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Utilización Del Análisis De Limbo Y Pecíolo Para El Diagnóstico Nutricional Del Cv

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Utilización Del Análisis De Limbo Y Pecíolo Para El Diagnóstico Nutricional Del Cv TESIS DOCTORAL Título Utilización del análisis de limbo y pecíolo para el diagnóstico nutricional del cv. Garnacha tinta (Vitis vinífera L.) Autor/es Ana Benito Bermejo Director/es Enrique García-Escudero Domínguez y Ignacio Martín Rueda Facultad Facultad de Ciencias, Estudios Agroalimentarios e Informática Titulación Departamento Agricultura y Alimentación Curso Académico 2014-2015 Utilización del análisis de limbo y pecíolo para el diagnóstico nutricional del cv. Garnacha tinta (Vitis vinífera L.), tesis doctoral de Ana Benito Bermejo, dirigida por Enrique García-Escudero Domínguez y Ignacio Martín Rueda (publicada por la Universidad de La Rioja), se difunde bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 Unported. Permisos que vayan más allá de lo cubierto por esta licencia pueden solicitarse a los titulares del copyright. © El autor © Universidad de La Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones, 2016 publicaciones.unirioja.es E-mail: [email protected] TESIS DOCTORAL UTILIZACIÓN DEL ANÁLISIS DE LIMBO Y PECÍOLO PARA EL DIAGNÓSTICO NUTRICIONAL DEL CV. GARNACHA TINTA (Vitis vinífera L.) ANA BENITO BERMEJO DICIEMBRE 2015 TESIS DOCTORAL Utilización del análisis de limbo y pecíolo para el diagnóstico nutricional del cv. Garnacha tinta (Vitis vinifera L.) Ana Benito Bermejo Diciembre 2015 Los abajo firmantes, Dr. Enrique García-Escudero Domínguez y Dr. Ignacio Martín Rueda, Investigadores del Servicio de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico Agroalimentario del Gobierno de la Rioja y del Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, HACEN CONSTAR: Que el trabajo titulado: “Utilización del análisis de limbo y pecíolo para el diagnóstico nutricional del cv. Garnacha tinta (Vitis vinifera L.)”, que presenta Dª ANA BENITO BERMEJO, ha sido realizado en el Servicio de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico Agroalimentario del Gobierno de La Rioja, bajo nuestra dirección, y que reúne las condiciones exigidas para optar al grado de Doctora. Para que conste a los efectos oportunos, expedimos el presente Certificado. Logroño, a 30 de octubre de 2015. Dr. Enrique García-Escudero Domínguez Dr. Ignacio Martín Rueda Los trabajos recogidos en la presente tesis han sido financiados por los proyectos INIA SC 00-016: “Determinación de las necesidades de elementos minerales en la vid (Vitis vinifera L.). Influencia de los factores de la producción vitícola en el estado nutricional del viñedo”, así como por los proyectos de la Comunidad Autónoma de La Rioja R-01- 03, R-01-04 y R-03-05: “Contribución al establecimiento y verificación de los niveles foliares de referencia en viñedos de la D.O.Ca. Rioja. Valoración de la incidencia de diferentes factores culturales en el nivel de nutrición”, y los proyectos R-04-06, R-05- 07 y R-07-08: “Contribución al establecimiento y verificación de los niveles foliares de referencia en viñedos de la D.O.Ca. Rioja para Garnacha tinta y Graciano”. Mi participación en dichos proyectos fue financiada mediante dos becas de la Consejería de Agricultura, Ganadería y Medioambiente del Gobierno de La Rioja: una Beca FPI sobre “Evaluación nutricional de las variedades pertenecientes a la D.O.Ca. Rioja”, (Orden 9/07) y una Beca Predoctoral sobre “Evaluación del estado nutricional de Vitis vinifera L. variedad Garnacha tinta en el ámbito de la D.O.Ca. Rioja y desarrollo de herramientas para el diagnóstico nutricional” (Orden 17/2010). AGRADECIMIENTOS Son muchas las personas que han participado, colaborado y me han ayudado en la realización de este trabajo. Me gustaría agradecer a todas aquellas personas, que de alguna manera o de otra, han hecho posible que esta Tesis Doctoral se haya realizado. En primer lugar, desearía dar las gracias a mis directores de tesis, el Dr. Enrique García- Escudero y el Dr. Ignacio Martín Rueda, por acogerme en el CIDA y por haber confiado en mí para desarrollar este trabajo. Por su apoyo y orientación, dedicación, criterio, consejos, trabajo, sabiduría y ayuda, gracias a lo cuales me he enriquecido a nivel personal y profesional. También me gustaría agradecer su ayuda, apoyo y amistad a todos mis compañeros del CIDA, y de manera especial, a la Sección de Viticultura y Enología. A Rosa, por su apoyo y orientación. A Natalia e Izaskun, por su ayuda, colaboración y consejos. A Pili, Patri, Juana, Ana Rosa, Tere, Isabel L., Raquel, Ana, Laura, Loreto, Mikel, David, Eva, Clara, Fernando, Diego, Pilar, Sonia, Lucía, Araceli, Isabel C., Bea, Leticia, Rocío, Antonio, Elisa, Chema, Sergio, José Luis P., Joaquín, Vanesa, Silvia R., José Luis R., Feli, Elena, Ángel, Maite, Nuria, Belén, Marian, Raquel, Michel, por su disponibilidad y colaboración siempre que la he necesitado. También me gustaría agradecer a Juan Bautista, Mª Carmen Arroyo, Miriam, y a todo el personal del laboratorio de La Grajera, por su participación en los análisis. También desearía agradecer a la Conserjería de Agricultura, Ganadería y Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de La Rioja, por la financiación de los proyectos necesarios para que se llevará a cabo el estudio, y por la concesión de dos becas, de formación de personal investigador y predoctoral, que han hecho posible mi formación en el CIDA a lo largo de estos años. También me gustaría agradecer su apoyo a mi familia y amigos. Finalmente, me gustaría dar las gracias a mis padres, Jesús Ángel y Merche, a mis hermanos, Arrate y Nicolás, y a Javi, por apoyarme, aconsejarme y por estar siempre a mi lado. Muchísimas gracias a todos. A mis padres, Jesús Ángel y Merche A mis hermanos, Arrate y Nicolás A Javi PUBLICACIONES Los trabajos recogidos en la presente tesis han dado lugar a las siguientes publicaciones: - Benito, A., García-Escudero, E., Romero, I., Domínguez, N., Martín, I. 2015. Reference standards for leaf blade and petiole analysis of ‘red Grenache’ grapevines. Journal International des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 49: 47-58. - Benito, A., Romero, I., Domínguez, N., García-Escudero, E., Martín, I. 2014. Varietals differences for leaf blade and petiole references between 'red Grenache', and 'Tempranillo' varieties within the AOC Rioja. En: “Vitivinicultura del sur, confluencia de conocimiento y naturaleza”, O.I.V. 37th World Congress of Vine and Wine, Mendoza, Argentina, 9-14 de noviembre. 5pp. - Benito, A., Romero, I., Domínguez, N., García-Escudero, E., Martín, I. 2013. Leaf blade and petiole analysis for nutrient diagnosis in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Garnacha tinta. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 19(2): 285-294 - Benito, A., Romero, I., Domínguez, N., García, C., Villar, M.T., Lorenzo, I., Ibáñez, S.; García-Escudero, E., Martín, I. 2009. Estudio comparativo del diagnóstico nutricional de la vid (Vitis vinifera L.) en las variedades Tempranillo y Garnacha tinta. VI Congreso Ibérico y XII Nacional de Ciencias Hortícolas. Logroño, 25-29 mayo. Actas de Horticultura, 54: 880-886. - Benito, A., Romero, I., Domínguez, N., Ibáñez, S., García-Escudero, E., Martín, I. 2008. Utilización del análisis de limbo y pecíolo para el diagnóstico nutricional de la vid (Vitis vinifera L.), variedad Garnacha Tinta. XII Simposio Ibérico sobre Nutrición Mineral de las plantas. Granada, 22-24 de octubre. 12pp. Índice ÍNDICE RESUMEN ABREVIATURAS INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL…………………………………………………….………….1 I. SITUACIÓN DEL SECTOR VITIVINÍCOLA……………………………………………………….3 II. INCIDENCIA DE LA NUTRICIÓN MINERAL DE LA VID SOBRE LA CALIDAD DEL VINO…………………………………………………………………………………………..………………6 III. ESTRUCTURA DE LA TESIS……………………………………………………………………………9 1. CAPÍTULO I: INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………..…………..……11 1.1. ELEMENTOS ESENCIALES…………………………………………………………………………..…..14 1.1.1. Nitrógeno……………………………………………………………………..…………..………..18 1.1.2. Fósforo……………………………………………………………………..………………………..21 1.1.3. Potasio……………………………………………………………………….……………………….22 1.1.4. Calcio……………………………………………………………………….…………………………26 1.1.5. Magnesio…………………………………………………………………….……………………..27 1.1.6. Hierro…………………………………………………………………………….…………………..28 1.1.7. Manganeso……………………………………………………………………………….………..31 1.1.8. Zinc……………………………………………………………………………………..……………..32 1.1.9. Cobre……………………………………………………………………………….……..………….34 1.1.10. Boro………………………………………………………………………………………..………….36 1.2. MÉTODOS DE DIAGNÓSTICO DEL ESTADO NUTRICIONAL………………….…………..37 1.2.1. Observación visual………………………………………………………………………………38 1.2.2. Análisis de suelos………………………………………………………….…………………….39 1.2.3. Análisis de tejidos……………………………………………………………………………….40 1.2.3.1. El análisis foliar………………………………………………………….…………….40 1.2.3.2. Estandarización del muestreo foliar…………………….………………….42 1.3. DINÁMICA ESTACIONAL DE LOS ELEMENTOS MINERALES………………….………….44 1.3.1. Nitrógeno……………………………………………………………………………….…………..45 1.3.2. Fósforo………………………………………………………………………………..……………..46 1.3.3. Potasio………………………………………………………………………………………….…….47 1.3.4. Calcio………………………………………………………………………………………………….48 1.3.5. Magnesio……………………………………………………………………………………….…..48 1.3.6. Hierro…………………………………………………………………………………….…………..49 1.3.7. Manganeso……………………………………………………………………..………………….49 1.3.8. Zinc………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..50 1.3.9. Cobre………………………………………………………………………..………………….…….50 1.3.10. Boro……………………………………………………………………………………………..…….51 1.4. INFLUENCIA DE LA VARIEDAD Y EL PORTAINJERTO EN LA NUTRICIÓN MINERAL DE LA VID………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..51 3 Índice 1.5. INTERPRETACIÓN DE RESULTADOS DE ANÁLISIS FOLIARES……………………………53 1.5.1. Valores Críticos y Rangos de Suficiencia………………………………………………56 1.5.2. Desviación del Óptimo Porcentual (DOP)……………………………………….……62 2. CAPÍTULO II: OBJETIVOS…………………………………………………………..….….65 3. CAPÍTULO III: MATERIALES
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