Journal of Threatened Taxa

The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles OPEN ACCESS online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Short Communication

Descriptions of the early stages of Vagrans egista sinha (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with notes on its host plant Xylosma longifolia Clos from the western Himalaya of India

Pranav Gokhale & M.A. Yathumon

26 July 2021 | Vol. 13 | No. 8 | Pages: 19144–19148 DOI: 10.11609/jot.6441.13.8.19144-19148

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Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2021 | 13(8): 19144–19148 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) OPEN ACCESS htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.6441.13.8.19144-19148

#6441 | Received 17 September 2020 | Final received 25 June 2021 | Finally accepted 05 July 2021 SHORT COMMUNICATION

Descriptons of the early stages of Vagrans egista sinha (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with notes on its host plant Xylosma longifolia Clos from the western Himalaya of India

Pranav Gokhale 1 & M.A. Yathumon 2

1,2 Wildlife Insttute of India, Post Box #18, Chandrabani, Dehradun, Utarakhand 248001, India. 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected]

Abstract: Distributon, life history stages, and status of Vagrans egista has tawny wings with characteristc brownish-black sinha (Kollar, 1844) in western Himalaya are presented. It is for the frst tme that this buterfy is reported on Xylosma longifolia Clos from markings; forewing shaded with dusky brown near the Dehradun, Utarakhand (India). base, costa, apex and outer margin while hindwing at the base, apex and outer margin; dull-yellow lunules Keywords: Life cycles, Vagrant buterfy, Xylosma longifolia border the outer margins of both wings and a short tail on the hindwing (Bingham 1905). The early stages of V. egista sinha have been illustrated Vagrans egista (Cramer, 1780) (Lepidoptera: in part from Hong Kong and Malaysia (Johnston & Nymphalidae) belonging to the monotypic genus Johnston 1980; Igarashi & Fukuda 1997; Bascombe et Vagrans Hemming, 1934, is distributed from India al. 1999), although these descriptons do not contain to the South Pacifc Islands (D’Abrera 1985; Corbet full details of its 1st and 5th instars. The immature stages & Pendlebury 1992). The subspecies found in India, V. egista sinha are reported to feed on Dillenia sp. identfed as Vagrans egista sinha (Kollar, 1844), is (Dilleniaceae), Flacourta sp., Homalium sp., Xylosma distributed from Utarakhand to the eastern Himalaya, sp. (all Salicaceae) and Maytenus sp. (Celastraceae) northeastern India, West Bengal, Odisha, and Assam (Johnston & Johnston 1980; Igarashi & Fukuda 1997; (Bingham 1905; Evans 1932; Wynter-Blyth 1957; Sondhi Bascombe et al. 1999; Vane-Wright & de Jong 2003; & Kunte 2018). In the western Himalaya, V. egista sinha Robinson et al. 2010) although there are no specifc is known to be fairly common in the Garhwal part (Singh reports on the early stages or the larval host plants of V. & Sondhi 2016). Recently, it has been found distributed egista sinha in India. The early stages of Vagrans egista westward and southward as far as Jammu & Kashmir, propinqua (Miskin, 1884) are briefy described from Himachal Pradesh, Utar Pradesh, and Chhatsgarh (Kirt Australia (Orr & Kitching 2010; Sankowsky 2020), where et al. 2016; Sisodia & Naidu 2019; Gokhale 2020; Kumar it is known to lay eggs mostly on unoccupied spider et al. 2020). It measures 64–70 mm in wing expanse; webs, dead twigs, or dead leaves on and beneath a host

Editor: George Mathew, Scientst (Retd.) Kerala Forest Research Insttute (KFRI), Peechi, India. Date of publicaton: 26 July 2021 (online & print)

Citaton: Gokhale, P. & M.A. Yathumon (2021). Descriptons of the early stages of Vagrans egista sinha (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with notes on its host plant Xylosma longifolia Clos from the western Himalaya of India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(8): 19144–19148. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.6441.13.8.19144-19148

Copyright: © Gokhale & Yathumon 2021. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Funding: None.

Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.

Acknowledgements: We wish to thank Keith Wolfe for his valuable comments and informaton on the Australian subspecies. We also thank editors and reviewers for providing inputs.

19144 Early stages of Vagrans egista sinha Gokhale & Yathumon J TT plant, but not on the fresh foliage (Sankowsky 2014). tubercles over the entre body (Image 3). The thoracic Although V. egista sinha is a fairly common buterfy in and last abdominal segments turned grey as the its range of distributon, there is a paucity of informaton caterpillar grew. The head capsule was brown in colour. pertaining to the early stages and natural history of this The caterpillars fed along the margins of the tender subspecies from India. In this paper, atempts have been leaves, which are typically reddish brown in colour. made to describe all the life history stages of V. egista 2nd instar caterpillar: Afer moultng, the caterpillar sinha supplemented with images. became 4–5 mm long (Image 4a,b). The head capsule was pale yellow in colour with two black spots in the Materials and Methods front. The thoracic and abdominal segments were grey The eggs were feld collected along with the leaves except the last few abdominal segments which were and reared in a closed container at room temperature reddish in colour. The tubercles were enlarged at the (25–30 °C). Every day fresh leaves from the host plant base of the setae and gave rise to three rows of branched were provided to the caterpillars. The larval frass and processes on each side of the body: one dorso-laterally, old remnants of leaves were taken out daily to keep one super-spiracularly and one that runs sub-spiracularly. the container clean. The egg, various instars, pupa, The central axis of these processes was translucent grey and freshly enclosed buterfy were photographed in colour with 10–12 small black coloured projectons using a DSLR camera and macro lens. Natural history atached at the nodes. A prominent white line runs observatons were also noted during buterfy watching between the super-spiracular and sub-spiracular in Dehradun, Utarakhand, India. processes on both sides. 3rd instar caterpillar: The caterpillar reached a length Results and Observations of 8–10 mm (Image 5). The head capsule and last 1-2 Field observatons of buterfy behaviour: This abdominal segments were yellow in colour while other buterfy is common in the Wildlife Insttute of India body segments were brown. The dorso-lateral and Dehradun campus and the entre Dehradun valley. It super-spiracular processes were black in colour while is generally found to fy fast in open areas along trails, the sub-spiracular process was translucent grey in colour. in gardens and forest edges visitng fowers of Lantana The processes were branched with 20–22 small black camara L. It is quite actve rarely found restng except coloured projectons at the nodes. The white line became when feeding on fower nectar, bird droppings, and much broader than in the 2nd instar. moist soil. Observatons on the biology of this buterfy 4th instar caterpillar: The caterpillar was 18–20 mm are given below. in length (Image 6a,b,c). The head capsule was yellow in Ovipositon: The buterfy was observed laying eggs colour and the last few abdominal segments were pale on the tender leaves of the host plant Xylosma longifolia brown in colour. The processes were longer than in the 3rd Clos (Image 1) around the pond in a Sal Shorea robusta instar and much branched. The sub-spiracular processes Gaertn. forest on the Wildlife Insttute of India campus turned black in colour. The appearance of small white on 13 October 2019 at 1155 h (30.2862° N, 77.9744° E; spots was seen over the caterpillar’s entre body. 595 m above mean sea level). X. longifolia is an evergreen 5th instar caterpillar: The 5th instar was similar to the thorny tree when young; bark is grey-brown; leaves are 4th instar but 30–32 mm in length (Image 7a,b) with only simple, alternate and glabracent, and the margins are the white spots becoming more prominent. All body serrated. The eggs were laid singly on the tender leaves. segments were brown in colour. In the late stage of Eggs: The eggs were pale yellow in colour, dome the 5th instar, the body turned pale green in colour. The shaped, and fat at the micropylar end, diameter 0.7–0.8 tubercles giving rise to the processes were sky blue in mm (Image 2). The surface of the eggs was marked with colour. small numerous pits which are somewhat hexagonal Prepupa: The caterpillar slowly stopped feeding and around the micropyle and rectangular below. started wandering around. The length of caterpillar Emergence of caterpillar: The young caterpillar reduced to 25 mm (Image 8a,b). It then stopped on a twig emerged by eatng away part of the eggshell at the of the host plant kept in the container where it started micropylar end. This empty eggshell then became the spinning a silk pad to hang vertcally. The immobile frst meal of the newly hatched caterpillar. prepupa suspended itself upside down from a silk pad. 1st instar caterpillar: The 1st instar was 2–3 mm in Caterpillars were also seen several tmes later in the feld length, pale yellow in colour covered in numerous fne- to pupate on nearby Sal trees. grey-coloured hairlike bristles (setae) emerging from Pupa: The pupa was 25 mm in length; pale green

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2021 | 13(8): 19144–19148 19145 J TT Early stages of Vagrans egista sinha Gokhale & Yathumon

in colour with fve pairs of red, black-tpped processes Conclusion running dorso-laterally (Image 9a,b). The second pair of This paper reports all the early stages of V. e. sinha processes from the anterior end was reduced. The base from Dehradun, India. Most of the available published of each process was silver and sky blue coloured. In the literature on this subspecies’ larval host plants traces late stage, the pupa turned orange in colour, and one back to the original work done outside India (Corbet day before eclosion (Image 11), the pupal skin turned & Pendlebury 1992; Vane-Wright & de Jong 2003; translucent and the forewing of the pharate buterfy Smetacek 2012; Kirt et al. 2016). The frm evidence of became visible (Image 10a,b). this subspecies using Xylosma longifolia as a local host plant in Dehradun, Utarakhand has been reported in this paper. More work is needed to explore plants from the same or related families to know more about the

19146 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2021 | 13(8): 19144–19148 Early stages of Vagrans egista sinha Gokhale & Yathumon J TT

caterpillars’ food preferences. Unlike V. e. propinqua References from Australia, V. e. sinha does not lay eggs on spider Bascombe, M., F. Bascombe & G. Johnston (1999). The Buterfies of webs or of a host plant, but rather uses tender leaves of Hong Kong. Academic Press, London, 422pp. the host plant. The diference in the egg-laying behaviour Bingham, C.T. (1905). The fauna of Britsh India including Ceylon and (Sankowsky 2014) as well as the morphology of the early Burma — buterfies. Vol I. Taylor and Francis, London, 528pp. Corbet, A.S. & H.M. Pendlebury (1992). The Buterfies of the Malay stages (Orr & Kitching 2010; Sankowsky 2020) highlights Peninsula. 4th editon revised by Eliot, J.N. Malayan Nature Society, the variaton/disparity between these subspecies. Kuala Lumpur. The study of a buterfy’s juvenile biology across its D’Abrera, B. (1985). Buterfies of the Oriental Region, Part II. Nymphalidae, Satyridae & Amathusidae. Hill House, Melbourne, full distributon range is essental in understanding the 534pp. current scientfc placement of the species. Evans, W.H. (1932). The Identfcaton of Indian Buterfies—2nd Editon. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay, 454pp.

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Gokhale, P. (2020). Vagrans egista (Cramer, [1780]) – Vagrant. Kunte, Sankowsky, G. (2020). Field Guide to Buterfies of Australia. New K., S. Sondhi, & P. Roy (Chief Editors). Buterfies of India, v. 2.88. Holland Publishers, Sydeny, 400pp. Indian Foundaton for Buterfies.htp://www.ifoundbuterfies.org/ Singh, A.P. & S. Sondhi (2016). Buterfies of Garhwal, Utarakhand, sp/908/Vagrans-egista. Electronic version accessed 8 July 2020. western Himalaya, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 8(4): 8666– Igarashi, S. & H. Fukuda (1997). The Life Histories of Asian Buterfies. 8697. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.2254.8.4.8666-8697 Vol. 1. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 572pp. Sisodia, A. & R. Naidu (2019). Extension of the known distributon of Johnston, G. & B. Johnston (1980). This is Hong Kong: Buterfies. Hong the Vagrant buterfy Vagrans egista (Cramer, [1780]) (Lepidoptera: Kong Government Publicaton, 224pp. Nymphalidae) to Bastar, Chhatsgarh. BIONOTES 21(1). Kirt, J.S., D. Mehra & A.K. Sidhu (2016). Vagrans egista sinha (Kollar, Smetacek, P. (2012). Buterfies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and 1844) (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea: Nymphalidae): range extension Hesperoidea) and other protected fauna of Jones Estate, a dying and an additon to the buterfy fauna of Himachal Pradesh, India. watershed in the Kumaon Himalaya, Utarakhand, India. Journal of Check List 12(4): 1–3. Threatened Taxa 4(9): 2857–2874. htps://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT. Kumar, A., S. Kushwaha & A. Namdev (2020). First record of Vagrant o3020.2857-74 Vagrans egista sinha from Utar Pradesh, India. Bugs R All #185, In: Sondhi, S. & K. Kunte (2018). Buterfies of Utarakhand – A Field Zoo’s Print 35(4): 12–14. Guide. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh (Dehradun), Titli Trust Orr, A. & R. Kitching (2010). The Buterfies of Australia. Allen & Unwin, (Dehradun), Natonal Centre for Biological Sciences (Bengaluru), Crows Nest, 336pp. and Indian Foundaton for Buterfies (Bengaluru), 310pp. Robinson, G.S., P.R. Ackery, I.J. Kitching, G.W. Beccaloni & L.M. Vane-Wright, R.I. & R. de Jong (2003). The buterfies of Sulawesi: Hernández (2010). HOSTS - A Database of the World’s Lepidopteran annotated checklist for a critcal island fauna. Zoologische Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London. Verhandelingen 343: 3–267. Sankowsky, G. (2014). Unusual egg laying strategies of some Wynter-Blyth, M.A. (1957). Buterfies of the Indian Region. The Lepidoptera. Metamorphosis Australia (73): 17–21. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay, 523pp.

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19148 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2021 | 13(8): 19144–19148

The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by OPEN ACCESS publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

July 2021 | Vol. 13 | No. 8 | Pages: 18959–19190 Date of Publicaton: 26 July 2021 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2021.13.8.18959-19190

Communicatons A preliminary checklist of dragonfies and damselfies (Insecta: Odonata) of Vakkom Grama Panchayath, Thiruvanthapuram District, Kerala, India Distributon and habitat preferences of the Chinese Pangolin Manis pentadactyla (Mammalia: – J. Arunima & P.O. Nameer, Pp. 19125–19136 Manidae) in the mid-hills of Nepal – Suman Acharya, Hari Prasad Sharma, Rajeev Bhatarai, Beeju Poudyal, Sonia Sharma & Suraj Diversity patern of buterfy communites (Lepidoptera) in diferent habitat types of Nahan, Upadhaya, Pp. 18959–18966 Himachal Pradesh, India – Suveena Thakur, Suneet Bahrdwaj & Amar Paul Singh, Pp. 19137–19143 On the occurrence of the Himalayan Wolf Canis lupus, L. 1758 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) in the Gaurishankar Conservaton Area, Nepal; its existence confrmed through sign and visual Descriptons of the early stages of Vagrans egista sinha (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with notes on evidence in Rolwaling Valley its host plant Xylosma longifolia Clos from the western Himalaya of India – Bishnu Prasad Pandey, Shankar Man Thami, Rabin Shrestha & Mukesh Kumar Chalise, Pp. 18967– – Pranav Gokhale & M.A. Yathumon, Pp. 19144–19148 18974 Notes Group size, crowding, and age class compositon of the threatened Sambar Rusa unicolor (Kerr, 1792) (Mammalia: Cetartodactyla: Cervidae) in the semi-arid regions of northeastern Rajasthan, First photographic record of Mishmi Takin Budorcus taxicolor taxicolor and Red Goral India Nemorhaedus baileyi from Kamlang Tiger Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh, India – Deepak Rai & Kalpana, Pp. 18975–18985 – Cheshta Singh & Deept Gupta, Pp. 19149–19152

Study on the impacts of LULC change on the wildlife habitat and the livelihood of people in and Utlisaton of honey trap method to ensnare a dispersing sub-adult Bengal Tiger Panthera tgris around Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram, India tgris L. in a human dominated landscape – Sushanto Gouda, Janmejay Sethy, Netrapal Singh Chauhan & Harendra Singh Bargali, Pp. 18986– – Gobind Sagar Bhardwaj, Balaji Kari & Arvind Mathur, Pp. 19153–19155 18992 First camera trap photographs of Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata (Mammalia: Pholidota: Characterisaton of breeding habitat of Grizzled Giant Squirrel Ratufa macroura (Mammalia: Manidae) from Pakistan Sciuridae) in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, India – Misbah Bint Riaz, Faraz Akrim, Siddiqa Qasim, Syed Afaq Bukhari, Asad Aslam, Muhammad – Kiran Thomas & P.O. Nameer, Pp. 18993–19001 Waseem, Rizwana Imtaz & Tariq Mahmood, Pp. 19156–19158

Seasonal prey availability and diet compositon of Lesser Asiatc Yellow House Bat Scotophilus Photographic record of Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor (Aves: Phoenicopteridae) in kuhlii Leach, 1821 Ramganga river, Bareilly, India – Shani Kumar Bharty & Vadamalai Elangovan, Pp. 19002–19010 – Pichaimuthu Gangaiamaran, Afab A. Usmani, G.V. Gopi, S.A. Hussain & Khursid A. Khan, Pp. 19159–19161 Bird compositon, diversity and foraging guilds in agricultural landscapes: a case study from eastern Utar Pradesh, India Total length and head length relatonship in Mugger Crocodiles Crocodylus palustris (Reptlia: – Yashmita-Ulman & Manoj Singh, Pp. 19011–19028 Crocodilia: Crocodylidae) in Iran – Asghar Mobaraki, Elham Abtn, Malihe Erfani & Colin Stevenson, Pp. 19162–19164 Identfcaton of a unique barb from the dorsal body contour feathers of the Indian Pita Pita brachyura (Aves: Passeriformes: Pitdae) First record of the hoverfy genus Spilomyia Meigen (Diptera: Syrphidae) for Pakistan – Prateek Dey, Swapna Devi Ray, Sanjeev Kumar Sharma, Padmanabhan Pramod & Ram Pratap – Muhammad Asghar Hassan, Imran Bodlah, Riaz Hussain, Azan Karam, Fazlullah & Azaz Ahmad, Singh, Pp. 19029–19039 Pp. 19165–19167

Moths of the superfamily Gelechioidea (Microlepidoptera) from the Western Ghats of India Rediscovery of Watson’s Demon Stmula swinhoei swinhoei (Elwes & Edwards, 1897) – Amit Katewa & Prakash Chand Pathania, Pp. 19040–19052 (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) in Meghalaya, India afer 60 years – Suman Bhowmik & Atanu Bora, Pp. 19168–19170 On the diversity and abundance of riparian odonate fauna (Insecta) of the midstream Chalakkudy River, Kerala, India A record of Ourapteryx dierli Inoue, 1994 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) from the – C. Nitha Bose, C.F. Binoy & Francy K. Kakkassery, Pp. 19053–19059 Garhwal Himalaya, India – Arun P. Singh & Lekhendra, Pp. 19171–19172 Species diversity and abundance paterns of epiphytc orchids in Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala, India Report of Bradinopyga konkanensis Joshi & Sawant, 2020 (Insecta: Odonata) from Kerala, India – Jis Sebastan, Durairaj Kathiresan & Giby Kuriakose, Pp. 19060–19069 – Muhammed Haneef, B. Raju Stven Crasta & A. Vivek Chandran, Pp. 19173–19176

Status and conservaton needs of Cycas pectnata Buch.-Ham. in its natural habitat at A new distributon record of Bianor angulosus (Karsch, 1879) (Araneae: Saltcidae) from Kerala, Baroiyadhala Natonal Park, Bangladesh India – M.K. Hossain, M.A. Hossain, S. Hossen, M.R. Rahman, M.I. Hossain, S.K. Nath & M.B.N. Siddiqui, – Nishi Babu, John T.D. Caleb & G. Prasad, Pp. 19177–19180 Pp. 19070–19078 Notes on lectotypifcaton of the Assam Ironwood Mesua assamica (King & Prain) Kosterm. Review (Calophyllaceae) – Prantk Sharma Baruah, Sachin Kumar Borthakur & Bhaben Tant, Pp. 19181–19184 Limitatons of current knowledge about the ecology of Grey Foxes hamper conservaton eforts – Maximilian L. Allen, Alexandra C. Avrin, Morgan J. Farmer, Laura S. Whipple, Emmarie P. Alexander, On the rediscovery of a rare root parasite Gleadovia ruborum Gamble & Prain (Orobanchaceae) Alyson M. Cervantes & Javan M. Bauder, Pp. 19079–19092 from Utarakhand, western Himalaya, India – Amit Kumar, Navendu V. Page, Bhupendra S. Adhikari, Manoj V. Nair & Gopal S. Rawat, Short Communicatons Pp. 19185–19188

On the freshwater fsh fauna of Krishna River, Sangli District, Maharashtra, India Occurrence of vivipary in Ophiorrhiza rugosa Wall. (Rubiaceae) – Suresh M. Kumbar, Shrikant S. Jadhav, Swapnali B. Lad, Abhijit B. Ghadage, Satyawan S. Patl & – Birina Bhuyan & Sanjib Baruah, Pp. 19189–19190 C. Shiva Shankar, Pp. 19093–19101

Diversity and distributon of the large centpedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha) in the Phia Oac - Phia Den Natonal Park, Vietnam Publisher & Host – Le Xuan Son, Nguyen Thi Tu Anh, Tran Thi Thanh Binh, Thu Anh T. Nguyen & Anh D. Nguyen, Pp. 19102–19107

Diversity of ants in Aarey Milk Colony, Mumbai, India – Akshay Gawade & Amol P. Patwardhan, Pp. 19108–19117

First record of ghost shrimp Corallianassa couterei (Nobili, 1904) (Decapoda: Axiidea: Callichiridae) from Indian waters – Piyush Vadher, Hitesh Kardani, Prakash Bambhaniya & Imtyaz Beleem, Pp. 19118–19124

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