Because of the maritime orienta­ tion of the occupants of the Ko­ diak area, most habitation sites GRAPHIC 13 are located at the edge of the sea, usually on low, unconsoli­ dated deposits. Many sites are undergoing marine erosion, re­ sulting from subsidence that has CULTURAL RESOURCES followed several major earth­ quakes. Most prehistoric sites on Kodiak are found close to the water's III. C. 3. Cultural Resources edge in projected areas where the inhabitants could pursue sea mam­ mals, catch birds, fish in the 3. Cultural Resources: ocean, and gather shellfish. Sites are occasionally located Prehistoric Record inland along major spawning streams. Sites are also occa­ Kodiak Island Archipelago: Ar­ sionally found on offshore rocks cheological research in the and islets which served as Kodiak Island area has revealed refuges or "fortresses." an extensive prehistoric occupa­ tion, extending nearly 6,000 Alaska Peninsula: Archeological years into the past. This arche­ research on the northern Pacific ological sequence represents a shore of the Alaska Peninsula in­ succession of maritime hunting dicates that the coast of the and food gathering cultures. The Shelikof Strait/Katmai National sequence can be outlined as fol­ Monument harbors an archeological lows: sequence that spans several mil­ lenia, nearly 6,000 years. This Koniag Phase sequence appears to be substan­ A.D. 800-1300 to con- tially different from that of the tact interior and west coast of the Kachemak Tradition peninsula. The 6, 000-year 1500 B.C. to A.D. sequence on the Pacific shore of 1000 the Alaska Peninsula shows many Three Saints Bay similarities to the Kodiak pre'" Phase historic record. At certain Old Kiavak Phase times the sequences are closely Ocean Bay II Phase related, although at other times 4600 B.C. there is a considerable amount of Ocean Bay I Phase divergence. 6500 to 6000 B.C. The two separate archeological The Ocean Bay I Phase is repre­ sequences developed for the nor­ sented by test excavations at thern Alaska Peninsula are Ocean Bay and at the mouth of the thought to represent separate Afognak River and on the Alaska cultures, each having adapted to Peninsula. The salient fe·a ture a distinctive ecological zone. of this phase is an overwhelming Archeological sites on the Paci­ reliance on flaked stone. fic shore appear to be situated to facilitate the ·hunting of sea The Ocean Bay II Phase follows mammals. This coast has an abun­ ( ·.rectly from Ocean Bay I. It is dant sea mammal resource, and its c 1aracterized by a great amount fjorded, ice-free shore made it cf stone flaking which appears to an ideal habitation area for pre­ t ave replaced the slate working historic hunters. In contrast, of the previous Ocean Bay I the northwest coast of the penin­ l hase. The Ocean Bay II inven­ sula, a major salmon breeding tory emphasizes pointed imple­ system, is the southernmost area ments including numerous long that receives the winter drift­ spear or lance points, and large, ice from the Bering Sea. broad-stemmed and unstemmed dou­ ble-edged knives. The archeological sequence for the Pacific coast of the northern The Kachemak Tradition follows Alaska Peninsula has been form­ the Ocean Bay Tradition. The ulated as follows: question of continuity between these two traditions is at pre­ Kukak Mound Phase sent unresolved, but it is A.D. 1000 - 1400 thought to have involved the in­ Kukak Beach Phase fluence of new people due to the A.D. 500 - 1000 considerable number of differ­ Takli Cottonwood Phase ences between the assemblages. A.D. 200 - 500 The Kachemak Tradition consists Takli Birch Phase of a series of sequential phases 1500 - 800 B.C. or stages which became progres­ Takli Alder Phase sively more elaborate through two 4000 - 3000 B.C. and a half millenia. The earli­ est Kachemak people had a simple This sequence is based on the ex­ implement kit. They flaked and cavation of several sites at ground stone, but their techni­ Kukak Bay and Takli Island. All ques and styles differed from of the sites are located on the those of the preceding tradition. coast and consist of middens and The most distinctive implements house depressions. Artifact as­ of the early phase include a semblages in the earlier phases plummet-style stone weight are characterized by a predomi­ grooved about one end, an nence of chipped stone artifacts. archaic-appearing toggle harpoon head and labrets. Later in the In the earlier phases, there ap­ first to second millenium B.C. pears to be little correspondence (during the Old Kiavak Phase), between assemblages from the the traditional material culture Naknek drainage and the Pacific became more complex, but there coast o~ the Alaska Peninsula. was little elaboration of imple­ However, by A.D. 500 there ments and art. Late Kachemak appeared to be such great simila­ people developed both personal rity between the Brooks River adornment and art, indicated by Falls and Kukak Beach assem­ beads, pendants, figurines, la­ blages, and it is thought the brets, incised designs on ground people of the Naknek drainage had slate points, and massive pecked actually taken up residence on stone lamps with carved human and the Pacific Coast. This conti­ animal figures. They left evi­ nuity is also seen to a much les­ dence of their varied practices ser degree between the Brooks of treatment of the dead, includ­ River Wier and Takli Cottonwood ing cut and drilled human bones, phases. While there continues to artificial eyes, and probable be a similarity in sequences cannibalism. across the Alaska Peninsula, this does not extend across Shelikof Directly following the Kachemak Strait to Kodiak Island until the Tradition is the Koniag Phase. beginning of the Koniag tradition The Koniag culture has been (see fig. II.F.3.-l; Dumond, traced to the historic contact 1971; Clark, 1963). horizon of the Koniag Eskimo. The major differences between the The east side of the Cook Inlet implements of the Koniag and pre­ region was inhabited by people ceding Kachemak people are at the coming across from the Alaska attribute stylistic level. Peninsula, but also received in­ migration from Athabascan people The changes that took place in the Alaska mainland coming between the Koniag Phase and down the Kenai Peninsula. The Kachemak Tradition appear to be region has numerous cultural re­ too extensive to be explained sources. The best known are in simply as the result of ongoing the vicinity of Kachemak Bay and change and development. These the Kenai Peninsula. These re­ changes are interpreted as being sources are both prehistoric and due to a strong influence from an historic. outside area, possibly involving some population movement, which Historic Period: The historic appears to have resulted in a re­ period of Kodiak began in 1784 working of cultural values when the Russian fur post was (Clark, 1965, 1966, 1974, 1975a, founded at Three Saints Bay by and b). Gregor Shelekov. Lne_pren~sLory or Lne ~oa~aK ~s­ Koniag habitat and lifeway are land archipelago. Afognak Vil­ the sites are thought to repre­ considerably different from the lage was inhabited until the 1964 sent three phases, Takli Alder, more northerly Eskimo groups. earthquake and its remains ccn­ Birch, and Cottonwood, ••hich date The Koniag have adapted to a rich sist of houses, house remains, roughly from 4,000 B.C. to A.D. environment with a relatively and cemetaries. Several of the 500. This site will contribute temperate climate. They subsis­ earlier Koniag phase middens are to knowledge of the early prehi­ ted primarily on sea mammals, but eroding into the ocean and river storic occupation of the area. also utilized anadromous fish and (ADNR, 1974). The site is exposed to tidal ero­ depended on the littoral zone for sion, and several sites are cur­ a variety of invertebrates. Land Archeological Site 49 MK 10 is rently being eroded (ADNR, 1974). hunting did not play a signifi­ located at the mouth of the Da­ cant role in their economy. kovak River on the Pacific shore Historic sites on the National of Katmai National Monument. The Register in the Cook Inlet region Th~ seasonal round of site consists of 12 house depres­ are KEN-036 Russian Orthodox the Koniag was reflective sions and a midden deposit which Church, KEN-043 Moose River, of their maritime orientation. lie on sandy beach ridges on both SEL-001 Yukon Island, SEL-022 Their main or winter vi~lage sides of the Dakovak River. Al­ Coal Village, SEL-033 Chugachik sites were located in coves or though the site has not yet been Island, SEL-041 Fox Farm, and on the protected sides of small tested, it is thought to be of SEL-064 Selenie Lagoon. The islands situated in the outer prehistoric occupation and has Anchorage area, which has 259 parts of large bays. One of the the potential of contributing to historic sites and some archeo­ more important considerations knowledge of the prehistory of logical sites, will be affected in the location ·of a village was the northern Pacific coast of the by population increase more than the proximity of shallow waters Alaska Peninsula. This site is by water and environmental with a r·J.ch intertidal zone. In especially significant because it causes. These are listed by the summer the Koniag moved to is the only site in the area reference to ANC-001 to 251 on salmon fishing camps, usually at which appears to be located to the Heritage Resource File, Divi­ streams that had runs of several take advantage of a salmon sion of Park, file computer pro­ species of salmon. At certain stream; other known sites are si­ grams. Sixteen of these are seasons, small family groups or tuated to exploit principally National Register sites, all of men only moved to small hunting maritime and littoral resources which date after 1800. camps. The settlement types of (ADNR, 1974). the Koniag therefore were main Under section 14(h)(l) of the Al­ villages (winter, permanent, or Kaguyak Village Site is located aska Native Claims Settlemen't year-round villages), salmon on the Pacific shore of the Al­ Act, each regional corporation fishing camps (sometimes combined aska Peninsula in Katmai National may apply for the conveyance of with winter villages), hunting Monument. The remains of the historic and cemetery sites. camps, and refuges or defensive village are scattered along two' Cook Inlet Region, Inc., Chugach sites (Clark, 1974a). beach ridges for at least 150 m Natives, Inc., and Koniag, Inc., and are from 20 to 30 feet above have applied for a number of Koniag houses, or barabaras, were sea level. Rectangular, semi- sites under this section, as can well adapted to their environment subterranean, multiple-room Es­ be seen in graphic 1. All sites and are one of the most common kimo house depressions and a ·Rus­ which are transferred to the re­ indicators of both historic and sian Orthodox Church and grave­ gional corporations under section prehistoric occupation of an yard represent a historic occupa­ 14(h)(l) will be considered as area. Remains of Koniag villages tion of 'the site. It is known eligible for inclusion on the Na­ are found in the form of shallow from historical documents the tional Register of Historic depressions and occasionally even village was inhabited in 1835 and Places, as agreed by the Depart­ surface timbers throughout the was abandoned in 1912 when Mt. ment of the Interior, the Nation­ Kodiak Island Archipelago (AEIDC, Katmai erupted. It is thought al Advisory Council for Historic 1975). the village was established by Preservation, and the Alaska the Russian American Company to State Historic Preservation Of­ National Register of Historic house native hunters at a locale ficer. Places: Sites in the western where they could easily exploit Gulf of Alaska have been identi­ the rich sea otter population. Marine Archeology: Eustatic sea­ fied by the State Historic Pre­ The presence of the church sug­ level changes over the past se­ servation Officer as on or eligi­ gests the Russians attached some veral millenia have caused the ble for inclusion on the National significance to the village. An coastline of both the Kodiak Is­ Register of Historic Places. older prehistoric occupation of land Archipelago and the adjacent Alaska Department of Natural Re­ the site is indicated by numerous Alaska Peninsula to vary greatly. sources, Division of Parks, Heri­ single room, oval-shaped house At the lower sea stands, it is tage Resource Survey (1980) for depressions, and the remains of a possible that early peoples could other sites in process. A com­ kashim or communal structure have occupied lands which are plete computer list is available (ADNR, 1974). presently submerged. It appears at the state Historic Preserva­ that potentially valuable archeo­ tion Office. Card files are Kukak Village Site is located at logical evidence could remain on available for detailed bibliogra­ the entrance to Kukak Bay on the the seafloor (USDI, 1975). phy of each site. These are: Pacific shore of the Alaska Pen­ insula in Katmai National Monu­ Large tidal currents in the Cook (a) Selenie. Lagoon Sel-064 ment. The site lies on a low Inlet/Shelikof Strait make the (b) AHRS Site Kod 207 beach terrace and consists of at probability of surviving sites (Russian Kiln Site) least 89 house depressions and underneath the water much lower (c) Erskine House Kod-123 two midden deposits. This vil­ than in less dynamic areas. This (Baranof Warehouse) lage is known to have been occu­ is discussed in more detail in (d) Fort Abercrombie State pied in 1835 and was abandoned in the impact sections IV. A. 2. j . Historic Site Kod-137 1912 with the Mt. Katmai erup­ through IV.A.6.j. (e) Fort Tidball Historic tion. Testing of the site has Site resulted in the definition of In addition to submerged archeo­ (f) Three Saints Bay Kod- four cultural components, ranging logical sites, numerous ship­ 124 Archeological Dis- from a historic Koniag component wrecks lie on the seafloor. In trict to an unnamed component that re­ the early Russian period, an (g) Holy Resurrection sembles assemblages from the average of nine ships a year were Church Kod-195 Takli Island Archeological Dis­ sent out of Russia to the Aleu­ (h) Afognak Archeological trict. The significance of the tians and Kodiak, and three of District AFG-001 Kukak Village Site lies in its every nine were lost. These los­ (i) Archeological Site potential to contribute to know­ ses were attributed to poor ma­ AFG-001 ledge of the prehistory of the rine engineering coupled with un~ (j) Archeological Site I / area (ADNR, 1974). predictab~e winds, frequent sea I 49 MK 10 storms, and general ignorance of (k) Kaguyak Village Site Takli Island Archeological Dis­ climatic conditions and naviga­ AFG-043 trict consists of Takli Island tional hazards in the coastal (1) Kukak Village Site and two smaller islets which lie areas and shoal waters. (m) Takli Island off the Pacific shore of Katmai Archeological District National Monument. The district Historic Shipwrecks: The ship­ (n) Alaska Heritages, RS, is comprised of 11 sites which wrecks in table III.C.3.-1 in the KOD-011 appear to be located to exploit Cook Inlet/Shelikof Strait area the abundant sea mammal popula­ of the Alaska Route, C.L. Sites included on the National tion. The substantial semi-sub­ Andrews, 1964 are worthy of men­ Register of Historic Places are terranean houses suggest that the tion as potential discoveries. protected by the Archeological area received regular seasonal The tidal currents probably have Resources Protection Act of 1979, use. Surveying and testing have wrecked many of these, but some which prohibits the indiscrimi­ been done in the district, and may remain submerged. nate damaging or destruction of the nation's cultural resources. AHRS Site Kod, 207 or the Russian Kiln, Site is located on Long Is­ Table III.C.3.-1 land off the eastshore of Kodiak Historic Shipwrecks Island. This is one of the few historic sites associated with brickmaking which was a subsidi­ Year Value of Hull and ary industry of the Russian Amer­ Lost Name Where Lost Carso When Lost ican Company. The 3,000 to 6,000 1867 Bark Washington Cook Inlet 50,000 bricks that were produced annual­ 1878 Schooner St. George Kodiak Island 25,000 ly were used as a ballast in the 1888 Bark Julia Foard Karluk 42,000 company's ships, in the construc­ 1890 Bark Corea Cook Inlet 51 ,ooo tion of stoves used to heat em­ 1891 Schooner Sadie F. Caller Chignik 56,000 ployee quarters, and in bath­ 1895 Ship Raphael Karluk 54,000 houses. This site is considered 1895 Launch Annie May Karluk 1,300 1898 S.S. Anita to be significant for its contri­ Cook Inlet 1,000 1899 Launch Karluk Karluk 5,250 bution to the industrial history 1900 Bark Merom Karluk 64,000 of Alaska. Due to subsidence 1905 Bark Servia Karluk 205,000 from the 1964 earthquake, the 1905 Gas S. Anglo Saxon Chignik 8,000 site is eroding from tidal ero­ 1906 Bark Nicholas Thayer Kodiak Island 20,000 sion, and brick debris is scat­ 1906 Schooner Excelsior Nelson Lagoon 23,000 tered along the beach (ADNR, 1907 Ship John Currier Nelson Lagoon 145,000 1974). 1907 Bark Servia Karluk 205,000 1909 S.S. Uyak Karluk 20,000 1909 Scow Camilla A. Chignik Bay 15,000 Afognak Archeological District is 1910 S. S. Farallon Iliamna Bay 80,000 located on the southeastern shore 1911 Ship Jabez Howes Chignik 105,000 of Afognak Island at the mouth of 1911 Schooner Jessie Minor Nelson Lagoon 12,000 the Afognak River. The district 1914 Bark Gay Herd Chignik Bay 44,000 has been occupied for the past 6, 000 years and has contributed greatly to the understanding of