Small Water Systems Video Information Series Course Outline

SMALL WATER SYSTEMS VIDEO INFORMATION SERIES COURSE OUTLINE

Page Page 1. Roles and Responsibilities of Operators, Managers, 7. Monitoring 161 Owners, and Elected Board Members 1 8. Managerial Responsibilities 191 2. Surface Water Treatment, Part 1 13 9. Financial Considerations 217 3. Surface Water Treatment, Part 2 31 4. Groundwater Treatment, Part 1 55 10. Emergency Preparedness 235 5. Groundwater Treatment, Part 2 85 Water Words 243

6. Storage and Distribution 117 Subject Index 261 Index 261

SUBJECT INDEX

A Anecdotes, 206 Anions, 93 ABC (Association of Boards of Certification), 7, 204 Anodic, 131 ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act), 201, 206 Anthracite, 25 ASDWA (Association of State Drinking Water Administrators), Application process, job, 201 7 Appropriative water rights, 17, 61 AWWA (American Water Works Association), 7, 211 Appurtenances, distribution system, 120 AWWA (American Water Works Association) standards Aquifer, 58, 61, 62 coating, 130 Arsenic Rule, 201 fluoride compounds, 94 Artesian, 58, 59, 61 paint, 130 Assessment potable water diving, 130 bonds, 228 Abnormal conditions, operation, 79 source, 17, 60 Abnormal operation, storage, 127 vulnerability, 239, 240 Action level, 198 Assets, 195 Action levels, Lead and Copper Rule, 88 Assistance, financial, 229 Activated carbon Association of Boards of Certification (ABC), 7, 204 granular, 110, 111 Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA), iodine number, 110 7 phenol number, 110 Audit, water, 146 powdered, 110 Available chlorine, 133 process description, 110, 111 Average demand, 120 regeneration, 111 taste and odor control, 110, 111 B Acute health effect, 165, 198 Ad valorem taxes, 228 Back pressure, 142 Additives, indirect, 129 Backflow, 92, 134, 142 Adequate resources, 5 Backsiphonage, 79, 127, 134, 142 Administering rates and charges, 222 Backwashing, filters, 26 Administrator, budget, 5 Bacteria Adsorption, 25, 110 contaminant, 6 Advertising, job, 201 disinfection, 35, 67 Aeration, oxidation heterotrophic, 198, 199 iron and manganese, 91 Bacteriological, water quality, 60 reaction basin, 92 Barricades, 144 short-circuiting, 92 Base costs, 226 Aesthetic Base-extra capacity method, 226 definition, 18 Below-ground reservoirs, 136, 138, 139 secondary standards, 166 Bench scale tests standards, 165 oxidation with permanganate, 92 Affirmative action, 201 polyphosphate treatment, 89 Aftergrowth, coliform, 173 Benchmarking, 211 Aftergrowth, storage and distribution, 143 Benefits, O & M, 195 Age of facilities, 144 Best-of-class agencies, 213 Air binding, slow sand filters, 47, 50 Bible, Water Board, 6 Air gap, 92, 128 Bill Stokes, 173 Air vent, storage, 122 Billing, customer, 222 Alkalinity, 20 Biofilm, 142 Allocation Biological cost, 225, 226 growth, 142 factor, 226 water quality, 60 Alluvial, 65 Bleach, liquid, 35, 67 Alum, 19 Block grants, 229 American Water Works Association (AWWA), 7, 211 Bonds, 5, 223, 228, 229 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 201, 206 Booster station, 126 Anaerobic, 144 Breakpoint chlorination, 38, 39, 70, 128 Analysis, sampling, 165 Breakthrough, filtration, 26 262 Small Water Systems

Broken Chlorine equipment, 79 available, 133 facilities, 127 contact time, 68, 173, 175 Budget demand, 173-175 administrator, 5 detention rate curve, 173, 174 justification, 6 dioxide, 35, 67 Budgeting, 221 disinfection, 67 generation, on-site, 73 C oxidation, 92 Chlorine residual CCI (Construction Cost Index), 223 combined, 36, 68 CCRs (Consumer Confidence Reports), 198 curves, 173-175 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations), 208 disinfection, 36, 67, 175 CIP (Capital Improvement Program), 195 effective kill, 173 CPI (Consumer Price Index), 223 free, 36, 37, 38, 68, 69 CT method, 37, 69 initial, 173 CT values, monitoring, 175 target, 173 Calcium deposits, hypochlorinator, 38, 71 testing, 173-175 Calcium hypochlorite, 35, 67 total, 37, 69 Calibration Cholera, 67 chemical feed pump, 21 Civil rights, 201 laboratory equipment, 173 Civil service exams, 4 Call date, 229 Clear well Capillary fringe, 58 definition, 19 Capital costs, 226 disinfection, 36, 68 Capital Improvement Program (CIP), 195 storage, 75, 76, 122, 123 Capital improvements, 228 Coagulation Capital investments, 195 description, 19 Carbonate hardness, 94 purpose, 19 Cartridge filters, 25 troubleshooting, 20 Cash basis, 223 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), 208 Cash reserves, 223, 224 Coliform, aftergrowth, 173 Casing, well vent, 65 Coliform Rule, Total Catastrophic emergencies, 238 See Total Coliform Rule Cathodic, 131 Coliforms, 18, 122, 134, 173 Cathodic protection, 131, 132 Color Cations, 93 organic, 92 Cavitation, valve, 151 troubleshooting, 128 Centrifugal pump, 65 Colored water complaints, 42, 43 Certification, 4, 204 Combined chlorine residual, 36, 68 Chain of command, 238 Commercial diving crews, 130 Charges, financial, 222, 223 Commodity charge, 223, 225 Check sampling reports, 196 Commodity-demand method, 225 Chemical characteristics, MSDS, 208 Communication, 205 Chemical feed pump Community calibration, 21 involvement, wellhead protection, 63 hypochlorinator, 35, 67 water system, monitoring, 184, 185, 196, 197 Chemical feeders water systems, 88, 200 day tank, 102, 103 Complaint form, water quality, 42, 43, 111, 112 diaphragm pump, 95 Complaints electronic feeder pump, 95, 97 colored water, 42, 43 fluoridation, 95-104 handling, 205 fluoridation systems, 101 responsibilities, 6 gravimetric feeder pump, 95, 100 sand, 66 operation, 106-110 troubleshoot, 5 peristaltic pump, 95, 96 Compliance positive displacement diaphragm, 95 decision tree, coliform, 198, 199 saturator, fluoride, 100, 102, 104, 105 Lead and Copper Rule, 89 start-up, 104 monitoring, 165, 168, 198, 199 volumetric, 95, 98, 99 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 196 Chemical inhibitors, corrosion, 131 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), 195 Chemical treatment, corrosion control, 34 Components, rate, 226 Chemical, water quality, 60 Composite sample, 168 CHEMTREC (800) 424-9300, 239 Computer recordkeeping, 222 Chloramine, 36, 38, 68, 69, 143 Conductivity, 167 Chlorination, breakpoint, 38, 39, 70, 128 Conductor casing, well, 65 Chlorinator, 35, 67 Cone of depression, 61 Index 263

Confined space Critical factors, disinfection, 173 definition, 16 Cross connection, 128, 142, 173 entry, 211, 212 Cross-spraying method, 130 permit, 211, 212 Cryptosporidiosis, 35, 67, 200 safety, 16, 27, 129 Cryptosporidium, 6, 46, 198 safety procedures, 129 Currents, tank, 22 Connection fees, 223 Curves, chlorine residual, 173-175 Conservation, water, 211 Customer Construction Cost Index (CCI), 223 billing, 222 Consulting engineer, 5 complaints, 42, 43, 205 Consumer Confidence Reports (CCRs), 198 costs, 226 Consumer Price Index (CPI), 223 service costs, 225, 226 Contact time Customer’s tap, 168, 169 chlorine residual, 68, 173, 175 disinfection, 36, 68, 175 D empty bed, 111 Contacts, telephone, 206 DBPs (disinfection by-products), 27 Containers, sampling, 171, 172 DPD reagent, 36, 68 Contaminants Data sheets, monitoring, 183-189 inorganic, 6 Database, historical, 222 microbial, 6 Day tank, 102, 103 organic, 6 Dead-end main, 141, 144 radiological, 6 Debt service, 220, 224 turbidity, 6 Dechlorination Contamination, groundwater, 63 neutralizing chemicals, 133 Contingency reserve, 222, 224 reducing agents, 92 Continuous positive water pressure, 120, 138 Decision makers, 5 Control measures, MSDS, 210 Decision tree, coliform compliance, 198, 199 Conventional filtration, 23 Declining demand, 222 Copper Demand, chlorine, 173-175 sources, 88 Demands, for water threat to health, 88 average, 120 Wilson’s Disease, 88 excessive, 79 Corrective maintenance fire, 79, 127, 141 chemical inhibitors, 131 peak, 120 corrosion control methods, 131 setting rates, 222, 225 storage and distribution systems, 128 Depreciation expenses, 225 Corrosion control Depth sampler, 169, 170, 171 chemical inhibitors, 131 Design engineers, 4 chemical treatment, 34 Designs and specifications, fluoridation, 104 control, 34 Destabilize particles, 20 Langelier Index, 34 Detention rate curve, chlorine, 173, 174 Lead and Copper Rule, 143 Devices, sampling, 169-171 materials, 34 Diaphragm methods, 131 hypochlorinator, 38, 71 optimize, 88 pump, 95 pH adjustment, 34 Diatomaceous earth filtration, 25 procedures, 34 Direct filtration, 23 purpose, 19 Direct fire protection costs, 226 quality degradation, 142 Directions, Objective Test, 8 storage facilities, 130, 132 Disaster organization, 238 valves, 151 Discrimination, 201 water quality, 34 Disinfectants/Disinfection By-Products Rule, 200 Corrosive waters, 88 Disinfection Cost allocation, 225, 226 bacteria, 35, 67 Costs bleach, liquid, 35, 67 base, 226 by-product, trihalomethanes, 165 capital, 226 by-products (DBPs), 27, 165 customer, 225, 226 by-products rule, 200 direct fire protection, 226 calcium hypochlorite, 35, 67 extra capacity, 226 chlorinator, 35, 67 fixed, 223 chlorine dioxide, 35, 67 O & M, 226 chlorine residual, 36, 68, 175 variable, 223 chlorine, 67 Coverage ratio, 220 clear well, 36, 68 Covers, storage, inadequate, 134, 136, 137 contact time, 36, 68, 175 Crenothrix, iron bacteria, 142, 143 critical factors, 173 264 Small Water Systems

Disinfection (continued) Electrochemical reaction, 34, 142 cryptosporidiosis, 35, 67 Electromotive Force (EMF), 131 distribution system, 144 Electronic feeder pump, 95, 97 gaseous chlorine, 35, 67 Elevated tanks, 75, 76, 122, 123, 130 giardiasis, 35, 67 Emergency hypochlorinator, 35, 67 conditions, operation, 79 hypochlorite, 35, 67 operations plan, 238, 239 iodine, 35, 67 phone numbers, 239 liquid bleach, 35, 67 planning, 238 mains, 144 plans, 79, 127 mixing, 36, 68 response, 240 ozone, 35, 67 response plans, distribution system, 127 pH, 36, 68, 175 simulation training, 239 procedures, 35-42 Emergency preparedness protozoa, 35, 67 assessment, vulnerability, 239, 240 purpose, 19, 35, 67 catastrophic emergencies, 238 sodium hypochlorite, 35, 67 chain of command, 238 storage facilities, 131-134 CHEMTREC (800) 424-9300, 239 temperature, 36, 68 disaster organization, 238 time of contact, 36, 68 emergency operations plan, 238, 239 ultraviolet radiation (UV), 35, 67 emergency planning, 238 viruses, 35, 67 emergency response, 240 wells, 73-75 emergency simulation training, 239 Displacement pumps, 65 mutual aid agreements, 238 Distribution system natural disasters, 238 Also see Storage and Storage facilities need for a plan, 238 age of facilities, 144 organization, disaster, 238 appurtenances, 120 planning, 238 cross connections, 173 recovery operation plan, 239 dead-end main, 141, 144 responding, emergencies, 240 disinfection, 144 responsibilities, 238 emergency response plan, 127 vulnerability assessment, 239, 240 facilities, 121, 140 Employee orientation, 204 flushing, 143 Employer/employee relations, 206 hazardous facilities, 144 Empty bed contact time (EBCT), 111 hydrants, 151, 154 Engineering News Record, 223 hydraulics, 138 Engineers operation and maintenance, 120, 138, 144 consulting, 5 performance, 138-141 design, 4 quality degradation, 120, 134-138, 142-144 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (ESWTR), 201 records, 151, 154 Entrained, 138 reservoirs, uncovered, 134, 135 Environmental Financing Information Network (EFIN), 229 safety, 144 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 7 sampling, 167, 169, 170 Epidemiology, 17, 60 target water pressures, 126 Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Act, 201, 206 troubleshooting, 127, 128 Equal opportunity employer, 206 valves, 151-155 Equalize demands, storage, 120 Divalent, 93 Equipment, broken, 79 Diversion works, 18 Equipment repair/replacement fund, 227 Diving crews, commercial, 130 Equity, 225 Documentation, staff, 201 Evaluating job performance, 201 Drawdown, well, 65 Excessive water demands, 79 Drinking water regulations, 166 Exemption, 198 Dual media filter, 25 Exercising valves, 151, 152 Duties, operators, 5 Expenditures, financial, 222 Explosion hazard, MSDS, 209 E Extra capacity costs, 226 Eye, impeller, 65 E. coli, 198, 199 EEO (Equal Employment Opportunity) Act, 201, 206 F EFIN (Environmental Financing Information Network), 229 EMF (Electromotive Force), 131 FMLA (Family and Medical Leave Act), 201, 206 EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), 7 Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), 201, 206 ESWTR (Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule), 201 Fecal coliform, 18, 198, 199 Eddy currents, 22 Fees Effective kill, chlorine residual, 173 connection, 223 Elected board members, 3, 4 user, 220, 221, 223 Index 265

Filters, iron and manganese, 93 revenue base, 223 Filtration revenue bond, 228 backwashing, 26 revenue sources, 220 breakthrough, 26 short-range planning, 223 cartridge, 25 stability, 220 conventional, 23 SURF (Small Utility Rates and Finances), AWWA, 222 description, 22 utility basis, 225 diatomaceous earth, 25 variable costs, 223 direct, 23 water rates, 222, 227, 228 dual media, 25 Fire and explosion hazard, MSDS, 209 gravity, 22, 23 Fire demands, abnormal operating conditions, 79, 127 head loss, 26, 27 Fire insurance regulations, 120 in-line, 23 Fire protection mixed media, 25 charge, 226, 227 mudballs, 26 costs, 225, 226, 227 pressure, 22, 24 demands, 127, 141, 155 purpose, 19 storage, 120 slow sand, 23, 25, 44-50 First-draw samples, 89, 171, 178 troubleshoot, 26 First-flush samples, 89, 171 underdrain, 25, 26 Fixed costs, 223 Financial Float on system, 134 ad valorem taxes, 228 Flocculation administering rates and charges, 222 description, 20 allocation, cost, 225, 226 purpose, 19 assistance, 229 troubleshooting, 21 base-extra capacity method, 226 Flow, 143 bonds, 5, 223, 228, 229 Flow measurement, purpose, 19 budgeting, 221 Fluoridation capital improvements, 228 AWWA standards, 94 cash basis, 223 chemical feeders, 95-104 cash reserves, 223, 224 compounds, 94 charges, 222, 223 day tank, 102, 103 commodity charge, 223, 225 designs and specifications, 104 commodity-demand method, 225 hard water, 102 components, rate, 226 log sheets, 106-109 computer recordkeeping, 222 maintenance, 110 connection fees, 223 methods, 94-110 Construction Cost Index (CCI), 223 overfeeding, 104, 106 Consumer Price Index (CPI), 223 programs, 94 contingency reserve, 222, 224 safety, 110 cost allocation, 225, 226 saturator, 100, 102, 104, 105 costs, 223 start-up, 104 coverage ratio, 220 underfeeding, 106 customer billing, 222 Fluorosilicic acid, 94 debt service, 220, 224 Flushing declining demand, 222 distribution system, 143 demand for water, 222, 225 mains, 141, 143 equipment repair/replacement fund, 227 mains, sand, 66 expenditures, 222 Foot valve, 75 fire protection costs, 225, 226, 227 Forecasting expenditures, 222 fixed costs, 223 Free chlorine residual, 36, 37, 38, 68, 69 forecasting expenditures, 222 Frequency funding, 5, 228 monitoring, lead and copper, 177 general obligation bonds, 228 sampling, 169 growth, system, 223 Friction loss, 66, 138 inflation, 223 Funding, financial, 5, 228 level of service, 225 long-range planning, 223 G management, 220 multiple-block rate structure, 227 GAC (granular activated carbon), 110, 111 operating ratio, 220 Galvanic action, 34 presenting rates, 227 Garnet, 25 rate components, 226 Gaseous chlorine, 35, 67 rate design, 227 General obligation bonds, 228 rates, 222, 227, 228 Generating chlorine on site, 73 recordkeeping, 222 Giardia, 6, 46, 69, 175 repair/replacement fund, equipment, 227 Giardia, inactivation, 37, 38, 69, 175 266 Small Water Systems

Giardiasis, 35, 67, 200 poppet valves, 38, 71 Goals purpose, 35, 67 plant operation, 166 recordkeeping, 40, 41, 72, 73 public health, 166 troubleshooting, 38, 70 Grab sample, 168 Hypochlorite, 35, 67 Granular activated carbon (GAC), 110, 111 Gravimetric feeder pump, 95, 100 I Gravity filters, 22, 23 Greensand, 93 IESWTR (Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule), Ground Water Rule, 201 19 Ground-level storage, 75, 77, 122, 124 Identification, sample, 171 Groundwater sampling, 167 Impeller, pump, 65, 66 Groundwater sources Indicators, performance, 211 aquifer, 58, 61, 62 Indirect additives, 129 artesian, 58, 59, 61 Industrial requirements, storage, 120 contamination, 63 Inflation, 223 perched, 62 Initial chlorine residual, 173 reclaimed water, 58 Initial sampling reports, 196 sources, 58, 59 Inlet, tank, 22 springs, 58 In-line filtration, 23 wells, 58 Inorganic Groundwater treatment, procedures, 58-78, 88-113 contaminants, 6 Growth, system, 223 water quality, 172 Guidebook of Financial Tools, 229 In-plant sampling, 167 Guidelines, sampling, Lead and Copper Rule, 88 Inquiries customer (complaints), 42, 43, 66, 205 H pre-employment, 202 Inspection, storage tanks, 129 Hardness, water Insurance regulations, fire, 120 consumers’ attitudes, 93 Interface, 110 description, 93 Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR), fluoridation, 102 19 ion exchange treatment, 94 Interviewing, job applicants, 201 lime-soda ash treatment, 94 Interviews, news media, 206 Hazard communication program, 16, 208 Iodine, 35, 67 Hazardous facilities, 144 Iodine number, activated carbon, 110 Hazardous ingredients, MSDS, 209 Ion exchange, softening, 94 Hazards, safety, 16 Ions, 131 Head loss, filters, 26, 27 Iron and manganese Head loss, fire hoses, 141 control, 89-93 Head, pump, 65 filters, operation, 93 Health and well-being, 4 objections, 89 Health concerns, lead and copper, 175, 176 oxidation by aeration, 91 Health hazard, MSDS, 210 oxidation with chlorine, 92 Hepatitis, 200 oxidation with permanganate, 92 Heterotrophic bacteria, 198, 199 polyphosphate treatment, 89-91 High-service pumps, 19 Iron bacteria, Crenothrix, 142, 143 Hiring new employees, 201 Historical database, 222 J Hook-up charges, 220, 221 Hotline, Safe Drinking Water, 195, 200 Jack of all trades, operators, 4 Humor, 206 Jar test, 20 Hydrants, 151, 154 Jargon, 205 Hydraulic gradient Job distribution mains, 66 advertising, 201 water table, 62 application, 201 Hydraulics, distribution, 138 interviewing, 201 Hydrofluosilicic acid, 94, 106, 107 paper screening, 201 Hydrogeologist, 61 performance, 201 Hydrologic cycle, 59, 62 related, staff, 201 Hydropneumatic pressure tank, purpose, 19 selection, 201, 203 Hydropneumatic tanks, 75, 78, 122, 125, 126 Hypochlorinator K calcium deposits, 38, 71 chemical feed pump, 35, 67 Kemmerer sampler, 171 diaphragm, 38, 71 Keys to Successful Funding, 229 disinfection, 35, 67 Knowledge, skills, and abilities, operators, 4 Index 267

L flushing, 141, 143 flushing, sand, 66 Laboratory water, disinfection, 144 equipment, calibration, 173 Maintenance procedures, monitoring, 171 corrective, 128 Lake, sampling, 167 distribution system, 120, 138 Langelier Index, 34 fluoridation, 110 Las Vegas Valley Water District, 207 painting, 128 Laws, Worker Right-To-Know (RTK), 16, 208 preventive, 128 Lead storage facilities, 128-130 sources, 88 surface preparation, 128 threat to health, 88 Management, financial, 220 Lead and Copper Rule Managerial action levels, 88 assets, 195 compliance, 89 benchmarking, 211 corrosion control, 143 benefits, O & M, 195 description, 88 Capital Improvement Program (CIP), 195 first-draw samples, 89 capital investments, 195 first-flush samples, 89 certification, 4, 204 health concerns, 175, 176 complaints, 205 monitoring, 177 confined space entry, 211 regulations, 177 conservation, water, 211 sampling, 171, 177, 178 Consumer Confidence Reports (CCRs), 198 sampling guidelines, 88 Disinfectants/Disinfection By-Products Rule, 200 source water treatment, 88 employee orientation, 204 tap water sampling, 88 employer/employee relations, 206 treatment techniques, 88 hazard communication program, 208 Leak detection inquiries (complaints), 205 checklist, 145 interviews, 206 procedures, 145-149 mass media, 205 program, 145 O & M programs, 195 sound-intensifying instruments, 145-149 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 196 unaccounted for water (UFW), 146 orientation, employee, 204 waste control studies, 146 personnel, 201 water audit, 146 public relations, 205 Leaks, 145-149 public speaking, 206 Leaks, water, conservation, 211 Right-To-Know (RTK) laws, 16, 208 Legionnaire’s Disease, 200 rules and regulations, 196-201 Level of service, 225 safety policy statement, 207 Levels of risk, groundwater, 64 safety program, 207-211 Lime-soda ash, softening, 94 small systems, O & M, 195 Liquid bleach, 35, 67 staffing, 201-205 Load factor, 225 telephone contacts, 206 Location, sample, 168, 169 Total Coliform Rule, 196-199 Log inactivation, 175 training and certification, 4, 204 Log sheets, fluoridation, 106-109 water conservation, 211 Long-range planning, 223 Worker Right-To-Know (RTK) laws, 16, 208 Long-term capital improvements, 223 Managers, roles and responsibilities, 3, 4 Loss, friction, 66, 138 Manganese Louvers, well screen, 65 See Iron and manganese Map, valves, 151, 154 M Marsh enhancement, reclaimed water, 58 Mass media, 205 MCL (Maximum Contaminant Level), 166, 185, 187, 189, 198 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) MCLG (Maximum Contaminant Level Goal), 198 chemical characteristics, 208 MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) control measures, 210 chemical characteristics, 208 fire and explosion hazard, 209 control measures, 210 form, 209 fire and explosion hazard, 209 general description, 17 form, 209 hazard communication program, 16 general description, 17 hazardous ingredients, 209 hazard communication program, 16 health hazard, 210 hazardous ingredients, 209 physical/chemical characteristics, 209 health hazard, 210 precautions for safe handling, 210 physical/chemical characteristics, 209 reactivity data, 210 precautions for safe handling, 210 Materials, corrosion control, 34 reactivity data, 210 Mature, slow sand filters, 46 Mains Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG), 198 dead-end, 141, 144 Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL), 166, 185, 187, 189, 198 268 Small Water Systems

Meg, 80 purpose, 195 Metals, water quality, 172 OSG (on-site generation), chlorine, 73 Meter reading and billing, 226 OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act) Meters, 155 administration, 196 Microbial contaminants, 6 compliance, 196 Microbiological, standards, 165 definition, 7, 208 Miscellaneous charge, 226, 227 shoring, 145 Mixed media filter, 25 standard, 16 Mixing, disinfection, 36, 68 OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), 7, Monitoring 196 CT values, 175 Objective Test, directions, 8 chlorine residual testing, 173-175 Objectives community water system, 184, 185, 196, 197 emergency preparedness, 237 compliance, 165, 168, 198, 199 financial considerations, 219 data sheets, 183-189 groundwater treatment, 57, 87 drinking water regulations, 166 managerial responsiblities, 194 frequency, lead and copper, 177 monitoring, 164 importance, 165 roles and responsibilities, 3, 4 laboratory procedures, 171 storage and distribution, 119 Lead and Copper Rule, 177 surface water treatment, 15, 33 measuring for compliance, 168 Obsolescence, 225 natural substances, 165 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) noncommunity water system, 186, 187, 197 administration, 196 nontransient water system, 188, 189 compliance, 196 operational, 165 definition, 7, 208 preservation of samples, 171, 172 shoring, 145 requirements, 177 standard, 16 Safe Drinking Water Act, 166 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 7, sampling, 166-168 196 sampling devices, 169 Odors standards, 165 See Taste and odor (T & O) control Mudballs, 26 On-site generation (OSG), chlorine, 73 Multiple-block rate structure, 227 Operating ratio, 220 Multi-stage pump, 65 Operation Mutual aid agreements, 238 abnormal, storage, 127 chemical feeder, 106-110 N distribution, 120, 138, 144 iron and manganese filters, 93 NCSC (National Center for Small Communities), 229 slow sand filters, 49 NPDWR (National Primary Drinking Water Regulations), 198 storage, 126, 138 NRWA (National Rural Water Association), 7 target water pressures, 126 NSF (National Sanitation Foundation), 34, 130, 133 water quality degradation, 120 NSFC (National Small Flows Clearinghouse), 7 Operational Nameplate, 81, 106 monitoring, 165 National Center for Small Communities (NCSC), 229 water quality indicators, 165 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR), 198 Operations plan, emergency, 238, 239 National Rural Water Association (NRWA), 7 Operators National Sanitation Foundation (NSF), 34, 130, 133 certification, 4, 204 National Small Flows Clearinghouse (NSFC), 7 duties, 5 Natural disasters, 238 jack of all trades, 4 Natural organic matter (NOM), 27 knowledge, skills, and abilities, 4 Natural substances, monitoring, 165 qualified, 4 Negative coliform test results, 134 recognition, 204 Nephelometric turbidimeter, 18 roles and responsibilities, 3, 4 Neutralizing chemicals, dechlorination, 133 safety, 16 Noncarbonate hardness, 94 self-esteem, 204 Noncommunity water system, monitoring, 186, 187, 197 Optimize corrosion control, 88 Nonmetals, water quality, 172 Optimum chemical dose, 20 Nontransient noncommunity systems, 88 Optimum pH, 20 Nontransient water system, monitoring, 188, 189 Oregon Health Division, 183 Organic contaminants, 6 O Organization, disaster, 238 Orientation, employee, 204 O & M program Orifice, 20 benefits, 195 Orthotolidine, 36, 68 costs, 226 Outbreak, waterborne disease, 4 distribution system, 120, 138, 144 Outlet, tank, 22 effectiveness, 195 Out-of-service facilities, 127 managerial, 195 Overdraft, 61 Index 269

Overfeeding, fluoridation, 104, 106 Potable water diving, AWWA, 130 Overflow rate, tank, 22 Powdered activated carbon (PAC), 110 Overflow vent, storage, 122 Power actuator, valve, 151-153 Overpumping, 61 Precautions, safe handling, MSDS, 210 Owners, roles and responsibilities, 3, 4 Pre-employment inquiries, 202 Oxidation Prescriptive water rights, 17, 61 aeration, iron and manganese, 91 Presenting rates, 227 chlorine, iron and manganese, 92 Preservation of samples, 171, 172 permanganate, iron and manganese, 92 Pressure Ozone, 35, 38, 67, 69 filters, 22, 24 tanks, 75, 78, 122, 125, 126 P vessel, 75 water, 120, 126, 138 P-A test, 199 zones, 149 PAC (powdered activated carbon), 110 Pressure-reducing valve, 149, 150 PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl), 130 Preventive maintenance Package plants, 19, 44, 45 program, 50 Painting, maintenance, 128 schedule, 51 Palatable, 165 spare parts, 50 Paper screening, job, 201 storage and distribution system, 128 Pathogens, surface water, 17 tools, 50 Payback time, pump, 221 Problems, troubleshoot, 5 Peak flow, demand, 120, 225 Programs Perched groundwater, 62 fluoridation, 94 Performance leak detection, 145 distribution system, 138-141 O & M, 195 indicators, utility, 211 preventive maintenance, 50 job, 201 training, 4 Peristaltic pump, 95, 96 Proportional sample, 168 Permanganate, oxidation, 92 Protozoa, 6, 35, 67 Permit-required, confined space, 211, 212 Public fire protection, 225, 226, 227 Personnel management, 201 Public health, goals, 166 Pesticides, 60 Public relations pH interviews, 206 corrosion control, 34 mass media, 205 disinfection, 36, 68, 175 objectives, 205 optimum, 20 program, 205 Phenol number, activated carbon, 110 public speaking, 206 Phone numbers, emergency, 239 responsibilities, 6 Physical properties, water quality, 60, 172 utility operations, 205 Physical/chemical characteristics, MSDS, 209 Public speaking, 206 Piezometric surface, 62 Pumps Pink color, permanganate, 92 centifugal, 65 Pipe materials, standards, 165 deep well, 75 Pitot tube, 149 diaphragm, 95 Planning disinfection, 75 emergency, 238 electronic feeder, 95, 97 long-range, 223 gravimetric feeder, 95, 100 short-term, 223 head, 65 Plans, emergency, 79, 127 high-service, 19 Plant Manager’s Handbook, 207 impeller, 65, 66 Plant operation, goals, 166 multi-stage, 65 Points of sampling, 168, 169 payback time, 221 Poisonous materials, 60 peristaltic, 95, 96 Pollutants, standards, 165 positive displacement, 65 Polychlorinated byphenyl (PCB), 130 submersible, 75 Polymer, 20 troubleshooting, 79-81 Polyphosphate treatment turbine, 65, 66, 75 bench scale tests, 89 variable displacement, 65 iron and manganese, 89-91 variable speed, 126 Poppet valves, hypochlorinator, 38, 71 volute, 65, 66 Porosity, 61 well, 65 Positive coliform results, 128 Positive displacement diaphragm pump, 95 Q Positive displacement pumps, 65 Positive water pressure, 120, 138 Qualified operators, 4 Poster, SDWA, 6, 7, 200 Quality degradation, 120, 134-138, 142-144 270 Small Water Systems

R Roles and responsibilities complaints, 6 RTK (Right-To-Know) laws, 16, 208 elected board members, 3, 4 Radiological managers, 3, 4 contaminants, 6 operators, 3, 4 water quality, 60 owners, 3, 4 Rate public relations, 6 base, 225 safety, 6 design, 227 Routine sampling reports, 196 schedules, 227, 228 Rules and regulations, 196-201 Rate components fire protection charge, 226, 227 S miscellaneous charge, 226, 227 service charge, 226, 227 SDWA (Safe Drinking Water Act) volume charge, 223, 226, 227 compliance, 195 Rates, financial, 222, 227, 228 monitoring, 166 Raw water storage, 18 poster, 6, 7, 200 Reaction basin, short-circuiting, 92 purpose, 195 Reactivity data, MSDS, 210 regulations, 23, 177 Reagent, 36, 68 reporting, 195, 196 Reclaimed water, 58 Total Coliform Rule, 196-199 Recognition, operators, 204 SRF (State revolving fund), 229 Recordkeeping SSPC (Society for Protective Coatings), 129 chlorinator, 38, 70 SURF (Small Utility Rates and Finances), AWWA, 222 computer, 222 SWTR (Surface Water Treatment Rule), 18, 23, 44, 175 financial, 222 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) hypochlorinator, 40, 41, 72, 73 compliance, 195 Records, distribution, 151, 154 monitoring, 166 Recovery operation plan, 239 poster, 6, 7, 200 Red water, 142 purpose, 195 Reducing agents, dechlorination, 92 regulations, 23, 177 Regeneration, granular activated carbon, 111 reporting, 195, 196 Regulations Total Coliform Rule, 196-199 contaminants, 6 Safe Drinking Water Hotline, 195, 200 drinking water, 166 Safe yield, 58 Lead and Copper Rule, 177 Safety Safe Drinking Water Act, 23, 177 confined spaces, 16, 27, 129 Repair, valves, 155 distribution system, 144 Repair/replacement fund, equipment, 227 elevated tanks, 130 Repeat sampling reports, 196 fluoridation, 110 Replacement fund, equipment, 227 hazard communication program, 16 Reporting hazards, 16 Safe Drinking Water Act, 195, 196 operator, 16 sampling, 165, 195 policy statement, 207 Reports, sampling, 195 procedures, confined space, 129 Representative sample, 167 program, 207-211 Reserve, contingency, 222, 224 responsibilities, 6 Reserve storage, 120 rules and regulations, 196 Reserves, cash, 223, 224 tailgate meeting, 5 Reservoirs training, 204 below-ground, 136, 138, 139 Worker Right-To-Know (RTK) laws, 16, 208 sampling, 167 Salt water intrusion, 61, 63 uncovered, 134, 135 Sample Resources, adequate, 5 composite, 168 Responding, emergencies, 240 first-draw, 89, 171, 178 Responsibilities, emergency, 238 first-flush, 89, 171 Return on rate base, 225 grab, 168 Revenue identification, 171 base, 223 location, 168, 169 bond, 228 preservation, 171, 172 sources, 220 proportional, 168 Rights, water, 17, 61 representative, 167 Right-To-Know (RTK) laws, 16, 208 size, 167 Riparian water rights, 17, 61 Sampler, Kemmerer, 171 Ripen, slow sand filters, 46 Sampling Risk, to groundwater, 64 containers, 171, 172 Risk-risk tradeoff, 200 depth, 169, 170, 171 Rivers, sampling, 167 devices, 169-171 Index 271

Sampling (continued) mature, 46 distribution system, 167, 169, 170 operation, 49 first-draw, 89, 171, 178 outlet chamber, 47 first-flush, 89, 171 procedures, 46 frequencies, 169 ripen, 46 groundwater, 167 sand media bed, 47 guidelines, Lead and Copper Rule, 88 schmutzdecke, 46, 47, 49 in-plant, 167 troubleshooting, 49 lakes, 167 turbidity, 18 lead and copper, 171, 177, 178 underdrain system, 47 monitoring, 166-168 Slurry, 25 points, 168, 169 Small systems, O & M, 195 preservation, 171, 172 Small Utility Rates and Finances (SURF), AWWA, 222 reports, 195 Society for Protective Coatings (SSPC), 129 reservoirs, 167 Sodium fluoride, 94 rivers, 167 Sodium fluorosilicate, 94, 106, 108, 109 source water, 167 Sodium hypochlorite, 35, 40, 41, 67, 72, 73 surface, 169, 170 Softening water tap, 88, 171 ion exchange, 94 Sand lime-soda ash, 94 complaints, 66 Source flushing mains, 66 assessment, 17, 60 separator, 66 protection, 17, 60 Sand filter Source water sampling, 167 See Slow sand filters Source Water Protection Rule, 201 Sand in well Source water treatment, Lead and Copper Rule, 88 flushing mains, 66 Sources problems, 66 groundwater, 58, 59 sources, 65 revenue, 220 Sanitary survey, 17, 60, 197, 198 Spare parts, maintenance, 50 Saturator, fluoride, 100, 102, 104, 105 Special assessment bonds, 229 Schedule, maintenance, 51 Specific gravity, 61 Schedules, rate, 227, 228 Specific yield, 61 Schmutzdecke, 46, 47, 49 Spraying, paint, 130 Secondary standards, aesthetic, 166 Springs, 58 Sedimentation Stability, financial, 220 description, 21 Staffing, 201-205 purpose, 19 Stale water, 79, 127 troubleshooting, 22 Standards Selection process, job, 201, 203 aesthetic, 165 Self-esteem, operators, 204 disinfection by-products, 165 Separator, sand, 66 microbiological, 165 Septum, 25 monitoring, 165 Service natural substances, 165 charge, 226, 227 operational water quality indicators, 165 costs, customer, 225, 226 pipe materials, 165 zone, 126 pollutants, 165 Settling, 19, 21 Standpipes, 75, 77, 122, 124 Shoring, 145 Start-up, chemical feeder, 104 Short-circuiting State revolving fund (SRF), 229 aeration reaction basin, 92 Stokes, Bill, 173 definition, 21, 22 Storage distribution storage reservoir, 127 abnormal operation, 127 Short-range planning, 223 booster station, 126 Shutoff valve, 151 clear well, 75, 76, 122, 123 Simulation training, emergency, 239 corrosion control, 130, 132 Sinkhole, 61 disinfection, 131-134 Size of sample, 167 elevated tank, 122, 123, 130 Slime growths, 143 equalize demands, 120 Slow sand filters facilities, 121 air binding, 47, 50 fire protection, 120 components, 46-48 ground-level reservoirs, 122, 124 cover, 46 hydropneumatic tank, 122, 125, 126 description, 23, 25 inadequate covers, 134, 136, 137 development of process, 44 industrial requirements, 120 filter tank, 46 inspection, 129 finished water, 47 operation, 126, 138 flow control, 47, 48 pressure tank, 122, 125, 126 272 Small Water Systems

Storage (continued) troubleshooting, 128 purpose, 120 water quality complaint form, 111, 112 quality degradation, 134 Telephone raw water, 18 contacts, 206 reserve storage, 120 numbers, emergency, 239 selection and location, 126 Temperature service zone, 126 disinfection, 36, 68 standpipe, 122, 124 taste and odor control, 143 target water pressures, 126 water, 22 troubleshooting, 127 Testing, chlorine residual, 173-175 types, 120-126 Thermal stratification, 167 uncovered reservoirs, 134, 135 Threshold odor number (TON), 44, 113 vents, 122 Time in system, 144 videotaping, 130 Time of contact, disinfection, 36, 68 Storage facilities Tools, maintenance, 50 clear wells, 75, 76 Topography, 58 elevated tanks, 75, 76 Total chlorine residual, 37, 69 ground-level storage, 75, 77 Total Coliform Rule hydropneumatic tanks, 75, 78 community water systems, 196, 197 maintenance, 128-130 compliance, 196-199 pressure tanks, 75, 78 monitoring frequency, 196, 197 standpipes, 75, 77 reporting and notification, 198 surge tanks, 75, 78, 122, 125, 126 sampling plan, 196 types, 75-78 Total organic carbon (TOC), 27 Strainer, wye, 19 Toxic Stratification, thermal, 167 materials, 60 Submersible pumps, 75 waste dumps, 208 Subsidence, 58, 61 Training Surface loading rate, 22 certification, 4, 204 Surface preparation, maintenance, 128 emergency simulation, 239 Surface sampling, 169, 170 programs, 4 Surface water pathogens, 17 safety, 204 Surface water treatment, procedures, 16, 18, 34 Transmissivity, 61 Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), 18, 23, 44, 175 Transpiration, 58 Surge tanks, 75, 78, 122, 125, 126 Treated water storage, 19 Survey, sanitary, 17, 60, 197, 198 Treatment technique, in CCRs, 198 Sustained yield, 58 Treatment techniques, Lead and Copper Rule, 88 System growth, 223 Trenching, 144 Trihalomethanes, disinfection by-product, 165, 200 T Trihalomethanes (THMs), 6, 19, 27, 92, 200 Troubleshooting T & O (taste and odor) problems, 42 coagulation, 20 THMs (trihalomethanes), 6, 19, 27, 92, 200 color, 128 TOC (total organic carbon), 27 complaints, 5 TON (threshold odor number), 44, 113 distribution systems, 127, 128 Tailgate safety meeting, 5 filtration, 26 Tank, inlet and outlet, 22 flocculation, 21 Tap hypochlorinators, 38, 70 customer’s, 168, 169 problems, 5 sampling, 88, 171 pumps, 79-81 water sampling, Lead and Copper Rule, 88 sedimentation, 22 Target slow sand filters, 49 chlorine residual, 173 storage tanks, 127 water pressures, 126 taste and odor, 128 Taste and odor (T & O) control turbidity, 128 activated carbon, 110, 111 water quality problems, 127, 128 complaint form, 42, 43 Tubercle, 143 control, 110-113 Turbidimeter, nephelometric, 18 identification, 42, 111 Turbidity importance of control, 42 contaminant, 6 low demand, 127 measurements, 18 prevention, 42 sampling, 18 problems, 42 troubleshooting, 128 slime growths, 143 units, 18 temperature, 143 Turbine pump, 65, 66, 75 threshold odor number (TON), 44, 113 Typhoid fever, 67 time in system, 144 Index 273

U rights, 17, 61 short-circuiting, 21, 22 UFW (unaccounted for water), 146 table, 58, 59 US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 7 temperature, 22 UV (ultraviolet radiation), 35, 67 waste control studies, 146 Ultraviolet radiation (UV), 35, 67 Water Board Bible, 6 Unaccounted for water (UFW), 146 Water quality characteristics Uncovered distribution reservoirs, 134, 135 bacteriological, 60 Underdrain, filter, 25, 26, 47 biological, 60 Underfeeding, fluoride, 106 chemical, 60 United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), 7 physical, 60 User fees, 220, 221, 223 radiological, 60 Utility Water quality complaint form, 42, 43, 111, 112 basis, 225 Water quality degradation, 120, 134-138, 142-144 performance indicators, 211 Water quality problems, troubleshooting, 127, 128 Water rights V appropriative, 17, 61 prescriptive, 17, 61 Valves riparian, 17, 61 cavitation, 151 Waterborne disease outbreak, 4 corrosion, 151 Well distribution system, 151-155 casing vent, 65 exercising, 151, 152 conductor casing, 65 foot, 75 disinfection, 73-75 inspections, 151 drawdown, 65 location, 151, 154 pumps, 65 map, 151, 154 safe yield, 58 power actuator, 151-153 screen, 65 pressure reducing, 149, 150 sources, 58 repair, 155 structure, 61 shutoff, 151 sustained yield, 58 Variable costs, 223 Well, sand Variable displacement pumps, 65 flushing mains, 66 Variable speed pumps, 126 problems, 66 Variance, 198 sources, 65 Vent, well casing, 65 Well-being, health, 4 Vents, storage, 122 Wellhead protection Very small water systems, 200 community involvement, 63 Videotaping, inside tanks, 130 groundwater contamination, 63 Violation reports, 196 levels of risk, 64 Viruses, 6, 35, 67 problem, 63 Void, 46 risk, 64 Volume, charge, 223, 226, 227 Wetland, reclaimed water, 58 Volumetric feeder pump, 95, 98, 99 Wilson’s Disease, 88 Volute pump, 65, 66 Wind, tank, 22 Vortex, 138 Worker Right-To-Know (RTK) laws, 16, 208 Vulnerability assessment, 239, 240 Wye strainer, 19

W X

Waste control studies, water, 146 (NO LISTINGS) Water audit, 146 Y conservation, 211 cycle, 59, 62 Yield demand, 222, 225 safe, 58 hammer, 75, 126, 151 specific, 61 hardness, 93 sustained, 58 inorganics, 172 leaks, 145-149, 211 Z metals, 172 nonmetals, 172 Zeolite, 93 physical properties, 172 Zone of saturation, 58, 59 pressure, 120, 126, 138 Zone, pressure, 149 rates, financial, 222, 227, 228 Zone, service, 126 reclaimed, 58