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Geographical Factors Influencing the Rise and Growth of Cotton Textile Manufacturing in the South Carolina Piedmont, 1880-1940

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Geographical Factors Influencing the Rise and Growth of Cotton Textile Manufacturing in the South Carolina Piedmont, 1880-1940 Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1994 Geographical Factors Influencing the Rise and Growth of Cotton Textile Manufacturing in the South Carolina Piedmont, 1880-1940. (Volumes I and II). Gregory John Labyak Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Labyak, Gregory John, "Geographical Factors Influencing the Rise and Growth of Cotton Textile Manufacturing in the South Carolina Piedmont, 1880-1940. (Volumes I and II)." (1994). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 5810. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/5810 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9508583 Geographical factors influencing the rise and growth of cotton textile manufacturing in the South Carolina Piedmont, 1880-1940. (Volumes I and II) Labyak, Gregory John, Ph.D. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1994 Copyright ©1994 by Labyak, Gregory John. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RISE AND GROWTH OF COTTON TEXTILE MANUFACTURING IN THE SOUTH CAROLINA PIEDMONT, 1880-1940 VOLUME I A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Gregory John Labyak B.A., University of South Carolina, 1975 M.A., University of South Carolina, 1979 August 1994 Copyright 1994 Gregory John Labyak All rights reserved DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the memory of my father, Leo F. Labyak, whose noteworthy accomplishments and loving support have been a continued source of inspiration to me. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many individuals have contributed to the successful completion of this work. Drs. Sam B. Hilliard and Paul Paskoff, members of the original dissertation committee, deserve special thanks for their encouragement, support, and perseverance over a lengthy period of time. The considerable time and effort of other committee members - Drs. Miles Richardson, William Davidson, Gregory Veeck, Kent Mathewson, and Pamela Monroe - is also especially appreciated. The acquisition of many primary and secondary materials used in this study required special assistance from a number of persons. Access to stockholding lists and other records for individual cotton mills was graciously provided by Mr. Don Roper at the Piedmont Manufacturing Company, Mr. Mack Cates of Arkwright Mills, Mr. George Stone of Jackson Mills, and Dr. William Phillips at the University of South Carolina College of Business Administration. The capable and cooperative staff at the South Caroliniana Library, the USC Union Library, other libraries in the University of South Carolina System, the Historical and Recreational Commission in Pendleton, S.C., the search room at the S.C. Department of Archives and History, and the Museum of iv Textile History also willingly responded to my requests for information. My mother, Mrs. Kathryn T. Labyak and other members of my family - Susan, Lynn, Butch, and Chip - deserve particular thanks. Without their unwavering support of me and my academic goals, this project may never have reached completion. v TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I Dedication ................................................ iii Acknowledgments ........................................... iv List of tables .......................................... viii List of figures .......................................... xii Abstract ................................................. xiii Introduction ................................................ 1 Study area ............................................... 3 Purpose .................................................. 6 Sources and method ...................................... 8 Cotton manufacturing growth prior to 1880 .............. 20 Colonial beginnings ................................... 20 Antebellum progress ................................... 30 The impact of war and reconstruction ................ 62 The rapid rise of cotton mills, 1880-1940 .............. 76 A new economic order .................................. 76 The nature and pace of progress ...................... 79 The South surpasses New England .................... 115 Mill building in South Carolina .................... 194 VOLUME II The industrial primacy of the Piedmont ................ 244 Early dominance ....................................... 244 A widening subregional gap .......................... 248 Supplying South Carolina's Piedmont mills ............ 283 Sources of energy, cotton, workers, and money .... 283 A closer look at capital sources - the experience of seven Palmetto State mills ....... 300 Characteristics of sample mills .............. 301 Spatial dimensions of stockholding .......... 331 The regional mix ........................ 335 Palmetto State dominance ............... 341 The importance of local contributions ........................ 350 Summary and conclusion .................................. 368 vi References ................................................ 384 Vita ....................................................... 410 vii LIST OF TABLES Selected statistics of cotton manufacturing in South Carolina, 1820-1860 ...................... 53 Spindles and cotton consumed in U.S. cotton mills, 1879-1939 ................................ 82 Cotton textile establishments, employees, and value added in the U.S., 1879-1939 ........... 84 Spindles and cotton consumed in cotton mills in New England and the South, 1879-1939 ......... 118 Cotton textile establishments, employees, and value added in New England and the South, 1879-1939 ........................................ 124 Hourly wage rates in selected textile occupations in the North and South, 1890-1937 ............ 155 Weekly hours for selected textile occupations in New England and the South, 1890-1930 ......... 169 Percentage of U.S. cotton yarn produced in New England and the South, 1889-1929 .............. 174 Employees, spindles, and value added per cotton mill in New England and the South, 1879-1939 190 Manufacturing establishments, employees, and value added in South Carolina, 1879-1939 .... 195 Cotton textile establishments, spindles, and cotton consumed in South Carolina cotton mills, 1880-1940 ................................ 197 Employees, looms, and horsepower consumed in South Carolina cotton mills, 1879-1940 ....... 199 Spindles and cotton consumed per cotton mill in South Carolina, 1880-1940 .................. 205 Employees, looms, and horsepower per cotton mill in South Carolina, 1879-1940 ............ 207 Percentage of South Carolina cotton mills producing selected products, 1907-1940 ....... 209 viii 16. Texture of cotton yarn manufactured in South Carolina, 1889-1939 ............................. 212 17. Water, steam, and electrical horsepower consumed in South Carolina cotton mills, 1879-1940 .... 214 18. Adult males, adult females, and children employed in South Carolina cotton mills, 1879-1940 .... 218 19. Hourly wage rates of South Carolina textile operatives in selected occupations, 1890-1928 ........................................ 223 20. Cotton production in South Carolina, 1880-1940 .. 230 21. Cotton textile establishments and employees in South Carolina subregions, 1880-1940 ........... 253 22. Cotton spindles and looms in South Carolina subregions, 1880-1940 .......................... 254 23. Cotton and horsepower consumed in cotton mills in South Carolina subregions, 1880-1940 ...... 255 24. Spindles in leading textile-producing counties of South Carolina,
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