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18 JUL 2021 Index Abalone Point 18620

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26 SEP 2021 Index 369 Ballast Point 18757 �� � � � � � � � 247 Bull Island 18654� � � � � � � � � 298 Ballast Point 18773 �� � � � � � � � 207 Bull Rock 18628 �� � � � � � � � � 319 Index Ballena Bay Yacht Harbor 18650 � � 290 Bulls Head Point 18657 � � � � � � 299 Bat Rock 18727 � � � � � � � � � 251 Buoys � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 11 Battery Point 18603� � � � � � � � 331 Beacon Reef 18728 �� � � � � � � � 250 A Bear Harbor Ridge 18620 � � � � � 322 C Bearings � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1 Abalone Point 18620 � � � � � � � 322 Bechers Bay 18728 �� � � � � � � � 250 Cable ferries� � � � � � � � � � � � 2 Agriculture, Department of� � � � � � 24 Bee Rock 18727 � � � � � � � � � 250 Cabrillo National Monument 18773 � 206 Aids to navigation � � � � � � � � � 10 Begg Rock 18755 � � � � � � � � � 247 Cabrillo Peninsula 18757 � � � � � 246 Aids to Navigation � � � � � � � � 191 Bells Mountain 18620 � � � � � � � 321 Cache Slough 18661 � � � � � � � 308 Alameda 18650� � � � � � � � � � 290 Belvedere Cove 18649, 18653 �� � � � 294 Cahto Peak 18620 � � � � � � � � 322 Alamitos Bay 18749 � � � � � � � � 218 Benicia 18657 �� � � � � � � � � � 298 Calaveras Point 18651 � � � � � � � 290 Albion 18628 � � � � � � � � � � 320 Benicia Point 18657 � � � � � � � 298 California Current � � � � � � � � 255 Albion Cove 18628 � � � � � � � � 319 Berkeley 18649, 18653 � � � � � � 292 Cambria 18700� � � � � � � � � � 259 Albion River 18628 �� � � � � � � � 320 Berkeley Marina 18649, 18653 � � � 292 Cambria Rock 18700 � � � � � � � 259 Alcatraz Island 18650 �� � � � � � � 283 Berkeley Reef 18649, 18653 � � � � 292 Camp Pendleton Marine Corps Base � 214 Alcatraz Light 18650 � � � � � � � 283 Bethel Island (Bethel Tract) 18661 � � 301 Cañada de la Gaviota 18721 � � � � 240 Alder Creek 18700 � � � � � � � � 260 Big Flat 18620 �� � � � � � � � � � 323 Candlestick Point 18651 �� � � � � � 289 Aliso Creek 18746 � � � � � � � � 216 Big Lagoon 18600 � � � � � � � � 330 Can Rock 18727 � � � � � � � � � 251 Amendments � � � � � � � � � � � 1 Big River 18628 � � � � � � � � � 320 Cape Horn of the Pacific �� � � � � � 240 Americas Cup Harbor 18773 � � � � 212 Big Sur River 18686 � � � � � � � 261 Cape Mendocino 18623 � � � � � � 324 Anacapa Island 18729 �� � � � � � � 248 Big White Rock 18620� � � � � � � 322 Cape San Martin 18700 � � � � � � 260 Anacapa Passage 18729 � � � � � � 249 Bird Rock 18700 �� � � � � � � � � 260 Cape Vizcaino 18620 � � � � � � � 322 Anaheim Bay 18749� � � � � � � � 218 Bird Rock 18757 �� � � � � � � � � 246 Capitan 18721 �� � � � � � � � � � 240 Anchorages �� � � � � � � � � � � 194 Bishop Rock 18740 �� � � � � � � � 243 Capitola 18685� � � � � � � � � � 267 Anderson Cliff 18620 � � � � � � � 322 Bit Rock 18744 � � � � � � � � � 231 Cardwell Point 18727 �� � � � � � � 251 Angel Island 18649, 18653 �� � � � � 294 Bixby Landing 18686 � � � � � � � 262 Carlsbad 18774 � � � � � � � � � 214 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Ser- Blank Rock 18605 � � � � � � � � 330 Carmel 18686 � � � � � � � � � � 263 vice � � � � � � � � � � � � 24 Blossom Rock 18650 � � � � � � � 284 Carmel Bay 18686 � � � � � � � � 262 Anita Rock 18650� � � � � � � � � 284 Blue whales �� � � � � � � � � � � 197 Carmel Canyon 18686 � � � � � � � 263 Antioch 18659 �� � � � � � � � � � 300 Bluff Cove 18744 �� � � � � � � � � 231 Carmel River 18686� � � � � � � � 263 Antioch Bridge 18661 �� � � � � � � 301 Bluff Point 18649, 18653� � � � � � 295 Carpinteria 18725 � � � � � � � � 238 Aptos Creek 18685 � � � � � � � � 266 Blunts Reef 18623 � � � � � � � � 324 Carquinez Strait 18656 � � � � � � 298 Aquatic Park 18650 �� � � � � � � � 288 Bodega Bay 18643 � � � � � � � � 316 Carrington Point 18728 �� � � � � � 250 Arcata 18622 � � � � � � � � � � 327 Bodega Harbor 18643 �� � � � � � � 316 Casino Point 18757 � � � � � � � � 246 Arcata Bay 18622 � � � � � � � � � 326 Bodega Head 18643 � � � � � � � � 316 Casket Rock 18626 �� � � � � � � � 319 Arch Rock 18729 �� � � � � � � � � 248 Bodega Marine Laboratory �� � � � � 316 Caspar 18628 � � � � � � � � � � 320 Area to be Avoided � � � � � � � � 193 Bodega Marine Life Refuge 18643 �� � 316 Caspar Anchorage 18628� � � � � � 320 Area to be Avoided, Channel Islands � 243 Bodega Rock 18643 � � � � � � � � 316 Caspar Creek 18628� � � � � � � � 320 Arena Cove 18640 � � � � � � � � 318 Bolinas Bay 18649 � � � � � � � � 273 Castle Rock 18603 � � � � � � � � 332 Arena Rock 18640 � � � � � � � � 319 Bolinas Lagoon 18649 � � � � � � � 273 Castle Rock 18727 � � � � � � � � 251 Army Corps of Engineers � � � � � � 28 Bolinas Point 18647 � � � � � � � 273 Castle Rock 18763 � � � � � � � � 245 Arroyo San Onofre 18774 � � � � � 215 Bonita Channel 18649� � � � � � � 277 Castro Rocks 18649, 18653 � � � � � 292 Articulated Daybeacons � � � � � � � 11 Bonita Cove 18649 � � � � � � � � 274 Catalina Harbor 18757 � � � � � � 247 Articulated Lights � � � � � � � � � 11 Bonita Cove 18765 � � � � � � � � 214 Catalina Head 18757 � � � � � � � 247 Atlas Rock 18704 � � � � � � � � � 257 BookletCharts �� � � � � � � � � � � 3 Cat Rock 18729 � � � � � � � � � 249 Automated Mutual Assistance Vessel Res- Brazos 18654 � � � � � � � � � � 297 Cayucos 18703� � � � � � � � � � 259 cue System (AMVER)� � � � � 13 Breaker Point 18700 � � � � � � � 260 Cayucos Point 18703 � � � � � � � 259 Automatic Identification System (AIS) Aids Bridge and Cable Clearances � � � � � 6 Center for Operational Oceanographic to Navigation � � � � � � � � 12 Products and Services (CO-OPS) Bridge Lights and Clearance Gages � � 12 Avalon 18757 � � � � � � � � � � 246 � � � � � � � � � � � � � 25 Bridges and Cables �� � � � � � � � � 1 Avalon Bay 18757� � � � � � � � � 246 Centerville Beach 18620 �� � � � � � 325 Brisbane 18651 � � � � � � � � � 284 Avila Beach 18704 � � � � � � � � 256 Cerritos Channel 18751 �� � � � � � 224 Broadcast Notices to Mariners � � � � 9 Ayala Cove 18649, 18653� � � � � � 294 Channel Islands 18022 � � � � � � 243 Broadcast Notice to Mariners �� � � � � 18 Channel Islands Harbor 18725, 18724 237 Brockway Point 18728� � � � � � � 250 Channel Islands National Marine Sanctu- B Brothers, The 18623 � � � � � � � 323 ary �� � � � � � � � � � � 243 Brothers, The 18649, 18653 � � � � 294 Channel Islands National Park � � � 248 Back Channel 18751 � � � � � � � 224 Brown Rock 18603 �� � � � � � � � 332 Channel Islands National Park 18022� 243 Balboa 18754 � � � � � � � � � � 216 Bucksport 18622 �� � � � � � � � � 326 Channel Markers � � � � � � � � � � 12 Bald Hill 18620 � � � � � � � � � 321 Buhne Point 18622 �� � � � � � � � 326 Channels �� � � � � � � � � � � � 191 370 Index U.S. Coast Pilot 7 26 SEP 2021 Chart Accuracy � � � � � � � � � � 5 Currents � � � � � � � � � � � 2, 196 East Rock 18603 �� � � � � � � � � 332 Chart Datum, Tidal Waters �� � � � � � 5 Cuyler Harbor 18727 � � � � � � � 251 Echo Soundings � � � � � � � � � � 9 Chart No� 1 � � � � � � � � � � � � 6 Cypress Point 18686 � � � � � � � 263 Eel Canyon 18620 � � � � � � � � 325 Chart Projections� � � � � � � � � � 4 Cypress Point Rock 18686 � � � � � 263 Eel River 18620 � � � � � � � � � 325 Chart Scale � � � � � � � � � � � � 4 Electronic Navigational Charts (NOAA Chart Symbols, Abbreviations and Terms 6 ENC®) � � � � � � � � � � 4 Chase Ledge 18603 �� � � � � � � � 331 D Electronic Positioning Systems �� � � � 13 Cherry Cove 18757 �� � � � � � � � 246 Elk 18626� � � � � � � � � � � � 319 Chimney Rock 18647 �� � � � � � � 273 Dana Point 18746 � � � � � � � � 216 Elk Rock 18640 � � � � � � � � � 319 China Basin 18650 � � � � � � � � 287 Dana Point Harbor 18746 � � � � � 216 Elliot Cove 18655 � � � � � � � � 298 China Point 18764 � � � � � � � � 244 Dangers � � � � � � � � � � � � 194 Ellwood 18721 � � � � � � � � � � 240 Chinese Harbor 18729� � � � � � � 249 Danger zones � � � � � � � � � � 195 El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 198 Christmas Rock 18623 � � � � � � 323 Davenport 18680 � � � � � � � � � 268 El Segundo 18748 � � � � � � � � 232 Chula Vista 18773 � � � � � � � � 206 Davidson Inshore Current � � � � � 196 Emergency Position Indicating Radiobea- Chula Vista Harbor 18773 � � � � � 213 Davis Point 18654 � � � � � � � � 296 cons (EPIRB) � � � � � � � � 14 Citizenship and Immigration Services � 29 Daybeacons �� � � � � � � � � � � � 11 Emeryville 18649� � � � � � � � � 292 Clarksburg 18662 � � � � � � � � 310 Daylight Saving Time �� � � � � � � 203 Empire Cut 18661 � � � � � � � � 308 Cliff House 18649 � � � � � � � � 274 Defense, Department of � � � � � � � 28 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 30 Cluster Cone Rock 18620 � � � � � 322 Delgada Canyon 18620 � � � � � � 323 Espada Bluff 18721 �� � � � � � � � 241 Coal Oil Point 18721 � � � � � � � 240 Del Mar 18765 �� � � � � � � � � � 214 Estero Bay 18703� � � � � � � � � 258 Coastal Warning Display � � � � � � � 26 Del Mar Boat Basin (Camp Pendleton) Eureka 18622 � � � � � � � � � � 326 18774, 18758 � � � � � � � 215 Coast Eddy Current � � � � � � � � 278 Delta Cross Channel 18662� � � � � 310 Coast Guard Island 18650 � � � � � 290 Delta Region 18661, 18662 � � � � � 300 F Coast Pilot � � � � � � � � � � � � 1 Department of Agriculture �� � � � � � 24 Cojo Anchorage 18721 � � � � � � 240 Department of Commerce � � � � � � 24 Fairhaven 18622 �� � � � � � � � � 326 Colby Reef 18628 � � � � � � � � � 320 Department of Defense � � � � � � � 28 False Cape 18623 � � � � � � � � � 324 Colorado River� � � � � � � � � � 241 Department of Health and Human Services False Cape Rock 18623 � � � � � � 324 COLREGS Demarcation Lines � � � 191 � � � � � � � �
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    1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 Pelican SB Designated Wildlife/Nature Viewing Designated Wildlife/Nature Viewing Visit Historical/Cultural Sites Visit Historical/Cultural Sites Smith River Off Highway Vehicle Use Off Highway Vehicle Use Equestrian Camp Site(s) Non-Motorized Boating Equestrian Camp Site(s) Non-Motorized Boating ( Tolowa Dunes SP C Educational Programs Educational Programs Wind Surfing/Surfing Wind Surfing/Surfing lo RV Sites w/Hookups RV Sites w/Hookups Gasquet 199 s Marina/Boat Ramp Motorized Boating Marina/Boat Ramp Motorized Boating A 101 ed Horseback Riding Horseback Riding Lake Earl RV Dump Station Mountain Biking RV Dump Station Mountain Biking r i S v e n m i t h R i Rustic Cabins Rustic Cabins w Visitor Center Food Service Visitor Center Food Service Camp Site(s) Snow Sports Camp Site(s) Geocaching Snow Sports Crescent City i Picnic Area Camp Store Geocaching Picnic Area Camp Store Jedediah Smith Redwoods n Restrooms RV Access Swimming Restrooms RV Access Swimming t Hilt S r e Seiad ShowersMuseum ShowersMuseum e r California Lodging California Lodging SP v ) l Klamath Iron Fishing Fishing F i i Horse Beach Hiking Beach Hiking o a Valley Gate r R r River k T Happy Creek Res. Copco Del Norte Coast Redwoods SP h r t i t e s Lake State Parks State Parks · S m Camp v e 96 i r Hornbrook R C h c Meiss Dorris PARKS FACILITIES ACTIVITIES PARKS FACILITIES ACTIVITIES t i Scott Bar f OREGON i Requa a Lake Tulelake c Admiral William Standley SRA, G2 • • (707) 247-3318 Indian Grinding Rock SHP, K7 • • • • • • • • • • • (209) 296-7488 Klamath m a P Lower CALIFORNIA Redwood K l a Yreka 5 Tule Ahjumawi Lava Springs SP, D7 • • • • • • • • • (530) 335-2777 Jack London SHP, J2 • • • • • • • • • • • • (707) 938-5216 l K Sc Macdoel Klamath a o tt Montague Lake A I m R National iv Lake Albany SMR, K3 • • • • • • (888) 327-2757 Jedediah Smith Redwoods SP, A2 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • (707) 458-3018 e S Mount a r Park h I4 E2 t 3 Newell Anderson Marsh SHP, • • • • • • (707) 994-0688 John B.

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    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Farallon National Wildlife Refuge Photo: ©PRBO Dense colonies of common murres and colorful puffins cloak cliff faces and crags, while two-ton elephant seals fight fierce battles for breeding sites on narrow wave-etched terraces below. Natural History Surrounded by cold water and plenty of food Pt. Reyes San Rafael G ulf o f Fa Golden ra ll Gate on s Bridge iles Oakland 28 M San Francisco C a li fo Fremont rn PACIFIC OCEAN ia San Jose Farallon National Wildlife Refuge, made up of all the Farallon Islands and Noon Day Rock, supports the largest seabird nesting colony south of Alaska. Thirteen seabird species numbering over 200,000 individuals Pigeon nest here each summer. Throughout the year, six species of marine mammals Guillemot breed or haul out on the islands. These islands are beside the cold California current which originates in Alaska and flows north to south, they are also surrounded Photo: © Brian O’Neil by waters of the Gulf of Farallons National Marine Sanctuary. Lying 28 miles west of San Francisco Bay the Refuge is on the western edge of the continental shelf. This area of Western gull the ocean plunges to 6,000 foot depths. Cold upwelling water brought from the depths as the wind blows surface water westward from the shoreline, and the California current flowing southward past the islands provides an ideal biological mixing zone along the continental shelf and around the San Francisco Bay area. Photos: © Brian O’Neil We stw ard Win ds Upwelling ent Mixing urr a C Deep rni lifo Ca Cold Water S N USGS Chart of seafloor Upwelling occurs notably in the spring depths around when these wind and water currents Farallon NWR work together and saturate ocean waters with nutrients brought up from Black the deep ocean.
  • Park Report Part 1

    Park Report Part 1

    Alcatraz Island Golden Gate National Recreation Area Physical History PRE-EUROPEAN (Pre-1776) Before Europeans settled in San Francisco, the area was inhabited by Native American groups including the Miwok, in the area north of San Francisco Bay (today’s Marin County), and the Ohlone, in the area south of San Francisco Bay (today’s San Francisco peninsula). Then, as today, Alcatraz had a harsh environment –strong winds, fog, a lack of a fresh water source (other than rain or fog), rocky terrain –and there was only sparse vegetation, mainly grasses. These conditions were not conducive to living on the island. These groups may have used the island for a fishing station or they may have visited it to gather seabird eggs since the island did provide a suitable habitat for colonies of seabirds. However, the Miwok and Ohlone do not appear to have lived on Alcatraz or to have visibly altered its landscape, and no prehistoric archeological sites have been identified on the island. (Thomson 1979: 2, Delgado et al. 1991: 8, and Hart 1996: 4). SPANISH AND MEXICAN PERIOD (1776-1846) Early Spanish explorers into Alta California encountered the San Francisco Bay and its islands. (Jose Francisco Ortega saw the bay during his scouting for Gaspar de Portola’s 1769 expedition, and Pedro Fages described the three major islands –Angel, Alcatraz, and Yerba Buena –in his journal from the subsequent 1772 expedition.) However, the first Europeans to record their visit to Alcatraz were aboard the Spanish ship San Carlos, commanded by Juan Manuel de Ayala that sailed through the Golden Gate and anchored off Angel Island in August 1775.
  • Introduction

    Introduction

    INTRODUCTION The purpose of this book is twofold: to provide general information for anyone interested in the California islands and to serve as a field guide for visitors to the islands. The book covers both general history and nat- ural history, from the geological origins of the islands through their aboriginal inhabitants and their marine and terrestrial biotas. Detailed coverage of the flora and fauna of one island alone would completely fill a book of this size; hence only the most common, most readily observed, and most interesting species are included. The names used for the plants and animals discussed in this book are the most up-to-date ones available, based on the scientific literature and the most recently published guidebooks. Common names are always subject to local variations, and they change constantly. Where two names are in common use, they are both mentioned the first time the organism is discussed. Ironically, in recent years scientific names have changed more recently than common names, and the reader concerned about a possible discrepancy in nomenclature should consult the scientific literature. If a significant nomenclatural change has escaped our notice, we apologize. For plants, our primary reference has been The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California, edited by James C. Hickman, including the latest lists of errata. Variation from the nomenclature in that volume is due to more recent interpretations, as explained in the text. Certain abbreviations used throughout the text may not be immedi- ately familiar to the general reader; they are as follows: sp., species (sin- gular); spp., species (plural); n.
  • Light List Corrected Through LNM Week: 52/17

    Light List Corrected Through LNM Week: 52/17

    Light List corrected through LNM week: 52/17 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) No. Name and Location Position Characteristic Height Range Structure Remarks CALIFORNIA - Eleventh District SAN DIEGO TO CAPE MENDOCINO (Chart 18020) 1 Dart Tsunami Warning Lighted 32-27-26.000N Fl (4)Y 20s Aid maintained by National Buoy Station 46412 120-33-38.000W Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. SAN DIEGO TO SANTA ROSA ISLAND (Chart 18740) 1.1 Scripps Waverider Lighted 32-31-46.800N Fl (5)Y 20s Yellow sphere with In Mexican waters. Research Buoy 191 117-25-17.400W whip antenna. Private aid. 2 Cortes Bank Lighted Bell Buoy 32-26-35.355N Fl R 4s 4 Red. 2CB 119-07-22.265W 5 Point Loma Light 32-39-54.246N Fl W 15s 88 14 Black house on Emergency light of reduced 117-14-33.552W white square intensity when main light is pyramidal skeleton extinguished. tower. HORN: 1 blast ev 30s (3s bl). 90 10 San Diego Bay Approach 32-37-20.192N Mo (A) W 5 Red and white RACON: M ( - - ) 1485 Lighted Whistle Buoy SD 117-14-45.128W stripes with red AIS MMSI: 993692029 spherical topmark. 11 Pt Loma San Diego Research 32-40-10.510N Fl Y 4s Yellow Lighted Private aid. 1483 Buoy 117-19-22.710W Buoy with Aluminum Cage. 20 Ocean Beach Pier Fog 32-45-02.178N HORN: 1 blast ev 15s. Sound Signal 117-15-33.134W Private aid. 25 MISSION BAY SOUTH JETTY 32-45-21.492N Fl R 2.5s 15 5 TR on pile.
  • Pre-Consolidation Communities of Los Angeles, 1862-1932

    Pre-Consolidation Communities of Los Angeles, 1862-1932

    LOS ANGELES CITYWIDE HISTORIC CONTEXT STATEMENT Context: Pre-Consolidation Communities of Los Angeles, 1862-1932 Prepared for: City of Los Angeles Department of City Planning Office of Historic Resources July 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE 1 CONTRIBUTOR 1 INTRODUCTION 1 THEME: WILMINGTON, 1862-1909 4 THEME: SAN PEDRO, 1882-1909 30 THEME: HOLLYWOOD, 1887-1910 56 THEME: SAWTELLE, 1896-1918 82 THEME: EAGLE ROCK, 1886-1923 108 THEME: HYDE PARK, 1887-1923 135 THEME: VENICE, 1901-1925 150 THEME: WATTS, 1902-1926 179 THEME: BARNES CITY, 1919-1926 202 THEME: TUJUNGA, 1888-1932 206 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPY 232 SurveyLA Citywide Historic Context Statement Pre-consolidation Communities of Los Angeles, 1862-1932 PREFACE This historic context is a component of Los Angeles’ citywide historic context statement and provides guidance to field surveyors in identifying and evaluating potential historic resources relating to Pre- Consolidation Communities of Los Angeles. Refer to www.HistoricPlacesLA.org for information on designated resources associated with this context as well as those identified through SurveyLA and other surveys. CONTRIBUTOR Daniel Prosser is a historian and preservation architect. He holds an M.Arch. from Ohio State University and a Ph.D. in history from Northwestern University. Before retiring, Prosser was the Historic Sites Architect for the Kansas State Historical Society. INTRODUCTION The “Pre-Consolidation Communities of Los Angeles” context examines those communities that were at one time independent, self-governing cities. These include (presented here as themes): Wilmington, San Pedro, Hollywood, Sawtelle, Eagle Rock, Hyde Park, Venice, Watts, Barnes City, and Tujunga. This context traces the history of each of these cities (up to the point of consolidation with the City of Los Angeles), identifying important individuals and patterns of settlement and development, and then links the events and individuals to extant historic resources (individual resources and historic districts).
  • OCEAN BEACH-GREAT HIGHWAY STORM DAMAGE PROTECTION PROJECT Final Report

    OCEAN BEACH-GREAT HIGHWAY STORM DAMAGE PROTECTION PROJECT Final Report

    OCEAN BEACH-GREAT HIGHWAY STORM DAMAGE PROTECTION PROJECT Final Report Prepared for: May 31, 2005 San Francisco Department of Public Works U.S. Army Corps of Engineers OCEAN BEACH-GREAT HIGHWAY STORM DAMAGE PROTECTION PROJECT Final Report Prepared for: May 31, 2005 San Francisco Department of Public Works U.S. Army Corps of Engineers TABLE OF CONTENTS OCEAN BEACH – GREAT HIGHWAY STORM DAMAGE PROTECTION PROJECT CHAPTER 1 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT AND ALTERNATIVES............................ 1-1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................1-1 Project History .......................................................................................................... 1-1 Current Process......................................................................................................... 1-5 1.2 Planning Objectives.................................................................................................... 1-6 1.3 Planning Constraints................................................................................................... 1-7 1.4 Project Alternatives to be Evaluated .......................................................................... 1-9 No Action Alternative............................................................................................... 1-9 Hard Structures (Armoring) Alternative................................................................... 1-9 Soft Structure (Beach/Dune Nourishment) Alternative.........................................