CEU eTD Collection Second Reader: Second Supervisor: Institutional Organization, Self-Perception, Attitudes, and Historiographical and Attitudes, Self-Perception, Organization, Institutional Professor Michael Miller Professor Michael Jewish National Autonomy in 1917–1918: Ukraine, Autonomy Jewish National Professor Yaroslav Hrytsak Yaroslav Professor In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Central European University Central European By Batanova By Tetyana History Department Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Interpretations Master of Arts Submitted to Submitted 2007 CEU eTD Collection not be made without written permission of the Author. the of permission written without made be not a partof any such madein copies made.Further copies may suchinstructions with accordance form maybe Central must the This obtained from Library. Details librarian. page the European by andin Author given theinstructions lodgedpart, maybemade with onlyinaccordance the Copyrightin the text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies by any process, either in full or ii CEU eTD Collection rather gives questions for further researches. for givesquestions rather inautonomy claim it does notbe 1917 –1918Ukraine, therefore it acomplete research,to but national Jewish of creation the outline to aims thesis This Ukraine. in autonomy national Jewish Radaconcerning of the inthepolitics Radaand institutions in Jewish the andof activity in power its Such for consequences establishing Central had Ukrainian confrontation the Rada. among Jewry lessinfluenceparties, hadmore support whichhad than Ukrainian and Zionists, socialist fact, of matter As a confrontation. parties’ Zionist and socialist of because tense quite inthe Radawere parties Jewish these between relations The Folkspartei. the Poale-Zion and the movements. national Ukrainian and Jewish light of on the general policy of the Centraloutline themain tendenciesin history the of Jewish autonomy in Ukrainein 1917 –1918in the Rada towards national minorities and Ukrainian adequatelyisCentral not still Rada isresearched. That why paperthis to endeavors relations of in the parties Jewish national affairs, Jewish of Ministry autonomy, national Jewish of history the others, and Naiman O. Verstiuk, V. Abramson, asH. scientists by such researched historyUkrainian andwasalso period historiography in world Jews inUkraine and the that of National-Personal Autonomy andwas adopted Jewish institutions autonomous created. about Law the activity their it.in to Owing active interest showed parties Jewish 1918 national From autumn 1917, whenitwas set upasa regional withgovernment real and April till power, Five Jewish parties were represented in theBund, Fareinigte, the Zionists, Rada:the the Five Jewish wererepresented parties Although it history the that seems of UkrainianCentral the Rada is in widely depicted In April Ukrainian local elected. legislativeRada, the 1917 the Central assembly, was Abstract iii CEU eTD Collection Bibliography...... 55 Conclusion. Sketch of Jewish Identity and Ukrainian-Jewish ...... 50 Relations in 1917 – 1918. Chapter 3. The activity of the Ministry ...... 41 of Jewish Affairs. Chapter 2. The Participation of the Jewish Parties in the Establishment ...... 21 of the Autonomy. Chapter 1. Historical ...... 5 Background: ...... 1 Introduction 2.2 The Activity of Jewish Parties in the Ukrainian Central Rada...... 28 2.1 The Political Platforms of the Jewish ...... 21 Parties. 1.2 Policy of the Ukrainian Central Rada towards the National Minorities ...... 10 in Ukraine. 1.1 Ukrainian-Jewish ...... 5 Relations before 1917 Table of Contents iv CEU eTD Collection 1917 – 1967 1 interpretations historiographical institution), main its as Affairs Jewish of (Ministry autonomy periodthe of UkrainianCentral the Rada with institutional mainfoci the on organization the of Ukrainian People’s Republic national concerningother minorities and(Poles Russians). issue in countries. of Autonomism Sothe and broadercontext should beviewed of policy nevertheless,it was similar to the principles of Autonomism in other Central and East European peculiarities; historical local of because unique somehow was Republic People’s Ukrainian Estonia, Latvia,Lithuania in autonomy national Jewish implement establish and to WarThere wereattempts World I. in particular Jewish ones, in multi-national countriesdevelopment of Jewish education, religion, and culture). of Centralthe for (rights nation a as Jews of needs andcollective specific for Eastern rights various gain thus Europeand minorities, after national towards policy official the theat influence also but life, of spheres in all of national bodies.self-governing Insuch chancea way Jews gotthe be notonly equalcitizens andinestablishment of bodies government, state the to elections the Jewish parties, activity of solve ‘Jewishthe institutional question’ – level at Jews could nowequally in participate the which informer existed was empire. only time theJewsareal that thatgave It to opportunity social,and legal spheres) economical, (in cultural, Jews concerning educational, restrictions various of meant abolition the also revolution the Jewsof Russia For the nationalities. different Introduction See Gringauz, Samuel. “The Jewish National Autonomy in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.” In Estonia.” and Latvia Lithuania, in Autonomy National Jewish “The Samuel. Gringauz, See The main aim of the thesis will be to research the Jewish national autonomy in Ukraine in Ukraine in autonomy national Jewish the research to be will thesis the of aim main The The concept of Autonomism was a kind of solution for national minority rights problems, The 1917 February inrevolution Russiamade way for nationalthe movements of , ed. G. Aronson et al., 58–71. NY, South Brunswick, London: Thomas Yoseloff, 1969. 1 , Poland, and Ukraine. The case of Jewish national Autonomy in Autonomy national Jewish of case The Ukraine. and , Poland, 1 Russian Jewry: Russian CEU eTD Collection clarify more specific matters then. The highest body of the Central Rada was considered its wasconsidered Rada Central the body then. highest of The matters specific moreclarify identity and Ukrainian-Jewish in relations 1917 –1918. Jewish of sketch brief a includes also conclusion The autonomy. inJewish institution main Central Rada Political Platforms the of Jewish Parties sections at divided is it autonomy; Jewish of establishment in the Parties Jewish the therole evaluates andparticipation of chapter minorities national second The the inUkraine. Ukrainian-Jewish before 1917and relations policy the of Ukrainian the Central Rada towards The main part consists of three chapters. The first chapter Thefirst consists of The main chapters. three part following: the are presentthesis ofthe The objectives period. the of relations Ukrainian-Jewish the of light in the examined of autonomy,the self-perception and (identity) of Jews. The whole block of willbe questions x x x x x It is important to outline the organizational structure of the Ukrainian Central Rada to The present thesis consists of Introduction , Body with three chapters and Conclusion. to make a sketch of Jewish identity of the period in Ukraine minorities national other to trace the position of Jews in the light of Ukrainian Central Rada’s policy towards relations intelligentsia Jewish-Ukrainian reconstruct to Ukraine to examine precisely history the of Jewish national autonomy and its institutions in ideas Autonomism of Jewish development the to trace . The third chapter outlines the activity of the Ministry of Jewish Affairs as the and The ActivityofJewish Parties in theUkrainian 2 Historical Background examines The CEU eTD Collection Materials in Two Volumes) 3 Documents and Materials in Two Volumes) Secretariat”) in Secretariat”) General ofthe Organization the about Rada Central of the Session Fifth ofthe Documents and (“Materials others, still the history of Jewish national autonomy and national Jewish parties in the Ukraine that period was also researched by such scientists as H. Abramson, O.Naiman, V.Verstiuk and widely indepicted Ukrainian and worldhistoriography, and the history of Jews in in Ukraine Goldenveizer, Solomon Goldelman, Arnold and Margolin. A. politicians Jewish and Zilberfarb) (Moshe Silberfarb Moses Affairs of Jewish Minister political figures such as the Head of the General Secretariat Volodymyr Vynnychenko, the first of also Jewish and studiedUkrainian thememoirs author Rada the in parties Central the To reconstruct Ukrainian-Jewish the relations1917–1918 and of activity the Jewishthe of Rada’s nationalpolicy towards minorities and of establishment Jewish autonomous institutions. declarations ofVolumes) the Ukrainianin Two Materials Documentsand Central Rada: (Ukrainian materialy udvokhtomakh Central Rada. It may shed light at the various aspects of the publication of the documents is two volume Rada sessions. Central between breaks even the during 1917, itbecame a permanently functioning body of Ukrainianthe Central Rada which worked 2 Komitet Tsentral [Small Council] was sessions during the whole of period existence the of Rada. Ukrainian the Central functioning as so-called or an assembly (sessions) general executive body of the Central Rada and was entitled See “Materialy i dokumenty p’iato Ukra ʀ Although itseems thethat history of Ukrainianthe National Republic in1917–1920is To makeTo with worked this research theauthor Thebiggestarchival and sources. published ns ƍ ka Tsentral 3 contains various official documents, meetings’ records, appeals, and Universals, meetings’ contains records, official documents, various Ukra ƍ no ƍ ʀ na Rada Dokumenty i materialy u dvokh tomakh (Ukrainian Central Rada: Documents and ns ʀ ƍ ka Tsentral Rady , 2vols. Kyiv: Naukova dumka,1996. [Committee of the Central Rada] at the beginning; then, in June ƍ na Rada Dokumenty i materialy u dvokh tomakh (Ukrainian Central Rada: ʀ sesi , vol.1 (Kyiv: Naukova dumka,1996), 116. ʀ Tsentral Velyka Rada ƍ 3 no ʀ Ukra rady pro orhanizatsiiu Heneral [Big Council].There were9such general 2 ʀ ns ƍ ka Tsentral ƍ na Rada:Dokumentyi ƍ noho Sekretariatu” Mala Rada CEU eTD Collection 6 5 Jews inRevolutionary Times, 1917–1920. 4 1917–1920 1920 article topic: an the relations in therevolutionary Abramsontimes was madebyHenry in his major works on two it. in Rada Central Ukrainian the of history of Jewish parties, V.Verstiuk on the history of the ‘Ukrainian Revolution’ and the role on the Naiman concentrated O. of the topic: some aspects focused on researchers mentioned in 1917 –1918needsbe reconstructed to in meansmethodology. of current All the of Review rapprochement his interpretations. heit aset in admitted shouldbethat of in manner,discrepancies noted acomprehensive quite unknown. Jews or Ukrainianswhich Abramsongives judge power to Autonomism sounquestioningly. for However, either Holocaust of the in Ukrainian‘revolutionarysuch knowingin and asPetliura’s dark pagesrelations assassination Ukrainian-Jewish about territory. Itbe is problem. considerednational also Jewish the of thesolution for model knowledgetimes’transitional a theory’, ofas establishment allright; those however, of state future of Israel such eventsa rightness and istruths written werefrom the point of hindsight, Abramson, Henry. “JewishRepresentation in the Independent Ukrainian Governments…”, 542. Abramson, Henry. Abramson, Henry.Representation “Jewish the inIndependent UkrainianGovernments of 1917–1920,” and a book The biggest and, in fact, the first attempt of comprehensive research of Ukrainian-Jewish of research comprehensive of attempt first the in fact, and, biggest The Abramson looked at the whole 1917–1920 period as a ‘grand failure’looked at wholeAbramson in asa‘grand 1917–1920 the Ukrainian-Jewish period 50,No. 3(Autumn, 1991): 542–550; Abramson, Henry. 4 . With all respect to the scholar who was and still is the first toresearch such a topic 5 . The scholar also considered Jewish Autonomism as an ‘ill-defined political ‘ill-defined an as Autonomism Jewish considered also scholar The . A PrayerA for the Government A Prayer fortheGovernment: UkrainiansandJews inRevolutionaryTimes, Jewish Representation in the Independent Ukrainian Governments of 1917– intheIndependentUkrainianGovernmentsof Jewish Representation Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999. , xv. 4 A Prayer for the Government: Ukrainians and 6 Both arguments may Slavic CEU eTD Collection ievre individuals toChristianity Jewish as with nottreated origin whoconverted Jews inlegal were 9 rights. in in leasestudents and secularinstitutions, restrictions publiceducational trade, electoral forprohibitionsinprofessional on Jewish countryside,someresidence quota occupations, also were there of settlement, of Pale residence restrictions except Jews: concerning The laws and administrative instructions of were full1881–1917 variousof restrictions chaotic” and rapacious intolerant, as“autocratic, be could characterized scholarIsaacLevitas to the according legislation, Such Jews. of status social and civil political, economical, the concerning contemporary issuedUkrainian territory. government legislation TheRussian enormous would beexamined in lightthe of Ukrainian-Jewish relations. issues above-mentioned the All ideas. Autonomism Jewish of development the and Empire, sketch of of legal the Jews status Jewishand the and Russian political inlate activity thought 8 Revolutionary Times, 1917–1920 the Eve of Revolutionary Times” inHenry Abramson, 7 territory in Ukrainian Jews of presence’ millennia ‘two thewhole trace revolution of 1917. However, the 1917 before author Relations 1.1 Ukrainian-Jewish of the present work Chapter 1. HistoricalBackground: do not consider it necessary to Liubchenko,V. “Ievre Isaac Levitas, Isaac Jews on and “Ukrainians Chapter the in passage the to address can one introduction a comprehensive such For ʀ v Ukra In late Russia Empire Jews lived in the so-called Pale of settlement which included which settlement of Pale so-called in the lived Jews Empire Russia late In This section of the chapter will outline the Ukrainian-Jewish relations before the 9 It is remarkable that all those restrictions were applied only to Jews by religious; 8 . The legislation concerning the status of Jews changed through nineteenthcentury. through Jews changed of status the . The legislation concerning ʀ ny (Sketch of History andCulture of Jews ofUkraine) The Jewish Community in Russia,1844 –1917 ʀ uskladi Rosiis , (Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1999), 1–18. ƍ ko ʀ imperi ʀ .” (“Jews inRussian Emprire”) In 5 A Prayer fortheGovernment: Ukrainians and Jews in (Jerusalem: Posner andSons LTD, 1981), 5. , 60–96.Kyiv: DukhILitera, 2005. Narysy z istori Narysy 7 , but rather give a give rather but , ʀ ta kul ta ƍ tury CEU eTD Collection 13 Howard, (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta, 1988), 61–65. Problems in the 1870s.” in University Press, 1995),211–221; Moshe Mishkinsky, Attitudes “The of Ukrainianthe Socialists to Jewish 12 Nationalism in 1917,” 11 University Press, 1992), 3. among Ukrainians (less than 20%). did. The rate of literacy among population was twice higher among Jews (more than 50 %) than 1917 themajority lived legalof and eveninworse peasants economic many situation Jewsthan century Mykhailo Drahomanov wrote a lot on ‘Jewish question’ ‘Jewish on lot a wrote Drahomanov Mykhailo century nineteenth late the of historian and theorist political Ukrainian instance, For nationalities. both figures of intelligentsia andpolitical for discussion among a popular topic issues were relations between Ukrainian common and Jewishpopulation; Ukrainian-Jewish however, the villages). The majority 87%)belonged of population peasantry Ukrainian (around to independence. beginning twentieth of the Ukrainiancentury) the strive movementgain didnot to the – nineteenth late the (in stages first the at however, territory; in Ukrainian situation the suit also may it but century, nineteenth the of half second the of relations Jewish-Polish characterize 10 independence” for nation’s aspirations indigenous the of anvil and the empire the of hammer the “between themselves Jews found that phrase use the belonged tosome high rank traders, artisans, former soldiers or persons with high education. Jewswho those for laws discriminatory those from exceptions some also were There sphere. See in detail John Doyle Klier, Henry Abramson, According to the All-Russian census of 1897, citedin StevenL. Guthier, “The PopularBase of Ukrainian Magdalena Opalski Israeland Bartal, There were no mass no evenThere friendship, brotherhood or were neighborhood butrather close in living from restricted were (they towns small and cities big in the lived mainly Jews If to speak about Jews of late Russian empire in connection to Ukrainian issues, one might A Prayer for the Government Slavic Review Ukrainian-Jewish Relations in Historical Perspective Imperial Russia’s Jewish Question,1855 – 1881. 38, No.38, 1(Mar., 1979): 31. 12 Poles andJews:Failed Brotherhood A , 15–16. 6 10 . This phrasewasoriginally used to 13 . By some scholars heisalso scholars By some . , eds. Peter J.Potichnyj andAster . (Hanover, London: Brandeis (Cambridge: Cambridge 11 and by CEU eTD Collection Studies Press, 2000. Vladimir (Ze’ev) Jabotinsky and the Ukrainian Question. 17 16 CanadianInstitute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta, 1988), 74. Ukrainian-Jewish inHistorical Relations Perspective 15 14 Ukrainian inexile,representative of government etc. Petliura’s Galicia; 1921 agreement of Vladimir Jabotinsky and Maksym (Maxim) the Slavinsky, in relations on Jewish-Ukrainian articles Jabotinsky’s language, andnation; culture, Ukrainian Struve polemicsanniversary, Shevchenko’s Piotr Taras on Jabotinsky1911; Vladimir and 1911 in co-operation affair Jewish-Ukrainian and of about Beilisin thematters appeal the editors revisionist activity,Jabotinsky may also rememberedhis for negotiations with Ukrainian Zionist immense his Except Jabotinsky. is Vladimir that question’ ‘Ukrainian to attention pogroms of 1880s. ideasin Ukraine. founder Autonomism of Jewish considered a actors in the pogrom tragedy”, rapprochement became possible. became rapprochement tragedy”, in pogrom the actors systematic should educational work before havebeen and done “the Jewish Ukrainian, chief settlement. of Pale of conditions rivalry and restricting by the brought was a tension such particular, In tensions. Ukrainian-Jewish of condition and Ukrainianof Jewry thelegal(meaning status economic situation) and the growth historianmentioned Russianfor was thatthe unenviable the once responsible government such that needed rapprochement. the such that as relations Ukrainian-Jewish if treat the to of peoples’ ‘rapprochementthe a lot to contributed Ukrainian-Jewish ‘failedbrotherhood’ and unfriendliness constant both peoples. both of They For detail of his activity concerning Ukrainian matters see Kleiner, Israel. Kleiner, see matters Ukrainian concerning activity of his detail For John Doyle Klier, IvanL. Rudnytsky,“Ukrainian-Jewish relations inNineteenth-Century UkrainianPolitical Thought,” in Isaac Levitas, Isaac From Jewish side, one may recall an example of Jewish Zionist leader who paid quite big paid quite leader who Zionist Jewish of an example may recall side,one From Jewish Both Drahomanov and Jabotinsky could be seen as those breaking the stereotype of stereotype the breaking those as seen be could Jabotinsky and Drahomanov Both The Jewish Community in Russia Imperial Russia’s Jewish Question, , 182; Henry Abramson, 15 Mykhailo Drahomanov also noted that long and long that noted also Drahomanov Mykhailo , eds.PeterJ. Potichnyj Aster Howard.and (Edmonton: 214. 7 Edmonton, Toronto: Canadian Institute ofUkrainian Institute Canadian Toronto: Edmonton, A Prayer for the Government 17 From Nationalism to Universalism: 14 16 Among other things the things other Among He wrote it about the , 20. CEU eTD Collection of Russian Jewry of Russian 23 integration and assimilation in great Russian culture, religion, people or political parties. commited to their traditional thethat vast majority homeRussian of Jewry remainedat most,if andmany, remained not religious left or members) party Poalei-Tsion (like ways.mentioned 1881–1882, all Jews of socialists, region the became Zionists, a combination or above-the of of indigenousthe and numerically dominantpeople. nationality Russian Great(Russian) to close 22 University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003), 20–34, The Emergence of Modern Jewish Politics:Bundism and Zionism in Eastern Europe 21 Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2001), 125. as andpractically clandestine forbidden organizations inlateRussian Empire Born life Ukraine parties. and byJewish in1917-1918 to brought emphasized, wascarried out 20 liberal trends in Russian politics at the turn of century in liberal turn atthe the of Russianpolitics trends Ukrainian 19 diaspora nationalist parties (Bund, Socialistideological sense, butactually by 1917 all them of developed their stance onJewish autonomy. Jewish Workers’ Party, Folkspartei, etc.); on the 18 Century Ukrainian Political Thought,” in Thought,” Political Ukrainian Century Studies,University of Alberta, 1988),85–110; Rudnytsky,L.Ivan “Ukrainian-Jewish relations in Nineteenth- Historical Perspective and Jewish press. The most famous of such discussions was between Jewish periodical Fordetail see ChristophGassenschmidt. Isaac Levitas, Isaac Benjamin Nathans, “The Other Modern Jewish Politics: Integration and Modernity in Fin de Siècle Russia,” in Michael Stanislawski, John Doyle Klier, In detail see RomanSerbyn, “The Sion-Osnova Controversy of 1861–1862,” in The historiography on Jews of Russia gives one the impression that after the pogroms of Yet themain lies focus of this Jewish paper be it autonomy shouldon ideaof the which, The main controversy lied on the question of autonomy: on one side were socialist and socialist sidewere one on of autonomy: question lied on the controversy The main In broader scope Ukrainian-Jewish issues were also from time to time raised in Ukrainian raised time to time from also were issues Ukrainian-Jewish scope broader In Osnova The Jewish Community in Russia (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, London: Macmillan Press LTD,1995), 1–13. Imperial Russia’s Jewish Question, . , eds. Peter J. Potichnyj and Aster Howard (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian 18 Zionism and the Fin de Siècle: Cosmopolitanism from Nordau to Jabotinsky Ukrainian intellectuals were irritated by Jewish intellectuals being too being intellectuals by Jewish irritated were intellectuals Ukrainian Ukrainian-Jewish Relations in Historical Perspective Jewish LiberalPolitics inTsarist Russia, 1900–14: The Modernization , 179. 19 20 and culture instead andculture of Ukrainian cultureone, the 108. 8 Some of Jews also have chosen a way out in the country entirely. However, it seems 23 , the Jewish parties were differentin Ukrainian-Jewish Relations in , ed. Zvi Gitelman (Pittsburgh: , 70–71. 22 asgeneral (Berkley, Sion 21 and CEU eTD Collection 65. 22– 2007, University), Brandeis (Waltham: and Sciences. of Arts School Graduate the of Faculty the to Presented Alternative to Zion: The Jewish Autonomist Movement Latein Imperial and Revolutionary Russia 27 (Budapest:Central European University,2004),111–123. Austria,” in Austria,” University, 1996), 1–16; Miller, Michael. “Reluctant Kingmakers. MoravianJewish Politics Latein Imperial Europe: ContemporaryPerspectives Controversy Regarding the Electoral Reform of Bukovina”,1909 in in 26 in Imperialin Russia, 1900 – 1917,” in 25 Russia, Present Gitelman, seeZvi Empire 24 democrats social life.any Jewish of secularity objectand autonomy even or measure), asatemporary diaspora on autonomy Jewish for agreed later they however, did; Zionists (as for Zion Jewishautonomy strive would lands; later the diaspora contemporary personal (or ‘national-cultural’ sideother were Zionists political groups. and religious as another name for the same notion) autonomy of Jews in authorities by gaining special political and electoral rights electoral and political special gaining by authorities local in representation political gain to strived there, minority a constituting and environment in multi-national living Jews, when compromises Moravia or Bukovina the recall may autonomy. Jewish of concept fulfill andtheir Mykhailo Drahomanov, Jewish political figures Chaim Zhitlowsky and Simon Dubnow Simon and Zhitlowsky Chaim figures political Jewish Drahomanov, Mykhailo of AutonomismAustrian of social-democratsKarl Bauer,Ukrainian and Renner Otto thinker Jewish political inparties and Ukraine their activity show that they were influenced by ideasthe however, the latter denied all the Austrian influence on denied presented his of influenceon him however, latter concept all (Dubnow the Austrian the About the origins of JewishAutonomism in Russia and revolutionary Ukraine see Simon Rabinovitch, For detail of Bukovina and Moravia cases see Rachamimov, Alon “Diaspora Nationalism’s Pyrrhic Victory: The Analyzed indetail in Boshyk Yury. “BetweenSocialism and Nationalism: Jewish-Ukrainian Political Relations About the polarity and controversy of two biggest Jewish parties Bund and Zionists on the territory of Russian It mayIt attemptestablishseem the that to in Jewishautonomy Ukraineisnotunique. One Owing to the friendly long-term Jewish-Ukrainian political between Jewish and Ukrainian and Jewish between political Jewish-Ukrainian long-term friendly the to Owing 46–51. (New York :SchockenBooks, 1988), 19–47;ChristophGassenschmidt. Jewish Central atthe European Studies University III 25 , later on in 1917–1918 Jewish socialist and nationalist in couldpromote on 1917–1918Jewish, later socialist and parties A Century ofAmbivalence: The Jews ofRussiaand the Soviet Union,1881 – to the Ukrainian-Jewish Relations in Historical Perspective , ed. J. S.Micgiel (New York: Institute onEast Central Europe, Columbia 9 24 The would first strive for national- the 26 , ed. András Kovács and Eszter Andor. State andNation Building in East Central . The study of the programs of the Jewish Liberal Politics Tsarist in Politics Liberal Jewish , 173–202. . A Dissertation 27 ; CEU eTD Collection works is mine. is works 32 February 16, 1918 – according to Gregorianthe one. 31 30 Ukrainian Centrak Rada: Biographical Reference Book), V. Verstiuk and T. Ostashko. 29 membership but not the territorial one. 28 from various Ukrainianorganizationsunifying aimingat all Ukrainian the Ukraine. in theNationalMinorities towards CentralRada theUkrainian 1.2 Policyof rights. national so) say to is possible it (if collective and civil political, granting institutions; cultural Moraviaitincluded Bukovina),but and also the of establishment Jewish political, educational, in itwas (as authorities inlocal Jews of mererepresentation not political was and implemented of 1917–1918 Ukraine The haslarger Jewishineffect. scope Autonomy asit Ukraine seen was Jewish Bukovina in to autonomy 1906).Incomparison andMoraviain cases,Jews case the of language official the as Ukrainian with Ukraine for autonomy territorial of demands common the of Secretariat General of the in Declaration Asthe mentioned it was Ukraine. of population of whole the body representative a to Kyiv in organization municipal a from itself transformed practically Rada Central became not only the supreme executive body but also the supreme legislative body of the whole the of body legislative supreme the also but body executive supreme the only not became asitpublic groups, was [the Ukrainian beginningRada] atthe it of Central revolution, the In this paper Inthis alldates before February givenare according15, 1918 tothe Julian calendar, andallthedates after Rada. Central Ukrainian of the cabinet executive the was Secretariat General V. F. Verstiuk and L.Yakovleva. and V. V.F.Verstiuk “Peredmova,” (“Introduction”) in national or ethnic the meant usually “Ukrainian” term the Ukraine 1917 ofthe context the and context this In Ukra ʀ ns In March 1917 the Ukrainian Central In UkrainianMarch established Central 1917 the by intellectualsRada was Ukrainian ƍ 29 ka Tsentralka . However during its from existence March April1917 until Ukrainian1918, the ƍ na Rada 30 , vol. 1, 157. Herein and hereinafter the translation of the Ukrainian documents and documents Ukrainian of the translation the hereinafter and Herein 157. 1, vol. , Diiachi Ukra from 1917 June 27, ʀ ns ƍ ko ʀ Tsentral 10 (Kyiv, 1998),11. 31 , “[f]rom board executive of party united and ƍ no ʀ Rady: Biohrafichnyidovidnyk(Figures of the Ukra ʀ ns ƍ ka Tsentral 28 organizations with ƍ na Rada , vol. 1, 5; CEU eTD Collection 36 Congress”. All-Ukrainian “the it name often more historians the however, 35 34 Reader) polovyna XX stolittia: Khrestomatiia (Political Science. The End of the 19 autonomous bodies” wouldbe provided” and they would get“proportional in [Ukrainian]representation our was convened on April 6-8, 1917 inwas convenedonApril toenlarge1917 order theCentral 6-8, newmembersRada with and side by side with them, and vice versa. resided which peoples other the from theUkrainians of expectations and mutual concessions moment on the policy of‘alongside the Ukrainians’ not merelyand neutrality disinterestedof witnesses. From that the Central Rada towards support andactive national tolerance toshow expected were minorities national Thus the the protection.” national rights minority national the of position the strengthen a way such minoritiesin and demands political was Ukrainian the meet [and] based accordingly, status their understand also would on minorities the national the of representatives the “that hoped Rada the of head the turn, In rights. linguistic minorities. Among other things, Hrushevs things, other Among minorities. national the towards Rada Central of the policy whole of the manifesto characteristic 33 wrote an article activity. Rada’s Central Ukrainian nationalCentral Rada policy minoritiestowards during whole the period of the people.” organized Ukrainian Verstiuk and T. Ostashko. Congress; of the documents the in be met can which own the name is Congress National Ukrainian The Ibid., 211 – 212. M. Hrushevs In fact, it happened asM. Hrushevs In March-April 1917 MykhailoHrushevs , ed. O. I. Semkiv (Lviv: Svit, 1996), 211. ƍ kyi “Narodnostiam Ukra Narodnostiam Ukra 33 . The national minorities were also guaranteed cultural, religious, and religious, cultural, guaranteed also were minorities national . The Diiachi , 12. 32 The present chapter examines the main features of the ʀ ny,” (“To the Peoples of Ukraine”), in ʀ ny (To the Peoples of Ukraine) that may be considered a ƍ ƍ kyi hadkyi foreseen: Ukrainian the CongressNational kyi promised that the rights of the national minorities national the of rights the that promised kyi 11 ƍ kyi, head the of Ukrainianthe Central Rada, th –theBeginning ofthe20 Politolohiia. Kinets ƍ XIX –persha th Century: 35 34 , CEU eTD Collection Political and Legal Aspect), menshyny Ukra 41 government in Kyiv supported by Provisional Government revolutionary in the Moscow. Committee, Executive the to representative its sent and revolution February Russian the after 40 needs. and culture, organizations, national own its had which group (national) ethnic a larger in membership different mean rather would “Non-Ukrainian” meaning. pejorative or negative any have not did usually of difference connotation such however, or national; ethnic different meant 39 38 Latvian andothers. Latvian andorganizations, Estonian Society, Jewish Baturyn JewishTeachers, of Society Democratic organizations, Georgian KyivUnited Jewish of Organizations the of Council the Organizations, Polish the of Committee Executive Kyiv Kyiv, in Circle Russian Society of Women’s of couldone notice Forinstance, among thethe representatives aspirations. speakers the Protection, JewishCongress init togreetand order show thus their supportof active Ukrainianthe national Social Labor Party (SERP), Polish Socialistcivil strata, to what the initiative should [be] taken by the Central Rada.” Regional Rada [Council] from the representatives of the Ukrainian lands and cities, and lands Ukrainian the of representatives the from [Council] Rada Regional according to the will of the Provisional Government, also presupposed the establishment of “the in Ukraine” residing minorities national the of rights full securing resolution “onewhich that, proclaimed of mainprinciplesthe of Ukrainian autonomy [is] representatives of itsDuringall a CongressUkrainian organizations. workthe adopted 37 body political and civil representative an all-Ukrainian into it transform For more detail see detail more For This Council was set up of various Jewishcultural, civic, political, and religious organizations in the first weeks In this context and contextthe of events and documents of 1917-1918 Ukraine termthe “non-Ukrainian” usually Ibid., 58. (Emphasis mine) Ukra The representatives of non-Ukrainian of The representatives ʀ ns ƍ ka Tsentralka ʀ ny uXXstolitti: polityko-pravovyi aspect (National Minorities of Ukraine inthe 20 ƍ na Rada Ukra ʀ (Kyiv: IPIEND, 2000), 59. ns , vol. 1, 55. ƍ ka Tsentral ƍ na Rada 40 , the Union of the Czech and Slovak Societies, Kyiv , vol. 1, 57, 61 – 62; I. F. Kuras and others, eds., 39 organizations also came to the All-Ukrainian 12 41 37 38 . Another resolution, Another . 36 by including peoples Natsionalni th Century: and CEU eTD Collection 44 Tsentral Hunczak (Cambridge: Harvard University 382 Press,original 1977), – 383; Forthe Ukrainian text see residing in the Ukraine43 or beyond its borders”, in Vydavnytstvo imeni Oleny Telihy, 2003), 284; National Liberation Movement.March-November, 1917: Documents andMaterials) Congress”) in 42 Ukraine.”work for ofanautonomous friendly organization united the fashion and to democratic elements” of non-Ukrainianthe whichpeoples joinwere invited to Ukrainians in“a the with and understanding “agreement Ukrainians concerning appealsto the contained done only in July 1917. iswas Rada, Central the to of that Ukraine, power executive and legislative inthe minorities Nations) whose major aim was to “unite the work of between (Affairs Affairs in allInternational Secretariat the contained also departments, of its one the peoples of Russia for the [sake of] as General the particular, In Secretariat, (June 15,1917). of General Secretariat establishment forlaws it [Ukrainian Land].” establish will and Land Ukrainian of nations from all therepresentatives wecall together work, organizational this preparatory Rada]complete “whenCentral that we[Ukrainian stated itwas Ukraine.” Ukraine in with betweennations whichresidein principleaccordance the of proportions of administration whole the immediately reorganize “to Rada, resolved Central Ukrainian the “First Universal…” in Cited after the translation “First Universal of the Ukrainian Central Rada to all Ukrainian People whether People Ukrainian all to Rada Central Ukrainian ofthe Universal “First translation the after Cited “Postanovy Pershoho Vseukra Yet the First Universal of (proclamation) Ukrainianthe Central Rada from 1917, June 10, The policy toward the national minorities was one of the most important issues at the at issues important most the of one was minorities national the toward policy The to representatives its sent also which Congress, Soldiers’ All-Ukrainian the 1917, May In ƍ na Rada 42 Actually, the main determinative step towards the inclusion of national of inclusion the the towards step main Actually,determinative the Ukra , vol. 1, 104 – 105. ʀ ns ƍ kyi natsional The Ukraine, 1917 – 1921 ʀ ns 44 ƍ ƍ no-vyzvolyi rukh. Berezen koho viis ƍ kovoho z’ Natsionalni menshynyUkra , 383; The Ukraine, Revolution 1917–1921:AStudy in 13 ʀ Ukra zdu,” (“Resolutions of First All-Ukrainianthe Soldiers’ ʀ ƍ ns -lystopad 1917 roku: Dok. imaterially (Ukrainian ƍ ka Tsentral ʀ ny ƍ na Rada , 61. , vol. 1, 105. , ed. V. Verstiuk (Kyiv:, ed.V.Verstiuk 43 , ed. Taras Ukra Further ʀ ns ƍ ka CEU eTD Collection 48 47 literatury, 1990)[f.p. 1920], 295. 46 fromJune 27, 1917”) in issues were conducted during the Fifth Session of the Central Rada (June 20 – July 1, 1917). 45 of nation Ukraine. 1 %of every per representative one board: representation proportional national a as formed been have should commission Ukraine. for The anautonomous statues inthe preparation of specialcommission the andincludeitsin work to them non-Ukrainian groups ethnic of representatives the attract the government. of needs the for means financial relevant the time, Volodymyrit noticed, Vynnychenko, wouldallowget and theRada Central commandto of that Secretariat General headthe of as the thus, Government; by theProvisional Secretariat Moreover, itwouldhelp with recognition and confirmation Central the of Rada and General authority amongand support the multinational population of citiesthe and of towns Ukraine. government of Suchan Ukraine. wouldagreement preconditions also create for gaining the the into Secretariat General established newly the of transformation the and Ukraine, autonomous anticipated the of population body whole the of representative the into agency representative a national Radafrom Central the transform means to important very were a mere of manifestationsthey of tolerance people; not the Ukrainian of peoples the were Ukraine understanding of Ukrainians with nationalitiesother on basis.”this strugglethe forautonomous-federal the system state Republic Russian the of mutual and Ibid., 120. Volodymyr Vynnychenko, See “Deklaratsiia Heneral See“Deklaratsiia Ukra In order to legitimize itself, on June 23, 1917, the Central Rada adopted the decision to Central the legitimizeRada adopted June23,1917, In orderto itself, on other the with consent and agreement moment, that at that, mentioned be should it Yet ʀ ns ƍ ka Tsentralka ƍ na Rada Ukra ƍ noho Secretariatu vid 27 chervnia 1917 r,” (“Declaration of the General Secretariat General of the (“Declaration r,” 1917 chervnia 27 vid Secretariatu noho ʀ Vidrozhennianatsi ns , vol. 1, 116 – 120. ƍ ka Tsentralka ƍ na Rada ʀ (Revivalof theNation), , vol. 1, 159. 14 48 TheUkrainians were correspondingly to 46 vol. 1 (Kyiv: Vydavnytstvo politychno Vydavnytstvo (Kyiv: 1 vol. The lively discussions of those 45 47 ʀ CEU eTD Collection proper name “Ukraine” in that times to mark that Ukraine was just a part (land) within the Russian state. Russian the 52 within (land) a part just was Ukraine that tomark times that in “Ukraine” name proper 51 given to the Jews, 30 to the Council of Workers’ Deputies Jews, ofWorkers’ the toCouncil given 30 to a total 202 seatsof and were divided among theminorities national in such a way: 50 were Actually, 30 % of the seats in the Central Rada were given to national minorities. They made up members. permanent as Rada Central Ukrainian the join to representatives nationalities’ 3, 1917,in four languages: Ukrainian, Russian,Polish, and Yiddish; italso offered the 49 71 places,get minorities andnational – 29: Russians 50 connotation in that context, contrary contemporaryto the use of wordthis inUkrainian. body for government in regional affairs on highest “as the Secretariat General the appointed peoples” of other with representatives the basis fair a on “supplemented Rada, Central Ukrainian the of consent the with Government, parties. of socialist national the representatives tothe been have would given preference the moreover, organizations); hadsuch peoples (if the national organizations from joint the sent been have should representatives the that a request contained also resolution The each. – 1 Germans andPoles–2each, Belorusians, Tatars, Moldavians, Czechs, Greeks,and Bulgarians Confirmation of the General SecretariatConfirmation of from June 29–30 resulted ina representatives Government Provisional the with Rada Central Ukrainian the of negotiations The processes. executive and legislative in drafting, minorities national and parties political from non-Ukrainian involve representatives Radathe would that Rada conditions the under The preposition “on” is used here to translate the Ukrainian and Russian “na” which was usually used with the with used usually was which “na” Russian and Ukrainian the translate to here used is “on” preposition The In the original of the document the name of the ethnic group is Ukra Ukra As already mentioned, the Provisional Government recognized the Ukrainian Central After such After such Rada the an announced its agreement andpublished SecondUniversal on July ʀ ʀ ns ns ƍ ƍ ka Tsentralka ka Tsentralka ƍ ƍ na Rada na Rada , vol. 1, 163. , vol. 1, 125. Resolution of the Provisional GovernmentResolution of aboutthe (from In the July 3,1917). (from 51 Ukraine.” 15 moskali 52 49 should11 places, have got Jews – 8, (Sovet Rabochikh Deputatov) (Sovet Rabochikh , however, without any negative Resolution the Provisional 50 , 20 to CEU eTD Collection Statute, under the guidance of the Secretary in Affairs National Secretary undertheguidance of Statute, the to According minorities. national numerous most the of positions the strengthened also of General the unanimously at Secretariat, meeting the adopted of Mala RadaonJuly 16, 1917, Secretary. Moreover, all the laws, administrative decrees and resolutions which were published were which resolutions and decrees laws,all administrative the Moreover, Secretary. for the competent speech right hadthe secretaries theseassistant tobeappointed; were andPoles) Jews Russians, (from and the deciding vote in the matters of their nations in the General Rada of in Mala the work participated the came) representatives Russian andJewishorganizations’ nationalities. the of organizations public and of cultural representatives with the latter, the of in caseof absence the and organizations, revolutionary ofnational representatives replenishmentwith wasmadenot nationalities’ direct representatives, butwith the Nevertheless, place. 51candidate alsogot minorities national The places. and 3reserve Bulgarians, the resolution confirmed such a system of joining Rada’s ranks that the 57 Natuinal Affairs. 56 Mennonitesthe ( Belarusians, Greeks,1tothe1 to Czechs,1tothe to the 1 Tartars, the to 3 Germans, the 4 to Moldavians, the 4 to Socialists, Peoples’ the to 4 Cadets, Community Organizations Socialist-Democrats, 20 to Socialist Revolutionaries, 10 to the Council of the United 55 sessions. Rada Central between breaks 54 53 ( Deputies Council of Soldiers’ the The Statute of the General Secretariat renamed the Secretariat in International Affairs into the Secretariat in Secretariat the into Affairs International in Secretariat the renamed Secretariat General ofthe Statute The Mala Rada was apermanently functioning body Ukrainianof the Central Rada which worked evenduring the Ibid., 207 – 208. Ukra Ukra 54 On July 11, 1917,the of representatives minorities national the (atthatmeeting only ʀ ʀ ns ns ( Small Council ƍ ƍ ka Tsentralka ka Tsentralka ƍ ƍ na Rada na Rada ) for the first time and they spoke with words of greetings. , vol. 1, 181 – 182. , vol. 1, 175 – 176. (Soiuz ob Sovet VoiennykhDeputatov) ƍƍ iedinennykh obshchiestviennykh organizatsii 16 , 20 tothe Poles, 20 , to the 56 three assistant secretaries assistant three Menenity) 53 55 The Statute The ), 10 tothe ), , 1 to the 1 to , CEU eTD Collection Century: Collection of Documents and Materials) ( vidnosyny vUkra 62 state. Russian democratic the of system federal the define and constitution the adopt 61 60 Kyiv, 1115.1.7.1–6. Ukra 59 58 Polish. and (Yiddish) Jewish Russian, – well in Ukrainian had tobe inpublished languagesof the threebiggestthe national minorities as about the Council about the theConstituentAssemblyPeoples, about of languages, regional and official all-state about state, Russian the of system federal the about representatives. in republic numbers All Russia. federated of should send peoples the equal the anda of autonomies convene which peoples were supporters the acongress of decision to movements a is inrevolutionaryin why, June Russia. Central That 1917, the Rada adopted national the all of forefront the at be to strived also it but policy, national progressive Russia, but it also definedoutlined themain andobjectives goals of Ukrainian nationalthe movementsand within other the basis of the state systemautonomy, etc. of Russia in correspondence with the Congress. Cossacks. Many other peoples sent telegramsDon and Jews, that theirGeorgian, representatives Tatars, Crimean Lithuanians, were on Estonians, the routeLatvians, to the Belorusians, day fifty Congress, the of amongdelegates werepresent, of them Ukrainians, representatives About the resolutions of the Congress see detailin have should which body representative All-Russian elected the been have should Assembly Constituent The Tsentral’nyi derzhavnyi arkhiv vyshchykhorganiv derzhavnoyi vlady i organiv derzhavnogo upravlinnia Ibid., 127. Ukra ʀ ny ny (TsDAVO, State Archive Central of Supreme Bodies of Government and AdministrationofUkraine), It isremarkable note Ukrainian the that to Central Rada notonly a quite conducted The Congress of of Peoples Russia washeldfrom September 8–15,1917. ʀ ns ƍ ka Tsentralka 60 At the last meeting, the Congress of the Peoples of Russia adopted resolutions 62 ʀ 58 ni u stolitti:XX Zbirnyk dokumentiv imaterialiv (National Relations inUkraine inthe20 Initiated by Central the Rada, the Congress of Peoplesthe of Russia notonly ƍ na Rada , vol. 1, 288. Kyiv,1994), 51–52. 57 Ukra 17 ʀ ns ƍ ka Tsentral ƍ na Rada 61 , aboutnational-personal , vol.307 –312; , 1, 59 At the first Natsinal ƍ ni th CEU eTD Collection 64 63 gymnasiums. and schools Greek and Serbian, German, Polish, Jewish, Russian, the to assistance material Radagave of Central the executiveagencies in The Ukraine. education and of culture their development and peoples non-Ukrainian with agreement at aimed and tolerant consistently was Ukraine. of minorities national the with significantly contributed to the establishment of good relations of the Ukrainian Central Rada aspirations ofits multi-national population. the Ukrainian In the context, Congress also National Union – the National Assembly and the National Council. National the and Assembly National –the Union National Union Thelaw not). establish alsoor presupposed to legislative andexecutive bodies the of thus hebeen struckoff in she cadastre, includedbe or the in or would included National the the relevant National in cadastre listed be to had just (at member each his personally; or hernationality the of own member will every by received the member of the nationality was rights autonomy national could use and Union have National the join to right the since territorial ex- was autonomy national The nation. the of members the all of consisted which Union National own its of agencies the through life national own its of arrangement independent for right the in Ukraine residing nationality every granted law This minorities. national Central may beRada, considered one achievements biggest of the of policy whole the towards found much found much theearlier ideas AustriansBauer, Ukrainian (in Renner and Karl of Mykhailo Otto Ukra Natsinal On the whole, the policy of the Ukrainian Central Rada towards the national minorities national the towards Rada Central Ukrainian the of policy the whole, the On The Law about National-PersonalThe AutonomyLaw about from by January 8, 1918,adopted the Although the concept of Autonomism and national-personal autonomy itself may be may itself autonomy national-personal and Autonomism of concept the Although ʀ ns ƍ ƍ ka Tsentralka ni menshyny 63 ƍ na Rada , 67. , vol.2, 99–101. 18 64 CEU eTD Collection 67 Rada representatives of non-Ukrainian and Ukrainian parties in Ukrainian Central Rada see also Rada Central Ukrainian in parties Ukrainian and non-Ukrainian of representatives (Notes of a Jew (Notes ofaJew and aCitizen) 66 65 Drahomanov, JewsChaimZhitlowsky,and Dubnow Simon representatives, claiming that the latter did participate in that claiming the not of wish representatives, work to Rada in the the Central Rada in Although exile. some Central Rada members accusednational minorities’ of meetings at the werepresent minorities national of of representatives the none In addition, time. that listat urgent the on not were apparently issues, which minorities’ national with itself a month During alliedmonth-long troops. with German notconcern this exile, Radadid the were forced to make a retreat from Kyiv and move toZhytomyr, and came back to Kyiv only in January Bolsheviks. Central the 11, 1918)against January On its25, 1918, Rada andtroops Ukrainian People’s Republic (proclaimed in Fourth the Universal of Central the Rada from proclaimed newly warof the and unrest revolutionary by the marred itwas nevertheless, berealized. to conditions Jewish, and Ukrainian state-regional (multi-ethnicparties in theirmembership)instead of Ukrainian, the departments of Russianprogrammes parties; however,work. present the of chapters next in the in detail be analyzed this plan and The exclusive law(by meaningof this example practice. of of way will Jewishthe people) did law in not ideas Autonomism the implement to try to government havefirst the was that Rada Central time or situation, Arnold Margolin proposed situation,ArnoldMykhailo to Margolin proposed Hrushevs Arnold Margolin, Arnold Margolin, Arnold Henry Abramson. , vol. 2, On the whole, the policy of the Ukrainian Central Rada may be considered as tolerant; their with parties the of struggle the not and needs their with nations of struggle the Yet, ɋ 66 .117. quite often took place in the Central Rada. In order to settle abnormal this to placeRada. In order intheCentral took often quite Ukraina i politika Antanty, Ukraina ipolitika Antanty (Zapiski ievreia igrazhdanina) (Ukraine and the Policy ofAntante A Prayer for the Government 67 , (Berlin: Izdatel 52–54. , 20–21. ƍ stvoEfron, 1922),52; S. about discussions the betweenthe 19 65 and others), it was the Ukrainian ƍ kyi the idea of kyi ideaof the creating all- Ukra ʀ ns ƍ ka Tsentral ƍ na CEU eTD Collection Ukraine Ukraine (1917 – 1920)) (Munich: Instytutvyvchennia SSSR, 1963), 9, 104. 68 continued function to during nextgovernments– Hetmanate, Directory,Union. and Soviet cultural, that and wereestablishedRada rule political, somerights Central during public) even and (educational, institutions minorities’ national the modifications, and exceptions some With ones. important most the are institutions self-government national and autonomy consequences Ukrainian Central Rada left after itself, the establishment of national-personal itUkraine; was however, abruptly ceased by coupd'étatthe on April In long-lasting29, 1918. comprehensive background between development in relations nationsthe in of revolutionary non-Ukrainian aboutmovingfromrepresentatives out Kyiv. Zhytomyr, there is some evidence that making a hurried retreat, the Rada did not notify the S.I.Goldelman,Zhydivs The policy of the Ukrainian Central Rada towards the national minorities made a made minorities national the towards Rada Central Ukrainian the of policy The ƍ ka natsional ƍ na avtonomiia Ukrana 20 ʀ ni (1917– 1920 (Jewishrr.) National Autonomy in 68 CEU eTD Collection 55. 69 common of theirunderstanding Jewishness. wastheirfactor only seem unifying even might the that asit from one another; detached quite were Jewishparties the for Ukraine, autonomy territorial and national-cultural for the aspiration and General Secretary of Jewish affairs) was appointed. minister a (later Affairs Jewish of Secretary Vice history in the time first the for 1917, 13, July on authorities, Ukrainian local of activity administrative and legislative in participation active their national1918 Ukraine. minorities’Owinglaws in to establishmentof rightsand 1917– Ukrainian the will movementparties towards national betouched. also the Jewish parties in the were those planks mostthe important of party the programs aroundwhichCentral wholethe activity of Rada was held. Theits position concerning theJewishautonomy, Jewish andcommunities language Jewish issue; question of the attitudekey pointsof willthose be the objectsJewish of the present examination such particular Rada.In Central the into of entrance moment the at stands andtheir platforms as: general orientation of every party, Zion), the Folkspartei (Jewish (Poalei- Poalei-Tsion the Party), Labor Socialist Jewish (United Fareinigte Bund,the were the People’s Party), and the Zionists.development I will focus ofon theirthe fivepolitical Jewish parties Parties. oftheJewish Platforms 2.1 ThePolitical which participatedthe Autonomy. of Establishment in the CentralChapter 2. The Participation of the Jewish Parties inthe Rada. These parties I. Kleiner. “Urok vtrachenykh mozhlyvostei,” (“The Lesson of the Lost Opportunities”) Lost the of Lesson (“The mozhlyvostei,” vtrachenykh “Urok Kleiner. I. Unlike various parties Ukrainian werein casesomehowwhich united by any the and autonomy Jewish of in creation role a notable played parties mass-based Jewish and formation of history the analyze briefly will I chapter third the of section this In 69 21 Suchasnist ƍ , 8 (1992): CEU eTD Collection 75 of Ukraine (1917–1925): Monograph) 74 Komiteta Bunda, [year?]), 8; TsDAHO, 41.1.4.16. 73 Organizations of Ukraine), Kyiv. 41.1.1.4 72 Studies, University of Alberta, 1988), 250. Historical Perspective 71 70 workers of Jewish interests of and protection the suppression beof aliquidation Jewish aim was to institutions, and the establishment of Jewish schools educational system. International and democracy social of Russian is apart party the that proclaimed means national only national a of of theirdevelopmentJews and of as consciousness unity public mutual aid andreligion. care, health of in affairs education, its competence the and basisthe Jewish communities of included Thisautonomy on of establishment concept the dispersion wassupported. countries of Organization Congressin Helsingforsidea the of inJewish autonomy desirability of the program planksfurther aspirations, were a Jewish state) incongresses sincesubordinating 1897.Themain aim wastoreestablishof ZionistsZion theJewishsettlement(in (at that time the territory of Palestine), its World wereunderOrganization which convened TheZionists five parties. Zionist partof the and all othe to that aim. Only after 1906 after the World Zionist establishedby Jewish in socialist-democratic groups 1897 Vilnus becouldlater usedfor of in theestablishment in future)Jewish autonomy state (and Palestine. O. Ya. Naiman, See Tsentral Mattiyahu Minc, “Kiev Zionists and the Ukrainian National Movement”, in Movement”, National Ukrainian the and Zionists “Kiev Minc, Mattiyahu Henry Abramson, Izbiratel Zionists’ party and Bund were established one of the first among the above-mentioned General Workers’ Jewish League in Poland,Lithuania, and Russia (or Bund)the was Izbiratel 74 ƍ ƍ nyi derzhavnyi arkhiv hromads naia platforma “Bunda” ; in addition to that, equality of Jewish language rights in all the state official state the all in rights language Jewish of equality that, to addition in ; ƍ naia platforma “Bunda” (Election Platform of the “Bund”) Ievreis A Prayer for the Government , PeterJ. Potichnyj Aster Howard,and eds. (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian ƍ ki parti ʀ ta ob’iednannia Ukra , 10; TsDAHO, 41.1.4.17. 70 (Kyiv, 1998),26. Nevertheless, the Zionists considered the national national Zionists the consideredthe Nevertheless, autonomy ƍ kykhobyednan , 25. 22 ʀ ny (1917–1925): Monohrafiia (Jewish Parties and Unions ƍ Ukrayiny (TsDAHO, Central State Archive of Public , ([place?]:, Izdanie tsentralnogo Ukrainian-Jewish Relations in 72 75 . The Bund. The platform 73 , thus their thus , 71 ; it ; CEU eTD Collection ob’iednannia Ukra Komiteta,[year?]), 2, 21; Henry Abramson, (Program of Jewish Social-Democratic Workers Party (“Poalei Tsion”)) 78 77 76 cultural-national autonomy autonomy cultural-national adopted. was Sixth Congress of the Bund the concept of Austrian Socialist-Democratic Party about the cultural autonomy’. of national minorities inside lands such should havealso been guaranteed by ‘personal national- instance lands,peculiarities ofsuch rights (for program The the andLithuania). Ukraine called and territorial autonomy for the lands which differed in their economical, national, and life style rights for free national Such development. rights should haveincluded full equality languges of the got have should nationality every state in the nevertheless, indivisible; and united remained of normal andeconomical the unitydevelopment class struggle,of Russiahave should dispersion. of lands inthe national-personal and aim) final and important most the (as in Palestine the Zionists’ concept, that is Poalei Tsion supported socialismthe features, territorial was founded. The Poalei Tsion’s concept of Jewish autonomy autonomywas similar to for Jewish people and combined Zionism the which party, congressinPoltava the in at movementand only 1906 from Worldthe Zionist From1900Poalei Organization. functionedTsion as apublic-political People’s Ideologically Party). followed party the theideas of utteredinSimon Dubnow his TsDAHO, 41.1.126.2, 12; TsDAHO, 41.1.4.13; O. Ya. Naiman, Izbiratel Soon mostthe Jewish socialistSoon Bundthe became the popular In1905at Jewishparty. Jewish Social-Democratic Workers’ Party “Poalei Tsion” (Workers of Zion) originated In 1906 the prominent Jewish activist Simon Dubnow established the Folkspartei established(Jewish Jewish activist Folkspartei Simon Dubnow the prominent In 1906 the ƍ naia platforma “Bunda” 78 ʀ ny , 24–26. 77 Programma Ievreiskoi Sotsial-Demokraticheskoi Rabochei Partii (“Poalei-Tsion”) , 9–10; TsDAHO, 41.1.4.17. Ievreis A Prayer for the Government ƍ ki parti 76 Bund also adhered Bund positionsake tothe for the also that, ʀ ta ob’iednannia Ukra 23 , 27; O. Ya. Naiman, ʀ , ([place?]: Izdanie Petrogradskogo ny , 26–27. Ievreis ƍ ki parti ʀ ta CEU eTD Collection 83 Ukra 82 Arkhiv russkoi revoliutsii (Archives of the Russian Revolution) 81 23. 80 27 – 28. 79 “seim”). body Jewish representative for Jewsand autonomy national-cultural the establish to strived party the as – “Seimists” or (SERP Party Labor Jewish Socialist and Zion) Zionist at all as it supported theMay, 1917,after mergethe of parties:two Zionist-Socialist party in(which wasnotessence establishment of the Jewish state at any territory, not only gain popularity. broad the in would be elements structural localIts ex-territorial. and secular been have should autonomy councils national Jewish the of concept, Autonomism Dubnow’s Jewish to According Rada. Central Ukrainian the by chosen communities ( position of national-cultural autonomy inestablishment very the same form which was later Judaism” Oldon New “Letters and social etc. social service, autonomy in which Jewish self-governmentwould includethe of matters the culture, education, national-parsonal Jewish the of establishment the was program the of plank main the Fareinigte intellectualsof which unsuccessfullyquite strived obe close people to aassociation but rather party”, people’s not the was its name, despite ““Folkspartei”, mentions: government of the state. in the Affairs Jewish of Minister a and parliament; Jewish the of organ executive an as Council National andparties; which of Jewish communities be to therepresentatives delegates would TsDAHO, 41.1.1.43; TsDAHO, 41.1.52.11. Henry Abramson, Henry A.Goldenveizer, “IzKievskikhvospominanii: 1917–1921(“From gg.” Kyiv’s 1917–1921”), Memoirs: in SimonDubnow, on “Letters Old Newand Judaism,” 131–142; Henry Abramson, Henry Abramson, ʀ ny United Jewish Socialist Labor Party last –in UnitedParty one wasestablishedthe the Labor Jewish(Fareinigte) Socialist , 32. A Prayer for the Government, 83 A Prayer for the Government, The party also communicated with World Zionist Organization. 80 However, as one of the party members A. Goldenveizer critically 79 . From the very beginning Folkspartei adhered to the 27; O. Ya. Naiman, 27–28; O. Ya. Naiman, 24 kehilot , vol.6. (Berlin, 1922), 200. ); Jewish parliament (assembly), the (assembly), parliament Jewish ); Ievreis ƍ ki parti Ievreis A Prayer fortheGovernment, 81 ʀ ƍ taob’iednannia Ukra ki parti , butnotmanaged to ʀ taob’iednannia 84 82 For ʀ ny , CEU eTD Collection 86 The JewishPublication Society of 1958),America, 73 – 241. Nationalism andHistory: Essays onOldandNew DubnowJudaism by Simon 85 84 state) in Palestine; Bund aimed at the fulfillment of proletarian revolution and the ideas of the and revolution proletarian of fulfillment the at aimed Bund in Palestine; state) a even (or autonomy territorial national Jewish establish to aim main their had Tsion Poalei other planks in their program, moreover, not the mostimportant one. For example, Zionists and government would notdepend on local national institutions. Russia was expressed by Ze’ev Jabotinsky. They believed that local aboutautonomy for territorial minoritiesin to be by called educational-instrumentalist wassupported was one, Russian Zionist Organization. It realized, personal that whichmay territorial thirdautonomy be replace autonomy.could approach, The that is whyclaim didnot of this approach apologists the area.However, within aspecific territorialization they wisheddemocratic to the on based autonomy guarantee personal only that thought which party Labor Socialist Jewish that development. constitutionJewish self- of stage higher spiritual asa nation, Jewish of the ex-territoriality at the privilege, even whoviewedpositively,asa emerged of from ItSimon Dubnow, approach. teachings the “historical” the called be may first The Minc. would Mattityahu historian the to according autonomy, giveautonomy, there Jewish concerns theWhat on. so were and Hebrew) or (Yiddish three schooling Jewish in education basicJews attitudes within in such asorientation of Jewish autonomy,questions affairs,languageof political question the thestrong political Jewish public towardformal personal tools to carry out their Mattiyahu Minc, “Kiev Zionists and the Ukrainian National Movement,” 249–251. in Judaism,” New and Old on “Letters Dubnow, Simon see autonomy of Jewish concept Dubnow’s For V. Versiuk, ed. Actually, for majority the Autonomism ideas of parties wereonly of the a plankamong In fact, when the Jewish parties entered the Rada they had already had their own views on 85 Ukra The second was instrumental-political approach. It was mainly by It represented approach. instrumental-political The was second ʀ ns ƍ kyi natsional ƍ no-vyzvolyi rukh. Berezen 25 ƍ -lystopad 1917 roku: Dok. imaterially 86 , Koppel ed.(Philadelphia: S.Pinson, , 958. CEU eTD Collection Memoirs, Documents) Memoirs, Issledovaniia, vospominaniia, dokumenty. (Jewish Population of the South ofUkraine. Yearbook. Researches, Southof Ukraine 1917 in and the JewishCommunities”), in 92 religious character, about Struggle the against Clericalism in filesthe of TsDAHO,41.1.1. 44–45. 91 Ukra 90 89 88 Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta, 1988), 268. Jewish Relations in Historical Perspective usage, chapter. Mala Novemberthe 14,1917; Radaon of hearings the at in were agenda the matters declaration Balfour and Palestine interest, Tsion 87 acentral one. autonomy as cultural) Marxism. tooktheidea Folkspartei and Fareinigte of Only Jewish national-personal (national- that the state should not interfere in the matters of in matters of the Jewish shouldcommunity. interfere the not state that the parties the all practically bases, countries of dispersion. inPalestine. state future in official as Hebrew implement to them for iteasier make it also would language; andofficial a vernacular Hebrew as importance. is matters was inThat vital cultural, of usage schooling, official, and why other Hebrew in Palestine. intheirown country, in independence Jewsand of stage the process uniting of the V. Gvozdik, “Politicheskaia bor Inparticularsee the resolutionof the Bund About theCommunity, about theStruggle of the Bund against its See Henry Abramson, S. I. Goldelman, Jonathan Frankel, Jonathan “The Dilemmas of JewishAutonomism: the Case of Ukraine 1917 –1920”, in ʀ ny The andBund, Fareynigte forFolkspartei Yiddish stood asalanguage of Jewishthe mass What concerns the reorganization of Jewish the of reorganization the concerns What Basically, for Zionists and Poalei-Tsion the concept of autonomy was only a transitional Ukra , 56. mame loshn ʀ ns 88 ƍ ka Tsentral Zionists considered Yiddish a‘ Yiddish considered Zionists Zhydivs A Prayer for the Government , (Kharkov, Zaporozhie, 1998), 245–247. (mother’s (mother’s language),tongue, and they also for advocated stable life inthe ƍ ƍ ka natsional na Rada ƍ ba na Iuge Ukrainy v 1917 g. i evreiskie obshchiny” (“Political Struggle in the , vol. 1, 441–442; See also O. Ya. Naiman, 91 ƍ na avtonomiia weresupporting the idea. Only made Zioniststhe a caution 87 , Peter J. Potichnyj and Aster Howard, eds. (Edmonton: Canadian 90 it would be analyzed in detail in the next part of the of part next in the in detail analyzed be would it , 76–78. , jargon 50–51. 26 ’, the language of exile, so they ’, thelanguagesupported sothey of exile, Evreiskoe naselenieIuga Ukrainy. Ezhegodnik. kehilot 89 Owing tospecial Zionist and Poalei- on the democratic andsecular democratic the on Ievreis 92 ƍ ki parti ʀ taob’iednannia Ukrainian- CEU eTD Collection 97 natsional General Assembly of the Uman “autonomous organs of the Ukrainian nation GovernmentCommittee should recognizenational-territorial autonomy.” of Poaleithe they that elements “democratic forwould goside byside on struggle in Ukraine with their Ukrainian Tsion the towards GovernmentCentral policy declared Rada claims.The party Provisional the also of Central from aresolutionagainstthe joined protest adopted with Party Fareinigte) the Labor (which later Rada the and 29thesupport to its aspirations. Forinstance, in June 1917, Uman organization of the Socialist JewishGeneral Secretariat as ukra representative organ of wholethe population Ukraineof andnot by only Ukrainian origin the Jewish disdain with movement politicalnational Ukrainian treated intelligentsia Jewish and Russian reasons some for that partiesGol’denveizer shifted their attitude towards the Ukrainian Central Rada as a 96 95 Henry Abramson, 94 Arkhiv russkoi revoliutsii (Archives of the Russian Revolution) 93 In this Inthis case word the “nation” obviously meandid not astate but rather a national (ethnic) group. See “Rezoliutsiia zahal Quoted in I.Kleiner.“Urok vtrachenykh mozhlyvostei,” 61. also See 168–177; vospominanii…”, Kievskikh “Iz A. Goldenveizer, seeA. issue this on elaborately More A.Goldenveizer“Iz Kievskikh vospominanii: 1917–1921 gg.”(“From Kyiv’s 1917–1921”) Memoirs: in ʀ ntsi Ukrainians...” political tendency concerning national minoritieswhich ismanifested by the reviving movement…National claims ofthe Jewish people… withoutdoubt a correspond to national-the leading reasonablycircles, in their and turn, sympathetically treated national the Jewish “[from] the Jewish Ukrainianside the national aspirations metinnate sympathy… [and] Ukrainian Even before participation in the Ukrainian Central Rada, the Jewish parties uttered their uttered parties Jewish the Rada, Central Ukrainian the in participation before Even Contrary brochurein Contrary Goldenveizer, issueda 1917Joseph Schechtman to However, according to the opinion of Jewish People’s Party ( Party People’s Jewish of opinion the to according However, ƍ no-vyzvolyi rukh. Berezen ( Jews andUkrainians A PrayerA for the Government, 95 ƍ nykh zboriv Umans ƍ SERP Organization in Ukrainian Question”), in V. Versiuk, ed. ƍ -lystopad 1917 roku: Dok. i materially 96 ), in which he wrote that wrote he in which ), Moreover, a resolution of Bureau of Southern-Western District 93 , as quite an unexpected , asquite anunexpected one, soitwas beforea long period ƍ ko . 34–45. ʀ orhanizatsi th of JuneThe 1917claimedProvisional that of 27 97 ” and also that the Ukrainian Central Rada ʀ , vol.6 (Berlin, 1922), 168. SERP z ukra , 422. ʀ ns ƍ koho pytannia” (“Resolutionof the Folkspartei) member A. A. A. member Ukra Ievre 94 ʀ . ns ʀ ta ƍ kyi CEU eTD Collection 101 100 99 98 statehood. Ukrainian ideathe of the favorably treated andreasonably Jewish movement towards when Ukrainianthe parties he the Jewish mentioned that parties of territorial-autonomous system [government] ofUkraine.” organization the on preparedwork minorities thenational of with representatives “together the revolutionary times meant “socialist parties”. “socialist meant times revolutionary inthose which elements”, “democratic phrase the by implied was it Rada; the join to socialists forinvitation First the non-Ukrainian Universal hadcontained atacit parties. Moreover, left-wing and socialist by dominated itself was it it, join to organizations minorities’ national ininterest it.moment of active Atthe parties showed representatives the the Radainvited the with endreal April and till of the 1918, when Ukrainian the nationalRada fell, Jewish Central Government of Provisional the representative the authority and legitimate as the Government Rada. Central in theUkrainian Parties ofJewish 2.2 TheActivity Jewry the of Russia. laterin its would threaten become civil the turn aseat of war, of Russia,Russia; themajority that Jews thoughtof being would states, divided inseparate favorable attitude, as a Jewish party leader noted, basically every Jewish party stood at the unity the Rada played a bad trick on the latter. Although Zionists excelled the socialists in different socialists excelled the Although Zionists latter. on the a badtrick Radaplayed the offer. Ukrainian accept the firstto bethe to parties Ibid, 286. Quoted after Vynnychenko, Volodymyr. Henry Abramson, S.I.Goldelman, Zhydivs Volodymyr former Vynnychenko, General highly attitude also of Secretary, evaluatedthe From From July 1917, when Central Ukrainian the Rada was recognized by Provisional the Shortly such zeal of Jewish socialists and initial indifference of Zionists to the affairs of affairs the to Zionists of indifference initial and socialists Jewish of zeal such Shortly A Prayer for the Government ƍ ka natsional ƍ na avtonomiia na Ukra Vidrozhennia natsi , 46. 101 28 It was not the least reason for Jewish socialist Jewish for reason least the was not It ʀ , 289. ʀ ni, 12. 98 99 However, despite such despite However, 100 CEU eTD Collection 104 Zionists from participation in the Rada as the latter did not belong to the ‘revolutionary the to belong not did latter the as Rada the in participation from Zionists attempted toremove the which by social-democrats, Ukrainian Fareinigte, the were supported and the Bund mainly parties, socialist theJewish arose, Rada Central the to parties Jewish the Ukraine. institutionsin theRadaandin thepolitics Rada in Jewishnationalof autonomy the concerning had Central Suchconfrontation for consequences and its establishing Rada. Jewish of activity support amonginfluence in Jewry had more Zionists, andpower than Ukrainian Ukrainian the socialist As confrontation.of fact, socialist parties’ Zionist a matter and whichhadless parties, 103 102 Zioniststhe -13. in such a way: the Bund - 13, the Fareinigte - 13, the Poalei-Tsion - 9, the Folkspartei - 2, and andin Rada,Velyka which met infrequently, –7%. Rada Mala the of seats) 25 %(50 to amounted Jews level parliamentary the at Affairs), Jewish Ministerof finally Affairs of and Jewish General Secretary Affairs (later Inter-nationality for in General Secretariat Affairs the of hada Jewish Secretary cabinetlevel Vice the they At government. levelsUkrainian of all on three wererepresented Jewish parties organizations. and parties political recognized from asdelegates wereappointed Affairs, Jewish of Secretary Ukrainian Central Rada. minority amoderate inthe representatives the JewishZionists parties’ constituted among al. et Congress Jewish All-Russian Assembly, Constituent All-Russian the (to elections See Henry Abramson, JosephSchechtman, “JewishCommunity Life inthe Ukraine (1917–1919),” 42. Ukra The relations between these Jewish parties in the Rada were quite tense because of because tense werequite in Rada the Jewish parties these between The relations According to the Zionist Naum (Nakhman Moisha) Syrkin when the issue of of whenthe entrance Syrkin Moisha) ZionistNaum (Nakhman the to According As no democratic elections were held in the Rada, all the delegates, including the Vice the including all delegates, the intheRada, held were elections As nodemocratic ʀ ns ƍ ka Tsentralka 104 A Prayer for the Government, ƍ na Rada , vol. 1, 212; see also Henry Abramson, 72–73. 29 103 In the Mala Rada the seats weredivided seats Mala Inthe Rada A PrayerA for the Government, 52. 102 ), the ), CEU eTD Collection 109 108 negotiations endthe at of July 1917 (Moshe partin Ukrainianthe inmember delegation the Rafes, Bund took Petrograd the of onlynot asapart active part Jewishparties took the Government Rada andtheProvisional questions’ all negotiations butalso issues. Duringgovernmental of the Central Ukrainian the actively engaged in the thewhole model for autonomous life not only for Russia, butcreate also to for work; possible the be wholewill it in Ukraine world. that optimistically hoped Silberfarb Moses aspirations”. so they participatedZionists werequite unanimoussupport inpromising “to revivedthe Ukrainian people in their not and of Tsion Poalei representatives the in Palestine, autonomy national-territorial Jewish only in decision bycreation of ‘the question’ wishtosolve the Jewish consideration intomembers. Taking of ‘Jewish 107 Ukrainian Studies,University of Alberta, 1988),173–202. Relations in Historical Perspective Nationalism: Jewish-UkrainianPolitical Relations inImperial Russia, 1900 – 1917,” in 106 105 representatives of the national minorities, which took place on July 11, 1917: relashionship of Zionists with Ukrainian socialist-revolutionaries. democracy’. Vynnychenko, Volodymyr. Ibid, 175–176. Vynnychenko, Volodymyr. and Socialism “Between Boshyk, Yury see parties Ukrainian and ofJewish relations the about elaborately More Mattiyahu Minc, “Kiev Zionists and the Ukrainian National Movement”, 254. in such a way regarding the Ukrainian statehood and equality of Jewry in it with favor. with it in of Jewry equality and statehood Ukrainian the regarding way a such in equal with political and national rights: members, the representative of equal Zionists spoke inits old Jewishas languageit [Hebrew],in themselves treated and agency their as consciousness organizations Jewish of representatives on common work and affair, a wish to forget oldmisunderstandings… cooperation friendly of willingness reconciliation, in sincerity extent some This was the best moment inliving togetherof different nationalities inUkraine. There was to From the first days of membership in the Central Rada the Jewish representatives were Jewish and Ukrainian of words greeting friendly of full was 11 July on meeting The Volodymyr Vynnychenko recollects the first meeting of the Mala Rada with the 105 Not the least factor in preventing such a situation was the old friendly old the was situation a such in preventing factor least the Not Vidrozhennia natsi Vidrozhennia natsi , Peter J. Potichnyj and Aster Howard, eds. (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of 109 ), butalsoindependently. instance, For OnAugust 3, ʀ ʀ , 195, 215–217. , 297–298. . They had already accepted the Central Rada in their 30 in particular, this sincerity was apparent in the 106 108 Ukrainian-Jewish 107 CEU eTD Collection 112 111 rukh. Berezen of Conclusion of Agreement with the Ukrainian Democracy” in V. Versiuk, ed., Versiuk, V. in Democracy” Ukrainian the with of Agreement Conclusion of 110 special way and thus returns Jewsin forthought that suchsome treats of example, election the Zionists order The rabbis. to the imperial such as, lifeJews of internal the which concern in matters the all Affairs, in National Secretary practice; they alsoto the stronglycommissioners of Ukraine to be guided by Mosesobjected Silberfarb, the assistant of the Generalthein Affairs againstof the Internal Secretariat the 1917, protested order Zionists 19, the October secular from Rada Mala of meeting the At lives. individual and community Jewish the of religiousness and secularity Hebrew, and Yiddish Zionism, and nationalism assimilation, between non-Jewish as understandable membersuponsuch andtouched matters to choice of Rada the always not views were The conflicting between Jewishparties. arose matters life latter. the support Rada they will Central the with Government Provisional the of conflict the in and Ukraine”, autonomous of Government, they will work there, where “the regional democracy agency for the establishment by theProvisional General of Secretariat the confirmation and recognition of irrespective that, announced S.Goldelman representative meetingTsion Poalei MalaRadathe the of at that, the in ruleand the Ukraine region. democracy the of autonomous concerning the between it Provisional innecessity Government agreementemphasizedof the urgentthe which Government tothe Provisional telegram the sent of Fareinigte the Central Committee 1917 the Ukraine. of minorities the for autonomy national-personal of principle the mention not did Declaration the that regretting however, of Ukraine, Secretariat General the of Declaration the supported Ibid, 329. Ukra See “The Telegram of the Central Committee of the United Jewish Socialist Workers’ Party about the Necessity the about Party Workers’ Socialist Jewish United the of Committee Central of the Telegram See “The Nevertheless, often during Central Rada meetings sharp discussions concerning Jewish concerning sharpdiscussions Rada meetings Central during often Nevertheless, ʀ ns 112 ƍ ka Tsentralka ƍ -lystopad 1917 roku: Dok. imaterially ƍ na Rada , vol. 1, 211. 111 On September 29the Jewish factions unanimously , 602. 31 Ukra ʀ ns ƍ kyinatsional 110 In addition to ƍ no-vyzvolyi CEU eTD Collection 115 114 the immediate cessation of pogroms; and whether General Secretariat allows Jews-soldiers to allows Jews-soldiers General Secretariat whether and of pogroms; cessation immediate the made what arrangements theGeneralknow matter inof for to Secretariat the pogroms, wishing Affairs Military and Affairs Internal of secretaries the to inquiry official an made Schechtman “imperial occupation of lands, and a wish to evict Jews from Ukraine.” Polish representatives of unity among the Jewish theUkrainianparties, socialist-revolutionariessocial-democrats, and condemned the resolutionArabs.violated therights lack ofPalestinian Observing the theonewhich such as a resolution as one that against objected Fareinigte socialist the of coulditself. representative The showed parties Jewish the be understood between controversy asthe again Ukraine. Here of every Jew to been know have would Ukraine, a call to of theaspirations towards Ukraine ofJewishit, asa people, decision authority highest the of in 113 Palestine). national-territorialautonomy establish Third in Universal autonomy a to (in declared the national-personal with together people Jewish the andwill allow also people areconcentrated”; arise the feeling of great content among the democratic circles of Ukraine, where a lot of Jewish confidence have will Ukrainian Rada “utters the Central thatthis declaredthat act… historical Palestine” “Aboutadopt aresolution in which would to Zionistspeople proposed Palestine. stated that the British government supported the establishment of national home for Jewish socialists andSilberfarb himself criticized Zionists’the firmly.position elections of rabbis as they considered it essentially religious matter. On the contrary, the Jewish Ukra Ukra Ukra On the 28 On November 14,1917theZionistsinitiated adiscussion Balfour of Declaration which ʀ ʀ ʀ ns ns ns ƍ ƍ ƍ ka Tsentralka ka Tsentralka ka Tsentralka 114 So such resolution could have become not only the manifestation of manifestation only Sosuchresolutionfriendliness couldnot become the of have th of of meeting November 1917atthe of Malathe Rada Zionist Joseph ƍ ƍ ƍ na Rada na Rada na Rada , vol.1, 441–442. , vol. 1, 441, 570; O. Ya. Naiman, , vol.1, 351–352. 32 Ievreis ƍ ki parti ʀ ta ob’iednannia Ukra 115 113 ʀ ny , 56–57. CEU eTD Collection 120 vo Petliura…”, 169; V. Hrynevych and Hrynevych L., Hrynevych and Hrynevych V. 169; Petliura…”, 119 118 117 District) 1917 - sichen1917 - Hrynevych L., Hrynevych Secondof the Competition ofPetliura scholars of Ukraine) konkursu petliuroznavtsiv Ukra 1920)”).,V. in Mykhal (1917–1920)” (“Tragic Page Ukrainianin Revolution. SymonPetliura and Jewishpogroms inUkraine (1917– 47; Serhii Iekel even later, on December 19, 1917. The Secretary basically sameanswersas the 1917. TheSecretary with responded December 19, on even later, Ukrainians from it. territorial formationUkrainian of the army but as an essentiallymilitary Ukrainian unitsmatter which understandexcluded non- the Ukrainization of the army too literally: not as a and pogroms. because the formation of separate national military units would only favor the national hostility amenablefor it; also in army based the shouldhaveUkraine been the basison territorial general authorities secureofficial hadof Ukraine Jews to from be and wouldpogroms, they the of inBund arguedthat Bund.Theand the representatives Folkspartei objected, particular, matter of Jewish military squads he did notsee any obstacles. in the that remarked Petliura pogroms. the prevent make to to made andwereplanned were in areas” which front-line stand reserve units byof cases in soldiers the “werecommitted majority ashe which, of the stated, pogroms very factin S.Petliuranoted the Affairs General Military the of notorious questions, Secretary 116 fighting Jewsfrom separate the for safe-guarding squads pogroms. create ʀ V. Hrynevych and Hrynevych L., Ibid. See niv Ukra Ukra , 24. The problem of pogroms was raised by the Zionist faction at the meeting of factionby Mala Rada of meeting the Zionist the at wasraised The problem pogroms of However, against the formation of separate Jewish military squads other Jewish parties Jewish other squads military Jewish separate formation of the against However, Ukra ʀ ʀ . (Kyiv, 2001),24. ns ns ƍ ƍ ka Tsentralka ka Tsentral ʀ ns ƍ 1918 rr.)(National Military Question in the Activity ofJews-Soldiers Union of theKyiv Military Natsional ƍ ƍ chyk, “Trahichna storinka Ukra ka Tsentral 119 The representative of the Fareinigte Maks Shats-Anin also claimed thatsome claimed also MaksShats-Anin theFareinigte of Therepresentative 120 ƍ ƍ ƍ na Rada na Rada chuk, ed., ƍ ne viis ƍ na Rada ʀ ƍ , vol. 1, 483. , vol. 1,484; Serhii Iekel ny (Symon Petliura and The Ukrainian National Revolution: The Collected Works kove pytannia vdiial Symon Petliura ta ukra , vol. 1, 483; Joseph Schechtman, “Jewish Community Life in the Ukraine”, the in Life Community “Jewish Schechtman, Joseph 483; 1, , vol. Natsional ƍ ne viis ʀ ns ƍ ko ƍ nosti Soiuzuievre ƍ Natsional ʀ kove pytannia v diial revoliutsi 117 33 ƍ chyk, “Trahichna storinka Ukra ʀ ; he also reported on the arrangements which ns ƍ ka natsional ƍ ne viis ʀ (Kyiv:Rada, 1995), 169; V.Hrynevychand . SymonPetliura ta ievreis ƍ ʀ kove pytanniav diial v-vo 118 ƍ na revoliutsiia: Zbirnyk prats’ Druhoho ƍ nosti Soiuzu ievre ʀ niv Ky ʀ vs ƍ ko ʀ ʀ ns viis ƍ ƍ 116 ko ki pohromy v Ukra ʀ ƍ nostiSoiuzu ievre v-vo ƍ kovo ʀ Answering the Answering revoliutsi ʀ niv ʀ okruhy (lypen , 25. ʀ . Symon ʀ ʀ ni v- ƍ CEU eTD Collection 125 124 123 Ukra Establishment of Community Councils and Elections of Members of These Councils,” in 122 character” andinstitutions, non-governmental inrooms areof religious) that secularexclusively not (and amendments of the Bund representative Moshe Rafes that“the elections arebe to held in public Community Councils and of Members Elections of These Councils. of Establishment the Law the about itadopted ofJewishrepresentatives discussions 121 mentioned thatlawby shape“hadits such implemented neverbeen in any country of the 8 the against objected Zolotariov Oleksandr representative Autonomy on December 30,1917andJanuary 19and During2, 1918. discussions the theBund commission.” administrative special with in consent Affairs Jewish of Secretary the by held is elections the be effective. entirely they not could situation of because unstable weremade,but preventive arrangements the time that previous the Ukrainian democracy. agreed with the Law aboutthe constitution the National-Personal of the National Union. gavebig theNationaldeterminewords, too sovereignty to to Assembly inConstituent theright Zolotariov Autonomyalso argued that suchadopted constitution by hadthe to be all bodies of all Ibid. Quoted after Quoted Ukra Ukra Ukra ʀ ni u XX stolitti On 2,1917,MalaDecember Radaheld interesting avery meeting atwhich vivaciousafter There were several lively discussions of the draft of the Law about National-Personal Law about of the draft the of lively discussions several There were ʀ ʀ ʀ ns ns ns ƍ ƍ ka Tsentralka ka Tsentralka ƍ 123 ka Tsentral , and from Poalei Tsion representative S. Goldelman that “the general guidance of Ukra 124 , 57–61. ʀ ns ƍ ƍ na Rada na Rada ƍ ƍ na Rada ka Tsentral ka 125 The Bund representative among other things enthusiastically things other among representative Bund The , vol. 2, 47. , vol. 2, 50. , vol. 1, 494, 496, 578; “Law of the Ukrainian People’s Republic about the ƍ na Rada na 121 , vol. 1, 578. 34 th Article which, according to his Article to according which, 122 The bill included the Natsinal ƍ ni vidnosynyv CEU eTD Collection S. I. Goldelman, 130 izdatelstvo, 1990), 255. Alekseev S.A., eds., S.A., Alekseev (“Antisemitism129 and Pogroms128 on Ukraine127 in the Period of the Central Rada and Hetman”) in N. N. Popov and 126 world.” most democratic in the whole world lawin importance”. wholedemocratic of mostthe world great happened because of happened becauseof alleged disloyalty Jewishthe Ukrainianof parties tothe Central Rada way happened many that one might think and of reasons Someitassumptions. would that say Folkspartei) abstained from voting, andZionistsdid even not come at meeting.the and Fareinigte, Tsion, (Poalei representatives parties’ present of the rest the it, against voted support theUniversal:Bund didnot and parties Jewish proclaimed. voted Republic, was Central Rada, which full proclaimed andsovereignty independence People’s of Ukrainian the Ukrainian state. inloyalty the became akind of exams to declarations fact these minorities; although the minorities were then allowed to read their declarations on the matter, in beginningfrom knowledgenational the without Thirdthe andwillof Universal, wereresolved Ukrainian the all of state decisions the but matters, Jewish specific matters the Jews to left they where settlement” belonged of pale “state-political of a kind into only autonomy national Jewish of institute the to turned Ukrainians.eventually He also admittedlaterinHowever, March same Litvakov 1918, the that Ukrainians desperately claimed that all the and cease beingminorities equalcitizens Republic.” become state of Ukrainian the People’s acts,minorities the on now “from that noted solemnly Fareinigte) the (from Litvakov M. adopted, Cited inI. Cherikover, “Antisemitizm ipogromy Ukrainena v period Tsentral Ibid, 99. Ibid, 87–88. Quoted in Ukra At the next meeting At next the Mala 11,1918, January of Rada on Fourth the Universal of the When finally on January Law8, 1918the aboutNational-Personal Autonomy was ʀ 126 ns ƍ The representatives of Poalei Tsion and Folkspartei also greeted sincerely this “the sincerely this Folkspartei greeted also of and Tsion ThePoalei representatives ka Tsentralka Ukra Zhydivs ʀ ns ƍ ka Tsentral ka Revoliutsyia naUkraine pomemuaram Belykh ƍ na Rada ƍ ka natsional ƍ , vol. 2, 102; O. Ya. Naiman, na Rada na ƍ na avtonomiia , vol. 2, 82. , 35. 35 Ievreis (Moskva,Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe ƍ 127 ki parti ʀ taob’iednannia Ukra ƍ noi rady i getmana,” 129 130 Why it Why ʀ ny , 61; , 128 CEU eTD Collection 133 132 representatives assured the latter latter such assured representatives the that an had be been appeal already issued.ready to residents ofKyiv with support of Rada in Central the strugglethe with Bund Bolsheviks. Bundissued the anappeal that to Party, proposed Social-Democratic Workers’ Ukrainian a representative of the B. Martos, thepogrom haveappeal atmosphere; increased could the contrary, the on claimed, they as a proposition such declined representatives Ukrainian haveissued an appeal to the citizens with a call not tocommit Jewish pogroms. However, some ranks. Jewish nationbejoined could individual Jews responsiblefor not the deeds of who Bolsheviks’ whole the that proclaimed they in which Rada Central the of Session Ninth the at statements practically identical Zionistwith the ones),and on January 19 and 20,1918theymade Thus the Jewish parties showed population increased. towards attitudes tension Kyiv, the andarmy anti-Jewish of at Bolshevik previously unseen unanimity (the declarationsRussian Mensheviks in decided questions the in Central the Rada). of Bund with position weresame the took often Bund social-democracy; Russian and International the of part instance, (forparty itcenter be the could said a itself about Bundin whichconsidered Ukraine 131 S. Goldelman spoke in his work could be also explained by the wish of Jewish parties preserveto the ‘Russian Jewry’ united (as it Bolsheviks). inthestruggle Partially tothe Central with publicly theirsupport Rada declared confirmation in furtherthe deeds of Jewish when parties, they,for example, unanimously and (however,have apopular assumption scholars andaccusation among such not Ukrainian does Ibid, 117–118. S. I. Goldelman, Ukra In January 1918 during the Bolsheviks’ revolt at Arsenal Kyiv factory Kyivand the revoltatArsenal offensive Bolsheviks’ In January factory the 1918 during 132 ʀ ns In addition to that, the Zionist J. Schechtman insisted that the Central Rada should ƍ ka Tsentralka Zhydivs ƍ na Rada ƍ ka natsional , vol.2, 116–117. 131 ƍ na avtonomiia naUkra ) or by the orientation of Jewish parties at Moscow as their 36 ʀ ni , 12. 133 CEU eTD Collection Community Life inthe Ukraine (1917–1919),” 69–70; 137 136 “JewishCommunity Life in the Ukraine (1917–1919),” 50–51. 135 134 Rada in strugglethe with Bolsheviks. also published their population appealsto the in their which they Central support uttered to the any way appealdidnotthe evenmention pogroms. from 19 Rada). of Central the organ Ukrainian-Jewish worsenedpopular relations many alot; and provoked pogroms often in participation Central Rada. the friendly relationsgreeted it. Among others Zionist N. Syrkin showed his hope that Kyiv would be an betweenexample ardently of of Jewish parties representatives anniversary, the establishment occasion of the Rada’s nations, and the such a step. supported member of majority intheCentral Rada JewishBund) partiesof which the participated (except the Bund said The that Powers. of Central representatives the with peacetreaty separate the signed Republic he is proud On representatives. inJanuary 27, 1918 Brest-Litovsk the delegation of Ukrainian the People’s of minorities’ hisnational without region Volyn of in towns meeting was month a during on onJanuary inissued; short, 24, suchanappealwasissuedin the newspaper Cited after O. Ya. Naiman, TsDAHO, 41.1.7.5–10; O. Ya.Naiman, Ukra Ukra After the return of the Central Rada to Kyiv at the festive meeting of on MalaRada festive of meeting the Kyiv atthe to of Central Rada the return After the On January Central 25, 1918the Rada under pressurefrom leftBolsheviks Kyiv andlater be should appeal common the that agreed factions the all almost meeting the of end the At ʀ ʀ ns ns th ƍ ƍ of January contained slogans to preserve tranquility and trust to the Central Central preserve tranquility tothe January Rada.andslogans trust In contained to of ka Tsentralka ka Tsentralka ƍ ƍ na Rada na Rada 136 , vol.1, 466–468; Henry Abramson, , vol.2, 119, 131–132. Ievreis The Appeal of Peoples’ Ministers Council to the Citizens of Kyiv MinistersPeoples’ The Appealof CounciltotheCitizensof ƍ ki parti 137 Ievreis However, these speeches were made in after period the speecheswere these However, 135 ʀ ta ob’iednannia Ukra ƍ ki parti Ukra 37 ʀ ta ob’iednannia Ukra ʀ ns ƍ ka Tsentralka 134 The Jewish parties in their periodicals in their parties Jewish The A Prayer for the Government, the for A Prayer ʀ ny ƍ na Rada , 65–66; Joseph Schechtman, “Jewish Schechtman, Joseph 65–66; , ʀ ny , vol.2, 218–219. , 65–66;JosephSchechtman, Nova Rada 88. (the CEU eTD Collection 142 141 140 Yiddish) not and Hebrew become would it that (hoping Jewish National inwhat should choose languageofteaching theseminary be Council the the Bill about the appointment. the against party only werethe Zionists the Ministers, Jewish Teachers’Latskyi (Lutskyi, pseudonym Bertoldi) tobe appointed and was confirmed bytheCouncil of Seminary was in various issues. Forinstance, on April discussed,8, 1918,when Ministerthe of Jewish Affairs Wolf the Zionists proposed that the from from non-Ukrainians toUkrainians thatis why constructivethe discussion notdid place. take asunfairreproaches only such reprimands considered violations. Ukrainian representatives anti-Jewish signs in German at railway stations, wrong national policy of the Central Rada, and 23, theZionistshis representative Hindes owing to persistentactivity and Central Rada April from meeting MalaRada instance,the atthe of For questions. other and legal, economical participated not only in the discussion and decision of Jewish matters, but also in general state, teaching. supportlawlanguagesuch partiesother Yiddishonly a stated a claimand nottheof did as 139 138 struggle with from Bolsheviks January April till 1918. voluntarily by committed soldiers in the of occurred troops Ukrainian period the andof unrest Ibid, 264–265. Fordetail see I. Cherikover, “Antisemitizm ipogromy Ukraine…”,na 239–257. Ukra Ukra Ukra The permanent controversy between Zionists andother four Jewish showeditselfparties On April in20, 1918the representatives Jewish brought issuesof parties discussion the of At the same time, as mentioned above, the Jewish parties’ representatives actively representatives parties’ Jewish the above, mentioned same as the At time, ʀ ʀ ʀ ns ns ns 142 ƍ ƍ ƍ ka Tsentralka ka Tsentralka ka Tsentralka ƍ ƍ ƍ na Rada na Rada na Rada , vol. 2, 264. , vol. 2, 259; O. Ya. Naiman, , vol.2, 294–297. 38 Ievreis 138 ƍ ki parti 141 . However, the representatives of representatives the . However, ʀ ta ob’iednannia Ukra 140 When April on 11, 1918 ʀ ny , 70. 139 CEU eTD Collection 145 144 143 state as an entity, which would be democratic and would give all the Russian Jews liberal rights for preserving Russian stood the from parties becausetheJewish separation Russia) complete independenceand declarationproclaimed Ukraine’s that the Universal Fourth (state support not did they hand, one the On similar. quite was Rada the of politics whole the towards attitude educationin Jewish schooling (Yiddish orHebrew) and soon. Nevertheless, the Jewish parties’ in such asorientation of Jewish autonomy,questions affairs,languageof political question the matters. autonomy inJewish institution main the as Affairs Jewish of Ministry the on concentrate will chapter next The issue. autonomy Jewish of part a as Rada Central Ukrainian it was too late and such calls could not be heard at that moment. support theRada Central populationthe with calls issuedandto Poalei to Tsion appeals votingthe of Universal. Fourth the from during votingstate; in nottocontradict party Bund abstainedposition, order uttered the for independence of Ukrainian the paragraph whichproclaimed first except the unanimously included theLawabout the National-Personal Autonomy.The Constitution was adopted called of Constitution, the The eighthchapter wasadopted. Republic People’s Kherson. membership12 death sentences could military avert passed by German the in authorities overthrown by Hetman byHetman overthrown Pavlo Skoropads TsDAHO, 41.1.86. 2; TsDAHO, 41.1.128,19–21. Ibid, 300. Ukra In fact, when the Jewish parties entered the Rada they had already had their own views on So this chapter shortly outlined the main aspects of the activity of Jewish parties in the Right after thecoupd'etatRightafter Aprilon 29,1918,when Ukrainianthe Central Rada was Atlast the meeting of Mala the Rada onApril 1918 Constitutionthe 29, of Ukrainianthe ʀ ns 143 ƍ ka Tsentralka ƍ na Rada , vol.2, 327–328, 330–335. 144 ƍ kyi and German troops, kyi andGerman Fareinigte Jewishparties the troops, 39 National Unions 145 , but CEU eTD Collection 146 andlegitimate democratic. be to of assumeBolsheviks power not the they because did Zionists well Rada’sthe as supported struggle against Bolshevikthe invasion in January 1918, ‘Russian’ Jews (Jews of former Russian empire)the to be wanted united.they because and On the othernations”; of “state hand, one of socialistsboundaries in the andautonomy and JosephSchechtman “Jewish Community Life…”,50–51. 40 146 CEU eTD Collection 149 148 establishing of Minister and Ministry of Jewish Affairs was absolutely a unique experience.translated by David H. Lincoln (New Secretary. York: Aleph Press, Fareinigte from Silberfarb Moses appoint to decision 1993), 5. At the between the Jewish is comprehensive.parties timestill not OnJuly a 15 the Mala Radaadopted these words were written the Mensheviks quota. theRada through as heentered Secretariat; inGeneral organizations Jewish of representative be a to considered latter the not did since they suchadecision with disagreed parties strongly restof Jewish the the However, be appointed. to their representative, Moshe Rafes, wanted Bund in the Affairs was agenda, in National Secretary of General (assistants) Vice-Secretaries 147 or national autonomy in Ukraine. Moshe Zilberfarb (in some other English transliterations Jewish to step first the Itwasactually was appointed. affairs) of Jewish Secretary General and minister a (later Affairs Jewish of timeSecretary Vice in for first history the the 1917, Chapter 3. The activity ofthe Ministry of Jewish Affairs. way: Ibid, 179. See Moses Silberfarb, Moses See Ukra Moses Silberfarb Moses community. who was toguard, secure and strengthen the national rights of the individual and of the national Poland).he Rather was highest the and,toacertain degree autonomousan organ governmental people Jewish of the behalf (like example, on for the ha-va’ad parnas (marshalok) and generalthe (shhtadlanim)delegate syndics in or [intercessor] shtadlan a he was nor century), sixteenth government inthe Jewish example,life (as,for was the Jewish chief in rabbi Poland in the Minister for Jewish Affairswas noJewish who highofficial wasto carry out the ofpolicies the Yet, the Minister for the Jewish Affairs, as far as we know, has no equal in Jewish history. The On July 14, 1917 at the meeting of the Mala Rada, when the question of appointment of meeting whentheof MalaRada, question the appointment On 1917 atthe of July 14, Owing theactivein Jewish to participation of parties Ukrainian Central Rada, onJuly 13, ʀ ns ƍ ka Tsentralka 149 147 148 ƍ na Rada ), thefirst on person postrecalledthis in the memoirs hisevent in such a Because of lack of sources, the decision of in lack discussion sources,thedecision the Becausethis question of of of The Jewish Ministry and JewishNational Autonomy in Ukraine. Kiev, 1918/19 , vol. 1, 178. 41 ɚɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ Ɇɚɥɚ as assistant of of the asassistant Moyshe , CEU eTD Collection 151 educational ones; 150 Revuts in2) DepartmentAffairs National of – head Abram Communities and Self-Government the 1) Education Department – the head of the department was Abram Strashun (from the Bund); departments: nations, butit was a governmental body with its functions, rights and duties. between tranquility peace and forof preservation a merewas not committee Vice-secretariat questions of national of questions internal life. decideimportant to in be most order the established of would alongside Vice-Secretary every a national council that wasalsoenvisioned It hadtobeholdin samelanguage. work the minority, in of of office the national minority address theinstitute and language that the had lifeto minority concerning beissued.Vice-Secretary could national the decision order or no Vice-Secretary the of knowledge the Without Affairs. National of Secretary General to the life. national internal of development of support the as well as Ukraine, of minorities national of rights of the protection atthe be directed should Secretary of Vice the work the that things defined instruction The other among wasdrafted by adopted. and then matter Silberfarb this inconcerning instruction the meetings National Affairs, Secretariat first of General the Ibid, 14. Moses Silberfarb, Moses All the competence and work of the Vice-Secretariat of Jewish Affairs was dividedin3 was of Jewish Affairs of Vice-Secretariat the and work All thecompetence The Vice Secretary had to draft and submit the bills and official administrative decisions administrative official and bills the submit and draft to had Secretary Vice The at the so in anydocument, clearly not defined was Vice-Secretaries of The competence ƍ kyi hadkyi (Poalei –thisdepartment Tsion) except to occupy matters, communal with The Jewish Ministry and Jewish National Autonomy in 150 So it can be concluded that, according to the instruction the 42 Ukraine, 12–14. 151 CEU eTD Collection Silberfarb, 154 Prayer for the Government, 153 of Ukraine) Revolution and Civil War ”),in establishment of modern Jewish public compulsory state education; implementation of of equal implementation education; state compulsory Jewishpublic modern of establishment reformed democratic bebased at would which Jewishautonomy, the of development were: Vice-Secretariat of the and tasks objectives concrete The Council. National the Secretariat. for the body indicating and it anauthoritative became butsoon Affairs, of Jewish of Secretariat the framework in the functions deliberative fulfilled Council National Jewish the first At claims. the satisfied not did one latter the however, Council; National in the be represented to requested also 1917 October 152 The party matters. information in only there representative timetheir from senttime only to and council the councilwalked outon Zionists the of the meeting first very the at So party. Jewish influential most the themselves considered party). Yet first 25 (5from Central from consisted at andRada and membersparty) then each (10 each 50 the ZionistsNational Council shouldhave all five represented in Jewishpartieswhich participated the refused Jewishfrom such National an equal Council footing was division gathereddeprtments. of forplaces the protection of of rights Jews andall matters, which other included were not in two first the firstsince timethey – hadwith occupy – to head Khurhin the Matters (Fareinigte) Isaiah of 3) DepartmentGeneral on October 1, 1917. The Jewish Hrynevych L., “Ievre L., Hrynevych Moses Silberfarb, Moses Moses Silberfarb, Moses Ukra The Vice-Secretariat submitted for consideration its declaration with program to of declaration work program with its for consideration submitted The Vice-Secretariat from only started Affairs of Jewish Vice-Secretariat of the full work real the Practically, ʀ ns The Jewish Ministry and Jewish National Autonomy inUkraine (Kyiv: DukhI Litera, 2005), 120. ƍ ka Tsentralka 152 153 , when the Declaration of the General Secretariat was adopted and when the ʀ The Jewish andJewish Ministry National Autonomy inUkraine Ukra The Jewish Ministry andJewish National Autonomy Ukraine in ƍ na Rada 67. ʀ ny v roky revoliutsi vroky ny Narysy z istori , vol. 1, 576; Joseph Schechtman “Jewish Community Life…”, 43; Moses 154 ʀ takul ʀ ta hromadians ƍ tury ievre 43 ʀ v Ukra ƍ ko ʀ viiny” (“Jews of Ukraine in the Years of Years the in Ukraine of (“Jews viiny” Akhdes Isroel Akhdes ʀ ny (Sketch of History and Culture of Jews , 34. , 33;Henry Abramson, (The Unity of Israel) , 33; V. Hrynevych and kehilot A ; CEU eTD Collection Abramson, 157 156 155 pogrom the to representatives Jewish Vice-Secretariat with commissions special governmental sent Affairs, of Jewish ofthe Vice-Secretary request the according to Secretariat, General the in cases some instance, For of lotpaidattention. a etc.) Trade, Affairs, Internal (of Justice, Secretariats and other towhichVice-Secretariat, was problem the case. It different completely he did gotletters not have anynational in character them. pogrom the issue However, was individual private property or rights; majority of the theftsconcerning aboutoffences or which address him with their problems and indisembogue language.native shtadlan as a but simple andfunctions, rights legal executive and lawmaking, certain with an official and requests of Jewish citizens show that the many Jews did not consider the Vice-Secretary a lot of personal claims way. So indifferent Affairs Jewish of of Vice-Secretary andthe tasks as Council. Jewishlife. concerning laws draftissue and to Council empowered theNational or Vice-secretary either consider were approved by Zionists except all Jewishthe parties, claimed not that they which did basis. democratic the on convened Assembly national a Statute of the Jewishof the Vice-Secretarynational of National affairs was with the assistance of the national Council draftto objectives autonomy,important most the and first the of One life. political and public in Yiddish of rights which should have been submitted to the Jewish See in detail MosesSilberfarb, detail Seein Ibid, 37. Moses Silberfarb, Moses As Silberfarb himself recalled, the majority of the citizens’objectives main the understood population Jewish the requests that noted be should it whole, In concerned their (intercessor) in the matters of Jews within the state authorities; they could always could they authorities; state the within Jews of matters in the (intercessor) A Prayer for the Government, The Jewish Ministry and Jewish National Autonomy in Ukraine 156 Because of the above-mentioned reasons the Zionists left the left Zionists the reasons above-mentioned the of Because TheJewish and Jewish Ministry National Autonomy inUkraine 70 –72. 44 155 The main points of of declaration the points Themain 157 , 34–37, 106–112. , 38–39;Henry CEU eTD Collection 162 161 Autonomy in Ukraine 160 159 Governmentpermanently metcomprehensive obstacles. Firstly, warand during revolutionary office. Silberfarb’s of of representative the participation Affairs with Military of Secretariat theGeneral within commission special consideration of the give caseto this to decide Secretary barely was principle territorial the thus fulfilled:Antisemitism; marked quite still was there words, Silberfarb’s the to according but, for army, the recruitment of principle territorial the confirmed Secretariat Jews were General the Although military notunits. establishseparate allow them to of Jews to request the admittedOn December1917 at meeting 22, the of General the M. SilberfarbSecretariat announced about to the Ukrainian districts. in military hadhiscommissars Affairs of Military Secretary of General the consent military units.implementation of the orderThe could be stopped. Generaldate becauseconcerned the rights of Jews of Kyiv the majority of whom was not registered in the city by that of this order place leave first the In city.to the January 1, 1915 before in city the been registered RussianBolsheviks’ Kyivhad wasissued offensive,an who residents not prescribed which all order empire’sJews. example,For whenin connection with state of martial law, applied inKyiv during the restrictions. pogroms. Jewish Only owing to Silberfarb’s activity, the 158 places. considered and adopted theappeal adopted and considered Moses Silberfarb, Moses Henry Abramson, Moses Silberfarb, Moses Ukra Ukra The work of the Department in the Affairs of Communities and Affairswith of Jewish National Vice-Secretary the of Jews-soldiers, rights the protect to In order Self- of individual civil rights the hadtoprotect in Vice-Secretary the case some Nevertheless, 158 ʀ ʀ ns ns ƍ ƍ On October 18, 1917 with the assistance of Silberfarb the General Secretariat General the Silberfarb of assistance 1917 with the 18, October On ka Tsentralka ka Tsentralka 159 , 41. The Jewish Ministry and Jewish National Autonomy in Ukraine The Jewish Ministry and Jewish National Autonomy in Ukraine A Prayer for the Government, ƍ ƍ na Rada na Rada , vol. 2, 61. , vol.1, 354–355. To the Conscious CitizenryTo theConscious ofUkraine 71; Moses Silberfarb, Moses 71; 160 45 The Jewish Ministry and Jewish National , 41. , 38–39. with a call against 162 161 CEU eTD Collection Jewish minority’s affairs were published not only in Ukrainian, but also in Yiddish). also but Ukrainian, in only not published were affairs minority’s Jewish tothe connected laws were directly which andonly those theThird(practically Universal only functioning publishing of state the which house, would issue lawsin fourlanguagesall and hardships. Firstly, moral were and there with establishmentproblems full-fledged and official acts of the Central Radahad beto published), the use of Yiddish met with technical the official status of Yiddish (side by side with Ukrainian, Russia, and Polish, at which the laws Councils. These of Members of Elections and Councils Community of Establishment the about Law the December1917 on 2, theVice-Secretariat, law-makingactivity of the to owing Nevertheless, bases. secular on communities of Jewish reformation the objected another or way one in which Zionists of opposition facedthe constantly Affairs Jewish of of Vice-Secretariat the activity the life.Secondly, Jewish of reality from farcontemporary quite were organizations), self-help public Jewish different example, (for founded were which structures new time, 164 of General Secretariat about the issue of the Ukrainian banknotes in four languages decision the annul to (Ukrainian, strived bankers some instance, For life. official in Yiddish implement and who aswell would of telephone knowandspeakYiddish. in operators recruitment as officials local with communication in official Yiddish of in usage was problem technical 163 called traditionally which was structure times the Henry Abramson, Moses Silberfarb, Moses The question The question of use the of languagewas touchy. quite Jewish legallyalso Despite defined use somemayJews mention of to moral reluctance the Secondly, one problems among The Jewish Ministry and Jewish National Autonomy in Ukraine A Prayer for the Government, 70–71. 46 kehile (community) decayed; at the same , 45. 164 163 . Another CEU eTD Collection 170 169 168 121. 1748.1.97.27; V.Hrynevych and Hrynevych L., “Ievre 167 166 165 forJewishhouse.of the publishing rest130,000 the state the establishment and textbooks haveof of publication 370,000should for the Karbovanets more,which gone out intextbooks in Yiddish.Later on April 1918 theCentral Rada should 500,000 have granted of treasury for publication the from state the Karbovanets a loan 50,000 of Teachersgot and training andpreparation of teachers for workin Jewish schools. problems shouldwhich been solved have by departmentthe publication werethe of textbooks statistical-economical. and schools’ secondary administrational, as: sections such Department, which Departmentwas then of it intoincluded the transformed Schooling; Popular (as they nearlanguages’called Yiddish) ‘decent intolerable. was Russian, Polish, and Yiddish)because, toSilberfarb’s according memoirs, usage the of who were the creators of the law. of the creators the who were Autonomy.Actually,itwas Silberfarb andassistants his two I.Khurhin and M.Shats (Anin) National-Personal about inandits adoption Law the participationof the drafting direct seminary in Kyiv. of lawadopt establishmentJewishteachers’ one the only about one hadtime to Central Rada planned to open ten Jewish teachers’ seminaries and institutes in andinstitutes Ukraine open planned seminaries Jewish teachers’ ten to Ibid, 71. Fordetail see TsDAVO, 1115.1.29.97–105. Moses Silberfarb, Moses Moses Silberfarb, Moses V. Hrynevychand HrynevychL., “Ievre Moses Silberfarb, Moses Thus on request of the Vice-Secretary in Jewish Affairs the Democratic Circle of of Jewish Circle Democratic the in Affairs Jewish of Vice-Secretary the Thus on request Education Affairswas of Jewish section in Vice-Secretariat the important Another The biggest achievement of the General Secretariat of Jewish Affairs might be considered might Affairs Jewish of Secretariat of General the achievement The biggest The Jewish Ministry and Jewish National Autonomy in Ukraine The Jewish Ministry and Jewish National Autonomy in Ukraine The Jewish Ministry and Jewish National Autonomy in Ukraine 169 170 ʀ After the unanimous voting for the law M. Silberfarb gave Silberfarb M. law the for voting unanimous the After Ukra ʀ ny v roky revoliutsi ʀ Ukra 47 ʀ ny ny v roky revoliutsi ʀ ta hromadians 165 ʀ ta hromadians , 49. , 48–49;TsDAVO, , 45 – 46. ƍ ko ʀ viiny”, 121. 168 ; nevertheless, the ; nevertheless, 167 ƍ ko 166 ʀ It was also It viiny”, 120 – Theurgent jargon CEU eTD Collection S. I. Goldelman, 175 174 173 172 became Wolf Latskyi. Wolf became Affairs Jewish of Minister the found; was Folkspartei non-socialist from candidate neutral 171 Holubovych. V. Prime-Minister the under Ministers of Cabinet Ukrainian pro-socialist not and unpopular unwillingness of Jewish by revolutionary the situation,unfavorable socialist pogrom moodsamong the population, alsowith and parties to be responsible for the wholepopulation was growing. activity of that quite 50 its Jewish the members, influence among and composition council was increasedto the of inthe it Kyiv; that time was of that Bolsheviks’ occupation even five-week the during activity its continued Council National Jewish the resignation, his despite memoirs, Silberfarb’s according to Yet, deedofbourgeoisie. amere the national was thatthe autonomy proclaimed Council Commissars’ People’s and Bolsheviks’ the annihilated; archive was ransacked,the the Ministry of Jewish Affairs was not forbidden, its activity was under the threat: the Affairs. of Jewish Minister property of People’s post established newly from the resigned Moses Silberfarb it. OnJanuary weak toprevent16, 1918 was too Rada’s power Central offensive Ukraine, and Kyiv inwere pogrom moods to the public particular, and the increasing, rights” nation’s of the law“the declaration the a greeting speech in which he compared this law to the Declaration of Human Rights and called Ibid, 84–85. Ibid, 81–82. Moses Silberfarb, Moses Ukra Ukra For some time the post of the Minister of Jewish Affairs was vacant; it could be explained it could wasvacant; Affairs of Jewish Minister of the some post the time For Nevertheless, high the did mood and joyful for along notlast With time. Bolsheviks’ ʀ ʀ ns ns ƍ ka Tsentralka ƍ ka Tsentralka 174 Zhydivs That is That why only at the meeting of Rada Mala the April from 8, 1918the The Jewish Ministry and Jewish National Autonomy in Ukraine ƍ na Rada ƍ na Rada ƍ ka natsional 175 173 , vol. 2, 98. , vol. 2, 259; O. Ya. Naiman, ƍ na avtonomiia , 70. 171 48 . Ievreis ƍ ki parti ʀ taob’iednannia Ukra , 78. 172 Although ʀ ny , 61; , CEU eTD Collection 177 176 rights rights of Ukrainian and Jewish wereoccurring.peoples of violations fierce the held, recently had been Romania with unification the about referendum the where Bessarabia, in Affairs, International of Ministry Ukrainian the of report the representative Romania Ministry the of with to together Ukrainianthe delegation. According to instance,Jews.For April meetingsend on 23 1918,atthe of Malathe Rada it to a was decided Autonomism inUkraine. Autonomism and failuresjudge whole Ministry the of about the achievements can concept of one Jewish andof idea development the of Jewish national-personal inautonomy Ukraine. Byallthe communities, usage of Yiddish (and notHebrew)in official and educational spheres. Jewish the of reformation the were activity in ministerial points important most the is why mainly proclaimedby in interests guided the of programs the Jewishthe socialistparties. That several departments. included and of approximately a hundred persons transformed into the Ministry of Jewish Affairs, and its staff at the end of April consisted of Moses Silberfarb, Moses Ukra Nevertheless, the whole activity of the Ministry was the main display of implementation of display main the was Ministry the of activity whole the Nevertheless, itsDuring activity from July 1917toApril 1918 theVice-Secretariat of affairsJewish was The Ministry of Jewish Affairs also took part in international affairs which concerned which affairs international in part took also Affairs Jewish of Ministry The ʀ ns ƍ ka Tsentralka The Jewish Ministry and Jewish National Autonomy in Ukraine ƍ na Rada , vol.2, 302–303. 49 176 , 98. 177 The Ministry was CEU eTD Collection partly categorization by others, partly a condition,a status, a label, a weapon, a shield, afund of Law’. Mosaic of ‘French himself call could a Jew instance, for way; ambiguous of kind in a themselves is statelesswhy Jews, constituting a minority in amodern nation state, would usually identify 178 famous Ukrainian People’s Republic wassomehow unique because localof historical peculiarities. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, andThe Ukraine. nationalcase ofJewish Autonomy in in autonomy national Jewish implement establish and to WarThere wereattempts World I. particular Jewishconcept of Autonomism was a kind of solution for national minorityones, rights problems,in in 1918 found for akindof its of solution structure multinational population inAutonomism.The multi-national A itselfof government andastate Ukraine werebeingthat established inUkraine 1917 – countriescharacteristicUkraine to inwhole and Ukrainian-Jewish in relations 1917 –1918in particular. of Central be states, havethey unresolvable,”becomeappear to which problems and Eastern Europe afterRelations in 1917 –1918. the Conclusion. Sketch of Jewish Identity and Ukrainian-Jewish explanationof Jewish identity (oridentities). presentthe paper will use this term in ‘weak understanding’, as Brubakercalls it, and will strive to give the Rogers and Frederick Cooper. “Beyond “Identity”,” 180 Gitelman and others (Cambridge: Harvard University Press), 137. Ukraine” in Ukraine” 179 States Gérard Chaliand, “Minority Peoples in the Age of Nation-States,” in Despite all the ambiguity of the usage of the notion‘identity’ whichwas comprehensively showed in Brubaker, Cited in Zvi. Gitelman, “Native Land, Promised Land, Golden Land: Jewish Emigration from Russia and Russia from Emigration Jewish Land: Golden Land, Promised Land, “Native Gitelman, Zvi. in Cited , ed. Gérard Chaliand, (London: Pluto Press), 1989, 1. As A. Malkki stated: “Identity is always mobile and processual, partly self-construction, For a very long period Jews have been a migrating people which, as Leo Pinsker inhis been which,asLeo amigrating have Jews people longFor avery period is“[I]t not only minority that peoples have become problems within modern nation-our Autoemancipation Cultures andNations of central and Eastern Europe. Essays Honorin of Roman Szporluk noted, “are everywhere as guests and are nowhere at home”. at and arenowhere as guests “areeverywhere noted, Theory and Society 50 29 No.1 (Feb.,2000): 1–47, the author of Minority Peoples in the Age of the Nation- 178 this could quotation be , ed. Zvi 179 That 180 CEU eTD Collection ‘Russian’ in cultural linguisticor in meaning) Jewishthe periodicals 1917 –1918 of by identifications find Jews as“ other “Jews treated Ukraine as a vague entity with no defined borders.” “Littleindependent,butwas Since Ukrainewasnever states, part of Russia”. other different view imperial adopting thoughtof others as of Ukraine Russian Jewsand the officialdom, called by “ others, boundaries for many Jews’. ‘Polish concrete its had mapping in mental yet independent, be to ceased which Poland even and Russia with stableboundaries unlike independentno state Ukrainian astherecould was beformed not origin) Jewish by Ukrainian Law, Mosaic of (Ukrainian identity political Jewish Ukrainian million beginning century.” atthe [twentieth]of this 185 184 the regionthe millennia backsome [ two sketches Ukrainian Jewish identity… failed developto in Ukraine, even though the history of the Jews in changes). geopolitical change could bring some changes inmental mapping (however, not very fast 183 182 Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 55. political identity might be changed also by the change of political frontiers political of change the by also be changed might identity political attack. Moreover, the oneself orto protect situation to the ways, on depending in different 181 memories.” Zvi. Gitelman, “Native Land, Promised Land, Golden Land…”, 147. Henry Abramson, Ibid, 53. Cited in Umut Özk Umut in Cited Tishrey: literarishe gezelshaftlikhe bleter (Tishrey: Literary-Public Leaflet) Zvi Gitelman also noted Zvi Gitelmanlived alsonoted “Jewsthat who inUkrainecalled and themselves, were Concerning the identity of Jews in Ukraine, Henry Abramson notes that: “[A] specifically “[A] that: notes Abramson Henry in Ukraine, Jews of identity the Concerning 181 That is identity includes as self-perception as attitudes of itothers; could be used A Prayer for the Government, ÕUÕ ml Rusishe Yidn Õ , Contemporary Debates on Nationalism: A Critical Engagement ,” not “ Ruslandishe Yidn Ruslandishe 40. Ukrainishe YidnUkrainishe 51 sic ] and population the reached roughly two 183 ” – Jews of Russian State (not literally However, it may be argued that the that argued be may it However, .” Consciously or unconsciously.” Consciously or 184 [1918] No. 1, 5. Nevertheless, one may also , (New York: 182 185 as such . CEU eTD Collection 188 187 A. Hall, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 277. 186 certain collective, nationality-based cultural or political rights.” political or cultural nationality-based collective, certain of assertion the and nationality ethnocultural distinct their of recognition state for demand “a brings minorities national of that nationalism second The nation. core the of interests the holds state in to newlyestablished such Soits policy inanewstate. etc.position demographic, is ‘core nation’the before gainedindependence, the being still in a economic, weak cultural, nation the towards policy discriminatory the of because However, state. independent newly minorities. national of nationalism the and nationalism ‘nationalizing’ the of that clashed: nationalisms of forms to use analogyto Opalski’s the to andBartal’s description of Polish-Jewish inthe1860s,relations Ukraine even when there was no independent Ukrainian state. to loyal not are Jews that claim even would They basis). territorial the on formed been have sabotage andoppose, ruin ofJewsin conscription the Ukrainianarmy the it(although should unofficially would officials) (not Ukrainians common clashed, Jewish) and (Ukrainian interests kind of patriotisma even and loyalty show to expected were Jews that press to Ukrainian thein the opinion Ukrainian nascent Ukrainian common of confirmations many find may one time, government same the At bodies. self-governing and national of state.establishment in and government, of bodies state the to elections the parties, Jewish institutional‘Jewish level at question’ in – Jewscould nowequally activity participate the of I.Cherikover, “Antisemitizm i pogromy Ukraine…”,na 252–253. Ibid. Rogers Brubaker. “Myths and misconceptions in the study of nationalism,” in In case of In case of of Ukraine scheme the 1917 –1918,according of two Brubaker, to Rogers So one may wonder what a period of 1917–1918 in the Ukrainian-Jewish was.If in relations the 1917–1918 a period of maywonderwhat So one It was the Ukrainian Central Rada which gave the Jews a real opportunity to solve the 186 The first one, as scholar described, is a nationalism of a ‘core nation’ in a 52 187 188 The State of the Nation When two nationalisms’ two When , ed. John CEU eTD Collection in Ukrainein (1917 – 1920)) (Munich: Instytutvyvchennia SSSR, 1963), 9, 104. 189 non-Ukrainian aboutmovingfromrepresentatives out Kyiv. Zhytomyr, there is somelatter did participate in that claiming the not of wish representatives, work to Rada in the evidence that making the Central Rada in Although exile. some Central Rada members accusednational minorities’ a hurried retreat, of meetings at the werepresent minorities national of of representatives the none In addition, the Rada did not notify time. that listat urgent the on not were apparently issues, which minorities’ national with itself the a month During alliedmonth-long troops. with German notconcern this exile, Radadid the were forced to make a retreat from Kyiv and move toZhytomyr, and came back to Kyiv only in January Bolsheviks. Central the 11, 1918)against January On its25, 1918, Rada andtroops Ukrainian People’s Republic (proclaimed in Fourth the Universal of Central the Rada from proclaimed newly warof the and unrest revolutionary by the marred itwas nevertheless, calm and good. being from far were relations the unrest, wartime and revolutionary of because and demands side to fulfill their somethingwas an else.It of nationalattempt two neighboringmodern nascent nations living side-by- demands andit was of claim Ukrainian-Jewish paper would presentthe that author rapprochement? The needs. Because of thewas clash itbetween a ‘failed such national brotherhood’? Or was it in Henry Abramson’s terms a ‘grand failure’ of consequences Ukrainian Central Rada left after itself, the establishment of national-personal itUkraine; was however, abruptly ceased by coupd'étatthe on April In long-lasting29, 1918. comprehensive background between development in relations nationsthe in of revolutionary S. I.Goldelman, S. Zhydivs The policy of the Ukrainian Central Rada towards the national minorities made a made minorities national the towards Rada Central Ukrainian the of policy The On the whole, the policy of the Ukrainian Central Rada may be considered as tolerant; ƍ ka natsional ƍ na avtonomiia naUkra 53 ʀ ni (1917– 1920 (Jewishrr.) National Autonomy 189 CEU eTD Collection minorities in creationthe of such a policy is really unique and progressive. said that theit be may Inconclusion, for furtherit gives researches. research,butquestions rather complete experiencebeclaim a to not itdoes therefore a minority, Jewish as people Radatowards Central Ukrainian of such a national minority’snational autonomy in Ukraine. activitypolicy of Jewishand institutions Ukrainianthe theits Central had confrontation consequencesforRada. Such establishing and participation in the Radawhich had among less support Ukrainian Jewry than Zionists, hadinfluence more in and power and in the politics of parties, fact, socialist of matter Asa confrontation. parties’ the and Zionist socialist of because of the Rada concerning tense quite Radawere inthe parties Jewish these between Therelations Zionists. and the Jewish Socialist Labor Party), the Poalei-Tsion (Poalei-Zion), the Folkspartei (Jewish People’s Party), and General Secretary of Jewish affairs) was appointed. minister a (later Affairs Jewish of Secretary Vice history in the time first the for 1917, 13, July on authorities, Ukrainian local of activity administrative and legislative in participation active their national1918 Ukraine. minorities’Owinglaws in to establishmentof rightsand 1917– continued function to during nextgovernments– Hetmanate, Directory,Union. andSoviet cultural, that and wereestablishedRada rule political, somerights Central during public) even and (educational, institutions minorities’ national the modifications, and exceptions some With ones. important most the are institutions self-government national and autonomy This thesis-paper aims to give the outline of giveThis main the policy outline toin of thesis-paper aims the tendencies of the and Jewish autonomy inof creation role notable playeda mass-based parties Jewish Five Jewish parties were represented in the Rada: the Bund, the Fareinigte (United Jewish Fareinigte the Bund, in the Rada: wererepresented Five Jewishparties 54 CEU eTD Collection 272 –306. 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