or two later, the city government ture of Danzig influenced the creation of cere­ of Danzig ordered the dismantling of the monial objects used by the Jewish community. building, and posted signs on its walls reading, A spice box for havdalah, the separation cere­ "Come dear May and make us free of the Jews." mony marking the end of Sabbaths and holi­ "The decision to sell the synagogue was the days, is modeled on the Stockturm, a Danzig worst moment of my Danzig life," said one landmark dating to the sixteenth century. Art woman about the meeting of December 17, historians specializing in Judaica had long 1938. In April of the following year, the com­ theorized that the tower-form spice boxes so munity held its last services in the Great Syna­ popular in Europe were based on local architec­ gogue and published the last edition of its ture, but the lack of knowledge of the prove­ newspaper. The meaning of the synagogue in nance of most of these objects precluded any the life and memory of the community can be certainty. understood from these words as published in The same civic pride which inspired the the Danzig Gemeindeblatt: spice box is also evident in a small ark for a We wish to live. We must accept our pov­ Torah scroll. This ark is not in the usual cabinet erty, the insecurity of our existence and shape, but was formed as an architectural com­ have the courage to leave the protective plex. A low open-work wall with corner turrets walls of our House of God . . . Our House defines the sacred precinct. In the center is a tall of God, the Great Synagogue, we cannot building surmounted by a tower closely pat­ take with us, but its strength will go forth terned on that of the Brigittenkirche, built in in us like an eternal light, until we find a new home in a new community. Danzig in the seventeenth century. Additional objects in the collection resemble other Danzig The Jewish community of Danzig no longer landmarks, but in a more general way. exists, but it lives on in what Leon Stein has The Jews of Danzig made their most impor­ called "the country of the mind." Its people tant contribution to the architecture of the city have scattered across the globe taking with by building the Great Synagogue in 1887. This them the sights and beauty of the city that was large and impressive house of worship was built once their home. —Vivian B. Mann during a period of growth and progress for Ms. Mann is Curator of Judaica at New York City’s Danzig and its Jews. At the insistence of the Jewish Museum and co-author of the catalog accom­ mayor, the Great Synagogue was designed to panying the Danzig Exhibition. harmonize with other city buildings and was t ) anzig 19i3^: Treasures ol a Destroyed erected on a main thoroughfare. The building Community"/Joy G. Ungerleider/The Jewish Mu­ was regarded as the proud symbol of the Jewish seum, NYC/$147,914/1978-1982/Museums and His­ community and a sign of its unity. The larger Photographs: Ambur Hiken torical Organizations, Division of Public Programs

The Great Synagogue of Danzig marked for destruction. The placards read:"The Synagogue will be torn down"and "Come dear May and free us of the Jews." 15 State Programs is NEH's grassroots vehicle for the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, about rural areas by reading Madame Bovaryl fulfilling its omnibus Congressional mandate half of the humanities committee members are Anita Silvers, who teaches philosophy at "to increase public understanding and apprecia­ representatives of the public and half are scho­ San Francisco State University and was named tion of the humanities," and to enlarge, invigo­ lars. Thus approximately five hundred card- Outstanding California Humanist of the Year by rate and enrich the public discourse. This task carrying humanities scholars are automatically the state council in 1978, reports that "for many requires countless hours of volunteer labor by brought into the public arena. The scholars are of my colleagues, this process of coming back humanities scholars who are members of state charged with making sure that projects ap­ into the world is suffused with suspicion as well committees and those who help design and proved and funded by the state committess are as with success. What expert advice can we carry out the programs the committees fund. bona fide humanities projects. Programs should humanists purvey to the public which renders There are plenty of grand historical models not involve arts or science projects, political ac­ us worth the price of a consultation while al­ for scholars engaged in discourse with the pub­ tivism, or social service. ("Humane" and lowing us to remain true to ourselves?" lic, starting with Socrates, who literally did his "humanistic" have two very different mean­ One thing state humanities committees can work in the marketplace, and Matthew Arnold, ings.) provide was pointed out by the late Charles who embodies nineteenth-century faith and Although scholars love nothing better than Frankel, an early supporter of committees, a confidence in the ordinary citizen's capacity for debating how the humanities disciplines should philosopher who taught jurisprudence at the self-improvement and self-education. be defined and how that definition can be con­ "That confidence once produced such ad­ veyed, they make ideal—if contentious — um­ mirable institutions as the Mechanics Institutes pires by virtue of their special training. These and the Chautauqua Reading Circles and the judgments are not always cut and dried; traffic Carnegie Libraries, all . . . celebrations of verbal in ideas cannot be measured against a single culture as uniquely everyman's province," says benchmark. Paul Fussell, an eighteenth-century literature Scholars actively participate in each project scholar who teaches at Rutgers. Fussell, who approved and funded by a state humanities or­ won a National Book Award for The Great War ganization. NEH and the state committees re­ and Modern Memory, has long been active in quire their participation from planning stage state humanities programs. through execution. At a minimum, at least Contrary to popular myth and comicstrip thirty-five hundred scholars participate in state parody, scholars are not ethereal creatures who programs across the country in any given year, spend their lives in a library or confined to some and an estimate of five thousand would still be imaginary ivory tower. In fact, humanities conservative. scholars are usually eager to promulgate their Since one project can easily generate five views; the role of teacher is inescapably public. lectures, panels or discussion sessions, the Nevertheless, as Fussell emphasizes, too real—through untabulated—figure is far higher. few scholars in present-day America choose to The sheer quantity of scholars involved in pub­ play a public role off-campus. The state commit­ lic discourse is impressive, and it does not take tees help to remedy this problem by obliterating into account scholars who serve as consultants the false dichotomy between the world of for groups applying to state committees for thought and the marketplace, the life of the funding, nor scholars who serve as evaluators mind and the life of commerce and action. of completed projects. Scholars in state humanities organizations In addition, regional humanities scholars who work with general public audiences some­ serve in outlying areas of various states as rov­ times talk about themselves as midwives for ing sounding boards, so that all potential grant public humanism. "I am a circuit rider for the applicants have direct access to scholarly advice humanities,'' says Martin Marty, a former and expertise. Thus a member of the municipal member of the Illinois Humanities Council, of planning office in a small Ohio town can go to a his forays outside the academy. Marty, who scholar in a local museum and learn how a pro­ teaches at the Theological School of the Univer­ gram on land use planning might involve ethics sity of Chicago, also a National Book Award and history as a way of defining community. winner, is one of the rare scholars whose writ­ In Indiana, Heather Johnston Nicholson, a ings appeal to a wide popular audience. He political scientist at Purdue University is Columbia Law School and was an assistant sec­ regularly appears on television, and has even spending a fellowship year, with funding by the retary of state for cultural affairs. Humanities been written up in People magazine. Indiana Committee, touring the state and talk­ scholars, Frankel said, bring us not specific ad­ The structure of the state programs ensures ing about science, technology and human val­ vice, but the joy of the humanities, the sheer that scholars do participate. In each state, plus ues. She visits museums and local community delight of doing them. "The worst thing that's groups, speaks to general audiences, is avail­ said about the humanities is also the best thing able to help local organizations apply to the that can be said about them,” Frankel told the state committee for grants. She is a traveling first national meeting of the state committees in emissary to the public from the scholarly com­ 1973: munity. The worst thing is they bake no bread, The link between scholar and public is the they're useless, they're merely studied for central hinge that makes the state programs the pleasure that's in them. And this ought work. What then is the scholar's contribution to to be true. I only wish humanists were less a state humanities project, which is likely to apologetic when they came before the pub­ take the form of a discussion, working exhibit or lic, less eager to show that they bake bread . . . There is no reason for studying the media presentation rather than the scholar's humanities that holds water if the usual monograph, research project, or archive? humanities aren't a joy. There are no argu­ What box of tools does a historian or literary ments that we can give to persuade the scholar or philosopher bring to a workshop that public to pay attention to the humanities if typically deals with such volatile contemporary humanists are bores . . . What keeps the issues as consumerism, hunting and wildlife, humanities going is that people really want nursing ethics, small claims mediation, the ef­ to know does man have free will; that fects of the Vietnam War? How trendy or "rel­ people really respond to Hamlet's predica­ evant" is the humanities scholar's wisdom in ment and to his eloquence; that people such a case? really would like to get some sense of how Do people really learn about strip mining the past held together and why it fell apart. through the novels of D.H. Lawrence, or child But there lies the rub. The humanities care facilities through an exegesis of Oliver scholar cannot assure an audience that man Twist, ecology via Moby Dick or, in one reported does have free will, offer expert advice on get­ Martin E. Marty, Chicago instance, understand the problems of doctors in ting along with your stepfather, or share a se­ 16 cret plan to prevent things from falling apart in problems it faces, but also to allow the "Can the Philosopher Serve the King?" which the future. scholars to be themselves . . . The humani­ celebrated the five hundredth birthday of What the scholar offers is perspective, a ties themselves are impoverished intellec­ Thomas More, and attracted a general audience critical approach to some universal problems tually when cut off from their respective of well over five hundred. Historians, Renais­ and their solutions. The thread that unifies all publics. sance literature scholars, state government offi­ the disciplines of the humanities, Anita Silvers Paul Fussell believes "the real way a scholar cials and members of the legislature took part in says, is “their shared attitude toward conclu­ can serve is to set a wide public example of ex­ the week-long program that included a showing siveness," that is, there are no easy conclusions cellence, speaking broadly to general audiences, of the film A Man For All Seasons, a symposium or durable solutions. In short, "we can demon­ writing for general readers, and making schol­ on conscience and counsel, and a discussion of strate how to live with reality . . . teach the arship accessible." Fussell is also an apostle of More's Utopia. public how to tolerate the absence of closure, the "pursuit of the humanities, not just by the Sir Thomas More would be puzzled at the how to appreciate pursuing the path if one can­ scholarly or the gifted, but by everyone." Like contemporary agonizing over the gap between not luxuriate in having reached the destination, Matthew Arnold, he insists that " if the the academic function of the humanities scholar how to enjoy rather than fear differences of humanities are not sublimely democratic in their and his role in public discourse. Many scholars opinion and approach." effect, they are nothing." Faith in the "great un­ who are active in state programs see no distinc­ touched" audience for the humanities must be tion either. part of the scholar's being. In the District of Columbia, home of the In a speech to the Nevada Humanities newest state committee, the D.C. Community Committee Fussell recounts the story of Dr. Council for the Humanities, Council member Johnson and Boswell being rowed down the Kay Mussell, Director of the American Studies Thames by a sculler-boy. Johnson, thinking of Program at American University, says she the first oarsmen in history, the Argonauts, doesn't feel a sharp distinction between her two asked the boy, "What would you give, my lad, roles of scholar and public humanist. Charles to know about the Argonauts?" The boy an­ Frankel liked to urge humanities scholars to be­ swered, "Sir, I would give what I have." We lieve "this program is for the education of the need to believe with Dr. Johnson, Fussell re­ humanists even more than for the education of minds us, that "a desire for knowledge is the the society. I think it's a mutual process." natural feeling of mankind; and every human Mussell agrees that the scholar needs to being whose mind is not debauched will be learn more about the community. The D.C. willing to give all that he has to get knowl­ Council has held public forums in all eight edge." wards of the city, asking community members In every state, the humanities committee what issues are important to them, what they can boast of programs in which scholars have want to discuss. "The biggest issue here is successfully played the role of catalyst and thus housing," says Mussell. "We knew from the fulfilled the mandate of bringing first-rate newspapers, but we didn't know how vital scholarship to a receptive public audience. questions of urban displacement, historic pres­ Often such programs also prove that serious ervation, and condominium conversion are." public discourse between scholar and public is The role of the scholar is to define what the more than an ephemeral rap session. humanities can bring to the public debate. "I In Mississippi, where an unusally high may be a scholar by profession," says Mussell, proportion of the population never finished "but I'm also a member of the community." high school, the state committee sponsored a This year, Mussell won American Univer­ well-attended public symposium at the Univer­ sity's Faculty Service Award for her work in the sity of Mississippi to commemorate the twenty- university community, the same kind of work fifth anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education, she does on the D.C. Council. She's happy to the Supreme Court decision striking down do it. "Working on the Council," she says, "is a school segregation. The scholars' contributions joy, one of the most pleasurable, stimulating were published in a book, Have We Overcome? things I do and well worth the time it takes." Race Relations Since Brown, including essays by Mussell speaks for a generation of scholars who To communicate this to the public is not an Pulitzer prize-winning historian William E. preceive no conflict between the two roles of easy job. People are frustrated by what one Leuchtenberg; Lerone Bennett, Jr., editor of private thought and public discourse. scholar has described as "the comfort [scholars] Ebony magazine; and Morton J. Horwitz of the — Barbara Delman Wolfson feel in suspended judgment." Silvers points out Harvard Law Schooh that the prospects of engaging in dialogue with The Mississippi committee has sponsored a Ms. Wolfson is a Washington editor and historian. the public include hemlock as well as laurel and wide range of public events generating scholar­ mistletoe. ship that is published and read. A book pub­ The scholar sent as an emissary by a state lished last spring, Monster or Messiah? The Com­ program must be, as Wisconsin Humanities puter's Impact on Society, was drawn from a Committee's Michael Sherman says, "a per­ series of nine seminars on the subject held former of rare gift who can reach and who en­ throughout the state. A 1978 symposium on a joys reaching a nonacademic audience." The more indigenous, and beloved, subject— fact is that "scholars are not beating down the "Sense of Place: Mississippi"— also yielded an doors of [state committee] offices to get a chance important book. Essays on the environment, to display their intellectual virtuosity." Stellar preserving cultural resources, economic growth, performers are hard to find anywhere. gospel music, the role of newspapers, historical Nevertheless, each state committee can geography are infused with a loving examina­ claim its Own scholars who have also distin­ tion of what it means to be from Mississippi. guished themselves as public ambassadors. The symposium won an award as best- adult Many are nationally known. State programs education program of the year from the Na­ offer a unique opportunity for scholars to tional University Extension Association— the broaden their own experience and to test ideas. major adult education organization in the coun- Humanists need to open their subjects to a try. wider constituency, writes William F. May, of This fall, the Mississippi committee is spon­ the Department of Religious Studies at Indiana soring a conference, planned with the coopera­ University, in "The Humanities and the Civic tion of the state's Choctaw Indian community, Self": on the contributions native Americans have Not simply for the sake of body counts made to Mississippi. . . . and not only to offer . . . society what­ In Maine, the Council for the Humanities ever light [the humanities] can throw on the and Public Policy recently sponsored a program, Paul Fussell, Rutgers 17 Deadline in For projects bold face beginning after

DIVISION OF EDUCATION PROGRAMS— G eoffrey Marshall, D irector 202/724-0351

Elementary and Secondary Education— Francis Roberts 202/724-0373 November 1, 1980 April 1981 Higher Education/Individual Institutions Consultant—Janice Litwin 202/724-1978 December 1, 1980 March 1981 Pilot—James Jones 202/724-0393 October 1, 1980 April 1981

Implementation— Sherrolyn M axwell 202/724-0393 June 1, 1981 January 1982 Higher Education/Regional-National— Blanche Premo 202/724-0311 January 2, 1981 July 1981

Deadlines DIVISION OF PUBLIC PROGRAMS— Martin Sullivan, D irector 202/724-0231 Humanities projects in: Libraries— H olly Tank (Acting) 202/724-0760 January 15, 1981 July 1, 1981 for M edia— Stephen Rabin 202/724-0318 January 8, 1981 July 1, 1981 Museums and Historical Organizations^—Cheryl M cC lenney 202/724-0327 January 15,1981 July 1 , 1981 Grant DIVISION OF STATE PROGRAMS— S. J. Stiles, D irector 202/724-0286 Each state group establishes its own grant guidelines and application deadlines; therefore, interested applicants should Applications contact the office in their state. A list of those state programs may be obtained from the Division of State Programs.

DIVISION OF FELLOWSHIPS AND SEMINARS—James Blessing, D irector 202/724-0238.

Fellowships for Independent Study and Research— David Coder June 1, 1981 January 1, 1982 202/724-0333

Fellowships for College Teachers— Karen Fuglie 202/724-0333 June 1, 1981 January 1 , 1982

Residential Fellowships for College Teachers— Karen Fuglie 202/724-0333 November 10, 1980 Fall 1981 Summer Stipends for 1981—202/724-0376 October 13, 1980 Summer 1981 Summer Seminars for College Teachers— D orothy Wartenberg 202/724-0376 Participants April 1, 1981 Summer 1981

Directors July 1, 1981 Summer 1982 Fellowships for the Professions—Julian F. M acDonald 202/724-0376 Journalists March 2, 1981 Fall 1981

Seminars for the Professions April 13, 1981 Summer 1981 Seminars for Professional School Teachers March 2, 1981 Summer 1981

Centers for Advanced Study— G uinevere L. Griest 202/724-0238 February 1, 1981 Fall 1982

DIVISION OF RESEARCH PROGRAMS— Harold Cannon, D irector 202/724-0226 General Research Program—John Williams 202/724-0276 Basic Research April 1, 1981 December 1, 1981 Basic Research/Archaeological Projects October 15, 1980 April 1, 1981

State, Local, And Regional Studies September 1, 1980 March 1, 1981

Research Conferences ^ September 15, 1980 Decem ber 1, 1980 Research Materials Program— G eorge Farr 202/724-1672 Editions October 1, 1980 June 1,1981 Publications November 15, 1980 March 1,1981 Research Tools and Reference Works October 1, 1980 June 1, 1981

Translations July 1, 1981 March 1,1982 Research Resources— Margaret Child 202/724-0341 June 1, 1981 March 1, 1982

DIVISION OF SPECIAL PROGRAMS— Carole H uxley, D irector 202/724-0261 Challenge Grants— Steve G oodell 202/724-0267 Applicant's Notice of Intent December 15, 1980 Formal Application February 1, 1981 Fall 1981

Program Developmem/SpeCial Projects— Lynn Smith 202/724-0398 October 15,1980 March 1981 Youth Programs— Marion C. Blakey 202/724-0396 Youthgrants—Applicant's Preliminary Narrative October 15, 1980 May 1, 1981 Formal Application November 15, 1980 May 1,1981 NEH Youth Projects Major Project Grants—Applicant's Preliminary Proposal December 1, 1980 July 1, 1981 Formal Application January 15, 1981 July 1, 1981

Planning and Pilot Grants- April 15, 1981 O ctober 1, 1981

OFFICE OF PLANNING AND POLICY ASSESSMENT—Arm en Tashdinian, D irector 202/724-0344 18 Planning and Assessment Studies— Stanley Turesky 202/724-0369 August 1, 1980 December 1, 1980 19 Council members serve six-year terms, It is during the second day of a Council ses­ Role of the Council In giving their advice, the Council members Council recommendations are an important On the second day, the full Council meets During their review, Council members, On the first day of a Council session, the The primary responsibilities of the Council The Council is also responsible for selecting The members meet four times annually— The twenty-six members of the Council are The Council is an advisory board to the En­ Council sessions. —John Lippincott paid a modest honorarium for and are the reimbursed expenses they incur while attending years following their expiration. Members are sion that members also address general policy a Division's application guidelines. which may not be renewed for a period of two they are not concerned so much with a particu­ process and the emphasis, consistency and im­ questions affecting thesuch items Endowment,as the budget request including to Congress or Mr. Lippincott is an Endowment staff member. lar discipline as with the fairness of the review pact of the Endowment's funding patterns. act as representativeshumanities generalists. Unlike review of panelists, the public and as Council may override panel and staff recom­ an application pending information. refinements or further to the Chairman, who has the final authority to part of the application reviewmendations, process. though this happensMore The often, infrequently. the Council will call for deferral of approve grant requests. to consolidate funding the recommendation committee for all that reviews applications session. in into This recommendation a is provided tions in one of the Endowment's Divisions; the evaluations submittedoutside specialists by (see review p. 29). panels and of four of the committees reviews grant applica­ fifth considers applications in two Divisions. of the meeting, considerfully, each paying applicationparticular care­attention to the written they have been assigned by the Chairman. Each the recipient of the Endowment's annual Jeffer­ Endowment offices in Washington, the D.C. NEH Chairman. The who have read the support materials in advance functions and grants to and review make funding all recommendations applications to for members meet in small committees, to which son Lecture award, the highest honor the achievement fed­ outside the field of science. meetings, which last two days, are chaired by are to advise theprograms NEH and Chairman procedures on for policies, carrying out his the Chairman. nominated by the Presidentthe Senate. and They confirmedinclude scholars, by professionals cerned with the advancement of the humanities eral government confers for intellectual dowment established in 1965 under the federal and distinguished members of the public con­in our society. February, May, August, and November—at the One of the groups most at the Endowment significant is the Nationalcil but onCoun­ the Humanities. least visible law which created the NEH. International

Justice Magazine, And, Charles V. Hamilton, Wallace S. In addition to the nine individuals an­ Ms. Javits heads a New York consulting The other members of the National Council Also, Richard W. Lyman, president, Stan­ Ms. Frances Dodson Rhome, university di­ Nancy Davies, a former member of the Philip A. Schaefer, a stockbroker and part­ sity; Sister Joel Read, president, Alverno Col­ lege, Milwaukee, editor Wisconsin; emeritus, and LeonLadies Garment Stein, Workers Union, New York. ton, D.C.; Jacob Neusner,studies, professor Brownof religious University; associate Mary professor Beth Norton, of history, Cornell Univer­ tor and Davis, Miami, Florida; Carl Holman, arts and the urban environment. are: of American Indian Arts, Santa Fe, New Columbus Mex­ Dispatch, Columbus, Ohio. Sayre Professor of Government,versity; Columbia Louis Uni­ Hector, attorney with Steel, Hec­ president, National Urban Coalition, Washing­ the National Council. Senate confirmation firm and has had a long-time interest in visual Cultural Studies Development Center, Institute ico; and John W. Wolfe, chairman of the Board, sity. She is also a tenured associate professor of Marion Javits ofYork P4ew earlier in the year to tion. English at the university and tensively.has published ex­ nounced in July, the President nominated Ms. hearings have not yet been held on her nomina­ relations, General Motors Corp., Michigan. ford University; Joe B. Rushing, rantchancellor, County Tar­Junior College District, Texas; Fort Worth, Dave Warren, director, Research and Stearns & Co. He is active in the San Francisco rector of Affirmative Action at Indiana Univer­ porate planning, the lanta, C&S Georgia; Concha National Ortiz Bank,Board y Pino of de At­ Kleven, Regents, and Jay University G. Hall, of former Albuquerque; director of government of the Council of Philosophical Studies. ner with the San Francisco firm member ofof the Peace Bearn, Corps. Oklahoma Frazier, Humanities Jr., vice president and director Committee; for cor­ A.D. Jewish Welfare Federation and is a former PRESIDENT NOMINATES NINE NEW COUNCIL MEMBERS . . . Ms. Anita Silvers, professor of philosophy Marcus Cohn, partner in the Washington, Mr. George Alexander Kennedy, professor M«k. Louise Ano M«k. Nuevo Kerr, associate pro­ President Roland Dille of Moorhead State President Samuel DuBois Cook for Dillard (See adjacent story for the role of the Na­ The new members nominated by the Presi­ President A. Bartlett Giamatti of Yale Uni­ aesthetics and art and is the executive secretary of the California Council forPublic the Policy.Humanities in She has written extensively on at San Francisco State University and a member tured extensively inand this is a country member WETA, and the of PBS abroad the affiliate in Board Washington. of Trustees of thor of "The Act of Persuasion in Greece" the Illinois Humanities Council. D.C., law firm of Cohn and Marks. He has lec­ among other publications. of classics at the University of NorthChapel Carolina Hill. at He is American the Philological former Association presidentand is the au­ of the 1968 fessor of history cago. at She Loyola has University written in extensively Chi­ on Chicanos in the Midwest and currently is' vice chairman of of the American Associationand Universities of State and other taught Colleges universities at before Moorhead becoming and president in University in Minnesota. He is chairman-elect about blacks and politics in the South. political philosophy,political science at he Duke University was before a join­ professor of ing Dillard in 1975. He has written extensively dent in 1978. Renaissance literature. He served as the John University in New Orleans. A specialist in Hay Whitney Professorparative Literature in at Englishthe time he and became presi­ Com­ dent are: tional Council.) ties. The U.S. Senate musttions. approve the nomina­ versity, a formerHumanities director at Yale of and the a scholar Division in of medieval to the National Council on the Humanitiesextensive in teaching experience in the humani­ President Carter nominated nine new members July, including three university presidents with Illustration: Annette Deluliis DUSTJACKETS -A program for scholarly publishing The world of scholarly publishing is in certain perbacks licensed by the university presses to Scholarly reference books (as against com­ ways a strange one. Everything, from initial de­ reach an audience of five to ten thousand, the mercial dictionaries and encyclopedias) have cisions to the printing presses themselves, whole enterprise of scholarly publishing might been increasingly finding their way to the uni­ moves at a slow pace. Manuscripts are sub­ long since have faltered. versity presses. The principal audience, though jected to the scrutiny of editors, readers, an We are not concerned here (nor is the NEH hardly the only audience, for the projected editorial board. Further revision and delayed program concerned) with such "best sellers," twelve-volume Biographical Dictionary o f ... (the decisions are the rule. since they make their way handsomely in the London) Stage, 1660-1800* (the full title would In the more fortunate instances, eventually world. More germane are those books with real commandeer several lines of newsprint) consists there will be a letter of intent to publish and, in appeal to the general reader, but whose sales of scholars of the British Restoration and another two years, a book. Far more commonly, potential does not justify publication by a trade eighteenth century. The Southern Illinois Uni­ the manuscript is declined at one press and publisher. Bookstores would be willing to stock versity Press undertook publication of the Bio­ then must circulate all over again, to new only one or two copies of such works, and graphical Dictionary's first volume in 1973; by editors and readers and boards. Sometimes it would reorder only on special request. 1978, with the publication of the sixth volume, may take years before someone recognizes the Multi-volume editions of American authors, the Dictionary had extended its terrain from merit lurking somewhere within a manuscript, such as the Princeton University Press's edition Garrick to Gyngell. and agrees to publish it. of Thoreau, come readily to mind. The most re­ The audience for the combined grammar I am describing a world more cloistered cent volume, A Week on the Concord and Mer­ and dictionary, The Navajo Language*, compiled than the academic world from which such rimack Rivers*, had been written concurrently by Robert Young and William Morgan and manuscripts are drawn. A simple gauge of the with Walden and had last been printed in 1868. scheduled for publication by the University of extent of that seclusion is the absence of all but Its reappearance in a clear, authoritative text New Mexico Press this year, will be divided be­ a select few university press books from the will, in the wake of the preceding volumes, help tween ethnolinguists at universities and the shelves of bookstores. They are sold instead, by reveal the extent of Thoreau's literary journeys tribes themselves. Production costs (even with distributors or by direct mail, almost entirely to in Concord. "camera-ready" typescript) ruled out a trade university and research libraries. Press runs are But restoration of a lost or unknown oeuvre publisher. tiny: 1,500 copies on average, 2,000 on rarer oc­ is a long-term task for a university press. More Dissimilar as these two reference works are, casion. And yet not even scholarly manuscripts modest and typical are such single-volume both arose out of perceived gaps in human of unquestionable distinction are exempt from studies as Pioneer Urbanities*, by Douglas knowledge. Without publication, the patient the pressures of the marketplace. Many scho­ Daniels (Temple University Press, 1980) and masonry with which they were assembled lars, encouraged at the outset by favorable re­ Paris: A Century of Change, 1878-1978*, by would come to nothing. ports from their anonymous peers, have re­ Norma Evenson (Yale University Press, 1979). The work of the new quantitative social his­ ceived letters declining their work on the The former deals with the lives of black settlers torians relies primarily on establishing data grounds that publication would not prove eco­ in San Francisco, the latter with the relationship banks, and its first form of dissemination might nomically feasible. between architecture and urban planning over as easily be the journal article as the full-length The Endowment's program for subvention time. Each contains numerous photographs, monograph. But scholarly presses have begun of scholarly publication arose from a perceived making production costly. Yet newspapers and to attune themselves to quantitative historiog­ need to remedy this situation. Now completing monthlies will review these books, and a raphy. The publication of Paul Kleppner's The its third calendar year of operation, the program broader group than their authors' peers and Third Electoral System, 1853-1892* (1979) by the offers publishers modest subsidies for some ti­ colleagues will want to read them. University of North Carolina Press, for example, tles of distinction which have little prospect of makes it possible to examine in their statistical financial recovery. Such assistance has been details the mass electoral patterns of ethnic and awarded predominantly, though not exclu­ religious groups in the second half of the last sively, to university presses. century. The analysis of such direct evidence In those instances when another kind of marks an advance, methodologically, over ex­ publisher has seemed more appropriate, and a clusive reliance on written documents and on forceful enough argument has been advanced the roles of political elites. The real contribution by a non-university press, the Endowment has of such studies lies, as their authors attest, in responded favorably. challenging traditional research strategies and Scholarly publishing as an enterprise has conceptual frameworks. never been limited to the output of the univer­ I have thus far confined my discussion to sity presses. Some authors write works of the home place, the single habitation. But much '^scholarship destined for a large public. Some of scholarship is bridge building, and of all the trade publishers have made their reputations on interpretive and hermeneutic arts on which the the assumption that the general public, or at humanities depend, translation may be the least the book-buying public, is literate and most central. curious, and will purchase learned writing The accomplishments of scholar-translators (footnotes and all!), provided that it is readable. run greater risks, however, than those of col­ Books of this kind must overcome, like any leagues who work entirely with English- other trade books, the incursions of television language materials. Where the better trade and the indifference of jobbers. But without The Champs Elysees from Paris: A Century of presses have abandoned the field, the univer­ these books, and without the quality pa­ Change, 1878-1978 sity presses have persisted; translators have 20 turned to them of necessity. One example must the Study of Oral Traditions. serve for many. The University of Chicago Press The Harvard Center prepares "camera- has, since 1977, been publishing, one volume at ready" typescripts of the texts, and only the a time, a new version by Anthony Yu of the front matter is typeset. At the end of the proc­ classical Chinese pilgrimage narrative. The Jour­ ess, which even allows for illustrated end­ ney to the West*, which the English poet- papers, the Harvard University Press takes over SAMPSON translator, Arthur Waley, had published in an the marketing and distribution. The immediate abridged trade version earlier in the century. audience, I have said, is tiny, but the conse­ The mixture of prose and verse, of Buddhist and quences, as in the case of the Navajo dictionary, CHOOSES VIRGINIA folkloric elements, makes Yu's translation a are immense: these editions have changed the HARRISONBURG, Va.,—Ralph Sampson, scholarly and literary tour de force. Its length way people think about the transmission of tra­ the most sought-after high school basket­ (four volumes in all, and integrity make recov­ ditional oral poetry. ball player since Moses Malone, ended ery unlikely. The NEH publication subvention program months of nationwide speculation by an­ What of those works of genuine merit that has expanded cautiously. When the Endow­ nouncing he would attend the University could never sell a thousand copies? Several so­ ment has not been persuaded that the market is of Virginia. lutions are available. There are learned societies large enough to justify the costs of producing a The 7-foot-4 sensation disclosed his with publishing programs of their own, which printed and bound volume, it has refrained choice at a press conference in his Har­ undertake, as funds allow, texts and editions from making a grant. Other options exist: mi­ risonburg High School gymnasium. About and monographs in runs so limited that no uni­ croform dissemination, for example, and xero­ 75 members of the media and Sampson's versity presses could publish them. graphic reproduction of singfe copies "on de­ family and friends were present. But the university presses will sometimes mand." "It has been a hard decision for me," store and distribute and advertise the societies' When the market has seemed large enough Sampson said. "This morning, I still didn't books at cost, and some fruitful alliances have not to require a subsidy, then whatever the know where I was going. I had narrowed it been achieved. One example is the publication merits of the project, it has not received one. down between Kentucky and Virginia. of a study, Heinrich von Kleist*, by J.M. Ellis, in The burden of finding a publisher is still im­ "Kentucky is better known for its bas­ the North Carolina Germanic Monographs posed on the individual scholar, and the En­ ketball program than Virginia, but Virginia series (1979), distributed by the parent univer­ dowment will not interfere with the publisher's is in a strong conference. Charlottesville is sity press. Although Kleist is a major figure review process. The publishers' needs for a small city, a lot like Harrisonburg." among the later German Romantics, whose operating capital have not been addressed. But, novellas have even been adapted for the in a time of stringency, the program has en­ movies, it has taken collaboration to make the riched the prospects for scholarship itself. short press run (800 copies) viable. Another, — Richard Koffler more extreme example is the publication, in many volumes, of the Serbo-Croatian Heroic Mr. Koffler is an Endowment staff member whose re­ Songs gathered in the field some fifty years ago sponsibilities include the NEH Publication Subven­ by Milman Parry and more recently by Albert tion Program. SIMPSON Lord, and now being readied for publication in editions of 400 copies by the Harvard Center for *Indicates work supported by NEH funding. CHOOSES YALE HARRISONBURG, Va.—Richard Simpson, a diminutive 5-foot-6-inch English scholar, called a press conference here today to announce he has accepted a scholarship to study at Yale Uni­ versity. The announcement, made before a large contingent of reporters and photographers, ended months of speculation as to Simpson's plans. The 18-year-old bespectacled youngster had been sought by English professors and de­ partment heads of more than 300 colleges and universities. Simpson announced four weeks ago that he had narrowed his choice to Yale, Virginia, North Carolina and Stanford. "I believe," he told the press conference, "that Yale is the place for me. I seriously con­ sidered the others. It was not an easy choice, but Yale seems to offer the best opportunity for m e." Simpson, already considered a Shakespear­ ean scholar by many professors, said the bal­ ance in the Yale department (particularly in the 19th-century English novel), the other scholars recently recruited and the quality of the faculty were the primary reasons for his selection of Yale. "There is no question," a Yale professor said, "that his coming to Yale established our department as one of the strongest in the na­ tion. I think we'll go up in the ratings im­ mediately. We'll certainly be the department to beat." Another source at the university denied^ rumors that Simpson's high school English teacher was part of a package deal and said that Yale had no intention of hiring the teacher. t itsto* —Julian Scheer "Such pray'rs ne'er fail, when so devoutly given," recited at the Sunderland Theater in 1785 by actor James Cawdell. Reprinted from The Washington Post 21 RECENT NEH GRANT AWARDS

of Rochester, NY: $14,856. To plan an interpretive Russel L. Gerlach; $118,047. To develop elementary exhibit on the concept of masking and the role of school materials and teacher training for a curriculum Archaeology masks in social interactions. Theatrical, festival, cos­ on the Ozarks and multiculturalism. ES tume, and burial masks will be borrowed for the Joy J. Gresham; University of Massachusetts, & Anthropology exhibit through the collection-sharing program of Amherst: $2,500. To develop an introductory, inter­ Harvard's Peabody Museum. PM disciplinary course on dance and ethnicity, with em­ E.C. Adams; Museum of Northern Arizona, Flag­ Kwang-chih Chang; Peabody Museum, Harvard phasis on Afro-American dance. AY staff: $31,447. To support a history of the Hopi Vil­ University, Cambridge, MA: $15,810. To prepare Sharon C. Herbert; University of Michigan, Ann lage of Walpi, founded in 1690, and to study the cul­ prepublication of a manuscript of a lecture series on Arbor: $76,632 G&M. To excavate the Hellenistic set­ tural changes wrought by contact with different cul­ the archaeology of China's Han dynasty {206 tlement at Tel Anafa, Israel, occupied from 3000 B.C. tures. RS B.C.-A.D. 220). RO to A.D. 100 which flourished during 150-80 B.C. as a George R. Adams; American Assn. for State and William A. P. Childs; Princeton University, NJ: trade center on the caravan route between Tyre and Local History, Nashville, TN: $10,000 OR; $8,214 $35,000. To complete research for documenting exca­ Damascus. RO G&M. To support conference for folklorists and his­ vations at Morgantina, Sicily, a classical Mediterra­ Sylvia Herskowitz; Yeshiva University, NYC: $2,500. torians on linkages between folklore and local history nean city dating from 600 B.C.-100 B.C. RO To support an Egyptologist, a curator, an ar­ and on new avenues of research. RD Amy J. Clark; Battle Creek, MI: $2,390. To prepare chaeologist, and an anthropologist who will develop Eisenhower College of Rochester Inst, of Technol­ an interpretive display of photographs of the folk­ an exhibit on daily life in ancient Israel, 1200- ogy; Seneca Falls, NY, Rosemary Agonito: $48,069. ways of Finnish-Americans of Michigan's upper 587 B.C. PM To develop a team-taught course, "Women from a peninsula. AY Daniel E. Jacobs; Harvard University, Cambridge, Global Perspective," in a cross-cultural approach to Andrea L. Cohen; Amherst, MA: $2,225. To prepare MA: $1,716. To develop a system to classify exca­ the historical experience of women from ancient a slide/tape and edited, indexed transcripts of inter­ vated dwellings at Pompeii, especially those of the times to the present. EP views with 86-year-old Benjamin Higgins, a New lower and middle classes; an essay and public pre­ Michael J. Ambrosino; Public Broadcasting As­ England craftsman. AY sentation will result. AY sociates, Inc., Boston, MA: $880,000 OR; $800,000 Fred Cohen; NYC: $2,500. To produce a film on the Michael H. Jameson; Stanford U., CA: $190,362 G&M. To produce for public television a second sea­ cultural impact of a single craftsman, master guitar- G&M. To support an archaeological and environmen­ son of ODYSSEY, a series of 16 film documentaries builder James D'Aquisto, who still uses only hand tal survey of the Southern Argolid in Greece which on archaeology and anthropology. PN techniques. AY will complement the results of two recent excavations The Brooklyn Museum, NY, Kathryne Andrews: William Coulson; University of Minnesota, St. Paul: at Francthi Cave and Halieis. RO $114,980 OR; $20,000 G&M. To produce curriculum $24,482 G&M. To excavate Naukratis in the Western Richard G. King; Museum of Science, Boston, MA: materials for junior high English and history stu­ Nile Delta and survey all ancient sites within 25 km. $66,650. To support an exhibit about the culture and dents based on selected objects in the Museum's of the city. RO history of the ancient Mayan city of Copan. The collection, to be used with museum visits. ES George F. Dales; University of California, Berkeley: exhibit will make use of artifacts borrowed through Dana Asbury; Albuquerque, NM; $7,095. To research $47,335. To research and prepare manuscript for the collection-sharing program of Harvard's Peabody a manuscript on the linen-finish postcard of 1930-45, three volumes on the excavations at Mohenjo Daro, Museum. PM as cultural artifacts and indicators of the period's so­ Pakistan, the largest and most important urban set­ Ellen L. Kohler; University of Pennsylvania, Phila­ cial climate. AY tlement of the Indus Valley civilization (2500-1800 delphia: $74,915. To support the study, analysis and H. Arthur Bankoff; CUNY, Brooklyn: $53,468 G&M. B.C.) RO writing of the final reports of the excavations at To excavate at Novacka Cuprija in northeastern Ser­ H.T. Davies; Berkeley, CA: $16,000. To translate Gordion, an early historical site in Turkey. RO bia, Yugoslavia, a site that has provided the most Yusuf al-Sirbini's Hazz al Quhuf, a 17th-century ac­ C.C. Lamberg-Karlovsky; President and Fellows of complete sequence of the Bronze Age development count of the Egyptian peasant. The book fore­ Harvard College, Cambridge, MA: $150,000. To im­ of the Dorians to date. RO shadows contemporary attitudes on class, religion, plement a program through which the Peabody Timothy G. Baugh; University of Oklahoma, Nor­ taste, morality, and humor. RL Museum will share its ethnographic and archaeologi­ man: $19,429. To plan an interpretive exhibit and as­ William G. Dever; University of Arizona, Tucson: cal collections with nine arts, history, science and sociated programs on the Wichita Indians to be $81,686 G&M. To support a joint American/Israeli ex­ general museums around the country. PM shown throughout western Oklahoma. PM cavation in Israel's Negev desert at a major settle­ Jean Landrum; Austin, TX: $8,659. To excavate and Edward L. Bell; Monroe, NY; $2,491. To research ment of the Middle Bronze Age (2100 B.C.). RO analyze the hypothesis that changes in habitation and publish a preliminary archaeological assessment Diane A. Dupuis; Biddeford, ME: $2,495. To prepare from the Early Pithouse Period to the Late Pithouse of historic housing foundations in Monroe, NY, in­ a written and photographic essay on the traditions, Period in western New Mexico were caused by en­ cluding local archival research. AY folklore, and daily customs of Maine fishermen and vironmental factors. AY Carolyn P. Blackmon; Field Museum of Natural His­ their communities. AY Joan Lester; The Children's Museum, Boston, MA: tory, Chicago, IL: $15,691. To support educational Kenneth W. Elliott; University Press of Kentucky, $1,380. To borrow objects and purchase study prints programs that augment the Chicago showing of the Lexington: $8,270 G&M. To publish the first of nine from the Northeast Native American Collection of exhibit, "Gold of El Dorado," in the context of the volumes of the archaeological survey of the technical Harvard's Peabody Museum for an exhibit demon­ people who produced the objects and their and stylistic evolution of Nubian pottery. RP strating the continuity of Native American traditions environment. PM Richard S. Ellis; Bryn Mawr College, PA: $60,000 in the Northeast. PM Cynthia L. Broderson; Berkeley, CA: $2,500. To pre­ G&M. To excavate at Gritille, an ancient site on the Jerome M. Levi; San Clemente, CA: $2,074. To pre­ pare a slide/tape and an educational pamphlet on Euphrates River, to salvage cultural material threat­ pare a manuscript using photographs and life-history traditional Tibetan costumes. Field work will be con­ ened by the damming of the river. RO interviews of six to ten southern California Indian el­ ducted in Tibetan villages in India. AY Kenneth E. Fink; Claremore Junior College, Clare- ders. AY Paul E. Brodwin; Swarthmore, PA: $1,650. To docu­ more, OK: $6,000. For a conference of five Native Hank Lewis; Long Island City, NY: $9,162. To pre­ ment through photographs and ethnographic reports American religious leaders and five scholars of In­ pare interpretive exhibits of documents, objects, and daily activities and social functions of three major dian culture to explore the issue of maintaining cul­ artifacts relevant to contemporary urban archaeology communities of Buddhist expatriates. AY tural integrity in the modern world. RD in six selected sites. AY Leilani Bronson; Makawao, HI: $9,319. To collect Nama R. Frenkel; Brooklyn, NY: $13,875. To produce James B. Likowski; Milwaukie, OR: $14,954. To pro­ slides and tape examples of Palauan and Yapese tra­ a 30-minute documentary film on the mothering pat­ duce a film on three, unique individuals—Ed ditional crafts and skills, resulting in a slide/tape and terns of three generations of orthodox Jewish Coffman, 80, his wife Euna, 95, and Art Linebaugh, accompanying manual. AY women. AY 40—who have maintained the pioneer lifestyle of Howard P. Burkett; Natchitoches, LA: $2,205. To Matthew S. Gallmann; Northland College, Ashland, goldminers in a mountain shack in Oregon. AY produce tapes and news articles by collecting oral WI: $3,472. To prepare a paper and radio program on Walter H. Lippincott; Cambridge U. Press, NYC: narratives of the dominant ethnic groups in Natch­ the historical and contemporary function of music in $3,700. To publish a study of the Dravidian kinship itoches Parish, LA. AY rural Finnish communities in Michigan. AY system, an anthropological grouping of many local Bruce W. Chambers; Memorial Art Gallery ot the U. Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, kinship systems of South India and Sri Lanka. RP 22 Lucy M. Long; Washington, DC: $2,475. To prepare photographs documenting life in tribal cultures Dianne H. Pilgrim; The Brooklyn Museum, NY: a manuscript and slide show on one North Carolina (1840-1914). PM, $33,950. To support a temporary exhibit, which will family's traditions of plucked dulcimer making and Robert A. Shaw; St. Mary's City Commission, MD: travel to Brooklyn, Washington, Denver, and San playing. AY $1,684. To research and develop an interpretive pro­ Francisco, on the.dramatic redefinition of American Richard S. MacNeish; R.S. Peabody Foundation for gram for regional schools on the way southern art and culture that occurred in the late 19th and Archaeology, Andover, MA: $47,247. To pfepare Maryland Indian cultures adapted to the pre-colonial early 20th centuries—the American Renaissance. PM manuscripts for two volumes of a series on the 25,000 environment. AY Elizabeth V. Scott; Frederick, MD: $2,498. To pre­ years of archaeology, biology, geology, and ecology pare an interpretive "self-tour" for visitors to the of human prehistory in the Ayacucho basin in Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., on im­ Peru. RO ages of women in the gallery and their place in their Charles B. McClendon; Yale U., New Haven, CT: Arts— History & Criticism various cultures. AY $33,360 G&M. To excavate the medieval abbey whose Linda B. Shearer; The Solomon R. Guggenheim unique position as an imperial establishment in cen­ Museum, NYC: $20,000. To plan a collection-sharing tral Italy placed it at the political and cultural cross­ Josephine R. Abady; Berkshire Theatre Festival, program to make the Guggenheim Museum's exten­ roads of medieval Europe. RO Stockbridge, MA: $1,000. To support a consultant in sive holdings of 20th-century art available to selected Sheila R. McDonald; Maine State Museum, Au­ American theater history to analyze and evaluate the museums throughout the U.S. PM gusta: $28,436. To plan a major exhibit and publica­ existing archives of the Berkshire Theater Festival Alan Shestack; Yale U., New Haven, CT; $4,000. To tion featuring Acadian and French Canadian culture and recommend how to preserve, display, and plan an interpretive exhibit on the traditions of of the St. John River Valley in Maine. PM catalog these historic materials. RC Northwest Coast Indian art and the innovations re­ Gordon McLester; Oneida Indian Historical Society, Rodger M. Barrow; Repertory Dance Theatre, U. of sulting from contact with white civilization. PM WI: $3,000. To develop a multimedia traveling exhibit Utah, Salt Lake City: $8,936. To develop and imple­ Kennedy L. Smith; U. of VA, Charlottesville: $1,995. on the culture and history of the Oneida Indians. PM ment verbal and written narrative to accompany the To prepare written and visual histories and a catalog Sheila McNally; Regent of the University of Min­ first of two dance concerts that show the major dance of the Collegiate Gothic architecture of Bryn Mawr nesota, St. Paul: $69,135 G&M. To support a three- forces, 1900-1980. AP College. AY year excavation at Akhmim, Egypt tracing the city's Antony L. Chapman; Davis, CA: $14,865. To produce Wendy J. Strothman; U. of Chicago Press, IL: urban development from the Greco-Roman through a documentary film surveying the impact of the WPA $19,309. To publish a two-volume critical edition, of the Medieval Islamic period to the present. RO Federal Art Project on American painting and the opera, Rigoletto. RP Antoinette M. Massengale; Greeley, CO: $2,049. To sculpture, and on the public, 1930-1980. AY Homer Swander; The Regents of the U. of CA, Santa investigate historical event ballads and to use the Carol C. Clark; Amon Carter Museum, Fort Worth, Barbara: $109,075. To support one-week residencies ethnographic information from this study in journal TX: $6,378. To plan an exhibit of watercolors and of specially prepared classical actors on 11 college articles and archival materials in Colorado and Ten­ drawings documenting the impressions of Anglo campuses to teach dramatic literature and perform in . nessee. AY artists/explorers who ventured West in the 19th and Shakespearean programs with the Foiger Shakes­ Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, early 20th centuries. The materials will be borrowed peare Library's traveling exhibition. AP Michael W. Messmer; $19,977. To develop and teach through the collection-sharing program of Harvard's Patricia A. Tarin; Los Angeles County Public Li­ a two-semester, university-level course on the re­ Peabody Museum. PM brary, CA: $15,336. To plan a series of lectures, lationship of culture and power in the evolution of Ingrid M. Fenz; Ann Arbor, MI: $2,350. To research readings, and discussions relating to specific human societies. EH a multimedia presentation and an article on graphic humanities themes in 18 feature films. PL Harriet E. Moss; Cabin John, MD: $12,657. To pro­ art produced by young contemporary artists in East Elizabeth P. Thrasher; Memphis, TN: $1,425. To duce a 30-minute videotape on the process of or­ Germany. AY support research and a series of articles on the his­ ganizing The Vandalia Gathering, a traditional cul­ Marcia B. Hall; Temple U., Philadelphia: $10,000. To tory, development, and impact of theater in Mem­ tural festival in West Virginia. AY support a conference that will bring together art his­ phis. AY _ S. Thomas Parker; American Schools of Oriental Re­ torians and conservators to discuss color and tech­ MaLin Wilson; Las Palomas de Taos, NM: $13,568. search, Cambridge, MA: $49,760. To excavate two nique in Renaissance painting. RD To plan a series of exhibits, lectures and symposia, major military sites on the eastern frontier of the Dena S. Katzenberg; The Baltimore Museum of Art, on 20th-century cultural life in Taos, NM, especially Roman Empire in Jordan (A.D. 106-636). RO MD: $61,946. To support an interpretive exhibit of on the contributions of Mabel Dodge Luhan, who Andy C. Reisberg; Dallas, TX: $2,500. To photo­ Baltimore Album Quilts, commemorative quilts de­ helped establish Taos as an internationally famous document neon tube advertising in Texas and re­ picting mid-19th-century social and political art community. PM search the significance of these signs as cultural ar­ events. PM U. of Cincinnati, OH, Foster L. Wygant: $46,072. To tifacts for gallery presentation and an accompanying Elise K. Kirk; Dallas Civic Opera Co., Inc., TX: support a pilot program in the history of design article. AY $10,000. To support a conference where opera sing­ (fashion, graphic, industrial, and interior) within the Jane A. Scott; Harvard U., Cambridge, MA: $3,000 ers, production personnel, scholars, and lay audi­ existing graduate program in Art History. EP OR; $2,000 G&M. To publish a report on the Greek, ences will share research on Vivaldi and "opera Roman, and Turkish coins found during the ar­ seria." RD chaeological exploration of Sardis which provide Marguerite E. Knowles; Vassar College, Poughkeep­ dating evidence for site interpretation and knowl­ sie, NY: $1,835. To research the life and work of NY Classics edge about currency circulation in the ancient state artist Evelyn Rumsey Lord for an article, an in­ world. RP ventory of paintings, a biographical summary, and a Orrin C. Shane, III; The Science Museum of Min­ public radio interview. AY William W. Fortenbaugh; Rutgers U., New Bruns­ nesota, St. Paul: $4,441. For final planning of an in­ Frances M. Leonard; U. of Texas, Arlington: wick, NJ: $40,000 OR; $32,000 G&M. To collect, edit, terpretive exhibit on prehistoric Mississippian culture $228,058. To develop program materials relating to translate and comment on fragments by Theo­ (A.D. 800-1600) characterizing much of the Ameri­ five large traveling museum exhibits, including phrastus, the Greek philosopher, a pupil of Aris­ can mid-continent. Artifacts will be borrowed "Shakespeare, The Globe and The World" and "The totle. RL through the collection-sharing program of Harvard's Gold of El Dorado" to be distributed to libraries and Ann Freeman; Cambridge, MA: $12,000. To support Peabody Museum. PM community organizations in five states. PL a translation and critical edition of the Libri Carolini, Malcolm L. Smith; Southard School, Topeka, KS: Richard A. Long; Atlanta U., GA: $9,918. To support a Latin treatise produced for Charlemagne in A.D. $2,445. To prepare articles and photographs, with the a conference of 40-50 scholars in African art to report 790 on the visual arts in relation to politics, theology, help of emotionally disturbed students, on two van­ on the results of their recent inquiries. RD and devotional practice. RL ishing skills in northeast Kansas—racoon hunting Lucy P. Martell; The Fine Arts Museum Foundation, and fishing. AY San Francisco, CA: $25,000. To support educational Thelma D. Sullivan; U. of California, Santa Barbara: programs on the San Francisco showing of the $20,000. For an annotated translation of the Primeros exhibit, "The American Renaissance, 1867- Memoriales by Fray Bernardino de Sahagun contain­ 1917." PM ing classical Aztec materials gathered by the 16th- Vivian E. Mattei; Ponce, PR: $8,656. To prepare a century friar in Tepepulco. RL slide/tape program on the development of the His­ Adel Allouche; U. of Utah, Salt Lake City: $10,000. Donald White; U. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia: toric Zone of the City of Ponce, Puerto Rico. AY To support an annotated translation and critical edi­ $21,016 G&M. For an on-site study at the classical Gerald Myers; American Dance Festival, Inc., tion of medieval Egyptian historian al-Magrizi's, Greek sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Durham, NC: $15,000. To support a series of five Ighathat al-Ummah bi-Kashf al-Ghummah on the eco­ Cyrene in eastern Libya. RO public discussions on the cultural significance of con­ nomic crises which beset Egypt from the middle 14th Boston U., MA, James R. Wiseman: $50,000. For an temporary modern dance featuring distinguished century to 1405. RL interdisciplinary pilot program in archaeological scholars and critics in dialogues with leading Alfred J. Andrea; U. of Vermont, Burlington: studies. EP choreographers to be broadcast over National Public $18,000. To support an annotated translation and Wendy S. Wolfe; Evanston IL: $2,500. To research Radio. AP critical study of German Renaissance humanist and write about Navajo food preparation, habits, be­ Victoria J. O'Reilly; Saratoga Springs, NY: $1,725. Gunther of Pairis' Historia Constantinopolitana, a his­ liefs and diet and the effect of acculturation on To compile information about New England women tory of an abbot's exploits on the Fourth Crusade. RL them. AY composers of the 1880s and 1890s and to produce a Henry R. Cooper, Jr.; Northwestern U., Evanston, Clark B. Worswick; Boskop Foundation, NYC: paper, a bibliography, a list of repositories, a list of IL: $10,000. To support a conference honoring and $25,000. For a traveling exhibit of ethnographic published and recorded works, and an exhibit. AY re-evaluating the role of Jernej Kopitar as one of the 23 founders of modern Slavic studies. RD MD: $20,000. To support an annotated translation of ety, MA: $15,155. To plan a temporary exhibit compar­ Chu Djang; Roslyn, NY: $24,000. To translate Fu-hui original source materials on the history and theory of ing artifacts and historical documents from two New ch'uan-shu, a personal memoir of Huang Liu-hung Soviet architecture (1917-1932). RL England towns—Farmington, CT, and Concord, MA, which served as a manual for local Chinese magis­ Thomas D. Skinner; Metropolitan Pittsburgh Public 1600-1850. PM trates of the Ching period. RL Broadcasting, PA: $25,000. To develop and produce a Mary J. Bennett; Iowa City, IA: $2,188. To prepare a Robert H. Evans; Regents of the U. of Minnesota, St. 13-part radio dramatization of the Spanish Civil manuscript on Iowa history as revealed through Paul: $49,957. To support two interdisciplinary War. PN photographs. AY course clusters—one on the City and one on Sanford G. Thatcher; Princeton U. Press, NJ: $3,000. Richard A. Bennett; Yarmouth, ME: $950. To collect Russia—based on a model developed at Clark Uni­ To publish a book on Taddeo Alderotti (died 1295), and take photographs for a slide presentation on the versity. EP professor of medicine at Bologna, Italy, and five of history of the Royal River region of Maine and to re­ Kay Graber; U. of Nebraska Press, Lincoln: $3,272. his pupils. RP search the historic, environmental, and cultural in­ To publish a microhistory of the state of Oaxaca, Ehud R. Toledano; Princeton U., NJ: $15,000. To fluence of the river on its neighboring com­ Mexico (1856-1876), focusing on the liberal, 19th- support an annotated translation of documents from munities. AY century Mexican revolution. RP Ottoman archives on the slave trade in the Ottoman Joan R. Bothell; Wesleyan U. Press, Middletown, Charles Grench; Yale U. Press, New Haven, CT: Empire in the 19th century. RL CT: $4,585. To publish a study of the mobilization of $9,441. To publish the fifth and final volume of the Henry Y.K. Tom; Johns Hopkins U. Press, Baltimore, the Connecticut colony for the Revolutionary War. RP Parliamentary proceedings of 1628 in Britain's House MD: $4,680. To publish an economic and social his­ June B. Bove; Monmouth Museum, Lincroft, NJ: of Lords. RP tory of Renaissance Florence through a study of its $2,000. To plan an exhibit on the beach resorts of Edward H. Kaplan; Western Washington U., construction industry in the 15th century. RP Monmouth County, NJ, (1870-1890). PM Bellingham: $15,000. To complete an annotated Paul U. Unschuld; Johns Hopkins U., Baltimore, Dorae C. Bowen; Pikes Peak Regional Library Dis­ translation of P'eng Hsin-wei's Chung-kuo huo-pi- MD: $10,000. To translate an anthology of essential trict, Colorado Springs, CO: $91,892. To support a shih, a monetary history of China. RL writings from the history of Chinese medicine, re­ series of lectures by and about 13 authors who have Herbert F. Mann; Rutgers U. Press, New Brunswick, lated to the general cultural and social history of published works on the historical, literary, and social NJ: $8,000. To publish a study of political reform on pre-modern China. RL development of the Pikes Peak region with exhibit the local level in the final years of Russia's Tsarist Gail L. Vroon; Philadelphia, PA: $12,000. To trans­ material, bibliographies, walking tours, and panel regime. RP late ten medieval Russian records of journeys dating discussions. PL Vivian B. Mann; The Jewish Musuem, NYC: $48,609. from the 12th to the late 16th centuries, recording Felita R. Bradford; Bloomington, IN: $5,441. To re­ To develop a film to accompany the exhibit, “ Danzig personal impressions of sites in Eastern and Western search the, oral history and folklore of the Bradford 1939." PM Europe, the Near East, Asia Minor, and India. RL family in Mississippi. AY Emanuel J. Mickel, Jr.; Indiana U., Bloomington, IN: Thompson Webb; U. of Wisconsin Press, Madison: Gregory M. Brewer; Chicago, IL: $2,464. To study $30,000. To translate and provide commentary on $4,500. To publish an index to the British periodical, through interviews, correspondence, library re­ Hayton's La Flor des estoires de la terre d'Orient, an im­ The Gentleman's Magazine, as found in the Folger Li­ search, and site visits the history and current state of portant source for the study of Mongol-West Euro­ brary files. RP Frank Lloyd Wright's Galesburg Country Homes and pean relations in the 13th century. RL Carolyn E. Weissbach; Roslyn, NY: $1,066. To de­ produce an article and slide lecture. AY Douglas C. Mitchell; U. of Chicago, IL: $9,288. To velop curriculum materials for the study of the Peter T. Cameron; Flower of the Dragon, Inc., Viet­ publish a book on historians and historiography in Holocaust in elementary and junior high schools. AY nam War Veterans Archives Project, Santa Rosa, CA: the Italian Renaissance. RP Ehsan Yarshater; Columbia U., NYC: $80,000 OR, $25,000. To plan preservation of .the records of the John D. Moore; Columbia U. Press, NYC: $2,000. To $50,000 G&M. To support an annotated translation of Vietnam war by collecting the personal papers, or­ publish a study of the 4th-century B.C. Greek histo­ 20 volumes of al-Tabari's “History," a medieval Arabic ganizational records, newsletters, photographs, and rian, Thucydides, focusing on his views of man and work of the Middle Ages on pre-Islamic Arabia and oral histories of Vietnam veterans. AP society at war and the contributions his insights have Iran and the first three centuries of Islamic history. RL Topper Carew; Rainbow Television Workshop, Inc., made to Western thought. PR Reginald E. Zelnik; U. of California, Berkeley: Los Angeles, CA: $20,000. To plan a four-part televi­ Sally M. Moren; Stanford, CT: $45,000. To translate $40,000. To support an annotated translation of the sion series about the mutiny in 1839 by African slaves Shumma Alu, a compendium of omens derived from memoirs of several Russian industrial workers in aboard the Spanish vessel, Amistad, and the sub­ the everyday lives of ancient Mesopotamians and Russian cottage industries (1870-1905). RL sequent trial of the slaves before the U.S. Supreme developed over a period of nearly 15 centuries. RL Court. PN Leia Morning, Monrovia, CA: $2,495. To research Steven F. Conn; Narberth, PA: $1,720. To prepare a the English Renaissance petty school classroom ex­ written history and a working model of a paper mill perience in order to reconstruct and present a typical History—U.S. on Mill Creek in Montgomery County, PA. AY petty school day in public and private schools as a Mark D. Cottrell; Natchitoches, LA: $9,900. To live history lesson. AY produce a documentary film on the role of women as John Paddock; Vanderbilt U., Nashville, TN: George R. Adams; American Assn. for State and cultural transfer agents since the early 17th century $97,692. To research the history of Mexican com­ Local History, Nashville, TN: $175,000. To support a in Cane River Country, LA. AY munities that have a tradition of antiviolence. RO series of five seminars on "Current Trends in Inter­ Robert C. Cottrell; Sarasota, FL: $2,498. To research Moshe Perlmann; UCLA, CA: $50,000. To support an preting American History" for historical agency pro­ a written report and a slide presentation on the cul­ annotated translation of selected historical writings fessionals to be edited and published as a collection ture and lifestyle of Florida pioneers. AY by the 19th-century Egyptian author, Jabarti, whose of essays. AP Ellen M. Coty; Springfield Library & Museums As­ work is important for the study of the social condi­ Michael Ames; Temple U. Press, Philadelphia, PA: sociation, Springfield, MA: $108,501. To support a li­ tions of Egypt in the 18th and early 19th cen­ $5,000. To publish an intellectual biography of Rufus brary program on Springfield's history as reflected in turies. RL Choate, a prominent lawyer active in Boston and the architectural development of eight community Thomas P. Pupkiewicz; Cleveland, OH: $2,283. To Washington, (1820-1859); the book will also examine neighborhoods. PL research Spain's historical and cultural role in West­ American legal history, history of science and Whig U. of AZ, Tucson, Vine J. Deloria: $42,185. To de­ ern papermaking for a slide lecture. AY politics. RP velop three graduate courses in the American Indian Eugene W. Rosow: Cultural Research & Communi­ Leonard R. Anguiano; Mexican American Cultural Studies Program. EP cation, Inc., Emeryville, CA: $178,857. To complete a Center, San Antonio, TX: $16,846. To plan a Learn­ Helen L. Dickas; Superior, WI: $1,765. To prepare a pilot program and develop two additional scripts for ing Library program with citizens, scholars, and the slide show and articles on the oral history of the a film series about the diaspora— the settling of Jews public library about the ethnic heritages represented native-born Scandinavian population of north­ outside of Palestine. PN in San Antonio, TX. PL western Wisconsin. AY Judith Roumani; Washington, DC: $12,000. To Kenneth Arnold; Temple U. Press, Philadelphia, PA: David J. Dixon, Muncie, IN: $3,300. To research and translate Renzo De Felice's Ebrei in un Paese Arabo, a $5,000. To publish a historical analysis of changing survey historic bandstands in the central and south­ carefully researched history of Jewish life in Libya attitudes toward death and dying as evidenced in ern counties of Indiana. AY (1835-1970). RL data gathered from the records of Vermillion Megan M. Dobroth; Concord, MA: $2,486. To re­ Everett K. Rowson; Berkeley, CA: $24,000. To sup­ County. RP search and write about the image of the farmer's wife port an annotated translation and critical edition of Beverly L. Atkinson; Calhoun F alls, SC: $346. To (1900-1925) by analyzing letters sent to women's the Ta'rikh al-Yamini by Abu Nasr al-cUtbi, a history dismantle an early 20th-century rural log building magazines, USDA publications, and other sources of of the early years of the Ghaznavid empire of Af­ and reconstruct it at another site for use as a local- the period. AY ghanistan and northern India. RL history museum. AY Social Science Education Consortium, Inc., Boulder Richard D. Saran; Ann Arbor, MI: $19,000. To sup­ Catherine J. Bayless; Furman U., Greenville, SC: CO, Matthew T. Downey: $24,574. To develop and port an annotated translation of selections from texts $1,735. To prepare a slide program and booklet for disseminate local history curriculum materials for of middle-period India describing the society of pre­ Manatee County secondary schools and the public on secondary school teachers in 12 Colorado school dis­ colonial Western Rajasthan. RL the history of Terra Ceia Island, FL. AY tricts. ES Paula L. Schwartz; NYC: $2,390. To prepare a report William L. Bamberger; Bahama, NC: $2,485. To pro­ Richard S. Dunn; U. of PA, Philadelphia: $10,000 on the pilgrimage of former prisoners to Ravens- duce a visual and written history of a typical south­ OR; $2,394 G&M. To support a conference to con­ bruck, the World War II concentration camp for ern, tobacco-growing community, Bahama, NC, sider William Penn's problems in founding the women, on the 35th anniversary of the liberation of focusing on the effects of social change on three dis­ Pennsylvania colony and his plans for a “holy ex­ the camps. AY tinct rural subcultures. AY periment" there. RD Anatole Senkevitch, Jr.; U. of Maryland, College Park, Peter Benes; Museum of the Concord Antiquarian Soci­ Erik G. Ekholm; Plimoth Plantation, Plymouth, MA: 24 $17,779. To plan and redesign a living-history exhibit by and about South Asian Sufis during 1206- Walker. PN aboard a replica of the Mayflower II. Costumed in­ 1785. RL Amy Rashap; U. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia: terpreters will use the first person technique to tell Ramah Navajo School Board, Inc., Pine Hill, NM, $4,745. To prepare slide programs, radio shows, and the early part of the Pilgrim story, 1606-1621. PM Lonna L. Lawrence: $4,630. To develop a book of articles on the history of the Ithaca— Erie Canal and George H. Englund; George Englund Enterprises, biographies of five early Ramah Navajo tribal leaders the personal narratives of the canal workers. AY Burbank, CA: $75,000. To develop four 60-minute and their social history (1850-1910). ES Emmette S. Redford; U. of Texas, Austin: $126,786 scripts for a public T.V. series about the race to pro­ ja c k A. Learned; Stuhr Museum of the Prairie OR; $215,544 G&M. To prepare a comprehensive duce atomic weapons during World War II. PN Pioneer, Grand Island, NE: $17,920. To help support administrative history of the Johnson presi­ Connie Field; Clarity Educational Productions, Inc., a senior historian and a research assistant who will dency. RO Emeryville, CA: $157,768. To develop discussion ma­ establish the data base for future Stuhr Museum in­ Glenda Riley; U. of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA: terials and a model discussion program using the terpretive programs on the Great Plains pioneer $46,689. To support a slide show, a course, and in­ film, "The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter" for 20 era. PM ternships introducing humanities students to non­ cities across the U.S. AP Ann T. LeVeque; The Rhode Island Historical Soci­ teaching history earrers. EP Patricia R. Forrest; San Antonio, TX: $2,296. To pro­ ety, Providence: $11,882. To help support an evalua­ Nina Rosenblum; Terra Nova, Films, NYC: $15,570. duce a slide/tape and an illustrated tour guide on the tion of a previously funded exhibit, "The Lay of the To develop a script for a 60-minute television impact of 19th-century German settlers on the cul­ Land," on the historical geography of Rhode Is­ documentary that will examine immigration, indus­ tural life of present-day San Antonio. AY land. PM trialization and the Depression in America between Roger A. Fortin; Cincinnati Fire Museum Associa­ Penny A. Linderoth; Sault Ste. Marie, MI: $2,434. To 1904-1939, as seen through the photographs of tion, OH: $135,721. To support permanent exhibits produce a slide/tape presentation for classroom use Lewis Hine (1874-1940). PN for the Cincinnati Fire Museum that present fire­ on the 300-year history of Sault Ste. Marie, MI. AY Robert Rubin; City of Cape May, NJ: $61,208. To fighting as a window on Cincinnati's urban his­ Charles T. MacFadyen, Northport, NY: $950. To produce a 30-minute orientation film on the city of tory. PM produce a documentary film and oral history on Cape Cod, NJ, "America's oldest seashore resort," Judith M. Fouhy; Peerless, MT; $1,901. To produce a Northport, NY, during Prohibition. AY focusing on the lifestyle of 19th-century, affluent film, an audio tape, and an article on the historical Harvard U., Cambridge, MA, Ernest R. May: $501, seashore visitors. PM development of Peerless, MT, a typical rural com­ 509. To develop historical casebook materials for use Deborah A. Schlenker; Lodi, CA: $1,970. To prepare munity in the northern Great Plains. AY in graduate schools of public administration. EH an article and a slide show on historic sites and Florence A. Fowler; Hanover College, IN: $1,085. To Dennis K. McDaniel; The Municipal Museum (Peale landmarks of San Joaquin County, CA. AY prepare an annotated record and a slide/tape on the Museum), Baltimore, MD: $3,360. To plan permanent Leslie M. Silko; Laguna Pueblo Film Project, Tuc­ life and work of Harlan Hubbard, a painter of land­ exhibits that interpret the history and life of Balti­ son, AZ: $222,110. To produce a one-hour film and to scapes and life of the Ohio River Valley. AY more. PM complete scripts for three other films on American Susan J. Freiband; Our Lady of the Lake U., San An­ Eleanor K. Meltzer; Stanford, CA: $1,468. To re­ Indian culture, focusing on a single Indian commu­ tonio, TX: $5,000. To plan a series of media-oriented search an article on the early history of Rancho San nity, Laguna Pueblo in New Mexico. PN public programs in libraries and other community Gorgonio, a part of the San Gabriel Mission in Barbara J. Sirota; WGBH Educational Foundation, centers on the circus and its contributions to Ameri­ California. AY Boston, MA: $150,000. To produce a series of radio can life. PL Mary L. Merritt; Claremont, CA: $1,827. To research programs based on life-history interviews collected Johnnye M. Fye; Tusculum College, Greeneville, TN: a manuscript and a narrated slide presentation on the by the Federal Writers' Project during the late $2,495. To prepare a manuscript and audio tape on cultural and economic changes caused by indus­ 1930s. PN the personal experiences and recollections of black trialization in Mount Airy, NC. AY William P. Sisler; Johns Hopkins U. Press, Baltimore residents of Greene County, TN, from Reconstruc­ Cynthia J. Mines; McPherson, KS: $2,175. To pro­ MD: $5,230. To publish a history of the city of Balti­ tion to the present. AY duce written and visual materials on the labor and more, tracing patterns of growth and exploring the Harry Gammerdinger; Bloomington, IN: $7,114. To cultural history of Mexicans in Kansas, and the influ­ social issues important to the city's transforma­ prepare a film using the photographs and commen­ ence of the railroad in their migration. AY tion. RP tary of a local "visual anthropologist," who recorded Franklin D. Mitchell; U. of Southern California, Los Duncan Smith; Museum of Transportation, Boston, the history of Brown County, IN. AY Angeles: $31,142. To develop a 90-minute script for a MA: $34,625. To help support a permanent, interpre­ The \J. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, Paul W. Glad: television documentary on the major social and eco­ tive exhibit on the role of transportation in the de­ $19,713. To support an adult education course on the nomic changes in America during World War II. PN velopment of Boston since 1630. PM history and way of life of American plainsfolk em­ Dinty Moore; Chambersburg, PA; $9,222. To re­ Jan Stackhouse; Brass Workers History Project, phasizing the gradual change from an early abun­ search and produce a film on the tradition of auctions Derby, CT: $140,220. To develop a model for collab­ dance of energy to contemporary shortages. EH in Franklin County, PA, from colonial days to the oration of workers and historians in preserving Joanne A. Grant; The Film Fund, NYC: $138,000. To present. AY workers' history to result in a feature-length vid­ produce a 60-minute documentary film on the Jennifer B. Mott; Frederick, MD: $1,531. To prepare eotape and a book about the history of Connecticut lifework of Ella J. Baker, civil rights activist. PN a slfde/tape program and an article on the personal brass workers. AP Lori M. Gritz; Marie H. Katzenbach School for the lives and military careers of five Revolutionary War Robert A. Stark; Oregon Historical Society, Portland: Deaf, West Trenton, NJ: $1,600. To research the re­ Generals from West Virginia's Eastern Panhan­ $6,857. To plan an interpretive exhibit on the impact cent history of the New Jersey State School for the dle. AY of the fur trade in the last 18th and early 19th cen­ Deaf as seen by alumni and students. AY Rita Nannini; NYC: $2,500. To prepare an exhibit of turies on the Northwest Coast Indians and on the Pauline C. Harrell; Jubilee 350, Boston, MA: $199, black and white photographs on the east European traders. Materials will be borrowed through the 620. To support a permanent interpretive exhibit on immigrant poultry farmers in rural New Jersey inves­ collection-sharing program of Harvard's Peabody the 350-year history of the Boston urban environ­ tigating the reasons for their economic decline. AY Museum. PM ' ment and the people who built it and lived in it. PM Nancy M. Norbrey; Ettrick, VA: $5,334. To collect Richard R. Stryker, Jr.; Grand Rapids Public Evelyn Hayes, Cleveland, OH; $2,500. To prepare ar­ and disseminate documentary and oral historical ma­ Museum, MI: $18,750. To plan and research an ticles, lectures, and exhibits on the history and pres­ terials on Pocahontas Island, Petersburg, VA, one of exhibit on the interrelationship between the de­ ent state of the environment of Cleveland's riverfront the oldest black communities in America. AY velopment of the furniture industry and the growth area, The Flats. AY Mark S. Olcott; Laurel Md: $21,300. To develop two of the city of Grand Rapids, MI. PM Caroline W. Heilmann; Vermont Department of Li­ courses on the history dnd literature of the Civil War, Robert M. Taylor; Bolton, MA: $1,083. To prepare braries, Montpelier: $47,155. To develop and dis­ -using the contemporary letters of Lewis Bissell as a audio tapes and a written report on the oral history seminate through public libraries an interpretive focus and an exercise in the use of primary historical of Bolton, an eastern Massachusetts farming village exhibit and lecture/discussions on educational toys as materials. ES in transition. AY cultural artifacts and library resources.Pt— .. Annelise Orleck; Brooklyn, NY: $10,000. To prepare Jesus S. Trevino; KCET TV, Los Angeles, CA: James K. Huhta; Middle Tennessee State U., Mur­ a book and exhibits on the history of Russian immi­ $493,811. To produce a 60-minute pilot and develop freesboro: $158,675. To support eight workshops and grant life in Brighton Beach, NY. AY three additional scripts in the LA HISTORIA series, a a one-week institute for social studies and language Laura Paglin; Portland, OR: $1,000. To produce an TV drama of the history, culture, and traditions of arts supervisors, curriculum developers, and histori­ animated film with narration on the contributions of Mexican and Chicano people in the U.S. since cal society and museum education coordinators. ES three black inventors to the everyday functioning of 1821. PN George F. Jones; U. of MD, College Park: $10,000. To American society. AY Bennett M. Voyles; Otis, OR: $938. To study the continue translation of reports from the pastors as­ Peggy A. Pascoe; Bronxville, NY; $2,022. To support foundations of early Oregon coastal newspapers and signed to the Protestant exiles from Salzburg who a study and exhibit about the writings of women on the lives of their early reporters and publishers. AY settled in the colony of Georgia (1773-1741). RL life in the Rocky Mountains (1850-1900). AY Kathleen A. Wadden; Alexandria, VA: $2,000. To John H. Langley; Regents Press of Kansas, Law­ Judith L. Peiser; Center for Southern Folklore, develop a multi-media display via oral history inter­ rence: $3,310. To publish a biography of John Lewis Memphis, TN: $35,000. To plan outdoor exhibits and views and a photographic survey on the influence of Waller, a black Kansan and former slave who failed interpretive materials on the history and folklife of the railroad on the culture of southeastern Ap­ in his attempts to achieve political power in post- three downtown Memphis districts: The Riverfront, palachia. AY Civil War America and to establish a black empire in Cotton Row, and Beale Street. PM Daniel J. Walkowitz; The Institute for Research in Madagascar. RP Nelson Price; United Methodist Communication, History, NYC: $45,000. To develop a 90-minute fic­ Bruce B. Lawrence; Duke U., Durham, NC: $42,000. NYC: $4,400. To plan a film script for a 60-minute tional script for two episodes of a TV series exploring To translate a variety of texts which will offer a com­ documentary on two notable U.S. black women of the social, political and economic transformation of prehensive introduction to the vast body of literature the early 20th century, Madame C.J. and A'Lelia urban America between 1830 and the Civil War. PN 25 Michael Wallace; Research Foundation of CUNY: can, and Nellie Wong, a Chinese American. PN San Diego State U. Foundation, CA, Robert J. $52,823. To research and prepare a manuscript on the Aquil Rasheedah; Decatur, GA: $2,500. To prepare a Franklin; $38,229. To support a sequence of 3 courses emergence of American capitalism. RO booklet and exhibit based on interviews with African providing an in-depth study of the immigrant/ Peter H. Wood; North State Public Video, Durham, American psychologists about their lives, philoso­ migrant experience from the perspectives of history, NC: $15,000. To polish a, script for a 90-minute TV phies, values, and views on Africanism. AY literature, and political science. EP program based on the historical records of 18th- Old Dominion U. Research Foundation, Norfolk, Martha A. Gephart; Social Science Research Council, century Quaker naturalist, William Bartram. PN VA, Jerome B. Weiner: $254,261 OR; $100,000 G&M NYC: $10,000 OR; $20,000 G & M. To support a con­ Shana L. Woodyard; Lawrence, KS: $2,072. To re­ To support extended teacher institutes to strengthen ference exploring the relationship between verbal search an article on the role and ethnic interaction of Middle East studies in secondary school curricula in and visual arts in Africa. RD Hispanics in San Francisco (1849-1906). AY eight southeastern states through teacher re­ Philip A. Glotzbach; Denison U., Granville, OH: Amos J. Wright; Auburn, AL: $1,318. To research education and curriculum development. ES $44,104. To support an interdisciplinary project de­ and write about the activities of Texas outlaw John, veloping a naturalistic approach to perception by in­ Wesley Hardin in Florida and Alabama, (1874- tegrating the theories of philosopher M. Merleau- 1877). AT Interdisciplinary Ponty and psychologist J.J. Gibson. RO Christopher Wright; Empire, MI: $2,152. To develop Joshua Goldberg, U. of Arizona Museum of Art, a slide/tape interpretive program depicting the Tucson: $11,148. To implement a "hands-on" exhibit human ecology of the Sleeping Bear National on Japanese culture for both blind and sighted visi­ Lakeshore since 1880. AY Department of Energy/Florida State U., Tallahassee, tors focusing on the role of blindness in Japanese cul­ Michael I. Zenreich; New Haven, CT: $6,735. To FL, R.F. Allen: $8,601. To support a summer institute tural history. PM prepare an exhibit, lectures, and an historical photo­ for English teachers which will focus on energy is­ Xavier U., Cincinnati, OH, Richard L. Gruber; graphic record of the unique bridges and overpasses sues as they relate to communication. ES $50,000. To support pilot courses in two graduate on the first parkways in the U.S. AY Stephen R. Barbata; Coyote Point Museum Assn., programs designed to make the humanities more ac­ San Mateo, CA: $106,000. To develop interpretive cessible to the adult, college-educated population of exhibits adding a humanistic component to the ecol­ Cincinnati. EP Intercultural Studies ogy theme of the museum. PM Moorhead State U., MN, Lee E. Grugel; $50,0(50. To Richard Bauman; U. of Texas, Austin: $60,000. To develop 15 courses in a graduate liberal studies pro­ support an international conference on world tradi­ gram leading to a Master of Arts in Liberal Studies tions of puppetry and an exchange session between degree. EP Jackson State U., MS, Mario J. Azevedo: $50,034. For puppeteers from diverse cultures and scholars in a Helen A. Harrison; The Queens Museum, Flushing, a summer institute for social science teachers and variety of disciplines. AP NY: $187,793. For an exhibit on the social, cultural, administrators on the impact of traditional and colo­ Mary R. Blew; Havre, MT: $43,719. To plan, imple­ and historical significance of the 1939 NY World's nial experiences in present-day Africa. ES ment, and evaluate a multi-disciplinary freshman Fair, to be shown at the original fair site. PM Halsey L. Beemer, Jr.; National Academy of Sci­ course sequence, "Change and Values," emphasiz­ Edward Heinricher; Foxborough Historical Commis­ ences, Washington, DC: $185,000. To support six ing the humanistic dimensions of a technological so­ sion, MA: $2,500. To include the humanities in the humanities research scholars conducting long-term ciety. EP development of the Memorial Museum's programs research in China as part of the National Educational Merrimack College, North Andover, MA, Geraldine for the general public. PM Exchange Program of the Committee on Scholarly S. Branca: $50,000. To support the first year of a Iris T. Hill; U. of Georgia Press, Athens: $4,221. To Communication with the People's Republic of freshman and sophomore interdisciplinary humani­ publish Elizabeth Ammon's manuscript, "Edith China. RO ties course concentrating on the historical values de­ Wharton's Argument with America," which inte­ Mary B. Bullock; National Academy of Sciences, termining Christian culture and civilization. EP grates Wharton's social and political concerns with Washington, DC: $112,000 OR; $200,000 G&M. To U. of Delaware, Newark, D. Heyward Brock: her literary achievements. RP support programs of the Committee on Scholarly $12,813. To support a summer workshop on bioethics Wellesley College, MA, Virginia T. Hules; $35,047. Communication with the People's Republic of China, for 50 Delaware high school teachers taught by To develop three pilot courses incorporating recent including the establishment of a U.S. Soc./Science/ humanists, philosophers, and scientists. ES research in linguistics, psychology, sociology, and Hum. Planning Commission; a reciprocal lecture Allegheny College, Meadville, PA, James C. Bulman; the philosophy of language into the French cur­ program; a symposium on social change in China $44,040. To support a freshman writing section, a riculum. EP and continuation of the China Scholar escort pro­ humanities core course, and an interdisciplinary val­ Chatham College, Pittsburgh, PA, Sharon E. JacKiw; gram. RO ues project to increase students' knowledge of the $50,000. To revise 12 required freshman seminars de­ John Dorman; Middle East Institute, Washington, methodology and content of the humanities. EP signed to add humanities content to the academic DC: $200,000 G&M. To support an international David L. Clark; Hope College, Holland, MI: $19,869. program. EP symposium, “Egypt Today": an in-depth view of To develop two interdisciplinary courses, a new Mississippi State U., Donald R. Kelley; $19,957. To contemporary Egypt with lectures, workshops, films, component in a consortium urban semester program, develop an interdisciplinary course on Technology exhibits, and outreach programs in Washington, and a new internship program involving restoration and Society to be taught by a political scientist and Houston, and Los Angeles. AD of the 1880s company town of Pullman. EH an aerospace engineer. EH " Chester Dunning; College Station, TX: $3,143. To an­ Albertus Magnus College, New Haven, CT, Susan Helen T. Kennedy; Pacifica Tape Library, Los notate a translation and critical edition of Jacques Cole; $50,000. To support a year-long interdisciplin­ Angeles, CA: $1,200. To support consultants who Margeret's State of the Russian Empire, commissioned ary freshman course on the relationship between the will recommend, implement, and maintain a by King Henri IV in 1607 and based on careful obser­ city and the self. EP cataloging and retrieval system for a collection of vations of one of the first Frenchmen to visit Rus­ James P. Coley; U. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill: audio recordings, as well as conserve and restore the sia. RL $730. To research and write about the relationship archive. RC The Curriculum Inquiry Center of CA, L. A., between philosophy and psychology through inter­ Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Henry Johnathan Friedlander: $53,314. To develop instruc­ views with W.V. Quine and B.F. Skinner. AY Knepler; $163,311. To support a project to make high tional resources and promote in-service teacher edu­ U. of South Dakota, Vermillion, Gale K. Crouse: school students aware of the humanistic dimensions cation in Near Eastern studies throughout the L.A. $214,342. To support two extended teacher institutes of engineering and health professions. ES area; materials will be distributed nationwide. ES on developing integrated humanities courses in area Fordham U., Bronx, NY, Margaret A. Lamb; $49,481. Mari T. Hoashi, Honolulu, HI: $2,500. To support high schools. ES To plan and implement undergraduate courses in research on American college students in Japan U. of Colorado, Boulder, Lawson Crowe; $40,919. To journalism and film as literary forms. EP through interview with students concerning their support five pilot courses in an undergraduate Anthony N. Landreau; Museum of Art, Carnegie In­ re-examination of cultural values and to produce an bioethics curriculum. EP stitute, Pittsburgh, PA: $43,000. To study Middle intercultural journal article and slide/tape. AY Rockland Community College, Suffern, NY, Sally S. Eastern textiles and their production in Turkey. RO Medora B. Johnson; San Joaquin County Historical Cunneen; $50,000. To support four interdisciplinary Gregory S. Langworthy; Ann Arbor, MI: $2,450. To Museum, Lodi, CA: $24,370. To support .a-permanent seminars designed to challenge adult learners to re­ prepare a collection of pre-modern economic interpretive exhibit, a catalog, and a brochure on the search their own experiences while they are being in­ treatises documenting the reaction of 16th-century cultural heritage of the Chinese in San Joaquin troduced to college. EP intellectuals to the economic changes of their time County using the museum's collection of Ch'ing College of Saint Rose, Albany, NY, Francine A. and revealing the origins of modern economic Dynasty garments and theatrical costumes. PM Dempsey; $35,940. To design and implement intro­ thought. AY Robert M. Lumiansky; American Council of Learned ductory courses in an undergraduate American Margaret Latimer; Long Island U., Brooklyn, NY: Societies^"NYC: $450,000 G&M. To support operation studies curriculum for part-time, adult students. EP $650,000 OR; $400,000 G&M. To support the final jlf'-the Universities' Service Center in Hong Kong, Emory U., Atlanta, GA, Robert Detweiler: $217,163. phase of an interdisciplinary, multi-media program 1980-83, which provides library facilities and other To revise and strengthen the Liberal Studies Program on Brooklyn's social history, focusing on the Brook­ aids for scholars doing research on China. RC through the development of integrated, interdisci­ lyn Bridge, its community history, and its Allie J. Light; Mitsuye and Nellie Film Project, San plinary courses relating the humanities to the natural folkiife. AD Francisco, CA: $119,245. To produce a one-hour and social sciences and to the professions. ED Suzanne J. LeBarron; New York State Library, Al­ documentary film examining the culture of Asian U. of Lowell, MA, Daniel E. Diamond; $34,016. To bany: $383,000. To develop and present humanities- American Women during World War II and its after- support two interdisciplinary courses providing stu­ oriented public forums on topics dealing with the math through the ideas, memories and experiences dents with an integrated humanistic approach to concept of community in ten pilot libraries through­ of two writers: Mitsuye Yamada, a Japanese Ameri­ studying the community of Lowell, MA. EP out New York State. PL 26 Linda J. Lindsey; North Fork Valley Public Radio, Trivisonno; $35,900. To support a three-course, of the relationship between oral and literary verbal Inc., Paonia, CO: $9,995. To support public radio sta­ interdisciplinary humanities sequence to assist adult arts in Persian. RL tion KVNF-FM's development of a long-range plan students in making the transition from work to Betty Z. Morris; Tri-County Regional Library, Rome, for humanities programming. PN academe. EP GA: $10,107. To plan six 30-minute video programs Sandra L. Lorentzen; Pacific Northwest Festival in Kathleen A. Viges; Lowell Observatory Visitor Cen­ which will explore the treatment of problems in the Forest Association, Federal Way, WA: $36,848. ter, Flagstaff, AZ: $5,000. To plan new exhibits in the communication as described in poetry, prose, and To support a symposium on the relationship of the Lowell Observatory's visitor's center focusing on the dramatic literature. PL humanities to the architectural design process. AP founding of the Observatory and the theories and Utah State U., Logan, L. Grant Reese; $47,794. To Mississippi State U., Charles D. Lowery; $27,310. To discoveries of scientists who have worked there. PM test, revise, and evaluate an intensive Spanish lan­ support a two-semester sequence of humanities Ann C. Watts; Rutgers U., Newark, NJ: $55,000. To guage program stressing simulated experiences from courses for -engineering students developed by disseminate a 50-page booklet and a volume of sig­ Hispanic daily life as the principal mode of learn­ humanists in philosophy, history, literature, and art nificant papers resulting from a conference on litera­ ing. EP history. EP ture and urban experience. AP Alamance County Schools, Graham, NC, Kaye C. Guy C. McElroy; National Council of Negro Women, Mount Vernon College, Washington, DC, Judith R. Richards; $2,500. To enrich the current eighth-grade NYC: $135,944. To develop an exhibit on the history Weiner; $50,000. To support three new pilot language arts and United States/North Carolina his­ of the political, social, and cultural contributions of courses— “Psychology and Creativity," "Nature and tory curriculum with a regional studies program. ES black American women's organizations, 1895- Creativity," and “Social Change and Creativity"— Marianne Shapiro; Los Angeles, CA: $5,000. To sup­ 1955. PM and the revision of “The Artist, Humanist, and Soci­ port an annotated translation of two Old Provencal North Adams State College, MA, Lea B. Newman; ety" into a team-taught course. EP grammars from the 13th century. RL $28,807. To support a pilot program of six, revised Siena College, Loudonville, NY, Carl R. Weis; Rosemary H. Thomas; Old Mines Area Historical So­ interdisciplinary courses and one new literature- $50,000. To support a two-semester, team-taught ciety, Cadet, MO: $30,000. To support four consult­ based course providing a humanistic perspective on course, "The Quest for Freedom: Twentieth Century ants to continue linguistic interviews and community social change. EP Thought and Culture." EP sessions for the collection and interpretation of data Martha V. Pike; The Museums at Stony Brook, NY: Idaho State U., Pocatello, Mary E. Williams; $35,051. on the French language and culture of southeastern $10,980. To help support a major exhibit and catalog To develop four interdisciplinary humanities courses Missouri. AP on the customs of mourning in Victorian America, for non-degree seeking adults. EP Purdue U., W. Lafayette, IN, Joseph A. Wipf; exploring the extravagance of Victorian mourning San Jose State U., CA, Roy E. Young; $40,489. To $225,087. To support an institute for secondary- within a historic and social context. PM design an interdisciplinary multimedia course to school teachers of French, German, and Spanish Columbia U., NYC, Richard Plunz; $50,287. To sup­ meet curriculum changes mandated by the academic which will increase their language fluency and aid in port six, pilot graduate courses and a faculty work­ senate. EP the teaching of foreign cultures and communication shop on the social and cultural aspects of the housing skills. ES problem. EP U. of San Diego, CA, C. Joseph Pusateri; $50,000. To Jurisprudence develop team-taught, interdisciplinary courses deal­ ing with contemporary moral issues in the context of Literature an undergraduate student's major discipline. EP Paul Rabinow; U. of California, Berkeley: $89,892. To Felicia G. Bock; Berkeley CA: $13,000. To translate study urban planning as a political tool in the French forty "books" of the Engi-shiki, the law code of the J. G. Bell; Stanford U. Press, CA: $10,000. To pub­ colonies, particularly Vietnam and Morocco, between Engi era, which regulated Japanese society from the lish a scholarly edition of all the known letters of An­ 1870 and 1930. RO 8th to the 14th centuries. RL thony Trollope, a 19th-century English novelist. RP Charles L. Redman; Research Foundation of SUNY, Washington U., St. Louis, MO, Jack H. Hexter; Allen B. Chase; Annapolis, MD: $2,484. To research Albany: $90,000 G&M. To support an interdisciplin­ $50,000. To support four courses in a pilot program and prepare a slide/tape on the life and work of au­ ary study by archaeologists and historians of on the relations of law and liberty taught by scholars thor Zenith Brown to highlight women's contribu­ medieval North African urbanism and its influence in history, law, philosophy, political science, and tions to the literary heritage of Maryland. AY on tYie emergence of modern Europe. RO English literature. EP Tse-tsung Chow; U. of WI, Madison: $5,380. To su p ­ Georgia Tech Research Institute, A tla n ta , Robert P. Peter B. Maggs; U. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign: port a workshop and international conference on Reno; $25,771. To implement a course to prepare $10,000. To translate P.I. Stuchka's (1865-1932) es­ studies of the Chinese novel,' The Dream of the Red students of technology to solve the social and human says on the philosophical origins of Marxist jurispru­ Chamber. RD problems relevant to their technical careers. EP dence. RL Robert P. Cook, II; Indiana U. Press, Bloomington: Alfred M. Rotondaro; National Italian American Darlene R. May; Southwestern U., Memphis, TN: $7,800. To publish a comprehensive, chronological Foundation, Washington, DC: $129,070. To support a $22,000. To translate Chapters 8-20 of the Kitab al- edition of the writings of Charles Sanders Peirce, a series of two-day conferences in six U.S. cities on the ahkam as-sultaniyyah, the first comprehensive and major 19th-century American philosopher, mathema­ Italian-American experience that will include systematic treatment of public law in Islam. RL tician, physicist and logician. RP humanities scholars, government officials, commu­ Thomas L. McFarland; U. Press of New England, Louise Craft; U. of Pittsburgh Press, PA: $3,012. To nity leaders, and the public. AP Hanover, NH: $20,000. To publish two volumes of publish the letters, diaries and papers of Nathaniel Illinois State U., Normal, Richard A. Salome; the legal papers of Daniel Webster that will comple­ Hawthorne written during the last decade of his life $76,226. To support an extended teacher institute at ment three volumes of Webster's corre­ as U.S. consul in Liverpool, England. RP which elementary and middle-school teachers will spondence. RP Richard L. Dauenhauer; Anchorage, AK: $30,000. To develop humanities curriculum materials relating the J.G.A . Pocock; Johns Hopkins U., Baltimore, MD: support an annotated translation of texts from the humanities to other subject areas. ES $10,000 OR; $3,900 G&M. To support an interna­ oral tradition of the Tlingit, a Native American Utah State U., Logan, John A. Scherting; $49,148. To tional conference on John Locke and the political people. RL implement and evaluate an interdisciplinary program thought of the 1680s. RD David J. Dell; Haworth, NY: $5,000. To translate Jai in the general education curriculum and a core cur­ Sanford G. Thatcher; Princeton Press, NJ: $2,715. To Shankar Prasad's K am ayani, a modern Hindi riculum for the American Studies program. EP publish an English translation of lectures on Islamic epic. RL U. of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Barbara D. theology and law by the renowned Hungarian Is­ Rachel J. Dickinson; Clinton, NY: $2,075. To re­ Schurfranz; $48,916. To purchase and develop films lamic scholar, Ignaz Goldziher (1850-1921). RP search an article and a community lecture series on and video cassettes and a workshop for Mississippi the literature written in and about the Mohawk Val­ high school and two-year college teachers on the use ley in central New York State. AY of film as a teaching tool in language and literature Language & Linguistics David V. Erdman; New York Public Library, NYC: courses. EP $4,368. To publish Melymbrosia, the early drafts of East Tennessee State U., Johnson City, Linda P. Virginia Woolf's first novel, The Voyage Out Scott; $46,858. To develop a multidisciplinary course, (1915). RP "Introduction to the Study of Appalachian Culture,” Bernadette Y. Alvanna; Nome, AK: $2,500. To pre­ Bristol Community College, Fall River, MA, Paul F. for the permanent curriculum leading eventually to pare teaching materials for a first-year language Fletcher; $44,061. To develop three new courses: an Appalachian Studies minor. EP course in King Island, AK for high school and com­ “Death in Literature," "Coping with Life and The College of Charleston, SC, Kenneth Severens; munity college students. AY Death," and "Businessmen in Literature." EP $43,982. To develop courses and projects in the his­ U. of CA, Berkeley, Peter A. Eddy; $89,669. To sup­ Robert P. Goldman; U. of CA, Berkeley: $55,000. To tory and culture of the Carolina Low Country to port an institute to further foreign language teachers' complete the annotated translation of the critical edi-\ strengthen undergraduate research in the competence in their field and to help them measure tion of the Valmiki Ramayana, the great epic poem of humanities. EP students' oral competence. ES India. RL College of Notre Dame, Belmont, CA, Mark W. Sul­ Harlan Lane; Northeastern U., Boston, MA: $44,802. Oscar A. Haac; Research Foundation of SUNY, Al­ livan; $45,705. To support an integrated literature, To translate ten 18th-century French works on the bany: $12,469. To support the first English transla­ philosophy, and religious studies course sequence evolution of the first deaf community and its lan­ tion of the correspondence between J. S. Mill and A. designed to enable the adult, part-time student to guage which spawned American Sign Language. RL Comte from 1841-1847. RL fulfill the general education requirement in these Margaret A. Mills; Denver, CO: $20,000. To translate George L. Hart; U. of CA, Berkeley: $40,000. To three fields. EP three genres of popular prose narrative not presently translate the central Forest Canto of the Kam- Ursuline College, Cleveland, OH, Ann M. represented in English, as the basis for further study paramayanam, the Tamil (South Indian) version of the 27 "Ramayana" story written in the 9th or 12th century tural, historical, and political forces that have shaped A.D. RL Plaquemines Parish, LA. AY Stanleigh H. Jones; Claremont Graduate School, CA: Philosophy Robert R. Archibald; Montana Historical Society, $15,164. To support an annotated translation of two Helena, MT: $17,302. To plan an exhibit on Mon­ full-length plays and important scenes from seven tana's historical development and the impact of cli­ others of the Japanese puppet theater after 1730. RL mate, natural resources, and geography on the di­ Michael Katz; Williams, College, Williamstown, MA: Wing-tsit Chan; Pittsburgh, PA: $25,000. To trans­ verse peoples who have lived in the area since pre­ $8,000. To translate Russian novelist Alexander Her­ late, annotate, and amplify Ch'en Chun's (1153- historic times. PM zen's first novel, Who is'to Blame? (1846). RL 1214) Hsing-li tzu-i, which examines Neo-Confucian Judith S. Ball; American Assn. of University Ellen C. Kennedy; Columbia, MD: $12,000. To terms and concepts. RL Women, Washington, DC: $25,000. To plan a translate prose works by the contemporary Afro- Laurence Cohen; MIT Press, Cambridge, MA: $3,332. humanistic inquiry exploring three major themes: Antillean poet, Aime Cesaire. RL To publish a philosophical analysis of Euclid's Ele­ "Careers and Families," "Women Who Work with Richard Kilberg; Educational Broadcasting Corpora­ ments, with an introduction for the nonspecialist. RP Families," and "American Families:. A Pluralistic tion, NYC: $20,000. To plan a television series on the John L. Duncan; U. of Oklahoma, Norman: $6,872. Perspective." AP works of contemporary Latin American writers, their To support a handbook for a workshop on William C. Beckner; Fairfax County Park Authority, political, cultural, and social roots. PN phenomenology and a survey of dissertations in the Annandale, VA: $19,390. To plan a program on eco­ Martha J. King; Austin, TX: $5,500. To support an field. AY logical processes, population growth, cultural tradi­ annotated translation of selections from the Zibaldone John R. Glenn; Boston, MA: $14,907. To prepare tions, technology, and institutions that have shaped (Notebooks) of Giacomo Leopardi, a 19th-century scholarly papers, a 40-minute film, and four 30- the landscape during the 10,000 years of human set­ Italian poet. RL minute videotapes on teaching methods for philo­ tlement in northern Virginia. PM Mary K. Koch; Salinas, CA: $1,542. To support a sophical inquiry. AY Carole J. Berggren; Newton Hlds, MA: $2,490. To study comparing the fictional characters and events Luis O. Gomez; U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor: $15,000. support a photographic essay and a slide/tape on in Steinbeck's novel East of Eden with the historical To translate a 7th-century Buddhist devotional and rural black Haitian girls who perform heavy house­ people and events he used as models. AY philosophical poem, the Bodhicar-yavatara of San- hold labor while their brothers attend school. AY John H. Kyle; U. of Texas Press, Austin: $6,505. To tideva, together with extracts from its 11th-century Mary Anne C. Case; NYC: $2,495. To translate publish an English translation of four essays by the commentary, the Panjika of Prajnakaramati. RL selected Renaissance and Early Modern French writ­ 20th-century Russian philosopher of language and John P. Leavey, Jr.; U. of Florida, Gainesville: ings on the equality of the sexes, together with a literary critic, M. M. Bakhtin. RP $32,000. To support an annotated translation of general introduction, notes on the text, and brief Richard H. Madden; Ohio U., Athens: $26,353. To French philosopher and critic Jacques Derrida's work biographies of the authors. AY produce a 30-minute pilot radio program and plan a Glas (1974). RL Linda D. Crowe; North Suburban Library System; 13- to 26-part radio series that will examine Appala­ The Frederic Burk Foundation for Education, San Wheeling, IL: $18,972. To support three committees chian literature to reveal the history and traditions of Francisco State U., CA, Donald L. Provence; $50,000. composed of librarians, humanities scholars, and so­ the region. PN To support a course in general and theoretical ethics cial science professionals who will meet at 12 sites I. Henry Maldonado; WGBH Educational Founda­ and several alternative courses in ethical problems in throughout the library system to plan programs on tion, Boston, MA: $80,000. To develop two scripts occupations. EP the quality of life in the 1980s. PL and three story-outlines for a five-part film series Ohio State U. Research Foundation, Columbus, Patricia Ebrey; Champaign, IL: $25,000. To support consisting of a dramatized biography of the Henry Gerald M. Reagan; $147,755. To develop curricular an annotated translation of the Rules for Social Life, a James family and a 90-minute adaptation of James's materials and teacher training for programs of moral 12th-century book on the traditional Chinese family novel, The Bostonians. PN education in junior high schools. ES system. RL John D. Niles; Institute for the Study of Human Is­ W. Allyn Rickett; U. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia: Carlos A. Forment; Miami, FL: $10,165. To research a sues, Philadelphia, PA: $6,000. To translate The $27,000. To translate the final 46 chapters of the scholarly article and a colloquium on the social, European Folktale: Form and Nature by Swiss scholar Kuan-tzu, an important philosophical text of Chinese political, and cultural views of Cuban exiles as re­ Max Luthi, a classic in the field of folk narrative antiquity compiled in 26 B.C. RL flected in exile journals published from 1960-1969. studies. RL Stanford U., CA, Lee H. Yearley; $19,141. To de­ AY Gregory Rabassa; Hampton Bays, NY: $7,583 OR; velop a project comparing four different perspectives Lord Fairfax Community College, Middletown, VA, $1,000 G&M. To translate an anthology of varied on the concept of self: the Aristotelian, Freudian, Jerome J. Friga; $24,769. To support a sequence of writings of Padre Antonio Vieira, a 17th-century Confucian and Taoist views. EH three college courses and a forum for the community Jesuit who lived in Portugal and Brazil. RL on ethical considerations in public issues and to form Michael W. Resler; Boston College, Chestnut Hill, a community advisory committee for the college's MA: $15,000. To prepare the first English translation humanities programs. EP of the earliest German Arthurian romance, Hart­ Department of Energy/South Dakota State U., mann von Aue's Erec, composed around 1185. RL Brookings, Henry Gehrke; $14,860. To support a Naomi A. Schor; Brown U., Providence, RI: $10,000. summer workshop with academic year follow-up for To support a conference on the works of French nov­ Chi-yun Chen; U. of California, Santa Barbara: high school liberal arts teachers on the technical, elist, Gustave Flaubert, promoting the exchange of $40,000. To support an annotated translation of the socio-economic, and ethical dimensions of deci­ scholarly, international criticism. RD T'ai-p'ing ching, one of seven primary scriptures of sion-making in energy issues. ES Joan C. Shih; George Washington University, Taoist canon. RL Melissa K. Goldsmith; Brown U., Providence, RI: Washington, DC: $59,772. To produce a one-hour Jack E. Kollman, Jr.; Cambridge, MD: $12,000. To $15,000. To produce a 30-minute documentary film documentary film presenting leading Chinese writers support an annotated translation of the Stoglav, the on Banana Kelly, a neighborhood in the South Bronx discussing China's self-image, aspirations, pains and proceedings of the Moscow Church Council of 1551 which is revitalizing itself. AY achievements in an era of revolutionary change. PN in response to 69 questions submitted in the name of Daniel L. Goldwater; The Franklin Institute, Merle E. Simmons; Indiana U., Bloomington: $7,869. Tsar Ivan IV. RL Philadelphia, PA: $70,000. To support four discus­ To expand and enhance a conference on the Hispanic Mary Lee Nolan; Oregon State U., Corvallis: $61,428. sion programs for diverse public audiences on the novel. RD To support a comparative study of religious pilgrim­ individual and social issues in our use of technology Francis Steegmuller; NYC: $20,000. To translate age traditions and patterns in contemporary Western and resources. AP selected letters by French novelist, Gustave Flaubert, Europe. RO Sheila Grinell; Assn. of Science-Technology Cen­ written between 1857-1880. RL Bradley G. Prunty; Cambridge, MA: $2,460. To sup­ ters, Washington, DC: $21,250. To plan a traveling Patricia Terry; Barnard College, NYC: $15,000. To port research and interviews on the formation and exhibit providing visitors direct experience with mi­ translate selections from the Roman de Renart, a col­ maintenance of belief in traditional and non- croelectronic devices, interpretation of their nature lection of Old French narrative poems satirizing traditional churches. AY and function, and insight into how they may affect 12th-century politics and society. RL Gregory Schopen; Newcastle, WY: $19,000. To sup­ future American social institutions. PM Yoko T. Toriioji; Boston, MA: $1,840. To complete port an annotated translation of the Sanskrit text of Alex V. Griswold; Somerville, MA: $2,500. To pro­ an English translation of the Japanese novel, Kangen- the Bhaisajyaguru-sutra, considering the relationship duce a 20-minute documentary film on the impact on zai, which deals with the dropping of the atomic of this text to other 5th- and 6th-century Mahayana one family of the rapid change in the man-made en­ bomb on Japan. AY Buddhist texts. RL vironment in Puerto Rico since 1945. AY George H. Wolfe; The Communications Company, Chaim Trainer; St. Louis, MO: $1,410. To support a Michelle L. Kleinrichert; Syracuse, NY: $2,440. To Washington, DC: $35,000. To prepare a 90-minute slide/tape presentation on the 200-year-old study of research the application of the Montessori educa­ script for a television documentary on the life and the Talmud by Rabbinical colleges, and their contri­ tional method in Sri Lanka in order to assess its via­ work of Herman Melville. PN bution to the Jewish community. AY bility in other less developed countries; and to pro­ William F. Wyatt, Jr.; Hellenic Cultural Society of duce a journal article and slide/tape. AY Southeastern New England, Providence, RI: $10,000 David Leviatin; White Plains, NY: $2,475. To prepare G&M. To translate the stories of G. Vyziinos as part a photographic book and a series of half-hour radio of a series translating 19th-century Greek works. RL Social Science broadcasts on the Eastern European immigrant workers who founded the Reynolds Hills Commu­ nity, a 50-year-old cooperative in New York Louis L. Alvarez; New Orleans, LA: $14,475. To pro­ State. AY duce a 60-minute documentary videotape on the cul­ Rhoads Murphey; Ann Arbor, Ml: $20,000. To 28 translate three treatises by Ottoman statesmen ad­ support research, interviews, and an article on the Capital letters following each grant show the division and vising the reigning 17th-century Sultans on major process of- assimilation and identification in young, the program through -which the grant zvas made. political issues of the day. RL middle-class Chinese-American adults in two diverse Special Programs David A. Rier; Marlboro, NJ: $328. To support a communities—Berkeley, CA, and Phoenix, AZ. AY AD Special Projects socioeconomic study of Marlboro, NJ, which de­ AP Program Development veloped from a rural area into a suburban community AV Science, Technology and Human Values with an influx of former city dwellers. AY AY Youthgrants Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, PA, Mark H. Rose; State Programs AZ Youth Projects $9,324. To support a summer workshop for high Education Programs school instructors on the history of urban develop­ EC Consultants ment, technology, and energy use. ES California Council for the Humanities; San Fran­ ED Implementation Andrew R. Sebok; Philadelphia, PA: $2,500. To sup­ cisco, Aileen C. Hernandez: $820,136 OR; $450,000 EH Higher Education port historical and ethnic research and taped inter­ G&M. EP Pilot views for an article on the cultural assimilation of Colorado Humanities Program; Boulder, Patricia ES Elementary and Secondary Hungarian immigrants in America, 1876-1976. AY Schlatter: $375,042 OR; $100,000 G&M. Planning and Policy Assessment Samuel D. Smith; Bolivia, NC: $2,500, To support Louisiana Committee for the Humanities; New Or­ OP Planning and Assessment Studies oral history research leading to a book and slide/ leans, Seraphia D. Leyda: $398,000 OR; $200,000 Public Programs lecture series on the lives of commercial fishermen in G&M. PL Libraries Brunswick County, NC. AY Michigan Council for the Humanities; East Lansing, PM Museums and Historical Organizations Jamie L. Stahl; Bowling Green, OH: $2,165. To plan John W. Eadie: $516,000 OR; $125,000 G&M. PN Media the interpretive display of maritime collection re­ Nevada Humanities Committee; Reno, Patricia Research Programs sources in an exhibit facility currently under con­ Marchese: $323,000 OR; $50,000 G&M. RC Research Resources struction at the Maine Maritime Academy in Castine, New Hampshire Council for the Humanities; Con­ RD Conferences ME. AY cord, Mary S. McGowan: $328,000 OR; $10,000 RE Editions Stephen K. Victor; Slater Mill Historic Site, Pawtuc­ G&M. RL Translations ket, RI: $9,565. To plan a permanent interpretive Tennessee Committee for the Humanities; Nashville, RO Basic Research exhibit on the New England textile industry, focusing Henrietta A. Grant: $407,000 OR; $100,000 G&M. RP Publications on the human response to technological change. PM Wisconsin Humanities Committee; Madison, Gerald RS State, Local and Regional Studies Wynette Yao; Swarthmore College, PA: $2,475. To Viste: $414,000 O;: $10,000 G&M. RT Tools NEH Grant Making: Who Decides?

Ed. note: The information that follows is intended as a general outline. The Division of State Programs follows a different regimen

The NEH grant-making process is highly com­ Q: Just what is a review panel? Q: I applied to the general research program for petitive; only three out of ten applicants actually A: A committee of scholars, professionals, and a grant to support a long-term, collaborative re­ receive grants. This raises some important ques­ members of the public convened for the specific search project. I wonder if a panel of five or so tions about how the Endowment selects projects purpose of reviewing groups of applications in members considering all literature applications for funding. This article will attempt to provide similar subject areas. New panels are formed for is going to be qualified in and sympathetic to answers to some frequently expressed concerns. each program's review of applications, although my area of specialization. Q: What happens to my application after the individual panelists may have served on other A: That's an understandable concern. There Endowment receives it? panels before. Generally, there will be from five will almost surely be no "Inkling" specialists on A: The general process is as follows: First the to fifteen members on a panel; the number of the panel. However, all the panelists will be ex­ proposal is read and classified according to panels depends upon the number of applica­ perts in literary research, and it is from that subject matter by NEH staff. Then the applica­ tions. perspective that they will evaluate your pro­ tions are sent to knowledgeable individuals out­ Q: How are panelists chosen? posal. Moreover, the Division of Research Pro­ side the agency for review. While all NEH pro­ A: Panelists are selected from a databank of grams will supplement panel review by sending grams use "peer review,” the specific review over 20,000 names. Potential panelists have applications to outside specialist reviewers. In procedure followed depends on the kind of demonstrated expertise in their respective fields the Division of Research Programs, your par­ project proposed by the applicant. Almost all through scholarly research, publication, teach­ ticular proposal will be reviewed by several spe­ NEH programs use a panel of qualified people ing, or professional achievements and contribu­ cialists in twentieth-century British literature who meet as a group to evaluate and rate the tions to the humanities. Many have been rec­ and in The Inklings. These specialists will pro­ applications on a comparative basis. Many pro­ ommended to the Endowment by their col­ vide detailed written evaluations of your appli­ grams also supplement the panel review by leagues and institutions; others have been iden­ cation to the appropriate panel and to the using separate individual readers who have a tified by NEH staff, grantees, and applicants. In Council. highly specialized expertise in the subject area addition to scholars, the databank includes Q: Am I going to be at a disadvantage because of a particular application. teachers, administrators, librarians, archivists, I'm a woman teaching at a small college in the The comments of these various reviewers curators, media producers, writers, and many Northwest? I have very few connections with are provided to the National Council on the other knowledgeable people. the "educational establishment." Humanities. The Council advises the Chairman Q: My project is on "The Inklings," a British A: Not at all. The Endowment is working hard of the Endowment who, by law, makes the final literary circle. What will be the makeup of the to insure that panels are not only sympathetic to decision. panel that reviews my application? but actually represent the wide variety of indi­ Q: How will the Endowment judge my project? A: That will depend greatly on the NEH pro­ viduals and institutions that seek support for A: Your project will be evaluated in terms of gram to which you have applied, and also on humanities projects. The databank of panelists the contribution it will make to understanding the subject areas of other applications received and the process for their selection are designed of the humanities and how well you and/or your by that program. If you have applied to the Di­ to include geographical and institutional diver­ staff can carry it out. These factors will be con­ vision of Research Programs for a general re­ sity as well as adequate representation by sidered in relation to other applications and search grant, your application will be evaluated women, ethnic, and racial minorities. available funds. by a panel considering a fairly broad range of Q: Will the panel then simply recommend ac­ Q: Who will actually do this evaluation? proposals—probably all projects dealing with ceptance or rejection of my proposal? A: As indicated above, there are several steps literature. If you have applied to the Division of A : No. Each panelist and outside reviewer in the evaluation process. Reviewers outside the Fellowships Programs, a more narrowly defined writes a detailed evaluation of your proposal. agency comment on those aspects of many ap­ panel will consider your application— probably When the panel meets, your proposal will be plications in which the reviewer has special a panel on twentieth-century British literature. discussed and all applications before the panel knowledge; a review panel selected by NEH If you intend to produce a series of radio pro­ will be placed in categories of priority. In addi­ staff with the help of a computerized data bank grams on The Inklings and have applied to the tion to sending your application to the Council evaluates and analyzes similar applications; the Division of Public Programs, your proposal will with a recommendation for funding or disap­ National Council and the Chairman make the be evaluated by a panel of film, radio, and TV proval, the panel has other options. It may rec­ final decision. professionals as well as humanities scholars. ommend approval of your proposal with minor 29 revisions (e.g. in the funds requested or in the time without making viewers annoyingly aware composition of the project staff). Or, if the of it. Rather, this is a plea to give up on the panel has serious questions about your pro­ hope or insistence that every NEH-funded film posal, it may recommend deferring action until be a statement of ideas in scholarly terms; to you have provided additional information or Day greater respect to the role of metaphor in alterations. the cinema of the humanities; and to leave to the Q: Will I be able to learn what was said about literature of the humanities what only it can do, my proposal? namely, to put into words the abstract thought A: Of course, although not until after the final f o r which the visual media can at best offer only decision has been made. The evaluations are the sights and sounds of supporting experience. available to applicants and can be important and — Michael Rice instructive to you. You may, in fact, want to use Mr. Rice, formerly Vice-President & General Man­ panel and specialist comments as the basis for More on Scholars and Filmmakers ager of WGBH Boston, is now Director of the Aspen submission of a revised proposal at a later date, Institute's Program on Communications and Society. if your project is not funded. In "Scholars and Filmmakers." (March/April Q: May I discuss my idea with an NEH staff Humanities) Jay Ruby identifies two possible Is it overoptimistic to detect in the publication member before submitting my final proposal? sources of difficulty behind all efforts to pro­ duce "an intellectual cinema." of Jay Ruby's article a lurking sense of guilt at A: Yes, staff assistance is generally available NEH concerning filmmakers? As a documentary when the volume of applications permits. The first— ("there is something inherent in Q: When will I be notified of the final decision the medium which makes it difficult if not im­ filmmaker, I have a distinct impression that on my application? possible to convey abstract thought")— he sets there are those at NEH who consider them­ A: Probably within a month following the aside because it "causes us prematurely to reject selves the Lords of the Ring of knowledge, Council session that considers your proposal. the possibility of a cinema of ideas." The second eager to unlock to the high priests of the cul­ The Council meets in February, May, August, ("our culturally conventional attitudes have ture, the academics, but holding the portal firm and November of each year and will review made it difficult to pursue the cinema as a against those gnome-like creatures, the film­ your proposal at the session appropriate to the means of scholarly expression") he pursues for makers, clamoring to get in. program's application deadline. the remainder of the essay. In this choice, he is Ruby's article portrays an antipathy be­ —John Lippincott clearly driven by the belief or hope that the key tween filmmakers and scholars which I do not Mr. Lippincott is an Endowment staff member. to how we might "visualize thought" or "make find credible. Further, it seems to have been the film into the idea" is to change or refine written in a spirit of condescension towards the those "culturally conventional attitudes" that filmmaker no less offensive because unwitting. would set*m to have created the difficulty. Its underlying assumption is that filmmakers, Barnaby C. Keeney Dies: One might do better to face up to his first by the nature of their craft, are anti-intellectual, First NEH Chairman problem— that the medium itself makes it hard and any pretensions they may have towards Barnaby C. Keeney, the first chairman to convey abstract thought. In the interview presenting ideas in film form are doomed to of the National Endowment for the with producer Michael Ambrosino published at failure unless there is, somehow, academic Humanities and former president of Brown the same time, Ambrosino put the point in oversight. . . . University died in Providence, Rhode Island favorable terms: "Television is best at allowing The piece quotes Eisenstein, noted film­ in June, after suffering a stroke. Mr. Keeney people to experience things." maker and theoretician, ". . .the intellectual was 66. Let's recognize: one doesn't, one can't "ex­ and emotional processes which so far have been Keeney, author of "Judgment by Peers" perience" abstract thoughts as one experiences conceived of as existing independently of each and of several articles on history, education (vicariously through cinema) a journey to see other—art versus science—and forming an an­ and other subjects was appointed NEH other people or places. Except when it transmits tithesis heretofore never united, can be brought Chairman by President Lyndon Johnson on speech (or graphics) as the medium to express together to form a synthesis on the basis of July 14, 1966. He served until July, 1970. abstract reasoning, cinema can only be jour­ Cinedialectic. . ." NEH Chairman Joseph Duffey called nalism or fiction— it cannot be philosophy or The politics are of course relevant, and in Mr. Keeney "chief among those who fifteen mathematics or "the idea" itself. What Ruby precisely the same way as Bach's religion was: years ago envisioned the importance to the call "the limitations" of the scholar's role, from Marxism in the one case, Christianity in the other, nation of learning in the fields of the hu­ "writing narrations" to appearing as a "talking gave the informing spirit to the artist. . . manities. He was an eloquent, determined head", are indeed the limitations of the medium Eisenstein then, chose to explain his work leader both as president of Brown Univer­ itself in conveying abstract thought. through dialectics, through thesis, antithesis, sity and as first chairman of the Endowment They are the limitations, that is, unless one synthesis; . . . achieving the synthesis of art for the Humanities." can find or create— and accept as equal to the and science. Here "science" implies the "final Mr. Keeney attended the University of idea— a visual or dramatic metaphor for it. The truth" of Marxism-Leninism, and the synthesis North Carolina, where he was awarded his catch in this answer is that it leads us not to produced, agitprop cinema: what was called A.B. in 1936. He received his M.A. in 1937 scholars, but to artists— the very direction Ruby "propaganda" in the 30s, but without the de­ from Harvard, and was awarded his doctor­ tells us we mustn't take ("it becomes essential rogatory connotation the word has for us today. ate there in 1939. to alienate audiences from their aesthetic expec­ Eisenstein was out to propagate Marxism- Upon the completion of his graduate tations if one wishes to produce an intellectual Leninism through the art of cinema, as Bach work, Mr. Keeney became an instructor of cinema"). If we do take the route of metaphor, would have said that his music was homage to history at Harvard. In 1942, he entered the the scholarly idea is not the product, but the God. And what is marvelous is that you do not Army, and served as an intelligence officer takeoff point for the imagist or storyteller. have to be a Communist, and you do not have with the 35th Infantry Division in Europe. Perhaps (when, as Ruby rightly puts it, the to be a Christian, to love Eisenstein and Bach. He rose to the rank of captain and saw ac­ filmmakers "know what they are doing (and) In the work of both, the spirit of Man tion in the battles of the Rhineland, Arden­ mean what they say") the idea even becomes triumphs. ... - nes (Battle of the Bulge) and Central Eu­ the underlying structure of that complex Eisenstein was . . . cut down precisely be­ rope. He won the Silver Star, the Bronze metaphor a viewer finally gets from the tube or cause he threatened to raise the consciousness Star and the Purple Heart. screen. That is a rare achievement, however of the Russian people about Stalinism; Jean-Luc While still in the Army, he received a often aspired to. But even when the attempt Godard gave us the Cinema of Alienation; Guggenheim fellowship for work in medie­ does succeed— the attempt, by means of vivid Grierson's approach to documentary was that of val history. metaphor, to provoke one to an understanding the Scots docent with a new learning tool. The National Film Board of Canada and BBC Televi­ In the fall of 1946, Mr. Keeney went to of a core idea— it shouldn't be mistaken for the Brown as an assistant professor, and be­ intellectual statement of the idea. That takes sion, imbued with Grierson's spirit, believed came a full professor in 1951 administra­ abstract language. If, for certain cinema projects firmly that society could improve through the tive posts at Brown, he served in succession important to the humanities, metaphor is not right films. And they were gloriously successful as associate dean of the Graduate School, enough, then one cannot escape the need for an in producing a very high standard;. . . dean of the Graduate School, acting dean of exposition that is more or less baldly verbal. Nothing has approached any such school in the College, and dean of the College before This is not intended, however, as an argu­ American documentary since Ed Murrow. After becoming president in 1955. ment for the unremitting use of the "expert him came cinema-Verite—the handheld camera witness" or "talking head," though a series like — pretending to be a philosophy, "I shake, Nova relies on spoken explanation almost all the therefore I am" . . . and documentary in Amer- 30 ica has not recovered to this day. not to be trusted even with their own work, Steve Rabin Replies Ruby writes of "the possibility of deliber­ unless surrounded by a cordon sanitaire of aca­ NEH's consistent objective with its Media Pro­ ately infusing content with a specific meaning/' demics. It is not such an amusing thought that gram has been to enhance the general public's as if bringing revelation to the dim-witted none of Shakespeare's plays would have been awareness of the humanities and to broadly filmmaker. Yet the humblest television funded at NEH, because he was altogether too share that work through television and radio. newscaster does that as a matter of course. He free with his sources, and is sadly lacking in his­ The confusion that Mr. Ruby refers to results or she instinctively tries to shape the world torical accuracy. from the desire of some filmmakers to see the being recorded; every choice of camera lens and Until I read Ruby's article, I was in blissful Endowment provide general (and duplicated) angle, every cutting decision, every word of ignorance, that my works are either "Realist" or production support, in the manner of CPB, narration does precisely that. . . .This does not "Formative." Such things are not good for the NEA and AFI. The Endowment's legislation automatically make the filmmaker an artist: only practitioner to know. My own thoughts about contains no authority for it to become a general . the harmony of form and content, can do my work . . do not fit easily into the compart­ source of funds for "good projects." that. ments I am offered: is it "real" or "fantasy"? — Steve Rabin While looking forward to a demystification Ruby commends Michael Ambrosino's Mr. Rabin directs the NEH Media Program of filmmaking (which I think would be as valu­ series on anthropology and archaeology, able as a demystification of NEH), Ruby per­ "Odyssey." While instructive, the series hardly petuates the romantic myth of artistic creation: sets out to do much more than monitor trends alas, it grows out of itself, but has to be watered in those two disciplines. My.cinema of ideas is OOPS with sweat. My last work, a history of the black one where the ideas are woven so tightly into Upon opening the liberation movement in South Africa was four the texture of the film that the unraveling as March/April issue of years in the making—not in eight-hour days, well as the viewing is a learning experience. . . . Humanities, I w as with time off at weekends. Most of the time was It is the "despised" filmmakers who are the amused to see a spent in research—and where could that re­ chroniclers of today; their work will give em­ familiar face on page search begin if not with scholarly texts? I read ployment to generations of future scholars. 19, that is, the face of and distilled everything I could on the subject. —Peter Davis Daniel Coit Gilman, Far from feeling animosity towards, I felt almost Villon Films, Hurleyville, N Y first president of the complete dependence upon the scholars—who Johns Hopkins Uni­ are, unfortunately, too many even to get credit Jay Ruby Replies: versity (1875—1901). in the film. Without their research and analysis, Davis points out a fundamental set of problems Unfortunately, the the film could not have been made. about NEH's Media program—first his confu­ face was perched atop a bust, the base of which The bedrock of all good documentary is re­ sion of humanism with humanities and second was labelled "Dewey.” While John Dewey did search; the more I know, the better I will be NEH's confusion about the mission/goal with take his doctorate at Hopkins (in 1884), he did able. . . to select the most significant images. public media. Is NEH to support only those not look much like the University's first Nevertheless, I seldom feel a compulsion to television/film projects which are attempts to president. —Julia Morgan, Archivist "consult with" the experts (unless they are to visualize the humanities or are they a general The Johns Hopkins University appear on film), preferring instead to go to their source of funds for good projects in film? For a published texts to find what I need. Isn't that number of reasons NEH has confused many Dr. E. Raymond Lewis, Librarian of the House of what texts are for? filmmakers like Davis. . . . The rest of Peter's Representatives, also made the same observation. . . . The relationship is not parasitic, but silliness about film theory is a reflection of symbiotic: . . . the scholars themselves, filmmakers antipathy toward theory and clearly whether or not they agree with the film's thesis, supports my contention, that filmmakers tend to Please note that Professor Castaneda is may be able to draw from the film visual images be anti-intellectual. president of the American Philosophical Associ­ about what they have been writing. ation, not the American Philosophical Society. I sense an irritating assumption by NEH Mr. Ruby, author of “Scholars and Filmmakers,” is a (May/June Humanities). — Kathleen A. Pedersen that filmmakers are not humanists; that they are professor of Anthropology at Temple University. American Philosophical Association Humanities Hum anities has provocative articles by distinguished writers and scholars, in­ formation about NEH programs and projects, details of recently awarded NEH grants, discussion of vital humanities issues, Dustjackets— bibliographic es­ says, and a growing readership of people who want to know what's new in humanities scholarship, public programming, education and research.

Some contributors to Hum anities are: James Baldwin • Robert N. Bellah • Bruno Bettelheim • John W. Blassingame • Marshall Cohen • Joseph (Jay) Featherstone • George Barnard Forgie • Eugene D. Genovese • Barbara Haber • Dan Lacy • Robert Jay Lifton • Joyce Carol Oates • Robert E. Osgood • Leslie Howard Owens • Janice A. Radway • Jay W. Ruby • Kathryn Kish Sklar • Catharine R. Stimpson

For active participants in the world of thought, Hum anities is required reading! SUBSCRIBE TODAY!

31 About the authors ... James Baldwin has, Joyce Carol Oates, one Bruno Bettelheim has for over three decades, of America's most per­ enjoyed a long and re­ been a "historian of ceptive writers and cri­ spected career as a the American con­ tics, has written psychologist and edu­ science." Author, es­ novels, short stories, cator. He has written sayist, and civil rights poetry, drama, and extensively on percep­ activist, Mr. Baldwin's criticism—both literary tion and the environ­ works include Go Tell and cultural— ment and is currently It On the Mountain including The Assas­ giving thought to "the (1953), Notes of a Na­ sins (1975), Crossing distorted picture of the tive Son (1955), Another the Border (1976), city in basal texts" and Country (1962), the explosive The Fire Next Time Childwold (1977), Son of the Morning (1978), and the value of the "old fashioned fairytale" to the (1963), Blues for Mr. Charlie (1964), No Name in Unholy Loves (1979). In addition, she is visiting urban child. His many writings include Love is the Street (1972), If Beale Street Could Talk (1975), professor at Princeton in the Creative Writing Not Enough—The Treatment of Emotionally Dis­ The Devil Finds Work (1976), and most recently, Program, and a co-editor of the Ontario Review. turbed Children (1950), The Informed Heart (1960), Just Above My Head (1979). One critic has called She received the National Book Award for her The Children of the Dream (1969), The Uses of En­ Baldwin's work "an extreme mood of outrage novel them in 1970, and was recently inducted chantment (1976), and Surviving, and Other Es­ against whatever demeans the black man in a into the American Academy and Institute of says (1979). predominantly white society—and thereby de­ Arts and Letters. means the white."

In the next issue

Humanities and the World of Work

HERBERT GUTMAN, professor of American history, CUNY Graduate Center on "Americans at Work: Then and Now"; and MARY JO BUHLE, associate A number of new NEH publications professor of American Civilization at Brown University on "The Changing Role and guidelines are available without of Women in the Workforce." charge, including new guidelines for the Education Division and Media Programs. and Other recent publications include a bro­ chure about Social History, an NEH initia­ Humanities Education in the 80s tive, and a leaflet on Education Division grants to two-year colleges. GEOFFREY MARSHALL, director of NEH Division of Education Programs; A new comprehensive program an­ EUGEN WEBER, Dean of the College of Letters and Science, University of nouncement and a brochure about another NEH initiative, Science, Technology and EDWARD DE LATTRE, California, Los Angeles, and president, St. John's Human Values, will be available this fall. College, in a Dialogue on "What Should A College Student Learn?" A limited number of annual reports is plus available for the 1979, 1978, and 1977 fiscal years. If you would like to receive any of DUSTJACKETS on the NEH Translations Program • THE STATE OF THE these publications, write NEH, M.S. 351, STATES • more RECENT NEH GRANT AWARDS • DEADLINES for 806 15th St., NW, Washington, D.C. GRANT APPLICATIONS and features on NEH plans, projects and programs. 20506.