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FOR MORE INFORMATION: CALL 1-800-745-0269 (press 1) VISIT OUR WEB SITE AT www.ets.org/hea ACJS 2000-2001 EXECUTIVE BOARD
President Treasurer Regional Trustees Todd Clear Marilyn Chandler Ford John Jay College of Criminal Justice Volusia County Department of Region 1 -Northeast Departmentof Law and Police Science Corrections Peter Benekos 899 10th Avenue Daytona Beach, Florida 32120-2865 Mercyhurst College New York, New York 10019 Criminal Justice Department Erie, Pennsylvania 16546 Secretary lIt Vice Presidentl JeffT. Walker Region 2 -Southern President Elect University of Arkansas at Little Rock Terry Edwards Mittie Southerland Department of Criminal Justice University of Louisville Murray State University Little Rock, Arkansa 72204-1099 Department of Justice Administration Criminal Justice Program Louisville, Kentucky 40292 101 Public Safety Building Murray, Kentucky 42071-3317 Trustees-At-Large Region 3 -Midwest David L. Carter Pamela Tontodonato Michigan State University Kent State University 2nd Vice President School of Criminal Justice Criminal Justice Studies Richard Bennett East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1118 Kent, Ohio 44242 American University Department of Justice, Law & Society Region4 -Southwest 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW John Crank Barbara L. Hart Washington, DC 20016 Boise State University University of Texas at Tyler Criminal Justice Department Social Science Department Boise, Idaho 83725 Tyler,Texas 75799 Immediate Past President Alida Merlo Region 5 -Western/Pacific Indiana University of Pennsylvania Robert McCormack Mary Stohr G-l McElhaney Hall The College of New Jersey Boise State University 441 North Walk Department of Law and Justice Criminal Justice Department Indiana, Pennsylvania 15705-1075 Trenton, New Jersey 08628 Boise, Idaho 83725
ACJS PAST PRESIDENTS
1963-1964 Donald F. McCall 1982-1983 LarryT. Hoover 1964-1965 Felix M. Fabian 1983-1984 Gilbert Burns 1965-1966 Athur F. Brandstatter 1984-1985 Dorothy Bracey 1966-1967 Richard O. Hankey 1985-1986 R. Paul McCauley 1967-1968 Robert Sheehan 1986-1987 Robert Regoli 1968-1969 Robert F. Borkenstein 1987-1988 Thomas Barker 1969-1970 B. Earl Lewis 1988-1989 LarryGaines 1970-1971 Donald H. Riddle 1989-1990 Edward Latessa 1971-1972 Gordon E. Misner 1990-1991 Vincent Webb 1972-1973 RichardA. Myren 1991-1992 Ben Menke 1973-1974 William J. Mathias 1992-1993 Robert Bohm 1974-1975 Felix M. Fabian 1993-1994 Francis Cullen 1975-1976 George T. Felkenes 1994-1995 Harry Allen 1976-1977 Gordon E. Misner 1995-1996 Jay Albanese 1977-1978 Richard Ward 1996-1997 Donna Hale 1978-1979 Richter H. Moore, Jr. 1997-1998 Gennaro Vito 1979-1980 Larry Bassi 1998-1999 Gary Cordner 1980-1981 Harry More, Jr. 1999-2000 Alida Merlo 1981-1982 Robert G. Culbertson PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE
Welcome to the 2001 Annual Meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences!
This year's meeting has special meaning for the ACJS, because we meet in the nation's capital for the first time since we moved our national headquarters to the Washington, DC, area. Four years ago, the ACJS Board committed the organization to a new visibility and a new arena of activity in behalf of criminal justice concerns, and moved the organization's national headquarters to the US Capital in order to begin to fulfill that vision. The ACJS came here with a promise to help increase the national visibility of the academic field of criminal justice, and with a desire to better represent criminal justice educators, scholars, and policy-makers on the national scene. So our first meeting of the ACJS in the Washington, DC, area affords us an opportunity to think about our new role representing criminal justice on the national front.
We arrive here in Washington, DC, a few weeks after the inauguration of new United States Federal Government. This change in national leadership has meant a new core of administrators of the major branches of government dealing with criminal justice. We have invited some of those newly appointed leaders to meet with us, and we anticipate that members will have an opportunity to hear what they have to say and interact with some of the people who will be shaping Federal criminal justice action for the coming years.
We are also sharing meeting space with the annual conference of Criminal Justice Journalists, headed by Ted Gest (a member of the ACJS and frequent presence at our annual meeting). I want to take this opportunity to encourage all members to welcome the media group to our midst and talk with them about criminal justice. Our most important product is our knowledge, and we have few better ways of conveying that knowledge than through the work of journalists who write to the popular reader.
There are, of course, a large number of attractions here in Washington, DC. We arrive at the beginning of Spring, when this city is perhaps at its most beautiful. So I encourage members to take a few moments out from the meeting to see some of this great city, and to take in a national treasure or two.
I want to thank Melissa Barlow, 2001 Program Chair, for the dedicated and energetic way she has helped to build a truly exciting program. Most of all, I want to thank you for your involvement in the ACJS, because the success of our organization depends upon the continuing efforts and interests of each of you.
And I want to wish you each a productive and informative meeting.
Sincerely
Todd R. Clear, President PROGRAM CHAIR'S MESSAGE
On behalf of the 2001 Annual Meeting Program Committee, welcome to Washington D.C. and the 38th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. It is a thrill to be here with all of you - in our nation's capital - to take on the task of questioning the qualityof justice in social and political contexts. I would like to take this opportunity to invite each of you to attend two very special events. The first of these is Wednesday afternoon's Keynote Address by Dr. Manning Marable, followed by the Past Presidents Reception. Dr. Marable is an engaging speaker who will challenge us to enhance the quality of justice in all we do as researchers, educators and practitioners of criminal justice. On Thursday afternoon, ACJS President Todd Clear will bring us together for the second major event of the conference, the Presidential Address and Awards Ceremony, followed by the Presidential and Awards Reception.
Throughout the week, of course, we have a wide array of interesting panels, workshops, roundtables and professional development seminars. In particular, I would like to draw your attention to sessions scheduled in the auditorium, which either take special advantage of our presence in the nation's capital or seem particularly in sync with the conference theme. On Wednesday morning, the Information and Public Policy Section sponsors a discussion of how crime policy is made at the federal level and the Juvenile Justice Section examines juvenile justice in Washington D.C. Thursday morning, Washington policy makers and journalists will join academics in a session on criminal justice politics and policy in the new presidential administration. Then, the convict criminologists group will discuss the quality of justice experienced by defendants and prisoners. Thursday afternoon, the Minorities and Women Section sponsors a very special session in which the guest speakers are survivors of human experimentation at Philadelphia's Holmesburg Prison. Friday morning, be sure to attend the "Serving ACJS" session and find out how to become more actively involved in the ACJS. The annual ACJS Business Meeting will be held in the latter portion of this session.
We are pleased that many of you signed up for one or more of the six tours arranged especially for ACJS conference participants, including tours of the Pentagon, the Holocaust Museum, the Capitol, and the Montgomery County Jail as well as the FBI V.LP. Tour and a tour of the FBI Quantico Training Facilities. Whether you take part in an arranged tour or set out on your own, the possibilities for sightseeing and immersing yourself in u.S. history are endless in Washington D.C. Enjoy our amazing surroundings!
In closing, I would like to offer my heartfelt thanks to the members of the 2001 Program Committee, to Laura Monaco, Collene Cantner, and Liz Trisko of the ACJS National Office, and to my graduate assistant Lisa Ruh for all their hard work in putting this program together. Thanks also to the students and staff at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee who pitched in and helped when the going got tough. I am very grateful to last year's program chair, Rick Holden, for generously answering my many questions and providing a much needed voice of experience. Finally, I want to thank ACJS President Todd Clear for asking me to serve as program chair this year. It was truly a rewarding experience.
Melissa Hickman Barlow 2001 Annual Meeting Program Chair University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 112001 PROGRAM COMMITTEE MEMBERS II
MELISSA BARLOW, CHAIR UNIVERSITYOF WISCONSIN AT MILWAUKEE
LAURAMORIARTI, DEPUTYCHAIR VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY
Margie Ballard-Mack Marianne Nielsen NorthernArizona University South Carolina State University
Ben Wright Rose Johnson Bigler University of Baltimore Olivet Nazarene University
Philip Rhoades Susan Caufield Texas A & M University at Corpus Christi Western Michigan University
Richard Holden Mona J .E. Danner Central Missouri State University Northern Arizona University
Jerry McKinney David E. Barlow Western Carolina University University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee
Giselle White-Perry Steven G. Brandl South Carolina State University University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee
Angie Moe Wan Charles Crawford Arizona State University Western Michigan University
Vernetta Young Wes Johnson Howard University Sam Houston State University
Evelyn Gilbert 2001 AWARD RECIPIENTS
BRUCE SMITH, SR. AWARD
For outstanding contributions to criminal justice presented to Meda Chesney-Lind University of Hawaii at Manao
FOUNDER'SAWARD
For outstanding contributions to criminal justice education and ACJS presented to Robert Bohm Universityof Central Florida
ACADEMY FELLOW AWARD
For distinguished teaching and scholarly achievement presented to Frank Hagan Mercyhurst College
OUTSTANDING BOOK AWARD
"Bad Kids: Race and the Transformation of the Juvenile Court" Barry C. Feld Universityof Minnesota Law School
ANDERSON OUTSTANDING PAPERAWARD
"The Drug Court Phenomenon: Its Impact on Erie County, Pennsylvania" Lisa Roberts Mercyhurst College DR. MANNING MARABLE
Keynote address 2001 38th Annual Meeting ACADEMYOF CRIMINALJUSTICE SCIENCES
"Questioning the Quality of Justice in Social and Political Contexts"
Renaissance Washington D.C. Hotel Wednesday April 4, 2001 3:45-5:15 pm Auditorium
With fourteen books and a nationally syndicated column, Dr. Manning Marable is one of the most widely read intellectuals in the United States. Dr. Marable's books and anthologies include: Let Nobody Turn Us Around, The Crisis of Color and Democracy, Beyond Black and White, Speaking Truth to Power and How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America. He is editor of the academic journal, Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture and Society. His syndicated political affairs column, "Along the Color Line," appears in 325 publications throughout the United States and internationally.
A national leader in the fields of African American studies and ethnic studies, Dr. Marable is currently Professor of History and Political Science, and the founder and director of the Institute for Research in African American Studies at Columbia University. Widely respected for his insight on race and class politics in the United States, Dr. Marable regularly appears on such programs as NBC's Today Show, ABC's Weekend News, PBS, Fox Network News, C-Span, National Public Radio, the Charlie Rose Show and BBC television and radio. EXHIBITORS
The Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences would like to thank the following companies for their participation and support of our 2001 38th Annual Meeting: Advanced Systems Technology Allyn & Bacon American Correctional Association American Military University Anderson Publishing Company Association Book Exhibit Atomic Dog Publishing Carolina Academic Press Copperhouse Publishing Criminal Justice Press Eastern Kentucky University Educational Testing Services Glencoe/McGraw-Hill ICPSR Innovative Programming Systems, Inc. Justice Research and Statistics Association Lakewood Retreat, Inc. LoisLaw.com McGraw-Hill National Criminal Justice Reference Service Police Executive Research Forum Police Foundation Prentice Hall Roxbury Publishing Company Sam Houston State University San Diego State University Scolari University of Phoenix Wadsworth Publishing / Thomson Learning Waveland Press, Inc. West Group / Foundation Press II JOINT BOOK EXHIBITORS II California Lutheran University National Gang Crime Research Center Oxford University Alpha Phi Sigma 2001 Annual Conference Congressional Hall C Renaissance Hotel, Washington, D.C.
Tuesday April3rd, 2001
4:00pm -7:00pm ACJS Registration
Wednesday April 4th, 2001
8:30am - 9:30am Chapter Advisors' Meeting (Exec. Suite) 9:00am - 5 :OOpm A
Thursday AprilSth, 2001
9:00am - 10:00am Chapter Advisors' Meeting (Exec. Suite) 9:00am - 5:OOpm A
Friday April 6th,2001
9:00 am - 9:30 am Coffee & Donuts (Exec. Suite) (sponsored by Florida International Univ.) 9:30am - 10:30am FLETC Presentation 10:30am -11:30am A
AtlJICon!erencecoordinated by Dr. Regina Shearn CORRECTIONS SECTION PANELS OF INTEREST
...... �i�.I�II ...... J!P� Panel 109: Prisoner Reentry Panel us: Convict Criminology: Questioning the Quality of Justice Experienced by Defendants and Prisoners INFORMATION AND PUBLIC POLICY SECTION PANELS OF INTEREST
Panel s: Criminal Organizations and White Collar Crime Panel 6: Police and Crime Prevention Policies Roundtable 18: The Next Day After the Day on Capital Hill
Panel 2S: Quality of Justice Panel 29: Drug Enforcement Policies Panel 30: Shots in the Dark: Politics, Policy and Symbolism of Gun Control
Panel 4S: Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice and Reform Panel 49: Reform and Penal Policy Thematic Plenary: Questioning the Quality of Justice in Social and Political Contexts
Panel 63: Ideologyof Crime and Crime Control Panel 64: Death Penalty Debates Panel 67: Critical Analysis of Police Crime Prevention Programs __I"l�jl�II!lllr!l!�liil;itllllli!l!lII_�_ Panel 8s: Current Research on Crime, Policing and Justice in the Nation's Capital Panel 9S: Criminal Justice Politics and Policy
Panell0S: Gun Control Policies
Panel 121: Civil Rights Issues Panel 12S: Firearms Policy, Practices and Legislation: Research and Evaluation Findings
Panel 140: Domestic Violence Policy
PanellS7: Results from the National Evaluation of the Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) Evaluation Panel 167: Politics, Economics and Criminal Justice Policy ._.!.�•. I¥i�!\I;!f'lr1!11!�lif;;!1�;li1lijli;; ;,;i;:;;;�;i;J'i;;I!!;;;;;�III IIIII.II. Panel 176: Crime Victims Services
1•• 'll •• li.I�II�!fil111�;;iii;l�i)jlll:!;j;li;ltlf;;;" •• ;::.'.;,; ,:•.·i;];I�.�I�.I. Panel 193: Sex Offenders and Criminal Justice Policy
Panel 210: Studies in Economic and Administrative Efficiency Panel 2S0: Regional Political Practices and Criminal Justice Policy
Panel 237: Various Issues on Criminal Justice Policy and Practice MINORITIES AND WOMEN SECTION PANELS OF INTEREST
Panel 10: Racial Profiling: Police and Courts
Discussion Panel 23: Empirical and Other Responses to Calls for a Moratorium on Executions Panel 26: Women's Criminality: Contributions to Criminal Behavior and Characteristics of Offending Workshop 251: ACJS and Affirmative Action
\l1._I_.'ll.lt1i!Jlitil;i�i�!ii�ll;jl;��ill:i;i�ji�li._ Roundtable 44: The Racial Disparity Initiative: Examining the Causes and Consequences of Racial Disparities in the Minnesota Criminal Justice System Panel 46: Women in Correctional Settings: The Institutions, Services, and Effects on Family Panel 51: Supervising Female Offenders: Issues and Practices Panel 54: Defining and Measuring Hate Crime
Panel 64: Death Penalty Debates Panel 68: Criminal Justice Processing and Correlates of Black Crime
Panel 81: The Impact of Feminist Inspired Questions on Criminal Justice Research, Policy, and Practice Discussion Panel 86: Comparative Criminal Justice and Racial Discrimination Panel 90: The Racialization of Punishment
Panel 102: Research on Domestic Violence
Roundtable 120: Racial Profiling in the Criminal Justice System Panel 134: The Death Penalty and Justice Special Minorities and Women 135: Human Experimentation at Holmesburg Prison
II1ftftlih4:P.�11��IBUi��lii�i;il!�i!fii]}:l!:]!'i;Ii;;":I i";;":;;.;: ;,!;i,,�t�".m. Panel 140: Domestic Violence Policy Panel 141: Crime, Justice and African Americans Panel 144: Domestic Violence: Patterns and Context
�.�,'''.' .B.II.!II.I�.ll.I!I� •• m.m •• ... Panel 154: Gender Issues in Policing Panel 156: Contributions to Girls' Delinquency and Programming for Prevention
F�"'I�II1f*li�\ij�!lQiii,::,jjml,:,;W'i;I!';::)':l�J!;;::i:1:!j,iiii;::;;li ;;';:i]I��i.}9' !lmlli'I'5Iulfl* Roundtable 175: Mentoring Students and Faculty Members in Criminal Justice Education Sponsored by the Minorities and Women Section Panel 177: Community Programs to Prevent Domestic Violence Discussion Panel 179: Legal and Social Contexts of Hate Crimes
F�••• I�llrl�I.��.I!!'��gi.��;�I •• " I_•• Panel 196: Culture, Ethnicity and the Criminal Justice System
sa�I��jm.l�g.Qllf;;�li;f:li;i�ilWI)�lll!!;!;;l:l;j;liJii;;ili)li�!I�;!I••• � •• ' ' " ' " Panel 229: Legisi�ti�e A�ti��; a�d J�di�i;1 D�ci�io�� �'n Domestic Violence, Stalking, and Sexual Harassment Panel 230: Theories of Violence Si�:¥;;l.i.�:'itl;��,(:.g��i�i�;,I';;;lii;!)!;JI!j::ll;,m;!!�:';?:n"t ]im!g'llljl.�I•• Panel 242: Rape Attitudes, Reporting, and Criminal Justice System Processing III UPCOMING ACJS ANNUAL MEETINGS III
March 5-9, 2002 • Disneyland Hotel Anaheim, California March 4-8, 2003 • Boston Marriott Copley Place Boston, Massachusetts March 9-13, 2004 • Riviera Las Vegas, Nevada March 15-19, 2005 • Sheraton Chicago Chicago, Illinois
Please remember ... • All meeting space is non-smoking • Attendees must wear nametags in the exhibit hall, breakout rooms, and to all food functions. WavelanJ Press, Inc
2 o o 1
New lilIes Police in a Multicultural Society: An American Story David E. Barlow and Melissa Hickman Barlow
Discusses police-society relations from the perspective of minority police officers and members of the communities served.
Woman 5attering in the United States: Till Death Do Us Part Helen M. Eigenberg
Challenges readers to think critically about the social construction of crime and to look seriously at a type of victimization that has long been ignored.
Readings in White-Collar Crime Larry K. Gaines, Francis T. Cullen, and Richard Ball
Introduces students to the complexities of the study of white-collar crime through carefully selected articles illustrating various facets of this intractable problem.
New eJIHons of hIghly acclalmeJ Hlles
Community Policing: Contemporary Readings, 2/E Geoffrey P.Alpert and Alex R. Piquero
Features important, cutting-edge works covering historical frameworks, current research, strategies of practitioners, and a look at the future of community policing.
Critical Issues in Policing: Contemporary Readings, 4/E Roger G. Dunham and Geoffrey P.Alpert
Thirty-eight well-chosen selections written by scholars and practitioners present a variety of highly relevant policing issues. Comprehensive, illuminating, and current!
If you would like complimentary review copies for possible course adoption. stop by our booth, write (P.O. Box 400. Prospect Heights. IL 60070). or call (847/634-0081). Please provide the following information: 1) course title; 2) annual enrollment; 3) next date for textbook reconsideration; 4) text(s) currently in use. www.waveland.com YOUTH GANGS IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE AMERICAN SOCIETY Law and Practice Second Edition Fifth Edition Randall G. Shelden/Sharon K. Tracy/ Rolando V. del Carmen William B. Brown 0·534·51471·5 0·534·52745·0 CRIMINAL EVIDENCE
IfITRODUCTIOII 1O CR.MIIlALJUma
RENEGADE KIDS, SUBURBAN OUTLAWS CRIMINAL EVIDENCE From Youth Culture to Delinquency Principles and Cases Wayne Wooden/Randy Blazak Fourth Edition 0·534·52754·X Thomas J. Gardner/Terry M. Anderson o· 534· 51489·8 THE AMERICAN SYSTEM OF POLICINa CRIMINAL JUSTICE CORRECTIONS Ninth Edition George F. Cole/Christopher E. Smith 0·534·57556·0
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IN LAW ENFORCEMENT CORRECTIONS Third Edition A Comprehensive View Wayne Bennet/Karen M. Hess Second Edition CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN ACTION 0·534·55431·8 Ira J. Silverman The Core 0·534·54648·X Larry K. Gaines/Michael Kuane/Roger L. Miller 0·534·57456·4
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The Role of Citizen Oversight COMMUNITY-BASED CORRECTIONS Samuel Walker Fourth Edition ESSENTIALS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 0·534·58158·7 Third Edition Belinda Rodgers McCarthy/ Joseph J. Senna/Larry J. Siegel Bernard J. McCarthy, Jr./Matthew Leone 0·534·51673·4 0·534·52364·1 C"M'NALI IIYU118ATIOI
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CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION Sixth Edition Wayne Bennet/Karen M. Hess CRIMINOLOGY 0·534·57654·0 Theories, Patterns, and Typologies COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL Seventh Edition JUSTICE SYSTEMS Second Edition Larry J. Siegel 0·534·54514·9 Erika Fairchild/Harry R. Dammer 0'534·51480·4
http:// c j.wad 5 w 0 r t h.com CRIMIN AL JU S TICE 2001
POLICY PRISOIISSUES
CRIME AND THE AMERICAN DREAM Third Edition Steven F. Messner/Richard Rosenfeld DEBATING CRIME IT'S ABOUT TIME 0-534-56277-9 Rhetoric and Reality America's Imprisonment Binge David W. Neubauer Third Edition 0-534-52711-6 james Austin/john Irwin 0-534-51498-7
DRUGS VlCTlMOLOGY
LIFE-COURSE CRIMINOLOGY Contemporary and Classic Readings Alex Piquero/Paul Mazarolle 0-534-57492-0
DRUGS An Introduction CRIME VICTIMS VISIT US 01 THE WEI Fourth Edition An Introduction to Victimology Howard Abadinsky Fourth Edition 0-534-52750-7 Andrew Karmen 0-534-51544-4
WOMEI
WADSWORTH CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESOURCE CENTER SENSE AND NONSENSE ABOUT http://ct·wadsworth.com CRIME AND DRUGS A Policy Guide Fifth Edition THE INVISIBLE WOMAN Samuel Walker 0-534-55436-9 Gender, Crime, and Justice Second Edition joanne Belknap RESEARCHMETHODS 0-534-54209-3
WADSWORTH SERIESI I CRIMIIOLOGICALTHEORY
RESEARCH METHODS FOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND CRIMINOLOGY Third Edition Michael G. Maxfield/Earl R. Babbie 0-534- 51664-5 A PRIMER ON CRIME AND DELINQUENCY THEORY Second Edition METHODOLOGY Robert M. Bohm 0-534-54158-5
VOICES FROM THE FIELD Readings in Criminal Justice Research BIOBEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVES ON Carl Pope/Rick Lovell/Steven Brandl CRIMINOLOGY 0-534-56376-7 Diana Fishbein 0-534-54742-7 ...-.I ,
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Ple�se see displ�� copies �t the publishers' book exhibit. To order. ple�se c�1I1-800-666-2211. New at Sagel New in 2001' CRIMINALJUSTICE ABSfRAaS CRIMINALJUSTICE Editor-in-Chief: Judith Anne Ryder, THE INTERNATIONAl JOURNAl Criminal Justice/NCCDCollection, OF POlICY AND PRACTICE Center forLaw and Justice, Newark Edited by George Mair, Each issue of CriminalJustice Abstracts contains hundreds of LiverpoolJohn Moores University, UK in-depth abstracts of current books, journal articles, govern and Tim Newbum, ment reports, and dissertations published worldwide. The Goldsmiths College, London, UK rapid growth and increasing globalization of criminology is Academic interest in criminal justice policy and practice has reflected in CriminalJustice Abstracts ' coverage of over 500 grown remarkably in the last decade. journals published in several different languages. Criminal To date, however, there has been no intemational forum JusticeAbstracts also offers extensive coverage of new books dedicated to critical debate in this most important area. from scholarly and commercial publishers, and valuable CriminalJustice seeks to fill that void. reports from public and private agencies in many nations. A new peer-reviewed joumal. CriminalJustice will focus on CriminalJustice Abstracts is available electronically through the general field of criminal justice policy and practice. SilverPlatter. The joumal will publish scholarly articles on all areas of For more information, please visit www.silverplatter.com. crime and criminal justice: from policing to sentencing, 33 (200t), 4 issuB � community penalties to prisons, and from crime prevention Quorterly:Mtxrh. ,June S�ember; December ISSN: 0146-9177 to victims of crime. WlItme I (2001), 4 issues Quorterfy: February, May.AugustNovember ISSN: 1466-8025 PublishedPublications, �Sage Ltd. (London) New at Sage' CRIMINALJUSTICE POUcy REviEW New at Sage' Edited by Nanci Koser Wilson, Indiana Universityof Pennsylvania POUCE QUARTERLY CriminalJustice Policy Review is a multidisciplinary joumal Edited by Gary Cordner, publishing articles written by scholars and professionals Eastem Kentucky University, Richmond committed to the study of criminal justice policy through PoliceQuarterly brings you policy-oriented research of experimentaland non-experimental approaches. interest to both practitioners and academics. The only such The joumal publishes articles, essays, research notes, joumal published in North America, PoliceQuarterly is a interviews, and book reviews. Special features include forum for all types of police scholarship, from essays and commentaries, transcripts of significant panels or meetings, book reviews to empirical studies, qualitative and quantitative position papers, and legislation. research, and historical and comparative analyses. SponsoredIndiana by lJnivoeBity of Pennsylvania Published in associationPolice withthe ExewtiveResearch and Departmentits of Criminology Forun \.OtJme 12 (2001), 4 issuB \.t>Iume 2- 4 (200t), 4issues Quorterly: Mtxrh.Jvne , September; December Quorterfy: March, June,September; December ISSN: 0887-403 4 ISSN: 1098-6111
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We invite you to come by 6urbook exhibit to see these and other titles in law and criminal justice! Order online at http://www.cap-press.com or call (800) 489-7486 Whal's New ... Visit our Booth in the Exhibit Hall to learn about our Nearl, 100 Criminal Justice Tilles Introduction to CriminalJustice, 4th Lawrence Travis F. III Criminology: Explaining Crime and Its Context, 4th Stephen E. Brown, Finn-Aage Esbensen & Gilbert Ge is Corrections, Peacemakingan d
RestorativeJustice: Controversies in TransformingIndividuals White-CollarCrime and Institutions edited by GaryW. Potter Michael BraswelL Jo hn Fuller & Bo Lozo ff
Restorative CommunityJustice: Repairing Harm Controversies in and Transforming Victimology Communities edited by Laura J. Moriarty edited by Gordon Bazemore & Maura Schiff
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Community Politing: Terrorism: A Contemporary Perspective, 3d An Investigator's Ro bert Trojanowicz, Victor E. Kappeler Larry K. & Handbook Gaines William E. Dyson
Lessons of Criminology edited by Gilbert Geis & Mary Dodge
1-800-582-7295 • www.andersonpublishing.com anderson publishing co. ALLYN & BACON CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2001
CRIMINAL JUSTICEI JUVENILE DELINQUENCY DRUGS CRIMINOLOGYI BYNUM/THOM PSON INCIARDI CRIME THEORY Juvenile Delinquency: The War on Drugs III ALBANESE A Sociological Approach, 51e ISBN: 0-205-33221-8 ISBN: 0-205-32177-1 Criminal Justice: Brief Edition (with SuperSite) ADMINISTRATION ISBN: 0-205-31811-8 CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR BREWER ALBANESE CASSEL/BERNSTEIN Criminal Justice Administration Criminal Behavior in the New Millennium Criminal Justice, 2/e ISBN: 0-205-33718-X ISBN: 0-205-28040-4 ISBN: 0-205-32345-6 CONKLIN Criminology, 7/e POLICING DEVIANCE PURPURA RUBINGTON/WEINBERG ISBN: 0-205-30775-2 Police and Community: Deviance: The Interadionist CURRAN/RENZml Concepts and Cases Perspedive, lIe Theories of Crime, 2/e ISBN: 0-205-30283-1 ISBN: 0-205-31908-4 ISBN: 0-205-27588-5 SIMON SHELDEN RESEARCH AND STATISTICS Elite Deviance, 7/e Controlling the Dangerous BERG ISBN: 0-205-32176-3 Classes: A Critical Introduction Qualitative Research Methods THIO to the History of Criminal Justice for the Social Sciences, 4/e Deviant Behavior, 6/e ISBN: 0-205-31889-4 ISBN: 0-205-31847-9 ISBN: 0-321-05031-2 STEPHENS FOX/LEVIN/SHIVELY THIO/CALHOUN Careers In Criminal Justice, 2/e Elementary Statistics in Readings in ISBN: 0-205-32153-4 Criminal Justice Research, 2/e ISBN: 0-205-33373-7 Deviant Behavior, 2/e VOGEL ISBN: 0-205-31904-1 Crime, Inequality, and the State MILLER/TEWKSBURY ISBN: 0-205-30705-1 Extreme Methods: VIOLENCE AND ABUSE Innovative Approaches BARASH CORRECTIONS to Social Science Research Understanding Violence ISBN: 0-321-05487-3 BARTOLLAS ISBN: 0-205-31662-X Invitation to Corredions BARKAN/SNOWDEN ISBN: 0-205-31412-0 HUMAN DIVERSITY GRANA Collective Violence GRAY Women and (In) Justice ISBN: 0-205-26782-3 Exloring Conedions: ISBN: 0-205-32163-1 FOX/LEVIN A Book of Readings The Will to Kill: ISBN: 0-205-32776-1 REASONS/CONLEY/DEBRO/MARTUS Race, Class, Gender, and Justice Making Sense of REICHEL in the United States Senseless Murder Conections: Philosophies, ISBN: 0-205-27994-5 ISBN: 0-205-31417-1 Practices, and Procedures, 2/e LEVIN/FOX ISBN: 0-205-31512-7 REIMAN The Rich Get Richer and the Dead Lines: Essays Poor Get Prison: Ideology, in Murder and Mayhem CRIMINAL LAW Class, and Criminal Justice, 6/e ISBN: 0-205-33521-7 WALLACE/ROBERSON ISBN: 0-205-30557-1 MIGNON/HOLM ES/LARSON Principles of Criminal Law, 2/e Family Abuse and ISBN: 0-8013-1919-6 TARVERANALLACE/WALKER Multiculturalism in the Deviant Behavior ROBERSON/BAYENS Criminal Justice System ISBN: 0-205-29569-X Law and Society ISBN: 0-205-31879-7 in the Twenty-First Century ISBN: 0-205-32505-X
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Criminology and the Criminal Justice System with Free Student IIMaking the Grade" CD-ROM and PowerWeb, Fourth Edition by Freda Adler, Rutgers University-Newark; Gerhard O. W. Mueller, Rutgers University-Newark; and William S. Laufer, University of Pennsylvania
Criminology with Free Student "Making the Grade" CD-ROM and PowerWeb, Fourth Edition by Freda Adler, Rutgers University-Newark; Gerhard O. W. Mueller, Rutgers University-Newark; and William S. Laufer, University of Pennsylvania
Crime, Justice, and Society: Criminology and The Sociological Imagination with Power Web by Ronald J. Berger, Marvin D. Free, Jr., and Patricia Searles, all of University of Wisconsin-Whitewater
Criminal Law, Fifth Edition by Sue Titus Reid, Florida State University
Also Available Coming in 20021
Criminal Justice: An Introduction, Second Edition The Police In America: An Introduction, Fourth Edition Freda Adler, Rutgers University-Newark Samuel Walker, University of Nebraska Gerhard O. W. Mueller, Rutgers University-Newark Charles Katz, University of Arizona William S. Laufer, University of Pennsylvania Deviance and Social Control Crime and Criminology, Ninth Edition Ronald Weitzer, George Washington University Sue Titus Reid, Florida State University
Criminal Investigation, Seventh Edition Charles R. Swanson, University of Georgia Neil C. Chamelin, Department of Highway Safety Leonard Territo, University of South Florida-Tampa
Delinquency in Society, Fourth Edition Robert M. Regoli, University of Colorado-Boulder John D. Hewitt, Calvin COllege
Dictionary of Criminal Justice, Fifth Edition George E. Rush, California State University Long Beach
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For more information or to request an examination copy call 1-800-338-3987; consult our Web site, www.mhhe.com/criminaljustice ; send an e-mail to [email protected]; or write to McGraw-Hili Higher Education, Comp Processing & Control, P. O. Box 445, Hightstown, NJ 08520-0445. Get Up to Speed with These NEW Titles from ACAI
Correctional Law for the Correctional Officer, 3rd Edition Wi lliam C. Collins, ,)D
This thoroughly updated edition answers officers' questions about the rights of inmates and staff, and provides correctional staff with a basic understanding of the law. Includes information on federal and state court cases. Explains the legal liabilities and rights asso ciated with searches and seizures, use of force, punishment, AIDS, suicide, protective custody, religion, mail, visiting and more. Includes review questions and answers for each chapter. (2001 , approx. 175 pages, 1-56991-1 32-0)
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Correctional Assessment, Casework & Counseling, 3rd Edition Anthony Wa lsh, Ph.D.
This updated and expanded edition covers practical interviewing and counseling skills, including how to adapt counseling theories to community or institutional corrections, and how to supervise the alcoholic, drug addict, sex offender, schizophrenic, and mentally immature client. Sample case materials, such as presentence reports, sentencing guide lines, classification scales, and risk and needs scales, give readers an understanding of the actual assessment process. An instructor's manual is available with the purchase of 10 or more books. (March 2001 , approx. 500 pages, index, 1-56991-063-4)
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Popular Culture and Corrections Robert M. Freeman, Ph.D
Popular Culture and Corrections researches the subject of how popular culture in gen eral, and popular Gulture of corrections specifically, is created and is able to maintain incredible influence over public perception. Dr. Freeman explores the complexities of negative correctional stereotypes and their origins. The book is divided into two sections, the first section explores the negative public perception of corrections and the individu als employed in the field. The latter portion details the proposed antidote to the popular culture of corrections through educating the community and dismantling the negative cor rectional stereotypes. Corrections professionals will learn how to make a difference in forming the public's image of corrections. (2000, 206 pages, 1-56991-1 26-6)
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1-800-222-5646, ext. 1860 to order! American Correctional Association 4380 Forbes Boulevard Lanham, MD 20706-4322 www.corrections.com/aca FOUNDED 1870 Roxbury Publishing Company
Current and Forthcoming Titles Include:
The American Dictionaryof Criminal Justice: Key Criminological Theory: Past to Present (Essential Terms and Major CourtCases, Second Edition, by Readings), Second Edition, by Francis T. Cullen & Dean J. Champion, softbound, 405 pages. Robert Agnew, softbound, 374 pages.
The American Drug Scene: An Anthology, Third Criminal Violence: Patterns, Causes, and Edition. edited by James A. Inciardi & Karen Prevention, by Marc Riedel & Wayne Welsh, McElrath, softbound, 360 pages. softbound, 347 pages.
Class, Race, Gender, and Crime: Social Realities Explaining Criminals and Crime: Essays in of Criminal Justice, by Gregg L. Barak, Jeanne M. Contemporary Criminological Theory, edited by Flavin, & Paul S. Leighton, softbound, 220 pages. Raymond Paternoster & Ronet Bachman, softbound, 410 pages. Community Policing in a Community Era: An Introduction and Exploration, by Quint C. Images of Color, Images of Crime (Readings), Thurman, Jihong Zhao, & Andrew Giacomazzi, Second Edition, edited by Coramae Richey Mann hardbound, 317 pages. & Marjorie S. Zatz, softbound, 310 pages.
Confronting Gangs: Crime and Community, Investigating Deviance: An Anthology, edited by Second Edition, by G. David Curry & Scott H. Bruce A. Jacobs, softbound, 270 pages. Decker, softbound, 230 pages.
Juvenile Delinquency: Causes and Control, by CorrectionalContexts: Contemporary & Classical Robert S. Agnew, softbound, 389 pages. Readings, Second Edition. edited by Edward J. Latessa, Alexander Holsinger, James Marquart, & Law in Our Lives: An Introduction, by David Jonathan R. Sorensen, softbound, 492 pages. Friedrichs, hardbound, 357 pages.
CorrectionalPerspectives: Vzews From Academics, The Modern Gang Reader, Second Edition. edited Practitioners, and Prisoners, F. by Leanne Alarid by Jody Miller, Cheryl L. Maxson, & Malcom W. & Paul Cromwell, softbound, pages. 347 Klein, softbound, 350 pages.
Crime and the Life Course: An Introduction, by Police Management, Third Edition, by Roy R. Michael L. Benson, softbound, pages. 220 Roberg, Jack Kuykendall, and Kenneth Novak, hardbound, 440 pages. Crime Profiles: The Anatomy of Dangerous Persons, Places, and Situations, Second Edition, Women, Crime, and Criminal Justice: Original by Terence D. Miethe & Richard C. McCorkle, Feminist Readings, edited by Claire M. Renzetti & softbound, 276 pages. Lynne Goodstein, softbound, 375 pages.
Complimentary Copies Are Available for Classroom-Adoption Consideration
PO. Box 491044, Los Angclcs, CA 90049-9044 Tel.: (310) 473-3312 • Fax: (310) 473-4490 Email: [email protected]· Wehsite: www.roxhury.net �������� ������������������ � � � Western and PacificAsso ciation of 4J! � Criminal JusticeEdu cators � � � � CALL FOR PAPERS � � 2001 CONFERENCE � � � � The 2001 annual conference of the WPACJE is scheduled fo r October � � 18-20, 2001, in Vancouver, British Columbia at the Holiday Inn Hotel & � h Suites, Vancouver Downtown (1-800-465-4329). Please submit � --W abstracts of 100 words or less fo r papers, poster sessions, proposals fo r 1hJ � panels, workshops or roundtables by September 1, 2001 to: Michelle E. � � Heward, Associate Professor of Criminal Justice, Weber State � � University, 1206 University Circle, Ogden, Utah 84408-1206, (801)626- l!1 --W 6151, [email protected]. Include your name, school affiliation, --W � address, phone number, e-mail and fax. Late abstracts will be � � considered if space is available. � � Student Paper Competition: Monetary prizes totaling $500 for � � undergraduate or graduate papers are possible. Criteria: 1) Faculty � � may not be co-authors on the paper; 2) The paper should be no more � h than 30 pages in length; 3) The paper should be scholarly in style and -lIJ content, and·, 4) Presentation of the paper at the conference is required � � (conference registration fo r students is free). All papers will be blind � reviewed. Complete papers and abstracts are due by September 1, 2001 � to John Worrall, California State University - San Bernardino, � � Department of Criminal Justice, 5500 University Parkway, San � ?1. �" --W Bernardino, CA 92407-2397, (909)880-7741, [email protected]. "'W
� Conference Registration: Pre-registration: $60.00; onsite: $75.00. � � Student tuition is waived. Send a check payable to WPACJE to: � h -W Robert Morin, WPACJE Secretary-Treasurer, Department of Political --W�. � Science, California State University-Chico/Chico, California 95929- 0455, (530) 898-5335, [email protected]. Include complete name, � � school affiliation, address, phone, fax and email. � � � � Planned Future Conference Sites: Salt Lake City, Utah, in 2002. � � � Look for our website at http://cja.boisestate.edu/wQacje. � � � � �������������������������� THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
A LEADER IN GRADUATE EDUCATION AND DISTANCE LEARNING FOR CRIMINALJUSTICE PRACTITIONERS SINCE 1975
The University of Alabama offers the B.A. and M.S. in criminal justice. The undergraduate curriculum is part of a broad-based liberal arts education. The graduate program is multi-disciplinary and designed to provide preparation for graduate or professional school and managers in a full range of criminal justice agencies. The Practitioner's Plan fo r a Master'sDegree in Criminal Justice allows criminal justice professionals living anywhereto earn a masters degree with minimal time away fr om work and home. The Program concentrates classroom time fo r two seminars into a two-week, intensive session supplemented by a fo ur-week reading session and a ten-week supervised seminar paper. Six semester hours toward the 30 hour degree are awarded for 16 weeks of work. Thesis and non-thesis options are available. Practitioner students can expect to complete degree requirements in 24 to 48 months depending on the number of two week sessions which they can attend each year.
Box 870320, Tuscaloosa, AL. 35487-0320, Phone: 205/348-7795, Fax: 205/348-7178 e-mail: cj dept@cj .as.ua.edu GRADUATE PROGRAMS IN CRIMINOLOGY INDIANA UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
,. ..., .
M.A. IN CRIMINOLOGY ASSISTANTSHIPS Indiana University of Pennsylvania offers a Most full-time M.A. students receive program of study leading to a Master of Arts in assistantships which provide partial or full Criminology. Courses are offered in tuition waivers and a stipend. criminological theory, research methods, syst ms, management, legal issues and ethics. REQUIRED COURSE OF STUDY Stud nts have the opportunity to enroll in up to 6 Thirty-six semester hours are required for cr dits of electives outside the departmentwith graduation from the M.A. in Criminology prior approval from the coordinator. program. Students may choose b twe n a th sis and non-thesis curriculum.
Ph.D. in CRIMINOLOGY The doctoral program is designed to prepare students � Comprehensive coverage of theory and justice for an academic career through an integrated systems approach to the study of research, theory,justice systems, and pedagogy. � Exposure to a broad spectrum of methodological approaches, including quantitative and qualitative PROGRAM FEATURES strategies in research design and analysis, � IUP's Criminology Doctoral program features a program evaluation, and policy studies Preparing Future Faculty (PFF) approach designed to expand doctoral education beyond research in � Faculty members who are examining a specific content area. IUP emphasizes teaching contemporary topics, including postmodern excellence and the teacher/scholar model, an approaches, new paradigm methods, and approach, which prepares future educators for the comparative criminology challenges of educating the next generation of coli ge and university students. � A supportive learning environment characterized by plenty of faculty-student interaction � Assistantship/Fellowship opportunities
YOU ARE CORDIALLY INVITED TO AN INFORMAL RECEPTION SPONSORED BY IUP GRADUATE PROGRAMS TO BE HELD IN SUITE 562, THURSDAY -APRIL 5 AT 8 P.M.
For more information about graduate programs in Criminology at Indiana University of Pennsylvania Visit us on the World Wide We b: http://www.iup.edu/cr/programs.htmlx Or contact David Myers, Ph.D., Masters Coordinator Randy Martin, Ph.D., Doctoral Coordinator Department of Criminology Indiana University of Pennsylvania Indiana, PA 15705 (724)3 57 -2720 EASTERN KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY - RICHMOND, KY
Eastern Kentucky University's nationally recognized College of Law Enforcement is now the College of Justice & Safety. The new name better reflects the wide variety of degree programs of fe red by the college. Named a 'Program ofDistinction ' : the EKU College of Justice & Safety is recognized fo r its outstanding academic accomplishments, nationally recognized faculty, public service orientation, and strong commitment to teaching. We in vite you to contact us to learn more about our programs.
UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMS:
• Correctional & Juvenile Justice Studies
• Criminal Justice & Police Studies
Criminal Justice
Police Administration
• Loss Prevention & Safety
Assets Protection
Emergency Medical Care
Fire & Safety Engineering Technology
Insurance & Risk Management
Traffic Safety Institute
GRADUATE PROGRAMS :
Criminal Justice
Loss Prevention & Safety National Institute of Justice Data Resources Program
Annual Workshop on Criminal Justice Data at ICPSR, University of Michigan
"Prisoner Reentry and Community Justice" June 18-22, 2001
The abolition and diminished use of discretionary parole, the unrealized potential of probation, mandatory mini mum prison sentences, truth-in-sentencing laws, and the record high number of persons in prison have severely compromised the effective reentry and reintegration of offenders into the community. Jeremy Travis, former direc tor of the National Institute of Justice, has written that all these developments that make for "longer prison sen tences cannot obviate the reentry phenomenon: they all come back." Reentry and reintegration are the focus of new ideas and programs in adjudication and community corrections that have evolved at the grass-roots level. These ideas and programs share a singular philosophy that the sole focus on retribution against or rehabilitation of the offender is insufficientto protect public safety and to provide justice for victims and the community.
The 200 1 NIl Data Resources Program Summer Workshop at the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) will focus on a number of community adjudication and community corrections programs that are based on concepts such as reintegrative shaming, restorative justice, and community justice. These include programs such as drug courts, community courts, reentry management, restitution, community service, offender job training, placement and retention, victim-offender mediation, family and neighborhood conferencing, citizen volunteer boards, community action teams, and many others. The place of offender notification laws and public release of information in this perspective will be examined. Contemporary community justice perspectives on tra ditional quantitative issues such as program evaluation and performance measurement will be discussed, and examples of assessments of these programs will be described. Available data resources will be identified.
Social scientists and researchers from colleges and universities, nonprofit organizations, and government agencies are eligible to participate in this workshop. Enrollment will be limited to no more than 20 participants, selected on the basis of their interests in the topical area, prior methodological training, and potential for research contributions to the topical area. Interested applicants should request application materials from ICPSR or obtain them from the ICPSR Web site at http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/sumprog in early 2001. The National Institute of Justice will pro vide stipend support to offset transportation and per diem expenses for enrolled participants. The workshop is offered as part of the ICPSR Summer Training Program in Quantitative Methods. Participants may apply for other courses in the program at their own expense.
For information, contact:
Dr. Christopher S. Dunn Director, National Archive of Criminal Justice Data ICPSR University of Michigan 426 Thompson, ISR2-LL 10 Ann Arbor, MI 481 06 Phone: 800-999-0960 Email: [email protected] Quantitative Analysis of Crime and Criminal Justice Seminar June 25-July 20, 2001
Part of the ICPSR Summer Program, this four-week seminar will introduce partic ipants to major surveys spon sored by the Bureau of justice Statistics (BjS), which are part of the holdings of ICPSR's National Archive of Criminal justice Data. The instructor More about and various guest speakers seminars at the will focus on innovative ICPSR Summer applications of survey meth ods and incident-based data Program in criminal justice. Each par The ICPSR Summer Program ticipant will also design and is a comprehensive, inte conduct a quantitative grated program of studies in research project. Enrollment research design, statistics, will be limited to ten, and preference will be given to data analysis, and social postdoctoral scholars who methodology. Ty pical four have prior methodological week courses include offer training. Applicants must ings on Dynamic and Longitu show evidence of an intellec dinal Analysis, Regression tual interest and commit Analysis, Dimensional Analysis, ment to this substantive area Time Series, Analysis of Va ri and should include vitas with ance, "LlSREL" - Type Models, their applications. Stipend Categorical Analysis, and support for those admitted Rational Choice. In addition, will be provided by BjS. special workshops oriented toward specific datasets are offered in the curriculum. These include Quantitative Historical Analysis and The Study of Aging. Also, one week workshops are con ducted on advanced statisti cal topics such as Logit and Log-Linear Models, Spatial Analysis, Social Science Data Services, Network Analysis, and Hierarchical Linear Models. C�ALL FOR PAPERS: The Journal of Gang Research The Publisher: The Journal 0/ Gang Research is a quarterly refereed journaland is the officialpublication of the National Gang Crime Research Center (NGCRC). The NGCRC is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1990 to carry out and sponsor large scale gang research, disseminate gang research infor mation, and to provide training on gang issues. About the Journal: The Journal o/ Gang Research is now well into its eighth volume and has achieved a remark able history of publishing empirical, policy, and theoretical pieces on gang issues. The journal deals with any topic relating to gangs, gang members, gang problems, or gang policy issues. The journal has a large domestic and international subscriber base. See copy in Combined Book Exhibit. The Jo urnal o/ Gang Research is abstracted in the fo llowing publications: Psychological Ab stracts, Sociological Abstracts, Criminal Justice Abstracts, and Social Service Abstracts; as well as in the American Psychological Associations's PsycINFO, PsycLIT, and ClinPSYC on-line databases. Author Benefits: In addition to receiving copies of the journal in whichtheir article is published, authors receive a one-year free subscription to the journal, and are automatically eligible to be nominated fo r the NGCRC yearly Thrasher Awards giving recognition to exceptional contributions in the area of gang research. Complimentary Copy of Journal Available: If you would like a complimentary copy of the journal, then please write mentioning this ad. Or fa x your request to (773) 995-3819, attn : George Knox; or write to the NGCRC. Manuscript Submission Information: If you would like to submit a manuscript, then please send it in quadruplicate to: George W. Knox, Ph.D., Editor-in-Chief, Jo urnal o/ Gang Research, NGCRC, P. O. Box 990, Peotone, IL 60468- 0990.
The 4th International Gang Specialist Training Conference WHO: Anyone dealing with gangs, researching gangs/gang members, gang problems. WHA T: The 4th International Gang Specialist Training Conference. WHEN: August IS-17th, 2001. WHERE: Chicago, Illinois WHY: 24 hours of gang training, network with gang experts, see website fo r more. HO W: See the website: http ://members.ao1.com/gangcrime/conference.html
Call For Nominations: The Thrasher Awards. The NGCRC established the Frederic Milton Thrasher Aw ard to recognize out standing contributions by individuals fo r their scholarship, service, and leadership in dealing with the gang problem. Address your nominations to the NGCRC, 2001 Thrasher Aw ards Committee, NGCRC, PO Box 990, Peotone, IL 60468. See the new 2000 edition of the Thrasher classic Th e Gang (with original gang map) in the Combined Book Exhibit. Master of Arts in Criminal Justice Administration
Boise State University
The Master of Arts Degree Program in Criminal Justice Administration is designed to provide a fo undation in applied research and theory. We offer seminars in gender & justice, police, law & the legal process, corrections, criminological theories, research & statistics, and management. • Prospective fu ll and part-time students may apply. • Traditional evening seminar classes are offered. • A limited number of research assista ntships are available.
Graduate Faculty
John Crank, Ph.D. University of Colorado Andrew Giacomazzi, Ph.D. Wa shington State University Craig Hemmens, J.D., Ph.D. North Carolina Central School of Law Sam Houston State University Kate King, Ph.D. State University of New Yo rk at Albany Robert Marsh, Ph.D. Sam Houston State University David Mueller, Ph.D. Washington State University Mary Stohr, Ph.D. Washington State University Anthony Walsh, Ph.D. Bowling Green State University
Boise State University is located in beautiful Southern Idaho at the foothills of the Rockies in Idaho's capitol city. For more info rmation: Andrew Giacomazzi Or visit us on the Web Graduate Coordinator cia. boisestate.edu Department of Criminal Justice Admin. Boise State University Apply for Graduate Admissions On-line Boise, ID 83725-1955 www.boisestate.edu/gradcoll 800-824-7017 Extension 4162 •
SOUTHERN CRIMINAL JUSTICE ASSOCIATION
CALL FOR PAPERS
ANNUAL MEETING
SEPTEMBER 26-29, 2001
EMBASSY SUITES BATON ROUGE, LOUISIANA
THEME "INTEGRITYAN D CRIMINA L JUSTICE WHO OR BOOHOO? "
FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT:
JOSEPH B. SANBORN, JR., PROGRAM CHAIR Department of Criminal Justice and Legal Studies University Of Central Florida Orlando, Florida 32816 Voice: (407) 823-6486 Fax: (407) 823-5360 [email protected] or visit our website www.scj a.net
DEADLINE FOR PROPOSALS: AUGUST 1, 2001 College of Criminal Justice Ph.D. in Criminal Justice NEW JERSEY CITY UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND THE RODINO INSTITUTE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
CALL FOR PAPERS AND PRESENTATIONS FOR THE OCTOBER 2001 CONFERENCE ON THE USE OF EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION
ABSTRACTS DUE MAY 31 , 2001
FOR REGISTRATION INFORMATION CONTACT: DAVID K. CHIABI, LLM, PhD DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE COLLEGE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES NEW JERSEY CITY UNIVERSITY 2039 KENNEDY BOULEVARD JERSEY CITY, NEW JERSEY 07305 VOICE: (201) 200-3492 FAX: (201) 200-3482 E-MAIL: [email protected]
Dr. Shirley Williams serves as chair of the Department of Criminal Justice. It offers baccalaureate and graduate degrees. The department emphasizes and blends classroom learning and practical experience as it combines professional studies in the fields of criminal justice, fire science, and safety and security administration. The Rodino Institute of Criminal Justice was established in 1977 and promotes the urban mission of the university by sponsoring conferences and providing technical assistance to local criminal justice agencies.
The October 2001 Conference on the Use of Eyewitness Identification will address research and legal issues concerning the misidentification of suspects by crime victims and other witnesses. The intended audience includes criminal justice scholars, judges, prosecutors, and criminal defense attorneys. TuESDAY, APRIL3RD, 2001 AND WEDNESDAY, APRIL 4TH, 2001 DAY-AT-A-GLANCE
"QUESTIONING THE QUALITY OF JUSTICE IN SOCIAL ANDPOLITICAL CONTEXTS"
1:00pm - 7:00pm Executive Board Meeting Meeting Room 6 4:00pm - 7:00pm Registration
8:00am - 5:00pm Registration 9:00am - 5:00pm Employment Exchange Congressional Hall A & B 9:00am - 5:00pm Exhibits Grand Ballrooms North and Central 9:00am - 12:oopm Professional Development Seminar: Our Students Can Too Write - If We Show Them How (Tara Gray) Meeting Room 15 9:30am - 11:ooam Police Section Executive Board Board Room 12 9:30am - 11:ooam International Section Executive Board Board Room 13 9:30am - 11:ooam Minorities and Women Section Executive Board Board Room 14 9:30am - II:ooam Juvenile Justice Section Executive Board Board Room 15 Student Welcome Luncheon Renaissance Ballroom E 2:00pm - 3:30pm Police Section Auditorium 2:00pm - 3:30pm Minorities and Women Section Renaissance Ballroom West A 2:00pm - 3:30pm Juvenile Justice Section Tavern 3:45pm - 5:15 pm Thematic Plenary: Questioning the Quality of Justice in Social and Political Contexts (Special Guest Manning Marable) Auditorium 5:30pm - 7:30pm Past Presidents Reception Renaissance Ballroom E Panel 1: Policing Wednesday April 4, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 2
Chair: Robert P. Morin, California State University POLICE RECRUIT EVALUATIONS OF THEIR FIELD TRAINING OFFICERS William G. Doerner, Florida State University; Jimmy L. Smith, Florida State University Many law enforcement agencies have adopted the Field Training Officer (FTO) Program as part of their effort to retain minority and female recruits. The underlying hope is that standardization of the curriculum, training, and evaluation components will counteract any unwarranted obstacles newcomers might face. The current study examines approximately 225 evaluations in which recruits at the Tallahassee (FL) Police Department graded their training officers to determine whether demographic characteristics of trainers and trainees effected ratings. COMMUNITY POLICE AS MASTER THINKERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR COMMUNITY POLICING, POLICE ORGANIZATIONS, AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION AND TRAINING Darl H. Champion, Sr. , Methodist College In the past decade increased emphasis has been placed on the importance of police critical thinking as a prerequisite for successful community policing. The purpose of this paper is to support the development of community police as critical or master thinkers. Emphasis will be placed on understanding critical thinking as a process and how it can improve police performance in the context of community policing. The pros and cons of community police as master thinkers will be examined within the context of the police organization. The paper will conclude with a discussion on the role of criminal justice educators and trainers in developing master thinkers. "AGGRESSIVE" POLICE-CITIZEN INTERACTIONS AND CITIZEN PERCEPTIONS RobertE. Worden, University at Albany; Shelagh E. Catlin, University at Albany "Aggressive" policing involves stopping motorists and pedestrians for the purpose of conducting field interrogations. While research indicates that aggressive policing has deterrent effects on crime, an aggressive style of patrol might entail abuses of civil liberties, and it might also undermine police-community relations. In this paper, we examine this controversial police practice in terms of what police do and in terms of citizens' evaluations of their experiences, using data collected through systematic observation of police and through surveys of citizens. We derive testable hypotheses from widely-held assumptions about aggressive policing, and we assess the hypotheses against empirical evidence. PROBLEM-ORIENTED POLICING: RURAL POLICE ASSESSMENT ISSUES Th omas E. Baker, University of Scranton This research provides important information for those who evaluate community and problem-oriented policing performance. Two questionnaires evaluated police effectiveness, efficiency and equality. The results of the pre-assessment and post-assessment seven index questions concerning police services indicated insufficientinformation to be a significant factor. The respondents in the pre-assessment and post-assessment samples wanted to know more about what was being done to prevent crime. The higher evaluations in the post-assessment phase were based on respondents moving from their pre-assessment "don't know," or "no opinion" position to an "agree" selection. Maintaining an interactive presence in the Neighborhood Watch Program appeared to be the best opportunity for providing information and establishing rapport.
Panel 2: Policing Wednesday April 4, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 3
Chair: Richard R. Bennett, American University THE USE OF ORGANIZATIONAL ASSESSMENTS TO FACILITATE CHANGE IN POLICING: A MULTI-SITE EVALUATION OF A REGIONAL COMMUNITY POLICING INSTITUTE David Brody, Wa shington State University at Spokane; Andrew L. Giacomazzi, Boise State University The Western Regional Institute for Community Oriented Public Safety (WRICOPS) is one of 35 regional community policing institutes funded by the U.S. Department of Justice's COPS Office. In addition to training and applied research activities, WRICOPS provides organizational assessments to law enforcement agencies in their five-state region in an effort to facilitate a department's transition to community policing. This paper is part of a larger project that assesses the process and effects of such an effort. Here, multiple methods are used to determine the type and level of change at multiple sites in the northwestern United States approximately one year after a comprehensive organizational assessment. COMMUNITY ORIENTED POLICING: CONVENTIONAL WISDOM CONFRONTS UNEXPECTED OUTCOMES Charles E. Marske, Sf. Louis University This paper is based on data collected as part of an assessment of a community oriented policing program focusing on residential burglaries in St. Louis County, Missouri. The findings highlight the significant discrepancies between both public perceptions and police perceptions of residential burglaries and the empirical findings concerning residential burglars and residential burglaries. The consequences of and organizational impediments to addressing these discrepancies are discussed. THE EFFECT OF COMMUNITY POLICING ON URBAN VIOLENCE John M. MacDonald, University of South Carolina; Geoffrey P. Alpert, University of South Carolina In recent years, sharp declines in violent crime rates have been recorded across major U.S. cities. While researchers and politicians debate about the causes of this decline, little empirical research has examined, on a national level, the role that changes in police administration has had on violent crime. As a result, a central research question remains unanswered: What effect has community policing had on the control and change in violent crime? To examine this issue, the present study used multiple data bases and analyzed the economic and political determinants of changes in robbery and disaggregated homicide rates in 190 U.S. cities during the 1990s. the results from this research indicate that community policing is associated with the reduction in violent crime in major U.S. cities. Implications of this research for criminal justice policy are discussed. POLICE SERVICES POLICY AND SOCIAL CAPITAL: WHAT EVIDENCE OF A POLICY TO CULTURE LINKAGE Ricky Gutierrez, California State University at Sacramento Exploring how community policing (COP) dollars are allocated may provide some insight as we look at levels of social capital in a sample of jurisdictions that have received funding to implement COP strategies. Using Elazar's historical analysis of political culture this study will explore to what degree this phenomenon effects the solicitation and granting of COP dollars. In addition, demographics from municipal police agencies in this analysis will be taken from the LEMAS'statistics and will be used to explore officially reported departmental characteristics for each of the 47 jurisdictions under study. EVALUATING ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE AS A POLICE DEPARTMENT IMPLEMENTS COMMUNITY POLICING George E. Capowich, Wa shington State UniverSity; Ricky Gutierrez, California State University at Sacramento There has been considerable attention in the community policing literature to the need for organizational change if police departments are to be successful in implementing community policing. This paper analyzes the outcome of a medium-sized police department's year-long effort to change the agency's structure and climate in order to institutionalize community' policing. Using validated indexes for organizational constructs such as acceptance of innovation and trust, this paper assesses the extent to which the change effort was successful. The results indicate that well-designed programs of organizational change that target specific organizational characteristics can achieve change.
Panel 3: Corrections and Punishment Wednesday April 4, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 4
Pan I Chair: Ken Kerie, American Jail Association Panel Discussant: Stan Stojkovic, University of Wisconsin at Milwa ukee CORRECTIONAL MEDICAL HEALTH CARE: AN OVERVIEW B. Jaye Anno, National Commission on Correctional Health Care Standards Revision Task Force Highlights will be presented from the newly updated federal reference manual on prison/jail health care. The paper will begin with an overviewof how the deliveryof medical care in correctional facilities has evolved over the past 30 years, including the history of accreditation and the concomitant impact of national standards. It will cover the variability of correctional health care services, organizational structure, staff, financing, coordination, and issues relating to contracting out health services to for-profit firms. The components of a model health care deliverysystem for correctional institutions will be discussed. THE HEALTH STATUS OF SOON-TO-BE RELEASED INMATES Ed Harrison, National Commission on Correctional Health Care The results of a recently completed congressional study on the "Health Status of Soon-to-be-Released Inmates" will be discussed. This study, with supportof the National Institute of Justice stresses the unique opportunity to reduce health risks and financial costs to the community associated with releasing large numbers of inmates with undiagnosed and untreated diseases. Due to an increased jail/prison population there has been an expanded rate of communicable disease, chronic disease, and mental illness. The presenter will discuss some of the innovative public health initiatives for preventing, screening, and treating those conditions before inmates are released into the community. CONSEQUENCES OF LITIGATION AND COURT INVOLVEMENT IN CHANGING CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE Ron Shansky This paper will cover the historical consequences of litigation and involvement of the federal courts in changing correctional health care. It will address the ethical and clinical impacts of the Prison Litigation Reform Act and the next generation of court oversight in correctional care. Some jails and prisons do not conform to nationally accepted clinical guidelines and fail to involve themselves with released inmates affiliated with disease and mental illness. The presenter will focus on national epidemiological and disease prevention efforts.
Panel 4: Criminal Justice Education and Training Wednesday April 4, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 5
Chair: Margie Ballard-Mack, South Carolina State University DISTANCE LEARNING: COMBINING THE BESTIMOST USEFUUMOST NEEDED ASPECTS OF BOTH CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION AND TRAINING Roy O. Wa lker, University of Illinois at Champaign; Gary I. Hoffman, Charlotte County Sheriff's Office; Allen Avner, University of Illinois at Urbana at Champaign Experience in police education and police training is merged to inform the creation of educational computing sequences which have proved effective in improving the preparation of police and corrections officers. We now examine this process. A structure is presented for assessing the needs of the practitioner as a teacher, a teacher of teachers, and/or a researcher in the police specialty field. The authors draw on a total of over 50 years of first-hand experience developing materials used by over 20,000 graduates in police and corrections education. TIPS FOR THE TEACHING OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AT A DISTANCE: AN ANALYSIS OF DEPARTMENTAL IMPACT, CONTENT AND PRESENTATION Mike Hulderman, Missouri Southern State College; Leon Hamlin, Missouri Southern State College The purpose of this paper is to provide criminal justice instructors with teaching strategies that result in an effective and productive distance-learning environment for both the students and the instructor. The impact of these strategies are discussed through a statistical analysis of growth and meeting the needs of the community. DOING DISTANCE LEARNING FOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROFESSIONALS: PITFALLS, PLEASURES AND QUALITY ASSURANCE Ian K. McKenzie, University of Portsmouth Undergraduate and postgraduate level distance learning courses for CJ professionals are sometimes seen as: a) cheap, b) easy, c) of poor quality (like to many correspondence courses) and d) (probably because of a, b and c) a poor relative of full-time courses or those requiring attendance at lectures. Although it can be so if poorly designed and developed, distance learning delivery of CJ course is none of these things. This paper will seek to share with criminal justice educators, 10 years of experience in developing and managing high quality courses for a wide range of CJ professionals. COMPUTERS AND THE ASCENT: A CRITICAL VIEW OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION IN THE TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY Kevin Ryan, Norwich University Through distance learning programs, instructional software, course web pages, and use of the Internet for assignments and research, computer technology increasingly structures the educational environment of criminal justice programs. Many colleges and universities, seeing the prospect of increased enrollments and increased faculty productivity, have spent millions of dollars to foster the marriage between modern technology and educational mission. Nevertheless, it is a mistake to assume that increased use of computers and other forms of modern technology necessarily results in better education. This paper examines the nature and goals of criminal justice education and casts a critical eye on the promise and the effects of the technological classroom. DIPLOMA MILLS, STORE-FRONTS, AND CREDIT LAUNDERING: IS ACCREDITATION THE ONLY DEFENSE? Richard Holden, Central Missouri State University Issues in Criminal justice once thought resolved have re-emerged to confound and corrupt the discipline. Two urgent problems faCing this discipline are the re-emergence of diploma mills, many of which are electronic, and the evolution of "credit laundering;" training disguised as legitimate college courses. Criminal justice is especially vulnerable to these attacks. Lacking an accrediting body or protocol and having no standardized curriculum, the discipline is easily subverted. The proliferation of marginal and corrupt programs will eventually erode the legitimacy of the discipline. Program specific accreditation may be the only defense available if the Criminal Justice discipline is to survive.
Panel 5: Criminal Justice Policy Wednesday April 4, 2001 9:30-1 1 :OOam Room 6
Chair: Geoffrey Skol/, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee ORGANIZED CRIME AS A PREMODERN SOCIAL FORMATION Geoffrey Skol/, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee A theoretical model of organized crime as a premodern social formation yields useful research agendas and implications for public policy. In such a model organized crime includes social forms that harken back to the premodern era--before the sixteenth century in Europe. Organized crime is a shiftingformation that includes a variety of forms and structures. It operates at all levels of modern society: from neighborhoods and small businesses to global enterprises and national governments. What is crucial for the proposed model is the view that organized crime is antithetical to modernism, but rather than oppose it head-on, it accommodates and grows in its cracks and crevices. It is a dialectical relationship. STRIKE FORCES AND ORGANIZED CRIME, 1966-1 989: RISE AND FALL OF A RATIONAL FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT POLICY James D. Calder, The University of Texas at San Antonio Strike Force units were established in 1966 to fight organized crime in urban areas. Teams of lawyers and federal agents were linked with selected offices of U.S. Attorney's. The Johnson administration policy was formulated from a blend of behavioral and systems management concepts intended to induce inter-agency cooperation and to eliminate barriers to intelligence information sharing. This paper addresses the role of organizational "turf maintenance" and the ultimate conflict between behavioral theory expectations and the realities of bureaucratic politics management. Strike Force teams were disbanded in 1989, thus challenging the long-term viability of such organizations. A PROPOSAL FOR NEW CRIME LEGISLATION: HOLDING MEDICAL THUGS CRIMINALLY RESPONSIBLE Jana Nestlerode, Department of Criminal Justice It has become increasingly apparent that the medical industry (pharmaceutical companies, pharmacists, doctors) has become a business, with all of its attendant emphasis on corporate and individual profits. But the players in the health care industry have engaged in deliberate acts which have caused substantial harm, and sometimes death, to patients and consumers. To date, the primary means of holding such malfeasants accountable has been through civil courts. This paper proposes to establish new laws which would make these players criminally responsible as well. AN ANALYSIS OF THE POLICY CYCLE OF COMPUTER CRIME Scott R. Senjo, Weber State University This paper is an exploratory study of the first generation of public policies created and developed to manage the variously named "computer crimes" such as unauthorized access or DOCS (Distributed Denial of Service) offenses. Applying the public policy lifecycle (e.g., agenda-setting, policy formation, policy evaluation) to computer crime provides an opportunity to assess the social, political, and legal strength of the various criminal justice policies established to manage these offenses. A general statement is offered that is critical of the nature of the public discourse and the subsequent political choices made which impact the policies designed to prevent and process computer related offenses.
Panel 6: Criminal Justice Policy Wednesday April 4, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 7
Chair: Brion Sever, Manmouth University POLICE POLICIES: THE PROBLEMS OF INTER-AGENCY AND INTRA-AGENCY INCONSISTENCY James Varda/is, Florida International University; Suman Kakar, Florida International University This article examines the critical issue of inconsistent policy and rules of conduct for law enforcement agencies in an urban area. The Miami-Dade County, Florida area was used to review the 29 independent police agencies and their policies regarding off-duty work and the acceptance of gratuities. This research utilized graduate students in a policy analysis approach to demonstrate the problem of inter-agency and intra-agency inconsistency. Some suggestions are offered in an attempt to reduce the degree of policy variance between and among urban police departments. THE IMPACT OF POPULATION CAPS ON COMMUNITY POLICING David P. Weiss, Clar· emont Graduate University; Eric A. Helland, Claremont McKenna College In a 1982 article, Wilson and Kelling introduced the concepts of "broken windows" and community policing. We test this hypothesis using the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports database for all counties located in the U.S. This data is merged with the BJS National Survey of Jails database, which contains information on court-ordered jail population caps. This analysis covers the period 1977- 1992. We examine the impact of court orders on the arrest rates for petty crimes. Using these court orders, we estimate the impact of a court order on UCR index crimes, and also the impact on the strategy of community policing. EVALUATION OF THE LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT BLOCK GRANT (LLEBG) PROGRAM OF THE BUREAU OF JUSTICE ASSISTANCE Antony M. Pate, COSMOS Corporation; Winifred Reed, National Institute of Justice In 1996, Congress passed legislation creating the Local Law Enforcement Block Grant (LLEBG) program, designed to providefunds to local government agencies to be used to reduce crime and improve public safety. The first phase of the evaluation examined how local jurisdictions utilized the LLEBG funds; assessed the satisfaction of grant recipients with the application process; and scanned for and conducted case studies of innovative uses of the LLEBG funds. A second phase has recently begun. This presentation will summarize the findings of phase one of the evaluation and provide a progress report on developments during phase two. COMPARING THE PERCEPTIONS OF CERTAINTY OF APPREHENSION, OBJECTIVE CERTAINTY OF APPREHENSION AND SECURITY LEVELS OF THREE RETAIL STORES Brion Sever, Manmouth University The majority of empirical studies in deterrence research have focused on the effect that respondents' perceptions of the certainty of apprehension for a particular crime have on their involvement in that crime. In the present study, 150 students from a private university in New Jersey were taken to three local retail stores and were instructed to predict the likelihood of being apprehended for a theft in that store. There students' perceptions of the likelihood of being apprehended were then compared with the actual levels of apprehension for each store, as well as the amount of surveillance and other security in the store. Policy implications of the research will be discussed.
Workshop 7: Policing Wednesday April 4, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 8
Moderator: Scott Cunningham, United States Marshal's Service Pres nt rs: John Firman, International Association of Chiefs of Police; Mary Ann Viverette, Gaithersburg (Maryland) Police Department; Steven M. Edwards, National Institute of Justice You have a great idea for a research project but you aren't sure a police departmentwo uld work with you. Where do you go, what do you say? Will officerswork with you and buy into your project? Workshop participants will answer these questions and others, including designing research that is important to the police and can be used by them, how the police and academic communities can help (but sadly sometimes hinder) one another; working with and training police personnel to assist in your project; finding funding sources, and learning from field experiences that you can "write home about."
Panel 8: Criminal Justice Education and Training Wednesday April 4, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 9
Chair: Prabha Unnithan, Colorado State RECENT CHANGES IN THE MOST-CITED SCHOLARS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE TEXTBOOKS Richard A. Wright, Arkansas State University This paper reports the 31 most-cited scholars in 23 introductory criminal justice textbooks published from 1994-1998, along with the most-cited works of selected most-cited scholars. Comparisons over time in the citation patterns in criminal justice and criminology textbooks and in leading American criminal justice journals show considerable differences among the most-cited scholars. Fluctuations in the lists of the most-cited scholars over time justify additional longitudinal studies of citation patterns in criminal justice and criminology textbooks and journals. THE CHALLENGES OF CHAIRING A DEPARTMENT IN THE 21st CENTURY Ayn Embar-Seddon The challenges that department chairs face at the dawn of a new century are many and varied. These include; using technology to improve both instructional and all facets of work, rethinking curricula to reflect the rapid changes in society, maintaining access to a widely varying population, recruitment and retention of faculty and students, budget management and long-term planning. The successful department chair must excel in the following three areas: developing understanding about the role of a departmentchair, understanding the strategic planning process for creating a productive department, and developing the essential leadership required for effectiveness. A LITERARY AND LEGAL APPEAL: NEW OPTIONS FOR THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE CURRUCULUM Alice Ann Fiser Munson, University of Arkansas at Little Rock The relationship of law and literature, not a new phenomenon, has been a link of long standing since early American history. It is a natural "cross-curriculum" nexus which is reasserting itself in the fields of law, literature, political SCience, and criminal justice. This paper traces the natural symbiotic relationship of the two fields from past to present, provides an update on their recent distinct emergence, and presages a fu!ure for their twined relationship on the college campus and in the world at large. The use of literarry texts to discern issues if justice, crime, and punishment has great relevance to pre-law and criminal justice students who will one day be practitioners in the social sciences. A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATIONS AND THEIR USE IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROGRAMS R. Th omas Dull, California State University at Fresno This paper examines the historical origins of comprehensive examinations with an emphasis on their early use in the United States. It explores the modern day roles and functions of comprehensive written examinations within criminal justice programs. Eight major western criminal justice graduate programs are selected as a sample to examine, in greater detail, the role this culminating experience plays in criminal justice graduate studies. FROM CRIMINAL JUSTICE TO JUSTICE STUDIES Daniel Price, Kent State University - Trumbull Campus There is a growing movement to broaden the focus of criminal justice studies departments to a broader "justice studies" orientation. As we at Kent State have made this transition, I have forced to rethink how I teach my introductory level course, which introduces students to the field. This paper will report the results of an Internet survey that I administered in the summer of 2000, which asked criminal justice faculty to offer definitions of justice studies and to list topics that they would include in an Introduction to Justice Studies course. It also measured whether respondents favored the broader justice studies orientation and whether they thought that their departments were considering adapting the broader justice studies focus. Finally, I also include a sample Introduction to Justice Studies syllabus.
Panel 9: Policing Wednesday April 4, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 10
Chair: Peter B. Kra ska, Eastern Kentucky University AN EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF SPECIAL UNITS IN COMMUNITY-ORIENTED POLICING Stan Shernock, Norwich University Although special police units would seem theoretically antithetical to community-oriented policing (COP) insofar as their specialization ipso fa cto presumably undermines generalist and people-oriented skills associated with COP, some police departments claim to be implementing COP while also deploying special units. In actuality, the relationship between COP and special units should be understood as more complex when considering differentlevels of analysis of the concepts community and police, different dimensions of COP, and distinctive features of the different types of special units. Thus, it is the purpose of this paper to examine how, not merely if, different special units are or are not compatible with the philosophy and strategies of COP. NEW WINE IN OLD BOTTLES: THE TIME HAS COME FOR THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY POLICING Harold K. Becker, California State University at Long Beach Conflicting perceptions between community residents and law enforcement personnel continue to escalate into police-citizen physical violence. Reactive and proactive policy agendas have been issued by law enforcement, e.g., public relations, community relations, and more recently community policing -- to educate, pacify, and/or persuade the public to accept self-selected policing styles. The concept of the "police know best" mode continues and is being met with organized civil disobedience. The introduction of a therapeutic community-policing model has the capability of developing citizen-police participation, trust, and fairness with a more realistic opportunity for positive change, communal compromise and reduced violence. LAW-ENFORCEMENT PARTNERSHIP IN COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS: AN EVALUATION OF JUVENILE OFFENDER CURFEW CHECKS Robert Th omas Sigler, University of Alabama; Marshall Alan Jones, Florida Institute of Te chnology This paper reports the results of an evaluation of the effects of a community policing pilot project in Palm Bay, Florida where police officers partnered with local juvenile probation officers and assumed the duty of curfew sanction compliance. The data provide limited support for assumptions from routine activity theory (Cohen & Felson, 1979) and reintegrative shaming theory (Braithwaite, 1989). Violent offense rates remained constant but a reduction in non-violent offenses was found. Support was fo und for the contention that sanction compliance is most affected when the police officers (through curfew checks) influence the parents' attitudes. COMPETING PARADIGMS: COMMUNITY POLICING - PEACEKEEPINGISWAT - PEACE ENFORCEMENT: THE GENDER FACTOR Carole Garrison, Eastern Kentucky University; Kathryn Scarborough, Eastern Kentucky University Community policing has changed the face of contemporary American policing. Peacekeeping has changed contemporary US and global military strategies and mission. But. ..have they really? Neither community policing nor peacekeeping is grounded in machismo or traditional make values as are SWAT and peace enforcement. The former rely heavily on negotiation, communication, empathy and cultural relativism to succeed. Whereas the latter focus on authority, force and control. Using survey research this study explores the recent history of these paradigms as currently implemented including funding trends, resource allocation, characterizations and sustainability. COMMUNITY POLICING IN BATTLE-GARB: A PARADOX OR COHERENT STRATEGY? Peter B. Kra ska, Eastern Kentucky University; Matthew DeMichele, We stern Michigan University Penological scholars have examined recent macro-level changes in criminal justice practices which are incoherent and volatile. We make sense of a similar sort of incoherence fo und in contemporary policing. Police studies' concentration on community policing reforms has glossed over the complexity of change, including zero-tolerance and paramilitary approaches. This paper compares and contrasts both democratic and military models of police reform. We conclude that the simultaneous emergence of these approaches does not signal volatility and incoherence emanating from a foundering and ambivalent state. When examining the real-world application of these differing approaches, they exhibit what Rose labels, a strategic coherence. Panel 10: Race and Ethnicity Wednesday April 4, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 11
Chair: Michael R. Smith, Virginia Commonwealth University CHALLENGES IN ESTABLISHING "BASELINE" MEASURES IN STUDIES OF RACIAL PROFILING BY POLICE GaryCordn er, Eastern Kentucky University Racial profiling studies generally establish the percentage of vehicle stops that involve minority groups. Then the question arises as to whether the police stopping behavior is disproportionate, and if so, how much? Answering such questions requires some kind of baseline measure against which to compare pOlice activity. Establishing such baseline measures can prove challenging, as discussed in this paper. Various alternatives are presented and evaluated. PROFILING: PROBATIVE OR LABELING Natasha D. Powell, North Carolina Central University; Mike Chamberlin, North Carolina Central University In everycr iminal case, where the guilty has yet to be identified, law enforcement officials everywhere are challenged with the task of objectively and logically generating a biographical sketch that may serve as the narrowed pathway leading to suspected perpetrators. However, there has been little experimental study on the ability to consistently assess profiCiently and impartially for the purposes of profiling. Through examination and comparison of various criminal cases which profiling was and is the key element in establishing the offender, the authors will address the aforementioned issue. This presentation will distinguish if past and current profiling strategies were or are scientifically based or fo rmulated from biased, stereotypical views. RACE AND SPEEDING CITATIONS: COMPARING AIR TRAFFIC CITATIONS Elizabeth H. McConnell, Charleston Southern University; Arnie R. Scheidegger, Charleston Southern University; Jana Bufkin, Drury University Citations for speeding issued in a southern metropolitan city were analyzed to determine if relationships exist when race of the citation recipient and race of the officer issuing the ticket were examined. Citations over a two-year period issued by officers using helicopter radar were compared to citations issued by officers using ground radar. Race of the citation recipient and race of the officer were examined for their effects on citation outcome. Additional variables such as the color, type, and speed of the vehicle; time of year, and location of the ticket; and the gender and age of the officer and citation recipient were examined. CONFLICT THEORY AND RACIAL PROFILING: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF POLICE TRAFFIC STOP DATA Matthew Petrocelli, California State University at Hayward; Michael R. Smith, Virginia Commonwealth University; Alex Piquero, Northeastern University Conflicttheory holds that law and the mechanisms of its enforcement are used by dominant groups in society to minimize threats to their interests posed by those whom they label as dangerous, especially minorities and the poor. Using data collected by the Richmond, Virginia Police Department,this paper tests the hypothesis that police traffic stop practices will disproportionately impact minorities. In particular, the paper utilizes both city-wide and census tract-level data to explore whether racial minorities are disproportionately subjected to stops, searches, and arrests by the police .
Panel 11: Corrections and Punishment Wednesday April 4, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 12
Chair: David Shichor, California State University WOMEN IN PRISON WITH AIDS: WHAT CAN BE DONE, WHAT MUST BE DONE Sloan T. Letman, Chicago State University; Pamela Hill, Chicago State University Incarcerated people are our neighbors. Jail and prison populations have doubled in the past ten years. Inmates are admitted and released more frequently, making them active participants in the general population at an extremely early time period. In 1997, the Center for Disease Control estimated that the percentage of women entering prison with HIV is 14.7%. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the problem of women with AIDS/HIV in the prison setting. The paper will explore the current state of affairs, critically evaluate what is being done, and make recommendations for future programs and policies to address this serious and life threatening problem. AIDS IN CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES: ISSUES AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS Ta mmy Williams, University of Arkansas at Little Rock HIV/AIDS has reached alarming rates in prison compared to those in the general population. Correctional institutions in this country must deal with unprecedented issues related to HIV/AIDS in prison. These include privacy issues, economic concerns, legal ramifications, and threats to human well being for both inmates and staff. This paper addresses some of the legal and social issues concerning HIV/AIDS in prison. Policy implications and suggestions will also be addressed. THE ELDERLY INMATE: A QUESTION OF HEALTH, COST AND CIVIL DEATH Harry Hoffman, Minot State University; Jaymie M. Mielke, Minot State University The complex problems presented by an aging prison population began receiving serious consideration during 1995. Given the specialized needs of the "geriatric" population most facilities are poorly equipped to handle the increasing case loads. This paper reviews five dimensions related directly to the elderly inmate: a) definitional criteria and its impact on health care; b) the increasing number of elderly inmates; c) the types of illnesses characteristic of the elderly inmate population; d) types of offenses associated with the elderly in general; and, e) the available services. The paper concludes by offering a series of recommendations ELDERLY INMATES: SUGGESTIONS FOR EMERGING CHALLENGES IN CORRECTIONS Toyo Suzuki, Wright State University; Scott Kidd, Wright State University; Sophia Kal/ergis, Wright State University; Titus Th ompson, Wright State University As the number of older inmates in United States prisons has increased, correctional staff is beginning to recognize the special needs of this particular inmate population. Some elderly inmates require significant medical care, modified activities, and protection from more violent inmates, placing a strain on the personnel and financial resources of many prison systems. This presentation is based on an annotated bibliography of the scholarly literature available from the past decade relevant to the issues of older inmates. The needs of older inmates will be outlined and suggestions for ways to meet those needs will be provided.
Panel 12: Juvenile Justice Wednesday April 4, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 13
Chair: Gordon Crews, Jacksonville State University JUVENILES IN THE ADULT SYSTEM: DATA DRIVEN PUBLIC POLICY Cindy J. Smith, University of Baltimore This paper will discuss the policy implications based on research results. A partnership between the University of Baltimore and the Department of Juvenile Justice was developed to support the data needs of the Commission on Juvenile Justice Jurisdiction, which was created by the Maryland General Assembly in 1998. The overarching question was "Should jurisdiction policies be changed?" We will discuss the following issues: In what context did the MD Legislature want research? What did we find? What are the limitations of the data? How is this impacting policy? THE PROFILE OF JUVENILE DELINQUENTS BETWEEN CALIFORNIA AND MISSISSIPPI Ta e M. Chao, Mississippi Valley State University This paper conducts research on juvenile inmate profiles in Hinds County, Mississippi. The results of the research will be compared with similar research of Riverside County, California focused on ethnicity, age, offense type, drug use, criminal records, etc. This research is focused on the relationship between characteristics of juvenile delinquents and ethnicity, geographical environment, and local culture. The research also intends to help develop more efficient local correctional programs for juvenile delinquents. REGARDS FROM HELL: JUDICIARY AND JUVENILE PRISONS IN BRAZIL Emilio E. Dellasoppa, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro In a country with strong social inequalities, the judiciary system and the juvenile prison systems (FEBEM: Fundacao para 0 Bem estar do Menor) are under total collapse. Twenty years ago, as the Governor of the State of Sao Paulo (the most developed and important of the Federation) used to say, children were sent to FEBEM because of problems with marijuana. Ten years ago, the problem was crack, and now the problem is organized criminal gangs that kill and committed lynchings of inmates during rebellions in several FEBEM units, in San Paulo, between May and October, 1999. This paper is on research of the social construction of the criminal juvenile and about (perverse) relations between juveniles, crime, the judiciary and the juvenile prison system that developed in the democratization process that began in 1984 after the authoritarian military rule. The present situation is marked by corruption and collapse of the penal system, despite the government policies that usually proved to be highly ineffective. This process is analyzed in detail in the case of the State of San Paulo, with comparative considerations with other States of Federation. A LONGITUDINAL EXAMINATION OF JUVENILE CORRECTIONAL ORIENTATION Tory J. Caeti, University of North Texas; Eric J. Fritsch, University of North Texas In recent years, the juvenile justice system has taken on a more punitive philosophy in many states. What effect this has had on the attitudes of juvenile correctional administrators has not been researched. Two national surveys of juvenile correctional facility directors were conducted in 1995 and 2000. Differences in areas of correctional orientation, job satisfaction, levels of role conflict, and overall attitudes are analyzed using the longitudinal data. THE IMPACT OF STATE LEGISLATION ON THE LIKELIHOOD OF JUVENILES BEING TRIED AS ADULTS AND SERVING TIME IN ADULT INSTITUTIONS Paige Harrison, Bureau of Justice Statistics; Timothy Hughes, Bureau of Justice Statistics; Kevin Strom, Bureau of Justice Statistics It has been well-documented that many states have instituted increasingly punitive legislation pertaining to juvenile offenders. Statutes that waive juveniles to adult court and, in some cases, to adult prison upon conviction, are founded upon the belief that harsher punishment will deter future offenders, mete out harsher punishments than the juvenile court, and lower the juvenile crime rate. Are states that have such statutes actually more likely to have a greater rate of charging and convicting juveniles as adults compared to those states without mandatory waivers? This study, using data from the 1998 National Corrections Reporting Program (NCRP), will look at two states which implemented strict juvenile waivers and two states which did not pass such legislation, and compare the trends of arrests, formal adjudication, and conviction for juvenile offenders in those states.
Panel 13: Corrections and Punishment Wednesday April 4, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 14
:jgUIBRfiCAN JAILS
Chair: Karen Lahm, University of Kentucky ARRESTING DECLINE AND UNLOCKING POTENTIAL: THE STANDARDS AND ACCREDITATION APPROACH TO PROFESSIONALIZING JAILS Keith N. Haley, Tiffin University; Scott Blough, Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corre ction This study reveals the commonalities and conflicts that are fo und in a comparative analysis of the jail standards of the five most populous states in the U. S. The paper also discusses the role of the standards and accreditation process in criminal justice professions; the clash of political interests of the standard-setting agencies; and a concluding assessment of how well the life, health, safety, and constitution-based standards are addressed in the states included in the study. THE IMPACT OF DIRECT SUPERVISION ON LEVELS OF VIOLENCE AND SAFETY IN A JAIL SETTING Bernard J. McCarthy, University of Central Florida; Raymond Surette, University of Central Florida; Brandon Applegate, University of Central Florida Direct supervisionhas emerged as an important innovation in jail management, and several stUdies have examined its impact on jail environments, inmates, and detention officers. This study examines the impact of direct supervision management strategies on the levels of violence and safety in a large jail setting. The results of this study fo und that direct supervision units had lower rates of suicides and levels of violence than housing units that provided traditional style supervision. A TWENTY-FIVE YEAR ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF DEATH IN DETENTION FACILITIES Darrell L. Ross, East Carolina University Annually a small number of prisoners die in our nation's jails. Some of the deaths may be preventable while others are not. This creates a critical problem for the jail administrator and detention officer in providing the needed carelintervention of a population in which a significant number are mentally impaired and/or intoxicated. This analysis examines national official archival data of five major categories of death occurring specifically in jails for the last twenty-five years. Trends and patterns of these deaths and the medical, psychological, liability, policy and training implications are discussed. Recommendations for administrators, jail trainers, and future resear<;hconcerns are presented. MANAGING LOCAL JAIL POPULATIONS J. Steven Smith, Ball State University; Stephen J. Brodt, Ball State University The management of local jail populations has been a particular problem for local county officials who, though they do not have authority to determine who or how many are placed in the jail, must pay for the operation of their local jails. These officials seek a means to persuade local judges, probation departments and prosecutors to act so as to minimize the demands on the usually scarce jail beds. This work reports on how one suburban Midwestern county has successfully reduced the demand for jail space. SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE PROCESS OF VISITATION AT COUNTY JAILS Judith E. Sturges, Pennsylvania State at Fayette A qualitative study of social interactions between correctional officers and visitors about the topic of visitation at three county jails was conducted. The goal of the research was to provide all parties involved with information about visitation. Concerns of the aforementioned groups were identified. These concerns were discussed with the wardens from the jails. A number of concrete suggestions were derived from this research, such as providing play areas in jails and supplying visitors with pamphlets explaining jail procedures. Far reaching change, such as enriching the role of correctional officers, was also suggested.
Workshop 14: Criminal Justice Education and Training Wednesday April 4, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 16
Moderators and Presenters: Paul J. Becker, Morehead State University; Bryan Byers, Ball State University; ArthurJi pson, Miami University This workshop will discuss classroom strategies for using primary sources of individuals or groups involved in white supremacy, white separatists, and anti-government movements. Sources to be discussed will include web pages, recordings/speeches, videos, The Turner Diaries and other publications.
Panel 15: International and Comparative Criminal Justice Wednesday April 4, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 17
Chair: William V. Wilkinson, University of Texas at Brownsville THE COURT SYSTEMS OF THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Willia m V. Wilkinson, University of Texas at Brownsville; Norman E. Binder, University of Texas at Brownsville; Raphael Fernadez, Universidad Aut6nomas de Ta maulipas, Ta mpico This paper will examine the structure of the court systems in the United States and Mexico. These two countries represent the two major families of law: the European Civil Law as represented by Mexico, and the English Common Law as represented by the United States. Each of these systems has written constitutions and republican governments with power placed in three primary branches -- executive, legislative, and judicial. The primary focus of this paper will be the judicial system. In particular, a description of the federal and state courts systems of each country will be made, and a comparative analysis will elucidate the similarities and differences of these systems. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MEXICAN CRIMINAL TRIAL COURTS WITH U.S. CRIMINAL TRIAL COURTS Steve Deaton, Florida State University There is a paucity of research and information on the trial courts of other countries, especially those of Latin America. Prior research almost exclusively focused on appellate courts, typically Supreme Courts. This paper is an attempt to provide a base line, for comparative purposes, of one Latin American (Mexican) trial courtsyst em. COMPARING THE SOCIETY, LAW, AND JUDICIARY OF THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN James F. Ledbetter, Jr. , Florida State University This paper will show the similarities between the two countries, yet demonstrate that Japan has retained its own societal behavior and legal consciousness, despite the weight of the post-WWll American influence, integrating the traditions of the West with the spirit of the East. In addition, the Supreme Court of Japan will be compared to that of the United States, paying special attention to the role of both Courts in the administration of the judiciary and the impact of judicial review upon the operation of the legal system. Among its many advantages, comparative criminal justice allows a society to question its institutions and find ways to improve upon existing practices. Through this brand of comparison, the process of justice can be altered and improved.
Panel 16: Theory and Research Methods Wednesday, April 4, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room18
Chair: Robert M. Mealia, lona College COMMUNITY COLLABORATION IN DESIGNING THE EVALUATION OF AN INTENSIVE PROBATION SUPERVISION PROGRAM FOR DOMESTIC VIOLENCE BATTERERS Robert M. Mealia, lona College The absolute need for researchers to enlist agency staff in designing the evaluation of a criminal justice program has long been acknowledged. Most texts, in fact, recognize the need for a good deal of collaboration from the earliest stages of program development. More recently, collaborative research, particularly in the areas of domestic violence, has sought to include as partners in the research process not only researchers and agency staff but also community activists, advocates, and the victim/survivors themselves. This paper will describe some of the challenges experienced in this collaborative approach when evaluating an intensive supervision program for domestic violence batterers. THE PREDICTIVE EVALUATION OF SENTENCING REFORM IMPACTS IN CALIFORNIA: CHOOSING THE FUTURE Ka thleen Auerhahn, Temple University In 1994, the nation's most broadly conceived and implemented Three Strikes measure became law in California. Early reports from both scholarly and government sources indicate that the effects of this law will be widespread, resulting in further strain on an already overburdened state criminal justice apparatus. Due to the relative recency of this reform, it is difficult to determine the impacts of this reform using conventional statistical methods. Dynamic systems simulation modeling is used to estimate the consequences of differentpolic y scenarios by constructing simulated "possible futures." CONCEPTUAL AND STATISTICAL PROBLEMS IN SURVEYING INDIGENT DEFENSE PROVIDERS CarolJ. DeFrances, Bureau of Justice Statistics; Marika F.X. Litras, Bureau of Justice Statistics Indigent defense is the one component of the criminal justice system about which we not only know the least, but also is the most difficult to study systematically. This paper documents the conceptual, statistical, and logistical problems in completing the National Survey of Indigent Defense Systems conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics in 1999. The paper addresses the conceptual issues inherent in this indefinable population, related problems concerning research design and sampling, logistic problems encountered while in the field, and difficulties associated with data cleaning, imputation, and analysis. We conclude by providing concrete recommendations for improving the scope, quality, and utility of research and data collection in this very important area. RELATING PERCEPTIONS OF PROCEDURAL JUSTICE BY DRUG-INVOLVED OFFENDERS TO CRIMINAL INVOLVEMENT AND DRUG USE OUTCOMES Alexa M. Hirst, The Urban Institute; Adele Harrell, The Urban Institute Procedural justice refers to whether authorities follow accepted rules and procedures. Defendants who perceive that the criminal justice system is fair may be more willing to comply with court orders, and engage in rehabilitation efforts. A questionnaire measuring perceptions of procedural justice was administered 9 months post-arrest to about 700 defendants in a comparison group for the evaluation of Breaking the Cycle, a drug intervention strategy. A scale of procedural justice was constructed for defendants not exposed to special intervention efforts, providing a baseline measure. The relationship between comparison group responses and key outcomes (self-report problems, recidivism) is examined. USING ARREST RECORDS IN SEX OFFENDER RECIDIVISM RESEARCH: IDENTIFICATION AND CLiASSIFICATION OF PROBLEMS AND ERROR Allan R. Barnes, University of Alaska at Anchorage The paper focuses on the description of the problems faced by investigators when using arrest records to conduct recidivism research. The paper uses the author's investigation of sex offender recidivism as the vehicle to illustrate the wide range of problems and sources of error in this type of data. Although some of the problems are garden-variety error, some extend to national policy considerations and the use restrictions placed on national criminal history repositories.
Panel Session 17: Judicial Processes Wednesday April 4, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 19
Chair: James L. Hague, Virginia Commonwealth University UNDERSTANDING AND IMPLEMENTING SUPREME COURT DECISIONS: THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATION Stephanie Mizrahi, Wa shington State University; Michael J. Gaffney, Wa shington State University Part of ensuring the quality of justice in the United States is the effective implementation of Supreme Court decisions. These decisions cannot be properly implemented unless they are accurately communicated and understood. Stephen Wasby's 1976 study examined the dissemination of Supreme Court Decisions to small town police. This paper draws on the questions he addressed in that study, and will use a survey of 250 police chiefs across the United States along with available data on their communities, to consider whether the communication of Supreme Court decisions has improved in thirty years, and if so, how. Suggestions for further research will be discussed. CONSTITUTIONAL PRIVACY: THE SUPREME COURT'S INCONSISTENT VIEW OF CHILDREN, SEX AND DRUGS James L. Hague, Virginia Commonwealth University This paper evaluates the development of constitutional privacy doctrine and its impact on children. Each of the two branches of privacy developed in the Supreme Court are analyzed. Privacy as personal autonomy is traced from the Supreme Court's decision in Griswold v. Connecticut through the abortion cases with a special emphasis on the autonomy of children in Bellotti v. Baird and Carey v. Population Services International. These cases concern judicial by-pass, parental consent and parental notification as they affect the reproductive choices of children. Allowing children personal autonomy is favored by the Supreme Court. Social and legal trends pursuant to that view are then examined. In conclusion this paper offers a rationale for the different treatments of juvenile privacy as personal autonomy and as invasion. THE U.S. SUPREME COURT AND ITS POLICYMAKING ROLE Elaine B. Greaves, Youngstown State University This paper will focus on some of the more controversial issues that the Courthas had to deal with during the last fifty years. The analysis will be primarily centered around the issues of school desegregation, capital punishment and abortion. The paper will include discussion on the role of the Court in making policy, the process by which policy issues are brought before the Court; the evolution of Court policy vis-a-vis these and other controversial issues; how the Court's evolving rulings have affected society as well as the political process; the effectiveness of the Courtin achieving its policy goals. THE EVOLUTION OF VICTIM IMPACT EVIDENCE, OR CAN VICTIM IMPACT EVIDENCE BE CONSTITUTIONAL? Neal A. Elover, American Criminal Justice Association A criminal defendant convicted of a capital crime is afforded the opportunity to present evidence in mitigation. What rights does the victim's family have in this process of sentencing the defendant? The mechanism used by the victim's family comes in the form of victim impact statements. This type of evidence has been challenged on three different occasions in the American Courts. The issue examined is whether the presenting of victim impact statements at sentencing of a criminal defendant is constitutional. This presentation will analyze each challenge and determine how victim impact evidence has changed sentencing procedures of a capital defendant. THE TERRY STOP: THE SUPREME COURT SETS LIMITS William R. Rehling, Western Illinois University In recent years the United States Supreme Court has had many opportunities to interpret its decision in Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968). Recently, the Court has added two new decisions that seek to further explain the limitations on police in the use of stop and frisk. In one case the Courtdecided that the police cannot stop and frisk an individual based solely on an anonymous tip. In the other the court stated that the police could stop a man who ran from police. This paper will examine the limitations placed on police in Terry.
Roundtable 18: Information and Public Policy Section Wednesday April 4, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Auditorium
Moderator: Mike Israel, Kean University On Tuesday, April 3, 2001, members of the Information and Public Policy Section and other interested parties spent the day on Capital Hill, learning how crime policy is made at the Federal level. Today's roundtable is a follow-up discussion of yesterday's activities as well as other crime policy issues of interest to those who attend the ro undtable discussion. An interesting line-up of guests from Capital Hill is anticipated.
Panel 19: Varieties of Crime Wednesday April 4, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Tavern
Chair: Michael Supancic, Southwest Texas State University TAPPING THE TILL: TOWARD A FULLER DEFINITION OF WHITE-COLLAR CRIME AS TRUST VIOLATIONS Sean Maddan, University ofArk ansas at Little Rock This paper argues that the traditional definitions of white-collar crime do not adequately encompass this type of behavior. It is proposed that white-collar crime is much more common than previously considered, and that this category of crime should include activities such as: till tapping, certain types of fraud, and other violations of a business' trust. Analyses of NIBRS data revealed that these behaviors are similar to behaviors generally considered white-collar. Policy implications of these findings are also discussed. EMBEZZLEMENT, EXTORTION, INFLUENCE PEDDLING, AND MONEY LAUNDERING: A SEASON OF POLITICAL FUNDRAISING Don Liddick, University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg The 1996 campaign fundraising scandal involved a wide variety of crimes in addition to the violation of campaign finance laws. This paper provides several case studies that characterize the scope of the criminality involved. In addition, the crimes described are discussed in the context of organized crime theory. The author concludes that the crimes committed in connection with the 1996 fundraising scandal can be explained best as complex networks of patron-client relationships. NEXUS BETWEEN CORRUPTION, ORGANIZED CRIME AND WHITE COLLAR CRIME Maximilian Edelbacher, Federal Police of Austria Speaking about organized crime, famous murder cases are always very present in the memories. But what is the real danger of organized crime? How dangerous is in a 20180 society the illegal capital, gathered by organized criminal groups, influenCing the state power, the highest officials and dictating the financial and economic world? You don't feel the dimensions of white collar crime, but it creates the most powerful harm that influences democracies. Money laundering, financial crime, economic crime, white collar crime are important corner stones of organized crime, beside of drug dealing, smuggling of human beings and dealing of weapons. OPERATION STOREFRONT TEXAS: TOBACCO ADVERTISING AND RETAILER COMPLIANCE TO THE STATE'S TOBACCO LAWS Laura Bailey, Prairie View University; Clete Snell, Prairie View University Operation Storefront Texas has two purposes. The first is to assess the number and types of tobacco advertising in convenience, drug, and grocerystores. The other purpose is to assess the merchant's compliance with Texas state tobacco laws. Researchers documented point-of-purchase advertising and promotions in a random sample of stores in three Texas counties. Among 409 stores there were a total of 1301 legal violations. The most common violation was not having a tobacco permit clearly visible. The most common type of tobacco promotional item was a coupon with generic brands being the most common source of promotional items.
Student Roundtable 20 Wednesday April 4, 2001 11:15-12:45 pm Room 1
Mod rator: Delilah Dotremon, Midwestern State University Discussants: Laura Hetrick, Midwestern State University; Andre w Crumpton, Midwestern State University; Joe White, Midwestern University; Amber Veitenheimer, Midwestern State University; Angie Kappllaj, Midwestern State University The focus of this roundtable is to address the question of whether the Death Penalty is being unfairly applied. Discussion will center on leading research regarding discriminatory application of this ultimate punishment with particular attention being given certain qualified defendants who belong to special classes or groups determined by such considerations as race, sex, nationality, religion, or wealth. This roundtable will focus on whether the death penalty is deliberately directed disproportionately against such classes or groups. Panel 21 : Policing Wednesday April 4, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Room 2
Chair: Lorie A. Fride/l, Police Executive Research Forum CRIMINAL PROFILING: INVESTIGATIVE TOOL OR VOODOO SCIENCE? Richard Holden, Central Missouri State University Profiling is perhaps the most overused term in the modern police vocabulary. The term has been used for a variety of activities. The most notable has been the work of the FBI's Behavioral Science Unit. Less credible has been the somewhat nebulous smuggler profiles used during interdiction. What are the underlying scientific principles of profiling? Is this science or pseudo science? This paper explores the scientific foundations of criminal profiling. The disturbing conclusion is that at its best profiling is only marginally related to science. At its worst, it is a dangerous weapon that police too often misuse. RACIALPR OFILING: A CASE STUDY OF THE LANSING, MICHIGAN POLICE DEPARTMENT David L. Carter, Michigan State University; Andra J. (Katz) Bannister, Wichita State University Racial profiling has become a contemporary and controversial issue in American policing. Many agencies are exploring the practices of their officers on such things as pretext and "suspicious" vehicle stops as well as ways to document officer behavior and implement remedies to problems. This paper is based on work the authors have done with the Lansing, Michigan Police Department (LPD). It describes broad issues in racial profiling and the process used at LPD to implement a program of change. "RACIAL PROFILING": THE LAW ENFORCEMENT RESPONSE TO THE PROBLEMS OF BIASED POLICING AND PERCEPTIONS OF BIASED POLICING Lorie A. Fride/l, Police Executive Research Forum; Bruce Kubu, Police Executive Research Forum Authors will report on information collected pursuant to a project funded by the COPS Office that focuses on biased policing and the perceptions of biased policing. The project was initiated in response to the national debate on "racial profiling." Relying on data collected pursuant to focus groups held with both citizens and law enforcement personnel and a survey of law enforcement executives, the authors will report on how the national debate on racial profiling has impacted departments, how departments have responded to the problems of biased policing and the perceptions of biased policing, and the "promising practices" (e.g., policies, protocol, curricula) of departments that have been identified. PERCEPTIONS OF CRIMINALITY: MICHIGAN POLICE RECRUITS RANK LIKELY CRIMINAL TYPES Michael A. McMorris, Ferris State University The Year 2000 poses special problems for Police Officers. Now, more than ever, citizens have charged them with brutality, discrimination, preferential treatment for whites, and racial profiling. Some citizens charge that Police Officers are targeting innocent people as suspects predicated upon the negative ethnic/racial stereotypes perpetuated in the media, news, movies, and music. This paper addresses some of those charges by surveying Recruits in Michigan's Police Academies, as to whom they perceive as likely criminal types, and who or what mostly influences their opinions about people outside of their own ethnic/racial group.
Workshop 22: Policing Wednesday April 4, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Room 3
Moderator: Ernest L. Cowles, Center for Legal Studies Pr senters: John Harris, Springfield Police Department; Paul Craig, University of Illinois; Linda Drager, Regional Institute for Community Policing; Mayor Karen Hasara, City of Springfield The development of successful community policing programs is dependent on their integration into larger community problem solving and quality of life initiatives. In this workshop we examine the dimensions of this process and discuss the varying philosophic, organizational, and community cultures that must be integrated. Suggested strategies and examples for creating such integration also are presented from the differingperspectives of the panelists.
Discussion Panel 23: Corrections and Punishment Wednesday April 4, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Room 4
Panel Chair: Charles S. Lanier, University at Albany Panel Discussant: William J. Bowers, Northeastern University THE MORATORIUM STRATEGY Mike Israel, Kean University The movement against the death penalty has taken a bold and hazardous new direction in the last year. Until now the movement's goals have been to educate and soften public opinion's harsh attitudes toward capital punishment. Now there is a specific substantive goal, with a national office, and many state movements. The goal: a two year moratorium on the death penalty. In some states the moratorium is on executions, in others, death sentences. This paper will evaluate the risks entailed, and identify the means to an effective strategy: coalition. AN AGE OF INNOCENTS? DEATH PENALTY RHETORIC AND THE 'NEW LEGALITY' AFTER THE ILLINOIS MORATORIUM Benjamin D. Steiner, University of Delaware In this paper I investigate the entire universe of popular articles as contained in the Reader's Guide to Periodical since the Illinois Moratorium to try to discover how the debate, in this age of underegulated death penalties has, if at all, shifted. Focusing on both abolitionist and retentionist arguments as contained in such articles, I try to excavate at the rhetorical level, what effects the Illinois moratorium has had on the national death penalty debate. I analyze the various arguments both sides have offered and conclude with a discussion of implications for the future of the death penalty in America. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH AND CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: TRANSCENDING DNA, RACE AND BAD LAWYERING IN DEATH PENALTY CASES Charles S. Lanier, University at Albany; James R. Acker, University at Albany This paper explores the underpinnings of the capital punishment moratorium movement, and then discusses contemporary events that have contrib�ted to placing demands for a halt to executions on the political agenda. The paper also examines executive and legislative responses to calls for a halt to executions, including suggestions for study of the death penalty process. While most investigations appear to focus on select issues like "actual innocence" or "racial bias", this paper suggests that a wide-ranging constellations of issues should be investigated in any legitimate attemptto study the administration of the death penalty. CLEMENCY PETITIONS AS A KEY TO WRONGFUL EXECUTIONS Eamon Cunningham, University at Albany; Andrea Kordzek, University at Albany; Diana Proper, University at Albany; Gretchen Daugherty, University at Albany; Gina R. Penly, University at Albany; Sara E. Ward, University at Albany Cases are examined from the 32 percent of death sentences which have made it through the judicial review process in order to assess the extent to which they are both error-free and the product of fair and reliable procedures. This portion of the study will entail a comparison between these cases and those scrutinized by Liebman in terms such as ineffectiveness of defense counsel, prosecutorial misconduct, and evidence of innocence and/or mitigation that did not reach the jury. The initial collection of information from clemency petitions and related materials wi" come from three states: Missouri, Virginia, and Texas.
Panel 24: Criminal Justice Education and Training Wednesday April 4, 2001 11 :15-12:45 pm Room 5
Chair: Richard Monk, Coppin State College THE USE OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION Kathy Johnson, University of West Florida; Jill Wh ite, University of We st Florida This research explores Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligence (MI). The basic premise is that everyone possesses each of the eight intelligences and educational approaches can be adapted to draw on each. The common approach to education has been to rely on verbal-linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligences. This heavily disadvantages students whose strengths lie in other intelligences (spatial, kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical, naturalistic). Expanding classroom repertoire enhances the learning abilities of all students. The recognition of these intelligences in criminal justice classrooms may help students identify the careers they are best suited to pursue based on the MI strengths and weaknesses. USING POLICE PATCHES AS A TEACHING AID Lyle L. Shook, Auburn University at Montgomery This paper discusses the use of Police patches as a visual aid for encouraging class interest, excitement, entertainment, and research. Patches can be used to discuss the importance of police symbolism, bring attention to your program and to recruit new students. LINKING STUDENTS AND CULTURES VIA CRIMINOLOGYICRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION: THE UTILITY OF ELECTRONIC COOPERATIVE LEARNING AMONG GEOGRAPHICALLY AND SOCIALLY DISTINCT UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS Theodore Shields, The Col/ege of the Bahamas; David Champion, University of Pittsburgh Though cooperative education methods are neither new to education in general, nor criminology/criminal justice education in particular, recent technological advances have given students, as we" as teachers, the opportunity for instant communication with otherwise geographically distant groups. Along these lines, this research is designed to provide criminology/criminal justice (in this case) students the opportunity to instantaneously discuss course material and issues among culturally and geographically distant peers. This research involved linking two sections of undergraduate courses focusing on policing within a democratic society; one section in northwestern Pennsylvania and the second in Nassau, Bahamas. THE "I" AND THE "ME" OF CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDENTS: SYMBOLIC INTERACTION IN AN EDUCATIONAL SETTING Alejandro del Carmen, The University of Texas at Arlington; Melissa Hensarling, Th e University of Texas at Arlington The purpose of this study is to examine the self-image of criminology/criminal justice students vis-a-vis the perceptions held of them by non-criminology/criminal justice students using a framework of symbolic interactionism and labeling theories. The data in this study will be taken from a sample of both criminology/criminal justice students attending a mid-sized state university in NorthTexas. The findings reveal perceptions patterns of both criminology/criminal justice and non-criminology/criminal justice students. OVERCOMING INERTIA: TECHNIQUES FOR GUIDING STUDENTS THROUGH MID-SEMESTER SLUMP Michael J. Bolton, Marymount University This paper outlines strategies for guiding students through mid-point of a semester when the "honeymoon" has ended, when energies ebb and the community of learners face possible disintegration. Student apathy, stagnation, listlessness, failure to do assigned work become emotional and cognitive challenge for professors. Left unchecked, an irreversible adversarial mood can develop, escalate and eventually destroy classroom harmony. Attrition and poor grades often result. In order to address these concerns, the author reviews relevant literature and reports on his experiences using various techniques to navigate the doldrums and minimize intrapersonal and interpersonal stress during this particularly trying time. Panel 25: Criminal Justice Policy Wednesday April 4, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Room 6
Chair: Brian Forst, American University THE QUALITY OF JUSTICE IN SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONTEXTS: A TALE OF THREE CITIES, FROM THE CITY PROSECUTOR'S VIEW Alison McKenney Brown, Wichita State University A comparison and contrast of the political and social expectations of city government as seen through the eyes of the city prosecutor. THE QUALITY OF JUSTICE IN SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONTEXTS: A TALE OF THREE CITIES, FROM THE CITY ATTORNEY'S VIEW Lee Parker, Wichita State University A comparison and contrast of the political and social expectations of city government as seen through the eyes of the city attorney as the city's author of criminal justice policies. RISK ASSESSMENT IN JUVENILE JUSTICE: PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT, VALIDATION AND IMPLEMENTATION Betsy A. Matthews, Eastern Kentucky University; James B. Wells, Eastern Kentucky University; Timothy Matthews, National Council on Crime and Delinquency The research on "best practices" suggests that risk assessment is critical to effective classification and treatment in the juvenile justice system. Achieving "best practice" status, however, necessitates that a number of hurdles be overcome. This paper will address the practicalities of risk assessment through lessons learned in two jurisdictions. Some of the specific issues to be addressed include validation methodologies, the reliability of offender data, instrument design, stakeholder support, stafftr aining, and organizational and system impacts. AN INQUIRY INTO THE EFFECTS OF PROSECUTION POLICY ON ERRORS IN JUSTICE Brian Forst, American University Prosecutors can increase the number of convictions by accepting more cases at the screening stage and restricting trials to the most serious and winnable cases, or they can emphasize quality by using a more restrictive screening standard and taking more cases to trial. This paper examines the effects of these two alternatives on the number of true offenders set free and the number of innocent persons convicted, under a range of assumptions about the proportion of cases brought by the police involving true offenders. The paper concludes by considering the strengths and limitations of the analytical framework.
Panel 26: Gender and Criminal Justice Wednesday April 4, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Room 7
Chair: Vidella Wh ite, Wayne State University DRUGS AND CRIMINALITY: RESULTS FROM TEXAS WOMEN INMATES STUDY Joycelyn Pollock, Southwest Texas State University Information will be presented on the association between drug use and criminal patterns of incarcerated women in Texas. A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF PERSONAL FACTORS RELATED TO THE CRIMINALITY OF INCARCERATED AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN Vidella White, Wayne State University A disproportionate number of African American women are incarcerated in U.S. prisons. This study examines personal factors related to this phenomenon. Interviews were conducted with fifteen African American women incarcerated in a community correctional facility in Detroit Michigan. Findings reveal the most significant factors related to their criminal behavior were 1) parental and sibling conflicts, 2) leaving home as teens/single parents, 3) physical, sexual, emotional, substance abuses, 4) low academic achievement, 5) unawareness of race, class, gender barriers. Policy and programmatic implications of the findings suggest a need to address these factors during incarceration to reduce recidivism rates. FEMALE CRIMINALITY: THE GAME AND THE CONSEQUENCES Etta F. Morgan, Pennsylvania State University - Capital College This paper explores the types of crimes committed by women and the sentences they receive. It also examines the unexpected consequences of incarceration and it's impact on women. FEMALE SEX OFFENDERS IN ARKANSAS: CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF OFFENDING Donna M. Vandiver, Sam Houston State University; Jeffery T. Wa lker, University of Arkansas at Little Rock Since the inception of Megan's Law, it is required that all convicted sex offenders register with their local police. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature relating to female sex offenders and to provide a description of the characteristics of female sex offenders in comparison to male sex offenders in Arkansas. This analysis includes an overview of characteristics of female sex offenders in Arkansas, including their criminal histories, victim characteristics, and general offending patterns. Options for future analyses regarding female sex offenders are also presented and discussed. THE FEMALE MURDERER Ida M. Johnson, The University of Alabama; Etta F. Morgan, Pennsylvania State University - Capital College This paper examines the female murderer by examining the types of murders committed, the location of the murders and the historical context that might have had an impact on the murder rates of women. Roundtable 27: Policing Wednesday April 4, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Room 8
Mod rator: James A. Conser, Ohio Peace Officer Tra ining Commission Discussants: Carl J. Jensen, 11/, FBI Academy; Th omas J. Cowper, New York State Police; Allen D. Sapp, Criminal Justice Consultant; Bernard H. Levin, Blue Ridge Community College; Gordon A. Bass, Jackson Sheriff's Office; Brian Levin, California State University at San Bernardino; Ronald Glensor The Law Enforcement Futures Project of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Behavioral Science Unit sponsored a Futuristics in Law Enforcement: Th e Millennium Conference during the week of July 11, 2000. Subject matter experts participated in workshops and seminar sessions for the purpose of forecasting possible futures for policing and to devise strategies for the profession to meet t the challenges of the 21s century. This session discusses the TRENDS identified by the work groups on the future of: 1) technology, 2) leadership and management, 3) crime and law, 4) policing practices and philosophies, and 5) demographic changes.
Roundtable 28: National Institute of Justice Wednesday April 4, 2001 11:15-12:45 pm Room 9
Moderator: David Kleffman, Nationa/ lnstitute of Justice Discussants: TBA This session will focus on current concerns for protecting private information and individual subjects participating in criminal justice research studies. Presenters will discuss issues impacting the collection, use, and protection of identifiable information; research protections in studies involving special populations (e.g., prisoners, juveniles); and future trends in human subject protections in the behavioral and social sciences.
Panel 29: Criminal Justice Policy Wednesday April 4, 2001 11:15-12:45 pm Room 10
Chair: Angie M. Ferreira, Western New Eng/and College PREGNANCY, ADDICTION AND THE LAW Angie M. Ferreira, Western New England College This paper is to be based on the critical analysis of the statutes that criminalize pregnant women for being addicted to illicit drugs. It will discuss the constitutionality of prosecuting women who have used illegal substances, which placed their fetuses in jeopardy. There will be an examination of the policies between the various jurisdictions in the United States, on how they differ and how they correlate. Furtherem phasis will be on the alternatives to incarceration for pregnant women who are addicted to any substances. Most importantly, the paper will evaluate the impact of the consequences on the unborn and born children physiologically, psychologically, and sociologically. A REVIEW AND COMMENTARY ON THE LEGALIZATION OF DRUGS DEBATE Ryan S. King, American University; Brion Server, Monmouth University Today, the United States remains embroiled in a heated debate concerning the direction of the country's national drug policy. Indeed, researchers continue to debate the possibility of loosening the current policies. Unfortunately, arguments on both sides of the debate rely on assumptions concerning the increase or decrease of rates of drug use and addiction upon decriminalization or legalization. Specifically, those in favor of the drug war assume that these rates will rise dramatically upon loosening of the drug policy, while those in favor of legalization believe there will be a modest increase at best. The literature on the subject is filled with evidence supporting both assumptions. Also problematic in the debate is the paradoxical reasoning found in much of the legalization literature. Many of the arguments stated by both sides contain internal flaws and lines of thought that directly conflict with the researchers' own previous arguments made in the debate. This phenomenon has led to a furthermu ddying of the waters in an area that is already steeped in rhetoric and ideology, and far too short on reliable evidence. The present review of the drug legalization debate will focus on these and other crucial issues. THE USE OF HAIR TESTING FOR ILLEGAL SUBSTANCES Richard Cal/ahan, Virginia Department of Corrections We will present the results of two years of field research on the use of hair analysis for the detection of illegal substances by adult probationers and parolees. The paper will discuss the merits of a supervision program that utilizes hair analysis and will address some of the controversies existent in the current field of drug testing.
Author/Critic Panel 30: Criminal Justice Policy Wednesday April 4, 2001 11:1 5-12:45 pm Room 11
M derator: Michael J. McCrystle, California State University at Sacramento Discussants: Will Vizzard, California State University at Sacramento; Eric E. Sterling, Criminal Justice Policy Foundation; Robert Cottra/, George Washington University Law School; Paul Blackman, National Rifle Association; Anthony Braga, Kennedy School of Government "Shots in the Dark: Politics, Policy and Symbolism of Gun Control" by Will Vizzard examines a century of gun control effortsfrom a cultural and political perspective. The book contends that both advocates and opponents of gun control have focused more on symbolism and political advantage than the utility of legislations. In addition, the book examines the current trends in both gun control research and legislation and offers some suggestions for future action. Vizzard is a professor of criminal justice and a retired Special Agent of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. He previously authored "In the Crossfire, a historyof ATF," and has written extensively on gun control for the past six years. A panel of gun control opponents and advocates will critique the book, and Dr. Vizzard will respond.
Panel 31 : Corrections and Punishment Wednesday April 4, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Room 12
Chair: Richard Frase, University of Minnesota Law School THE INFLUENCE OF MENTAL HEALTH MITIGATORS ON JURY DECISIONS IN CAPITAL SENTENCING PROCEEDINGS. Beth Bj erregaard, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; M. Dwayne Smith, University of South Florida; Sondra Fogel, University of South Florida Despite its widespread public support, use of the death penalty remains as one of the most controversial aspects of the United State's criminal justice system. Much of the controversy surrounds whether this penalty is (or can be) administered in a fair and impartial manner. This issue has served as the focus for a considerable academic literature which, from an empirical standpoint, has sought to assess the impact of "extra-legal" factors -- those apart from the legally-relevant criteria by which sentences are to be imposed -- in determining who is and who is not sentenced to death. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the influence of one such controversial extra-legal factor. PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF PUNISHMENT AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY OF MENTALLY DISORDERED OFFENDERS Steven D. Hurwitz, Tiffin University; Jeffry Stockner, Tiffin University John Hinckley's acquittal due to insanity in the assassination attempt of Ronald Reagan became the impetus for changes in the legal system's response to criminal defendants with mental disorders. Many states have abolished insanity as a legal defense and replaced it with a guilty but mentally ill (GBMI) option. Recently, however, there has been an increasing focus on mentally disordered offenders'need for treatment. People's perceptions of criminal responsibility and appropriateness of punishment versus treatment for these offenders were explored in a 2 x 3 factorial design that varied the seriousness of the crime (burglary vs murder) and the type of mental disorder (schizophrenia, personality disorder or no disorder). IS BEING MENTALLY ILL A CRIME? THE ISSUES OF THE MENTAL HEALTH OFFENDER Sheila A. Silman, Erie County Pennsylvania Prison It is well known that county jails have become the number one mental health institution in the United States. Institutionalizing the mentally ill is not new for our country. What has changed is the place where the institutionalization takes place. The focus of this paper is to highlight the practices from the mid-sixties to date and compare what existed then and what is needed now. It will examine the effectiveness of current community-based providers, community-based corrections, the impact this population has on jails, and the courtsrespo nsibility to the mental health offender and the community it serves.
Panel 32: Juvenile Justice Wednesday April 4, 2001 11 :15-12:45 pm Room 13
Chair: Ellen Go, CaliberAssoc iates THE RELEVANCE OF COMMUNITY READINESS TO COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY INITIATIVES Ellen Go, Caliber Associates The relationship between community readiness and its impact on the system-level planning processes are examined. The factors that make a community "ready" to undertake system-wide planning are examined. The implications of readiness to the critical transition from planning to implementation, is discussed. We discuss the relationships between community readiness and system level changes. Implications of community readiness to tailoring the training and technical needs of communities are discussed. ASSESSING SYSTEM-LEVEL IMPACTS OF COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY INITIATIVES Aracelis Holguin-Pena, CaliberAssociates A theory-of-change approach is implemented to assess the system-level impacts of Comprehensive Community Initiatives in juvenile justice planning. Potential system-level constructs examined include: interagency collaboration, community resources, collaboration between public, private, and non-profit entities. The challenges in operationalizing system-level measures is described-the approach implemented utilizes multiple sources of data including written surveys with key stakeholders, analysis of strategiC plans, site visits, and inter-organization network surveys. Overall, this paper attempts to get at the "so whaf question of Comprehensive Initiatives-issues relating to sustaining long-term changes are examined. COLLABORATIVE NETWORKS, SOCIAL CAPITAL, AND THE EARLY INDIVIDUAL OUTCOMES OF COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY INITIATIVE Heidi Va ughn, Caliber Associates One of the underlying premises of comprehensive community initiatives is that broadening and strengthening the networks between agencies and organizations will propel a community towards its desired outcomes. The aim is to transform categorical, fragmented systems into integrated, collaborative networks. The assumption is that larger, stronger networks will provide for increased information exchange, pooling of resources, and efficiency of operation. Resources that result from a social structure such as the networks a collaborative initiative intends to create are referred to as "social capital". Using a mixture of qualitative and quantitative data in three sites, we examine the relationships between collaborative networks, social capital, and individual-level outcomes. The implications for intermediate and long-term outcomes of comprehensive community initiatives are discussed. THE CHALLENGES OF EVALUATING COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY INITIATIVES Sanjeev Sridharan, Caliber Associates In recent years, comprehensive community initiatives have increasingly been implemented to integrate juvenile justice planning in communities. We describe some of the challenges inherent in evaluating these initiatives: these include the role of the community context (is the community ready to undertake the initiative), difficulties of measuring system-level changes (how can system-level changes be operationalized), and the multilevel pathways of change (changes occur in communities, systems and at the individual level). We discuss a multilevel, mixed methodology research design that is presently being implemented to address these challenges.
Panel 33: Policing Wednesday April 4, 2001 11:1 5-12:45 pm Room 14
Chair: Bertus R. Ferreira, East Carolina University COMPUTER TRAINING IN RELATION TO COMPUTER CRIME INVESTIGATION ABILITY - NEW JERSEY LAW ENFORCEMENT SURVEY Peter Liu, Monmouth University; RobertGarof alo, West Windsor Police Department Based upon information obtained from 160 police departments in New Jersey, this study assesses New Jersey law enforcement computer crime investigation ability, and analyzes the relationship between types of computer training and officers' ability in investigating computer crimes. One-way ANOVA procedure was used to analyze the data. It was found that those officers who completed criminal justice related training, private industryrelated training, and college related training have the strongest ability in solving all levels of computer crime. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS MANAGEMENT: PRACTICES IN TEXAS Larry T. Hoover, Sam Houston State University; Randall Garner, Sam Houston State University The management of criminal investigations has received scant attention in the last twenty years. Most research dates from the 1970's. This paper presents findings from a workshop with investigative division commanders from Texas municipal jurisdictions of over a 150,000 population, 14 agencies, regarding current investigations management practices. Issues reviewed include staffing practices, caseloads, organization and degree of specialization, case processing, information systems, and recent innovations. PLANNED HOMICIDES AND POLICE FAILURES: TIME TO CALL AN ECONOMIST Gary E. Marche, American College of Forensic Examiners I have had the rare opportunity to observe a public sector production process involving a high-level homicide investigation. As an economist with a professional interest in crime, and as an alleged witness to facts in this particular investigation, I have been able to make some important observations. This investigation has also motivated some professional research and produced several journal articles. By relating my observations, research, and other relevant aspects of economic theory to homicide investigative processes, I have attempted to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of homicide investigation. New applications and strategies for homicide are developed from economic theory and aspects of inefficiency due to psychological based processes are explored. There are also significant issues related: social and political aspects of justice qualify. Because the homicide investigation that serves as my case example remains unsolved, there are no references that identifythe case or that would allow the case identity to be deduced. THE INFLUENCE OF POLICE INVESTIGATIONS ON PROSECUTORIAL STRATEGY: AN EMPIRICAL AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE POLICE AND PROSECUTORS OFFICE IN A SOUTHWESTERN CITY Francisco Valadez, Universidad de los Andes; Michael L. Jordan, Radford University This paper presents the results of an empirical and qualitative data analysis pertaining to how police investigations influence case strategy employed by prosecutors. Improved criminal investigation coordination and cooperation between the police and prosecutors would significantly reduce the need for prosecutors to accept plea bargains for much lesser charges as a result of poor prior case investigation and preparation. THE VALUE OF 'CRIMESTOPPERS' IN THE UNITED KINGDOM Alan Mar/ow, University of Luton The concept of Crimestoppers was introduced to the United Kingdom in 1988 following its development in the USA in the 1970's. It uses guaranteed anonymity as a means of increasing information from the public to enhance the crime detection process. This paper described research conducted in the UK to estimate the 'value added' to the processes of investigation and detection by the Crimestoppers. In all, the indicators of selected, positive outcomes were evident and the hypotheses that the mechanism adds value to the police and public in terms of crime control strategies was clearly confirmed.
Roundtable 34: Student Affairs Committee Wednesday April 4, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Room 16
Moderator: Ann Marie Cordner, Kentucky Criminal Justice Council Discussants: Ann Marie Cordner, Kentucky CriminalJustice Council; Lynn Exum, University of North Carolina at Char/otte; Akiva Liberman, National Institute of Justice; Nicole Leeper Piquero, Northeastern University; Timothy O. Ireland, Niagara University This roundtable is comprised of both criminal justice practitioners and academicians. This is not only an information panel for students, but also for all professionals who are looking for employment. The discussants will provide tips on how to search for a job and how to gear a vitae/resume for a specific type of job. Interviewing techniques will also be discussed. In addition, the discussion will cover other issues, such as how long it may take to hear from prospective employers and reasons for possible delay.
Panel 35: Varieties of Crime Wednesday April 4, 2001 11:15-12:45 pm Room 17
Chair: Phil W. Rhoades, Texas A&M University at Corpus Christi MERGING CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND HEALTH CARE INQUIRY INTO THE CAUSES OF TRAUMATIC INJURY AND DEATH USING A SAFE COMMUNITIES APPROACH Philip W. Rhoades, Texas A&M University at Corpus Christi; Mary Jane Hamilton, Texas A&M University at Corpus Christi; Elizabeth Sefcik, Texas A&M University at Corpus Christi This study takes a broad view of the causes of traumatic injury and death in a single Texas county. Data sources from criminal justice, traffic control, and health care agencies are used to provide a framework for interpretation of a survey administered to 1,108 residents about their perceptions of safety, safety knowledge, risk of injury and death, and risk taking behavior. The cross disciplinary focus on safety, rather than just crime, permits the study to support a Safe Communities coalition's planning and programming efforts. INTIMATE PARTNER HOMICIDE IN NEW ORLEANS: 1990-1999 Dee Wood Harper, Loyola University New Orleans; Marcus Mahmood, Loyola University New Orleans; Louis Dabdoub, New Orleans Police Department New Orleans has an intimate partner homicide rate five times the national average. This paper tests some theories to account for this exaggerated rate and its relationship to violent crime generally. The data set for this study (N=273) includes all homicides classified as intimate partner homicides for the ten year period. TRENDS IN U.S. PARRICIDES Phillip Chong Ho Shon, University of Illinois at Chicago; Joseph Ta rgonski, University of Illinois at Chicago Parricide is often thought to be a psychodynamic crime, with motives that can be reduced to internal (psychological) accounts of offenders. Consequently, social structures such as class, race, gender, and general rate of violence are often thought to be irrelevant in explaining parricide. In this paper, we seek to remedy that deficiency; we do not use limited clinical samples or works of fiction. We use the FBI's Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) to examine the total number of parricides and rates of parricides that occurred in U.S. from 1976-1998. . GANG RELATED HOMICIDE: CHANGES IN THE SPACIAL DISPLACEMENT OF HOMICIDE DUE TO GANG ACTIVITIY Deborah L. Laufersweiler-Dwyer, University of Arkansas at Little Rock; James Golden, University of Arkansas at Little Rock During 1993 and 1994 Little Rock Arkansas experienced what could be characterized as a "gang war". This episode of violence resulted in an increase in the homicide rate that lasted for several years. This research utilized an interrupted time series design to examine if the presence of gangs changed the spacial displacement of homicide clusters during the ten year period 1990 to 1999. In addition the victim/offender profile was examined to determine if there were any significant changes in the dynamics before, during and afterthe gang war. CONTRACT KILLING IN THE 90S: A STUDY OF KILLERS, TARGETS, AND REASONS Lynn Newhart, Rockford Col/ege The purpose of this study was to examine characteristics of persons charged with contract killings in the United States during the 1990s. These persons were identified using Lexis-Nexis, a database that searches newspaper articles. The paper also explored reasons for the contract, and identified victim-offender relationships. Findings indicated that men were more likely to be charged, that both men and women were likely to be targets, and reasons for the contract most often involved money, or a love affair.
Panel 36: Theory and Research Methods Wednesday April 4, 2001 11:15-12:45 pm Room 18
Chair: Todd A. Armstrong, Arizona State University We st SPECIALIZATION OVER THE CRIMINAL CAREER CHANGE OR STABILITY Todd A. Armstrong, Arizona State University We st This work tested changes in the tendency to specialize over the course of the criminal career. Data from the Predicting Parole Performance in the Era of Crack Cocaine Study were used. Hypotheses were tested in three stages. First, Forward Specialization Coefficients (FSCs) for consecutive offense transitions were estimated. Next, to control for age effects FSCs for consecutive offensetransitions were estimated for differentage groups. Finally, to control for age of onset FSCs were re-estimated for early/late onset groups. SOCIAL LEARNING AND SELF-CONTROL: AN INTEGRATED MODEL OF INTIMATE VIOLENCE Kathryn A. Branch, University of South Florida; Christine S. Sellers, University of South Florida; John K. Cochran, University of South Florida Attempts to explain intimate violence have often confounded theoretical explanation with post hoc empirical generalization. One promising avenue in this search for causes, however, is in the application of more systematically constructed criminological theories. Of the current explanatory efforts, most point to a social learning theory of intimate violence; moreover, a recent study has suggested the viability of self-control theoryin the explanation of courtship aggression. Using a sample of 1,270 students involved in a serious dating relationship, we test an integrated model of intimate violence, incorporating measures of Akers' social learning and Gottfredson and Hirschi's self-control theories. AN EXAMINATION OF CHANGES IN THE PUBlIC'S OPINION OF WHAT CONSTITUTES CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT UTILIZING RESULTS OF TWO STATEWIDE SURVEYS OF TEXANS' PERCEPTIONS Stephanie A. Wh itus, California State University at Sacramento; Raymond H. C. Teske, Jr. , Sam Houston State University The literature is replete with research linking family dysfunctions to both adolescent and later adult criminal behavior. One of the primary dysfunctions that has been repeatedly examined is child maltreatment, which includes physical, sexual, emotional and neglect. Current studies reveal astonishing high percentages of offenders with abusive histories. One reason these numbers are so high might actually be due to the changes in public perception of what actually constitutes child ill-treatment versus child discipline. This paper examines questions within this arena, using as its empirical foundation the results of two statewide surveysof Texas residents regarding their perceptions of which behaviors they consider to constitute child abuse and neglect. CONTROLLING VIOLENT CRIME IN PUBLIC HOUSING NEIGHBORHOODS: THE ROLE OF COLLECTIVE EFFICACY E. Andreas Tomaszewski, Ohio University Much research suggests that poor neighborhoods in the U.S. display higher levels of social disorganization, leading to a breakdown of informal neighborhood social controls, which results in higher crime rates. This research concludes that, compared to their better off counterparts, poor neighborhoods display much lower levels of informal community-based social control and social cohesion. However, little attention has been paid to the above factors and their potential to control and prevent crime, this study attempts to address this issue using quantitative and qualitative data from the West Town Public Housing Study. VIOLENCE AS SOCIAL DRAMA: ELABORATING THE INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE THROUGH THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF VICTOR TURNER Sean Anderson, Monmouth University One of the most promising theoretical perspectives shedding light on the phenomenon of violence is that of the social interactionist as developed by Richard Felson and James Tedeschi. This paper explores how the social interactionist framework can be elaborated and enriched without distortions by the work of the anthropologist Victor Turner. I first look in detail at the extant work on violence done from a social interactionist frame. I then describe the work of Turner's centrally organized around the concept of social drama, I contend that a close affinity exists between the two approaches and this contention is outlined and developed. The ramifications of this re-conceptualization, both its strengths and weaknesses, are indicated.
Panel 37: Judicial Process Wednesday April 4, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Room 19
Chair: Jimmy J. Williams, University of Alabama A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF GRADUATES FROM A DRUG COURT Jimmy J. Williams, University of Alabama; Kenyatta Ray, University of Alabama; Marvette Freeman, University of Alabama Drug courts have been established throughout the United States with a treatment focus for processing defendants accused of drug related crimes. In 1996, the Tuscaloosa County Drug Court was established. This study examines the characteristics of defendants who have graduated from the Tuscaloosa County Drug Court and their frequency of rearrest. Suggestions are offered to reduce the chances of rearrest of defendants who graduate from drug courts. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FELONY AND MISDEMEANOR CASES IN DRUG COURT Scott R. Senjo, Weber State University; Leslie A. Liep, Florida Atlantic University The drug court continues to gain acceptance as an alternative method of drug case management and also a theoretical model of criminal courtprocess ing. More and more jurisdictions are planning a drug court and many of those with existing courts seek to expand operations to reach a larger number of offenders. Federal funding has aided both of these efforts. Although not all of the literature on drug courts find its way into peer reviewed journals, many local studies exist and continue to be prepared to inform the drug court community of matters such as eligibility, treatment, program completion, and recidivism to name a few. This study adds to the existing body of research with a quantitative analysis of the differences between felony and misdemeanor cases processed in drug court. Findings from one jurisdiction in California indicate no significant differences between the rate of program completion, recidivism or other program outcomes for these two classes of cases. ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BREAKING THE CYCLE IN BIRMINGHAM, AL. Oj marrh Mitchell, The Urban Institute; Adele Harrell, The Urban Institute; Alexa Hirst, Th e Urban Institute Breaking the Cycle (BTC) is a multi-site demonstration project designed to reduce substance abuse and criminal activity amongst drug-involved offenders. BTC is being demonstrated in three jurisdictions with support from the National Institute of Justice and the Office of the National Drug Control Policy. BTC is designed to increase the early identification of drug-involved arrestees, place defendants in treatment shortly after entering the justice system, treat clients throughout their period of supervision, monitor clients progress, and sanction non-compliant defendants using structured sanctions. This paper reportsthe findings from the first impact evaluation of BTC. Outcomes include drug use, criminality, employment, and medical / psychological problems. DRUG COURT: AN EVALUATION OF SUCCESS OR FAILURE IN A MEDIUM SIZED COURT James Houston, Grand Valley State University; Josef Soper, 61st District Court Kent County, Michigan is no different than many medium sized cities in the United States. Drugs are a continuing problem resulting in clogged courts and jails. This study investigates the success of a Drug Court implemented to address the needs of offenders convicted of crimes such as possession of drugs for sale, prostitution, and property crimes. A control group matched by demographics and offenses was used to determine the efficacy of the Drug court. Preliminary results indicate that the Drug Court is effective with a sub-population of Drug Court offenders, but that for others, results are no different than for regular probation offenders.
Roundtable 38: Juvenile Justice Section Wednesday April 4, 2001 11:1 5-12:45 pm Auditorium
Moderator: Joseph Sanborn, University of Central Florida This roundtable will bring together academics and practitioners in the area of juvenile justice for a discussion of critical issues in the field of juvenile justice today.
Workshop 251 : Minorities and Women Section Wednesday April 4, 2001 11:15-12:45 pm Renaissance Ballroom West A
Mod rat rs: Dorothy Taylor, University of Miami; Janice Joseph, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey; Evelyn Gilbert; Marvie Brooks, John Jay College of Criminal Justice This workshop will examine ACJS' commitment to affirmative action. This will focus on the historical involvement of the Academy in affirmative action matters and its present activities regarding issues of affirmative action. Panel 39: International and Comparative Criminal Justice Wednesday April 4, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Tavern
Chair: Wilson Huang, Valdosta State University sT INTERNATIONAL POLICE COOPERATION IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS: THE ROLE OF INTERPOL IN THE 21 CENTURY Joe Parker, Sam Houston State University Investigating transnational crime requires an assessment of resources available to police services to effectively deal with this phenomenon. The International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO-INTERPOL) is the only intergovernmental organization solely dedicated to international police cooperation. Yet, state and local law enforcement officers in the United States are largely ignorant of its services and mission. INTERPOL's ability to contribute to furthering criminal investigations of transnational crime hinges on global participation. U.S. law enforcement should be aware of INTERPOL's mission and capabilities, utilize its services, and participatefu lly in its efforts. This is one of INTERPOL's major challenges for the 21st Century. DISCREPANCIES IN HOMICIDE STATISTICS BETWEEN INTERPOL AND UNITED NATIONS SURVEY DATA, 1970-1 994 Wilson Huang, Valdosta State University Crime statistics reported by the INTERPOL and United Nations Crime Survey are the two primary sources currently available for cross-national research. These two data systems have used similar categories to collect police statistics for homicide, and this similarity allows for a comparison of reporting statistics of the two systems. The present study intends to explore the nature and extent of reporting differences between the two homicide measurements. Reporting discrepancies will be analyzed to find patterns and trends for the years from 1970 to 1994 in which data exist for both systems. POLICING PARADISE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRATIC POLICING IN MAURITIUS Frederick P. Roth, University of Connecticut Discussion of the origin and evolution of modern democratic policing has tended to focus on the experiences of liberal democratic states most notably in accounts of its development in Great Britain and the United States. Where modern policing in the West coincided with the maturation of industrial capitalism and an evolving bureaucratic rationalism, there has been no similar scrutiny to determine the evolutionary course of formal social control in Third World democracies. Employing official sources and field interviews this research seeks to explore the relationship between social transformation and the evolution of institutional social control in the multi-ethnic, Third World democratic nation of Mauritius.
Student Workshop 40: Criminal Justice Education and Training Wednesday April 4, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 1
Mod rators: Robert J. McCormack, Th e College of New Jersey; Ian McKenzie, University of Portsmouth This workshop will feature national and international scholars in doctoral programs in the United States and foreign countries discussing their dissertation research and the difficulties encountered with dissertation committees, comprehensive exams, language requirements and the loneliness of the dissertation writer. The moderators and stUdents will provide insight and advice to graduate students embarking on this challenging journey.
Student Panel 41 : Policing Wednesday April 4, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 2
Chair: Larry D. Andrews, Missouri Western State College BALANCING ZERO-TOLERANCE POLICIES WITH ETHICAL POLICING Jennifer J. Darling, We stern New England College Community Oriented Policing is designed to have police, politicians and the community cooperate to create an atmosphere that is beneficial to all. However, Community Oriented Policing has not been fully implemented in many communities. With this in mind, I would like to research laws and policies that have been created by political institutions and address the following: 1) Do these laws and resulting enforcement policies target the minority community? 2) Are zero-tolerance decisions, which are directed toward predominantly minority communities, ethical? 3) Finally, does greater interaction between the police and minority groups affect the opinions that the society has toward the minority community? DOES A "NEGATIVE-DEMEANOR" INFLUENCE AN OFFICER'S DISCRETION WHEN MAKING AN ARREST? John J. Rodriguez, University of Texas at Pan American Does a "negative-demeanor" influence an officer's discretion when making an arrest? At the University of Texas-Pan American two graduate students conducted a study of 83 police officers from various departments. A questionnaire survey was used to determine whether a "negative-demeanor" accounts for some impact in an officer's discretion when making an arrest. In theory a "negative demeanor" does not influence an officer's discretion when making an arrest. In practice this study will determine whether a "negative-demeanor" on behalf of the perpetrator has an effect on an officer's discretion. GETTING FIT: THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL FITNESS TO LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS Ian Healy, Lake Superior State University I will explain the relationship between law enforcement officers' physical fitness level and their performance on the job. Those officersthat are in good physical shape are going to have more energy, alertness, higher self-esteem, and be better able to deal with the stressors the job presents. A physically fit department demonstrates a good appearance of professionalism to the community, which can help deter crime. I will also explore how an officer's physical fitness level affects the way he/she interacts with co-workers, and how it relates to his/her personal life upon leaving work. Student Panel 42: Policing Wednesday April 4, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 3
Chair: Paula M. Broussard, University of Louisiana at Lafayette CITIZENS' PERCEPTIONS OF lOW CRIME RATES IN A RURAL STATE Jessica Hoffman, West Virginia State College The State of West Virginia traditionally has a low crime rate in terms of reported violent and property crimes. This study focuses on citizens' perceptions of the reasons why the state has a low crime rate and whether improvements in the criminal justice or juvenile justice systems might affect that rate. Results indicate that strong family values are the primary hypothesized reason, and that citizens readily recognize problems in the system. NCAAIN FRACTIONSAND PENALTIES: DOES JUSTICE PREVAil? Melissa L. Jarrell, University of South Florida The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is the most dominant force in intercollegiate athletics today. This study reports results of an analysis of official NCAA infractions and penalty data from 1987 to 2000. Results indicated that type of infraction, method of discovery, and parties involved in the infractions were significant with respect to the number and severity of penalties assessed each institution. Results indicated that NCAA division and district standing did not affect the number and severity of penalties assessed each institution. Findings suggest that the NCAA should reexamine existing rules and make changes with respect to infraction and penalty assessments.
Discussion Panel 43: Corrections and Punishment Wednesday April 4, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 4
Chair: Mario Paparozzi, Th e College of New Jersey Discus ant: Peter Nelligan, University of Texas at Tyler PAROLE: THE IDEAL AND THE REAL. NATIONAL PROFilES OF THE EDUCATION, WORK EXPERIENCE, AND JOB PRE REQUISITES FOR PAROLE BOARD MEMBERS Mario Papa rozzi, Th e College of New Jersey This paper presents the results of a national survey of paroling authorities. Specific attention is paid to the credential and work experience requirements of parole board members. A review of the broad powers of paroling authorities, and the public safety expectations for parole boards will be presented in the context of the profiles of parole board members charged with administering justice in America. TRACING THE HISTORY OF PAROLE ABOLITION IN AMERICA FOR THE LAST 20 YEARS Joel Caplan, The College of New Jersey In the past two decades, parole abolition and reinstatement has been a hallmark of many correctional policy strategies in a variety of states. This paper traces the trends in abolition and reinstatement of parole, as well as the mutations of transitional correctional programming that have occurred in the United States and Canada. The impact of paroling policies and practices on prison management and public safety are reviewed using a comparative analysis across states. THE REPLACEMENT OF PAROLE THROUGH DU JOUR COURTS: A LOOK AT THE RATIONAL UNDERPINNING RE-ENTRY COURTS Kelly Robbins, Th e College of New Jersey The United States Department of Justice has emphasized the need for enhanced correctional services with regard to offender re entry from incarceration to community. To respond to this critical need, the Department of Justice has advanced the notion of establishing re-entry courts. Re-entry courts, it is argued, should replace traditional parole practices because the traditional parole paradigm has lost its credibility as a viable correctional program. This paper traces the beginnings of the re-entry court movement, examines its major philosophical underpinnings, and compares re-entry court models to the ideal and actual practice of traditional parole systems.
Roundtable 44: ' Racel Ethnicity and Criminal Justice Wednesday April 4, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 5
Mod rat r: John Holton, Council on Crime and Justice Discu sant : Barb Schillo, Council on Crime and Justice; Farris Bal/, Minnesota Department of Corrections; Pam Cosby, Council on Crime and Justice; Leena Kurki, Councilon Grime and Justice; Jose Mangles, Council on Crime and Justice The Council on Crime and Justice is a private, nonprofit organization based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. In spring 2000, the Council launched a multi-year research and policy project, the Racial Disparity Initiative (RDI). The Initiative will analyze the causes and consequences of racial disparities at the pOint of arrest and each phase of the criminal justice system. It will also examine collateral effects on minority families and communities that stem from interactions with the criminal justice system. The community will be involved in designing projects, collecting data, and analyzing results. The RDI staff and advisors will discuss the separate research projects and the incorporation of policy action and advocacy into their framework. Panel 45: Criminal Justice Policy Wednesday April 4, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 6
Chair: Gene Stephens, University of South Carolina "ALL I AM SAYING... IS GIVE PEACE A CHANCE" Gene Stephens, University of South Carolina The 21st Century socioeconomic system is evolving at nanospeed--transforming from a competitive, adversarial industrial world society into a global village information networkwhere everyone is connected. If the pyramid has collapsed elsewhere, isn't it logical it must (will?) change in criminal justice as well? The War Model C.J. system is antiquated and rapidly becoming dysfunctional. Fortunately a peace model "new world compatible" system is quietly being forged. Here the rational for change and a fully developed peace model is examined. Finally, impediments to change are discussed, along with possible solutions for overcoming them. WHO GETS TREATMENT UNDER A PRESUMPTION THAT REHABILITATION HAS FAILED?: A TRIAGE MODEL OF OFFENDER CLASSIFICATION. Gerard Rainville, American University The provision of counseling services, vocational training and other forms of rehabilitation is examined through a triage model. In such a model, units of treatment are devoted to those who are likely to derive the greatest benefit from such interventions (which may or may not coincide with those who most need such services). Data on offender placement decisions from a northeastern correctional agency reveal the changing dynamics of triage models in an era of increased legislative encroachment on classification decisions. BOOT CAMP POLICY MAKERS PERSPECTIVES: A STUDY OF PUNISHMENT VERSUS REFORM PERSPECTIVE IN THE FORMATION OF THE MISSOURI BOOT CAMP William Bourns, Southeast Missouri State University The perspective of criminal justice system officials have not been extensively documented or solicited about boot camps. The Missouri Department of Corrections administered such a questionnaire to evaluate preferences about goals and program components. A secondaryanal ysis was performedon these data by analysis of criminal justice occupations responses to detect if traditional perspectives identified major differenceson the questions. The findings suggest that occupation traditions perspectives were not the driving factor in choices nor did traditional perspective cause strong one-sided versus the other side polarization. THE IMPACT OF PROGRAM CLOSURE ON CRACK-ADDICTED PROSTITUTES C. Aaron McNeece, Florida State University; Elizabeth M. Arnold, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill In 1998 a program for crack-addicted prostitutes was developed in Pinellas County, Florida. The program provided treatment services as well as temporary housing for approximately 60 women. An evaluation at the end of the first year indicated that the program was moderately successful in finding employment and long-term housing for clients. The program was terminated abruptly during 1999, and a follow-up study found that most of the clients who were in the program at that time either went to jail or prison, or went back to prostitution.
Panel 46: Gender and Criminal Justice Wednesday April 4, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 7
Chair: Kristy Holtfreter, Michigan State University THE INDIANA WOMEN'S PRISON: FIRST OF A KIND JeffSchrink, Indiana State University It is generally recognized that when the Indiana Women's Prison opened in Indianapolis, Indiana, on October 8, 1873, it was the first such institution to be totally independent from a male prison and entirely run by a female staff. This paper will review the various social, economic, and political forces that combined to inspire the passage of the legislation that resulted in the construction of the new prison. FROM THE JAIL TO THE COMMUNITY: REFERRING WOMEN TO SUPPORTIVE SERVICES UPON RELEASE FROM CUSTODY Karen R. Fein, Th e Richard Stockton Col/ege of New Jersey The female jail population has grown almost 10% annually since 1985 and there is no evidence to suggest that this increase is slowing. Female jail detainees come into the jail facing a myriad of problems and research suggests that they leave the jail in much the same condition. Bridging the chasm between the jail and the community is an essential step in bringing about both individual and social change. One way to bridge this gap is to develop programs that emphasize referrals for female jail detainees to gender relevant serviceswith in the community upon their release from custody. CRIMINOGENIC NEEDS AMONG WOMEN OFFENDERS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CORRECTIONAL PROGRAMMING Kristy Holtfreter, Michigan State University; Merry Morash, Michigan State University Recent research on correctional programming for women indicates that prison programs, as well as community services that provide assistance and skills needed for successful offender rehabilitation, are lacking. Using a sample of 403 female felony offenders, criminogenic needs (Le., deficiencies that heighten an individual's recidivism risk) are examined to determine whether certain needs cluster together, and which needs or cluster of needs are most prevalent. The identification of criminogenic needs can assist staff in determining what proportion of women offenders need specific programming, and whether available programming should be multifaceted. MOTHERS IN PRISON: THE DESTRUCTION OF THE AMERICAN FAMILY Ta mmy S. Garland, Sam Houston State University Today, an estimated 950,000 women were under the supervision, custody, or control of correctional agencies with 80% of them being mothers. When men are incarcerated, it is typically the mother who is the caregiver to the children. What happens to the children when single mothers are placed in prison? I suggest that we are allowing our family units to be destroyed. Rather than assisting these women with treatment programs, we are sentencing them twice. The first punishment is the initial incarceration; however, the second and worst punishment comes with the severing of the mother/child bond. This study will examine how the family is affected and reacts to the destruction of the familial unit.
Panel 47: Criminal Justice Education and Training Wednesday April 4, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 8
Chair: Prabha Unnithan, Colorado State University THE EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL LAW ENFORCEMENT PROGRAMS Paige H. Gordier, Lake Superior State University This paper will examine the changes that have occurred in Law Enforcement programs which originated at the time of EM funding. The research will address the trend to move away from the 'hands-on' course content to a more academic and theoretical basis. Student and faculty opinions with regard to their view of what a law enforcement degree should entail will be compiled. Also resistance to change by the traditional law enforcement faculty will be examined. PREDICTORS OF TURNOVER AMONG STAFF IN JUVENILE RESIDENTIAL FACILITIES Kevin I. Minor, Eastern Kentucky University; James B. Wells, Eastern Kentucky University; Earl Angel, Eastern Kentucky University Rapid employee turnover continues to be problematic in many juvenile institutions. Turnover increases training costs and can result in unstable facilities that are staffed largely by inexperienced, overworked personnel. Graduates of a state juvenile justice training academy were followed for twelve months after their graduation and assignment to an institution. Multivariate analysis are used to study the geographical context, and prior work experience. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for education, training, and institutional administration. EVALUATION OF A MOBILE FIREARMS TRAINING SIMULATION SYSTEM: PRISIM Ryan K. Baggett, Eastern Kentucky University; Lee Ann Morrison, Eastern Kentucky University The advent of mobile simulation training systems increases the opportunities for law enforcement officersto receive quality training. This presentation focuses on a NIJ funded research project that was conducted to test the effectiveness of a particular mobile "state of the art" firearm training simulation system, PRISim (Professional Range Instruction Simulator). The longitudinal study was conducted in three states (Kentucky, Texas and Washington) and followed approximately 250 officers through training on three separate occasions. The evaluation focused on improvement in the officer's performance, looked at attitudinal questions as well as changes the officers make as a result of the simUlation training. CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN SUBURBIA: A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH Phillip C. Dolce, Bergen County Col/ege The United States is now a suburban nation. However, suburban public policy and institutional developments are rarely addressed. Bergen Community College is developing a partnership with criminal justice professionals and others in order to develop a greater "sense of place" for the suburban community by understanding how a critical component of the civil order, the criminal justice system, relates to the spatial landscape. The project will improve educational opportunities, augment professional development programs, enhance public understanding of suburban criminal justice, develop scholarship and curriculum material, and enter into articulation agreement with four year colleges, area high schools, police academies and other criminal justice agencies. The project received the Blackburn Award from the American Association of University Administrators this year. POLICE AND CORRECTIONAL OFFICER FIREARMS TRAINING: DEPARTMENT POLICIES, PROGRAMS AND PRACTICES Gregory B. Morrison, Ball State University Highlights from the first of a two-part survey on police and correctional officertr aining in Washington State. This part of the survey sought department (n=124) information on policies, programs and practices pertaining to instructor selection, development and certification; gunhandling and marksmanship doctrine and technique; training activities including judgment exercises; resources and facilities, and program evaluation. This surveyreveals that departments' efforts differ substantially in how they provide their armed officerswith technical skills and judgment training for self-defense, the defense of others and to seize fleeing dangerous felons. This suggests performance potential might well measurably differacross departments.
Panel 48: Crime and Justice in Media and Popular Culture Wednesday April 4, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 9
Chair: Suzette Cote, California State University at Sacramento MEDIA USAGE AND SUPPORT FOR PAROLE Jon Proctor, Indiana University at South Bend This study examines the relationship between media usage and supportfor parole. Media coverage of crime often distorts the true reality of crime leading to more punitive attitudes among the public. These attitudes are likely to result in less supportfor criminal justice policies designed to reform offenders and more support of polices designed to punish offenders. Among 345 Massachusetts' residents surveyed,we hypothesize a negative relationship between media usage and supportfor parole as a reintegration tool, and a positive relationship between media usage and support for parole as a control mechanism. MEDIA(TED) JUSTICE AND POPULIST JURISPRUDENCE: THE (MIS)REPRESENTATION OF SEXUAL OFFENDING IN THE CURRENT STATUTORY SCHEMES Suzette Cote, California State University at Sacramento In the 1990s, the U.S. enacted legislation to deal with sex offenders. Following each sexual trauma, the media emphasized the seriousness of these crimes in the form of "stranger-danger." Transforming several traumatic events into the national limelight, the media popularized the notion of these sex offenders as predatory, modern folk devils that prey on their victims at alarming rates. But exclusive focus on the predator misrepresents the reality of sexual abuse, which typically can be found in intimate relationships, and further negates the importance of the private sphere in the realm of crime control. This paper examines the role of the media in the construction of the sex offender as a predator and how that image and mass condemnation of sex offenders has lead to a misrepresentation of sexual offending. The predominant focus by the media on stranger-initiated sexual assaults ultimately results in a sacrifice of the truth for newsworthiness and media(ted), popular justice. THE HISTORICAL ROLE OF MEDIA IN THE CREATION AND PERPETUATION OF PUBLIC ENEMIES AND MORAL PANICS Thomas Pulley, Eastern Kentucky University This paper examines how the media assists in the construction and fuels the continuance of ascribing a dehumanized identity to a particular conceived other. The article uses content analysis to examine newspaper coverage of a historical situation to better inform contemporary media studies. The historical and current implications of the ascribed identity are then discussed. The author specifically addresses the possibility of the objectified conception of the other prompting the utilization of criminal law and sanctions as a method to control the difference, and the possibility of the identity being used to legitimize existing criminal law and sanctions. JUVENILE SUPERPREDATORS: THE MYTHS OF KILLER KIDS, DANGEROUS SCHOOLS AND A YOUTH CRIME WAVE Karen Miller, Eastern Kentucky University; Gary Potter, Eastern Kentucky University; Victor Kappeler, Eastern Kentucky University This paper examines the media construction of juvenile crime and the recent transformation of the juvenile justice system. The paper refutes constructions of a juvenile crime wave, the emergence of dangerous schools, and violent students. Additionally, the paper questions the efficacy of crime control polices aimed at juveniles and reconstructs juveniles are the victims of adult crime rather than superpredators. A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF EXTREMIST WEBPAGES C. M. Guttendorf, Indiana University of Pennsylvania The Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 1999 defines a hate crime as an incidence of violence motivated by the actual or perceived race, color, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, gender, or disability. While sources define what a hate crime is and provide information about how widespread this problem is, they do not address the causes and rationales of why hate crimes exist or why there are organized groups of individuals. A content analysis of WebPages relating to hate crimes by these groups will be examined using appropriate research techniques. Themes and content of these pages will be examined.
Panel 49: Criminal Justice Policy Wednesday April 4, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 10
Chair: Barbara Belbot, University of Houston at Downtown REFORMING THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: THE NEWEST SOCIAL MOVEMENT ISSUE Barbara Belbot, University of Houston at Downtown Reforming the criminal justice system became an important social issue in the 1990s. This paper looks at several social movement organizations that champion sentencing and prison reform: their beliefs, organizational structures, strategies, and the effects they have had on public opinion and policy. IMPACT OF SENTENCING REFORMS ON PRISON POPULATION Van Zhang, Michigan State University; Christopher D. Maxwell, Michigan State University The United States prison population began to increase rapidly in the early 1970s. While research has failed to show that demographic or crime rate changes have strong influences on the growth prison population, other factors like the 'get tough' sentencing reforms continue to be attributed as the critical reason. To test this hypothesis, the rate of new court commitment, average time served in prison, and prison populations rates in all fifty states and the D. C., from 1973 to 1996 are examined using hierarchical-multivariate-linear-trajectory-models. The results show that sentencing reforms are not directly related with the change in state prison populations. Only two sentencing reforms, three-strikes laws and sentencing commissions' consideration of prison capacity, are indirectly related to prison population change, however each has reversed influences on the two submechanism of total prison populations. RESTRUCTURING SENTENCING AND SUPERVISION PRACTICE IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Kim S. Hunt, Advisory Commission on Sentencing The District of Columbia's criminal justice system is being restructured following Congress' enactment of the National Capital Revitalization Act of 1997, which will govern sentencing of all felony offenses committed on or after August 5, 2000. The Revitalization Act abolishes parole for violent crimes. In addition, all District of Columbia prisoners will serve their felony sentences with the Federal Bureau of Prisons, and every felony prison sentence must be followed by a period of post-release supervision in the community. The Advisory Commission on SentenCing recommended parole abolition for all felony and misdemeanor offenses. The Commission also recommended an innovative system of supervised release and intermediate sanctions policies. The paper focuses on the role of current and future research activities in formulation and implementation of sentencing and corrections policy. THE CHANGING FACE OF DISCRETION IN OHIO'S CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM Jefferson E. Holcomb, Bowling Green State University Ohio's criminal justice system has experienced a number of significant changes in the past 5 years. This presentation will focus on those changes to Ohio's sentencing laws that impacted the use and purpose of discretion within Ohio's correctional system. Practices such as the use of "bad time" and post-release control appear to represent a philosophical shift towards emphasizing the punitive potential of correctional discretion. These changes will be considered in relation to Ohio's political context during the past two decades. Major crime legislation and correctional data will be discussed and the implications of these changes will be explored.
Panel 50: Criminal Justice Education and Training Wednesday April 4, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 11
Chair: Karel A. Kurstswange, Oswego State University USING INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEM DESIGN MODELS IN BACCALAUREATE CRIMINAL JUSTICE CURRICULA Bernie Meyer, University of Pittsburgh at Bradford This work discusses the theoretical construct of criterion-based instruction, addresses pedagogy and androgogy. It explores a variety of ISO models and demonstrates the application of criterion-based instruction and criterion-referenced testing to improve student learning in higher education to create an improved learning environment to improve student learning, student satisfaction and influencing student retention. Helpful explanations with examples of assessment, development, design, implementation and evaluation of baccalaureate instruction prepared and delivered using an ISO model approach are offered. Included in this approach is a discussion of knowledge, skills and affective (emotional) objectives of learning content. INTEGRATING �ROGRAM EVALUATION INTO CRIMINAL JUSTICE CURRICULA Kevin Bryant, University of We st Florida; Janet Wilson, University of Central Arkansas Criminal justice research methods courses frequently follow a traditional, social science-based pedoogical model. Alternatively, this paper presents strategies for integrating program evaluation into undergraduate criminal justice curricula. A case study approach is used to specify how program evaluation can be effectively integrated into existing research methods courses. THE MEMPHIS MODEL: THE MASTERS IN COMMUNITY CRIMINOLOGY Lynette Feder, University of Memphis; Richard Janikowski, University of Memphis The Department of criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Memphis restructured their MA degree to reflect their commitment to the collaborative active model of research that they have been employing with agencies, policy makers, community organizations and the business community. The new MA degree in Community Criminology began with faculty asking the question, 'What is critical for MA students to know upon leaving a graduate program whether they will be working in a criminal justice agency or continuing to a doctoral program?" The newly restructured MA degree emphasizes the tools necessary to conduct rigorous research out in the community while simultaneously providing a strong fo undation in theoretical and administrative courses in criminal justice. THE MULTIPLE USES OF DEGREE ASSESSMENT IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROGRAMS Barbara Peat, Indiana University South Bend Assessment is frequently mandated by universities and often perceived as one of the "add on" assignments that frequently takes a back seat to other, more pressing responsibilities. However, a thorough degree assessment can assist in continuous quality improvement, better marketing strategies, and increased enrollment and retention. This paper describes the degree assessment undertaken by the Criminal Justice Program at Indiana University South Bend and explains how the results of this information can be utilized for program management and strategic planning. The methods used for assessment are described and evaluated from both a micro and macro perspective. Emphasis is placed on the need to incorporate business strategies, such as forecasting, into academic administration. EVALUATING THE FIELD EDUCATION EXPERIENCE: STUDENT AND AGENCY PERSPECTIVES Giselle White-Perry, South Carolina State University The field experience has become an important component of many criminal justice and criminology programs. Students are given the opportunity to enhance their total academic experience through a planned and supervised program of observation, study, and work in selected criminal justice and criminal justice-related agencies. The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which the field experience meets the expectations and objectives of the student and the field agency. The findings have implications for the future of field experience as partof the academic curriculum.
Panel Session 51 : Corrections and Punishment Wednesday April 4, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 12
Panel Chair: Eric F. Bronson, Bowling Green State UniverSity AN EXAMINATION OF FEMALE INMATE VIOLENCE IN A STATE WOMEN'S PENITENTIARY AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY Erika Gebo, University of New Hampshire; Erik F. Dietz, University of Delaware The percentage of women comprising the nation's prison population has virtually doubled in the last twenty years. In addition, between 1988-1990 alone, the number of women in prisons increased 88%. Despite recent growth, there has been very little systematic attention devoted to examining female inmates within this new context. Prior research has used violence as an indicator of maladaptation (Le. Toch, 1989). In this study, we examine the current state of violence as measured through infractions in a state women's penitentiary. Prevalence, incidence, and factors associated with violence are specifically explored, and implications of inmate adjustment are discussed. MASTURBATION IN A FEMALE PRISON: WHY DO THEY DO IT? Christopher Hensley, Morehead State University; Richard Tewksbury, University of Louisville Prison sex and masturbation are two of the most taboo and understudied topics within the correctional literature. This study seeks to unravel the mysteries associated with female masturbation in prison and the competing models of importation and deprivation. Data were collected from 245 female inmates of a Kentucky correctional institution. Results indicate that neither competing subcultural models of prison sexuality adequately explain female inmates' masturbatory practices. Masturbation is presented as a form of risk taking behavior associated with the violation of institutional rules. THE COLLATERAL COSTS OF IMPRISONMENT FOR WOMEN: THE INFLUENCE OF STIGMATIZATION AND SELF-SHAME Mark Pogrebin, University of Colorado at Denver; MaryDodge, University of Colorado at Denver This article examines issues of family separation and community isolation as experienced by women on parole. Qualitative data, based on in-depth interviews offers retrospective reflections and current accounts that delineate many of the unintended costs of imprisonment. The narrative portray the difficulties these women experienced in parenting, relationships, and community reintegration. Social stigma and self-shame are important definitional and reactional elements of their efforts to reestablish social bonds. The collateral costs of imprisonment are related to diminished investment in self and others that is created by continued internal and external shaming. BEYOND THE WALL: EXPECTATIONS OF INCARCERATED WOMEN APPROACHING RELEASE Theresa Severance, East Connecticut State University Scholars have begun to extend the focus on inmate issues to the plight of incarcerated women. The impact of imprisonment on relationships and the health and well being of women inmates have been examined. For most, however, the status of inmate is not permanent; the majority of women inmates will be released from prison. The transition from prison to community also needs consideration if women are expected to succeed. Unstructured interviews were utilized to explore the concerns and expectations of incarcerated women approaching release. Reuniting with children and family, remaining substance-free, and finding employment were among the issues discussed.
Panel 52: Juvenile Justice Wednesday April 4, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 13
Chair: Lisa Hutchinson Wa llace, University of New Orleans REPORTS FROM RURAL MISSISSIPPI: A LOOK AT SCHOOL VIOLENCE Lisa Hutchinson Wallace, University of New Orleans The purpose of this study was to examine students' experiences with school violence in rural Mississippi. Surveys were administered to 173 eleventh graders in two rural Mississippi schools. Students' experiences with school violence were measured along eleven indices: anger, negative relationships with parents, negative relationships with teachers, belief in school regulations, belief in the laws of the community, attachment to school, attachment to family, involvement in the school, involvement in the community, commitment to school, and direct controls. The data were examined utilizing multiple regression to determine whether control theory, or differential oppression theory, better explained the students' experiences with school violence. Differential oppression theorywas better able to account for students' experiences with school violence. PERCEPTIONS OF SAFETY, VICTIMIZATION, AND DELINQUENCY AMONG MIDDLE SCHOOUJUNIOR HIGH STUDENTS Philip W. Rhoades, Texas A&M University at Corpus Christi; Kristina Zambrano, Texas A&M University at Corpus Christi As a part of a comprehensive, strategic planning process to prevent juvenile delinquency in Nueces County, Texas, a survey of students from three schools was conducted. The survey focused on four risk factors derived from other data sources: family conflict, economic deprivation, academic failure, and early initiation of the problem behavior. A questionnaire was designed to seek local, student-derived information on these risk factors. Results from questions concerning drug use, truancy, violence, safety concerns, and family conflict, and responses concerning participation in protective factors will be reported. The usefulness of this information and surveyfor community planning will be discussed. THE EFFECTS OF VIOLENCE ON THE SCHOOL BEHAVIOR OF ADOLESCENTS: A STUDY OF RISK FACTORS AMONG AN URBAN SCHOOL SAMPLE Zina T. McGee, Hampton University This project examines patterns of victimization and violence among a sample of 500 African-American youth in the State of Virginia. Emphasis is placed on exposure to guns and violence in and out of the school setting as well as on the linkage between peer delinquency, peer victimization, and anti-social behavior among African-American youth between the ages of 12-17. Additional emphasis is placed on coping strategies including social support, wishful thinking, avoidance, and problem focus, and the degree to which these strategies may differamong youth who have been exposed to violence either as victims, witnesses or both. The study aims to explore the impact of peer victimization, peer delinquency, and exposure to violence on the adolescent's delinquent behavior. Findings from analysis of data will be discussed. SAFETY CONCERNS OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN A BORDER COMMUNITY William Reed Benedict, Eastern inois Ill University; Ben Brown, Th e University of Texas at Brownsville Creating policy to facilitate school safety requires that the administration first understand the fears and concerns of the student population. In cooperation with the school district police, a survey was conducted of students attending two schools located in Brownsville Texas. The overwhelming majority of students indicated they had items stolen from them while they were at school. Further, the survey revealed that over one-third of the respondents indicated that another student had threatened bodily harm while they were at school. However, less than half of this figure indicated that they were actually attacked while they were in school. The results of this study will be used to develop revised student safety programs. SCHOOL-BASED CRISIS MANAGEMENT AND VIOLENCE PREVENTION PROGRAMS: WHAT IS EFFECTIVE? Albert R. Roberts, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Middle-school and high school students are at increased risk of becoming victims and perpetrators of violent acts ranging from simple assaults to terroristic threats to murder. Proactive crisis prevention and group crisis management strategies have been found to be effective in schools throughout Connecticut, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, and New York. This paper will examine the outcome studies and empirically-based best practices. The policy implications of reducing school violence incidents through crisis management and prevention approaches, and the need for further outcome research.
Panel 53: Policing Wednesday April 4, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 14
Chair: Jerry L. Dowling, Sam Houston State University ANALYSIS OF OFFICERS DECLINING TO PARTICIPATE IN THE POLICE FIRST-LINE PROMOTIONAL PROCESS Th omas S. Wh etstone, University of Louisville Examines factors impacting officers and their decision to participate in the promotional process. Observations of promotional competition by mangers within several departments indicated the majority of eligible officers make a rational decision to decline promotional opportunity. Surveys and focus groups were utilized and evidence indicates that participation is related to higher career aspirations, but affected by family, lifestyle choices and satisfaction. Utilizing the theories of Maslow, McClelland, McGregor and Herzberg, analysis suggests those who decline promotion may be doing so for personal reasons since organizational rewards are generally tied to promotion. Those not seeking promotion appear internally motivated and not driven by extrinsic rewards attendant to promotion. BECOMING CHIEF OF POLICE: CAREER ADVANCEMENT AMONG TEXAS POLICE CHIEFS Jerry L. Dowling, Sam Houston State University The State of Texas contains approximately 1100 municipal and specialty police departments, each headed by individuals carrying the title "Chief of Police." For law enforcement officers who seek career advancement, attainment of the rank of chief is the capstone of their careers. Little is known, however, about the path that individuals follow to attain that position. This paper will report results of a career path surveyof newly appointed chiefs of police in Texas. The paper will present a descriptive analysis of persons occupying the rank and examine the commonality of factors that produces Texas police chiefs. HIRING POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICE AGENCIES AFTER KIMEL ET AL. V. FLORIDA BOARD OF REGENTS Joseph E. Pascarella, Queens College, City University of New York The United States Supreme Court recently ruled in Kimel et al. v. Florida Board of Regents that states could not be sued by employees for alleged violations of the Federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA). This case, although not directly involving police agencies, has widespread policy implications regarding personnel issues and police agencies. Police agencies choosing to impose maximum hiring ages and mandatory retirement ages previously relied on the "public safety exemption" to the ADEA when imposing age restrictions. However, municipal and state police agencies may no longer be subjected to the ADEA as long as their hiring practices are in compliance with their specific state age discrimination laws. RECRUITING MINORITY POLICE: WHO CARES ABOUT ETHICS? John Riley, University of Alaska at Anchorage Research suggests that minority attitudes toward police officers and police work may be adversely influenced by law enforcement activities which call into question the honestly and integrity of the police. This paper uses data from a questionnaire administered to 158 Alaska Natives to examine the relationship between self-reported interest in employment in policing and respondent's perceptions of the honesty and integrity of police officers. The data raise important questions about the extent to which unfavorable estimates of honesty and integrity may influence patterns of minority recruitment in criminal justice professions. PREEMPLOYMENT PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING OF POLICE OFFICER CANDIDATES: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY WITH AN HISPANIC PERSPECTIVE Diamantia Freeberg, University of Texas at Brownsville; M.L. Dantzker, University of Texas Pan American For many years potential police recruits have had to undergo a variety of preemployment tests. The testing process includes physical and psychological procedures. In more recent years the psychological testing has received more scrutiny with some states requiring the conducting of more than one procedure. Of particular popularity among psychological testing tools has been the Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory (MMPI) and its newest version the MMPI 2. While the discussions continue as to the veracity of this test for helping choose police candidates, little has been said about the racial or ethnic influence. This paper looks at a 10 year cohort of potential police recruits and the outcomes of their MMPI. What makes this especially interesting is that the majority of the group were of Hispanic ethnicity.
Panel 54: Race/Ethnicity and Criminal Justice Wednesday April 4, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 15
Chair: Becky Ta tum, Georgia State University CRIMES MOTIVATED BY HATRED AGAINST ASYLUM SEEKERS IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY Raymond H. C. Teske, Jr. , Sam Houston State University This paper presents an overview of hate crimes committed against asylum seekers in the Federal Republic of Germany between 1994 and 1998 in the state of Baden-Wuerttemberg. Police data regarding the offenses, the offenders, and the victims were created as a special data set for this analysis. Variables examined include, among others, the type of crime, location of the crime, socio-demographic characteristics of the offenders, and socio-demographic characteristics of the victims, as well as multiple versus single-offender and/or victim crimes. An overview of the legal status and special circumstances of asylum seekers in Germany is presented. ATTITUDES TOWARD HATE CRIME AND HATE CRIME LAW: FINDINGS FROM MIDDLETOWN Bryan D. Byers, Ball State University; Stephen S. Johnson, Ball State University Social scientists have studied "Middletown" (Muncie, IN) since the early part of this century and the site has been accepted as representing larger societal patterns and social forces. Using the Lynd's Middletown as a research site, this study explores attitudes toward hate crime and hate crime law using a representative sample of Middletown residents. Findings addressing support of a hate crime law, homosexual inclusions in hate crime law, perceptions of hate crime frequency, perceptions of racial slurs, and fear of hate crime are examined and discussed. HATE CRIMES IN THE CONTEXT OF DOUBLE JEOPARDY Dula J. Espinosa, University of Colorado Among recent developments in the criminal justice system have been the application of Federal civil rights laws to cases unsuccessfully prosecuted in state courts. Examples include the verdicts holding police officers Powell and Koon responsible in the beating of Rodney King, O.J. Simpson in the deaths of Nicole Simpson-Brown and Ronald Goldman, and the Aryan Nation in the death of an Ethiopian immigrant. Although many Americans accept these outcomes as righting legal wrongs, the American Civil Liberties Union, and others, argue that they violate the Double Jeopardy Clause. This paper examines the use of these laws and their resulting cases as anti-discrimination tools. CRIMINAL INJUSTICE: INTOLERANCE AND ITS HISTORICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN THE AMERICAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM M. Reid Counts, University of North Carolina at Wilmington; Gordon A. Crews, Jacksonville State University An exploration of the development and manifestation of intolerance in America is conducted from a historical perspective. This paper focuses on the criminal justice system and its methods of dealing with what is referred to in 21 st centuryterminology as "hate." Intolerance has been manifested throughout American history by and within the criminal justice arena. This paper explores these historical incidents from Colonial times and the religious intolerance of the Puritans through antebellum slavery and into the 20th century civil rights movement. Workshop 55: Criminal Justice Education and Training Wednesday April 4, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 16
Moderator: Janet McClellan, Southwestern Oregon Community College Utility, dependability and readiness have long been the hallmarks of law enforcement. In the 21st Century the matter of securing justice is intimately tied to our ability to provide the necessary and supplemental educational and training support to law enforcement professionals. The workshop presents the use of internet-based police training. Courses offered have been developed by Dr. Roy Walker, professor emeritus of the Police Training Institute at the University of Illinois and site-managed by Janet McClellan, Professor through the Criminal Justice Administration Departmentat Southwestern Oregon Community College.
Discussion Panel 56: Varieties of Crime Wednesday April 4, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 17
Chair and Discussant: Bradley Stewart Chilton, University of North Texas ASSIGNING THE HATE CRIME LABEL PART I Rosemary S. Bannan, DePaul University This research paper tracks a random sample of 108 crimes classified by the Chicago Police Department Civil Rights and Hate Crime Division in 1995. The most recent records of court dispositions of this sample are analyzed to further demonstrate the complexity of such labeling assignments. HATE CRIME AND THE INTERNET: NEW GROUPS AND NEW ISSUES Robert W Taylor, UniverSity of North Texas; Tra cy P. Hansen, University of North Texas This paper explores continuing legal issues confronting privacy and free speech associated with "hate" on the Internet. Various groups focusing on ethnicity differences, lifestyle choices, and religion have emerged on the Internet. Some of these groups openly encourage violence against individuals and people of color. What effect have these groups really had on violence in the United States? And, what issues have arisen due to proposed legislation and enforcement techniques designed to control such activity? HATE BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT: HATE CRIME SENTENCING AFTER APPRENDI v. NJ (2000) Bradley Stewart Chilton, University of North Texas; Holly Walp ole, Indiana Department of Corrections; James Wo ods, Federal Bureau of Investigation; Gail Caputo, University of North Texas What is the impact of Apprendi v. NJ (2000) on hate crime law enforcement, adjudication, and sentencing? In Apprendi v. NJ, the US Supreme Court struck down New Jersey's sentencing laws that allowed judges to increase penalties for hate crimes proven by a "preponderance of the evidence." Instead, facts of a hate crime must be presented to a jury and proven beyond a reasonable doubt. The paper develops a casenote doctrinal analysis of the caselaw leading up to the Apprendi decisions, with in-depth analysis of the Apprendi case itself. In addition, the paper discusses the implications of the Apprendi decision for law enforcement, adjudication, and sentencing behavior. THE LOGIC OF RELIGIOUS VIOLENCE Jonathan R. White, Grand Valley State University The structure of terrorist violence has changed in the past few years. Modern terrorism grew from the anti-colonial revolutions of the 1950s and ideological violence of the 1960s. In the past ten years, non-ethnic terrorists have de-emphasized ideological and political behavior while relying more on religious fundamentalism. This paper will search for isomorphic aspects of religious violence by comparing selected international terrorist events with the agenda of the American extremist right. CONTEMPORARY CHANGES IN TERRORIST ACTIVITIES Brian Cremin, Crime Management Group; Harvey W. Kushner, Long Island University This paper examines how terrorist activities are changing, moving away from organization based acts and towards the acts of lone wolves and freelancers. Case studies of David Copeland, the London Nail Bomber, and those of Timothy McVeigh, convicted for the Oklahoma City bombing, and Eric Rudolf, wanted in connection with the Centennial Park bombing, examine how despite geographic separation and the lack of group support, contemporary terrorism is as effective, if not more so, than conventional terrorism.
Panel 57: Theory and Research Methods Wednesday April 4, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 18
Chair: Alan S. Bruce, Marist College EXAMINING PROPOSITIONS FROM THE GENERAL THEORY OF CRIME Alan S. Bruce, Marist College Gottfredson and Hirschi claim that credible evidence supports their general theory of crime. Despite a number of recent studies testing Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory, however, there has been little effort to determine the level of support for the theorists' original claims. In an effort to determine the level of support for Gottfredson and Hirshi's claims, credible evidence is identified and examined, and findings are discussed. GOTTFREDSON AND HIRSCHI'S GENERAL THEORY OF CRIME: A BEHAVIORAL APPROACH George E. Higgins, West Virginia State College This study empirically assesses the central proposition of Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) General Theory of Crime (Le., low self control) enables an individual to commit crime. It will engage in the debate surrounding the measurement of self-control as a personality trait or a behavioral trait, by using behavioral measures of self-control. Secondary data will be used from the 1994 Monitoring the Future Survey (N=2000). Regression (OlS) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) will be used as the analytic techniques, providing one contribution to the literature on the theory. Also, it will be the fourth study to test self-control using behavioral measures. THE MATTER-ANTIMATTER CONVERTER IS OVERLOADED, CAPTAIN: TOWARD AN INTERDISCIPLINARY SYNTHESIS OF VENGENANCE RETRIBUTION AND GENERAL DETERRENCE Michael R. Norris, Franklin College Many criminal justice texts today discuss only a nonpurposive, just deserts retribution. When a distinction is made between just deserts and vengeance retribution, it frequently denies the legitimacy of the latter as a philosophy of punishment. In contrast, Durkheim denied the legitimacy of nonpurposive retribution and believed that vengeance, a term he used interchangeably with retribution and expiation, promotes social solidarity. Philosophical writings by Ezorsky, Solomon and others do not make the rigid distinction between vengeance retribution and general deterrence imposed by criminology and criminal justice. This study uses attitude scaling techniques to test the dichotomy and suggests its artificiality. A ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY EXPLANATION FOR VICTIMIZATION IN THE WORKPLACE Kristine Empie, Indiana University of Pennsylvania This paper will utilize Cohen and Felson' s (1979) routine activity theory in order to explain victimization that occurs in the workplace. An overview of the theory will be given and presented within a domain-specific context (Le., the workplace). A discussion of domain-specific victimization models will follow. The argument wi" be made that using domain-specific victimization models increases the explanatorypower of routine activity theory. MARX'S REFERENCES IN CONSTRUCTING DONALD BLACK'S THEORY OF LAW Jiabo Liu, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Donald Black's The Behavior of law, called "a clashing classic" in sociology of law, is considered as a practice of the art of Durkheim. However, in my view, Marx's philosophy of law to great extent inspires Black in his theoretical orientation. This paper will focus on the reference role of Marx's philosophy of law in building Black's theory illustrated in The Behavior of law. It will not provide detailed textual evidence but emphasize a theoretical approach. The examination will be divided into the following three aspects: (1) the reference of paradigm; (2) the reference of reasoning methods; and (3) the reference of ideas.
Roundtable 58: Policing Wednesday April 4, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 19
Moderator: John S. Dempsey, Suffolk County Community Col/ege Discussants: David Owens, Onandaga Community College; Donna Stuccio-Lendy, Onandaga Community Col/ege; Robert Hoff, Schenectady Community Col/ege; Patrick Ryan, Long Island University This roundtable will discuss various views of the role of the police in U.S. society today. The presenters represent a diverse mixture of law enforcement and academic backgrounds. III THURSDAY, APRIL H,5T 2001 III DAY-AT-A-GLANCE
"QUESTIONING THE QUALITYOF JUSTICE IN SOCIALAND POLITICAL CONTEXTS"
7:30am - 9:00am New Member Breakfast Renaissance Ballroom E International Association fo r the Study of Organized Crime Meeting Room 1 Security and Crime Prevention Section Executive Board Meeting Board Room 12 Corrections Section Executive Board Meeting Board Room 13 Community College Section Executive Board Meeting Board Room 14 Journal of Ethnicity and Criminal Justice Editorial Board Board Room 15 8:00am - 5:00pm Registration 9:00am - 5:00pm Employment Exchange Congressional Hall A & B 9:00am - 5:00pm Exhibits Grand Ballroom North and Central 9:30am - 11:00am 2002 Program Committee Meeting Tavern 2002 Program Chair Meeting With Section Chairs Tavern International Section Luncheon Renaissance Ballroom West B 2:00pm - 3:30pm Corrections Section Renaissance Ballroom West A 2:00pm - 3:30pm Security and Crime Prevention Section Tavern Presidential Address and Awards Ceremony Auditorium 5:30pm - 7 :30pm Presidential and Awards Reception Renaissance Ballroom E 7:30pm - 9:30pm Minorities and Women Section Reception Renaissance Ballroom West B Panel 59: Policing Thursday April 5, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 2
Chair: Ralph E. loimo, Auburn University at Montgomery MEASURING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POLICE FIELD MOBILE COMUTING: APPLYING THE THEORY OF TASK- TECHNOLOGY FIT Ralph E. loimo, Auburn University at Montgomery Applying the theory of Task-Technology Fit, this study examines the current application of field mobile computing in police departments and assesses how well this technology is meeting the needs of the field officer and the tasks he/she is required to perform. While others within the department benefit from field computing this study finds the field officer receives very little benefit and actually increases the amount of time consumed on normal activities. The recommendations resulting from this study describe how field computing can be improved to meet the tasks the field officers are required to perform and thus improve productivity. POLICE STRESS AND COPING RESOURCES: AN EXAMINATION OF GENERAL STRAIN THEORY Nicole Leeper Piquero, Northeastern University; Kristen Goodwin, Northeastern University This study examines police stress in the context of Agnew's General Strain Theory (GST) by utilizing survey responses from sworn officers from a large urban police department. Measures of strain, negative affect, and coping resources are implemented in order to explore the applicability of GST to the understanding of officer stress. Implications of the findings are discussed. LAW ENFORCEMENT, STRESS AND COPING Jeffrey Kozak, Lake Superior State University The area of interest that I am going to research and discuss is that of on-the-job-stress that confronts law enforcement officers, how it affects their lives and how to cope with it. Many people who choose careers in law enforcement are aware of the stress related problems such as high divorce rates, suicide rates and alcoholism but are not taught how to cope with the stress. Research needs to be done so that the trend of numerous police officers having stress related problems can be reduced. ESTIMATING GLOBAL EXPENDITURE ON POLICING Graham Farrell, Police Foundation Comparisons of monetary expenditure over time, space and subject, produce indicators of society's competing priorities. Do we spend more on X than on Y? Government official statements of annual expenditures on policing from countries around the world are examined. Expenditure estimates for missing countries are produced by regression extrapolation based upon the strong relationship between policing expenditure and other areas of the economy. An estimate of global policing expenditure is produced. HELPING INDIVIDUALS WITH MENTAL ILLNESS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT'S ROLE IN THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY Vivian B. Lord, University of North Carolina at Charlotte In the United States, law enforcement's role in dealing with the mentally ill has expanded in the past decades as a result of the deinstitutionalization movement and the tightening of the criteria for commitment to mental health institutions. On the other hand, since the end of World War II, the German police have maintained a very limited role, acknowledging that interactions with the mentally ill should be treatment rather than enforcement oriented. This paper will compare the roles of professionals involved in the commitment process of individuals with mental illness in the United States and Germany.
Roundtable 60: Policing Thursday April 5, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 3
Mod rator: Gene Evens, Camden County College Discussants: William W. Johnson, Sr. , Gloucester City Police Department; Charles J. Kocher, Cumberla nd County Col/ege; Richard Mason, Tomorrow's Yo uth, Inc. Police brutality has recently been catapulted into the national limelight again with the Thomas Jones incident, which occurred in Philadelphia, PA in July 2000. Issues regarding excessive "USE OF FORCE" have been discussed for decades. This roundtable provides participants with accurate accounts of several national incidents and engages them in an analysis of contemporary policing problems and what can be done as we explore the dark side of policing in an effort to understand what officers do versus public expectations.
Panel 61: Corrections and Punishment Thursday April 5, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 4
Chair: Peter Nelligan, University of Texas at Tyler HISTORICAL COUNTY JAILS IN TEXAS Lydia M. Long, University of Houston Downtown This exploratory study examines several historically significant county jails in Texas. Texas has 254 counties; in many of these counties there are in use, or remain, county jails built prior to 1900. The more notorious of jails are synonymous with the the West and the history of corrections in Texas. JAILS AND COMPLIANCE WITH THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT Robert P. Morin, California State University at Chico Disabled and handicapped individuals received limited attention and protection from discriminatory practices until July of 1990 when the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was enacted by Congress and signed into law by President Bush. The ADA provides individuals with disabilities with equal opportunity in public accommodations, employment, transportation, state and local government services, and telecommunications. This paper shall provide an historical overview of the statutory provisions that provided for the ADA. This paper shall also examine the provisions of the ADA and the experiences of jails in their efforts at compliance with the ADA. LOCAL AND NON-LOCAL JAIL USE: AN EXAMINATION OF A SAMPLE OF ALASKA COMMUNITY JAIL DETAINEES N. E. Schafer, University of Alaska at Anchorage Data collected for the Alaska Community Jails Research Consortium included neither race nor place of residence. Because of their interest in both racial distribution and the use of the jail by non-residents the fifteen member jails provided this information for a random sample of detainees. The sample consisted of 1687 detainees; more than a third of who were not from the communities in which they were held. There was considerable variation by facility and much of the variance appears to be related to the nature of the community and its relationship to surrounding villages and to its geographic location in the state. A COUNTY-LEVEL COMPARISON OF JAIL USE RobertR. We idner, University of Minnesota; Richard Frase, University of Minnesota While there exist a number of studies that use states' incarceration rates to compare relative punitiveness within the United States, there is a dearth of systematic investigation to explain significant inter-jurisdictional in sentencing outcomes. Moreover, most studies that gauge punitiveness across jurisdictions have disregarded jail-use, instead focusing on levels of imprisonment. This paper presents findings from analyses that use several sources of information, including court and police data, to document and attempt to explain considering legal as well as social and cultural characteristic variations in use of jail as a sentencing option among a sample of U.S. counties.
Panel 62: Crime and Justice in Media and Popular Culture Thursday April 5, 200'1 7:45-9:15 am Room 5
Chair: Ta mmy Garland, Sam Houston State University CORRIDOS Y MAS: A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF LATIN AMERICAN FOLK SONGS ABOUT DRUGS Myrna Cintron, Sam Houston State UniverSity; Mario Davila, Sam Houston State University This paper will analyze Latin American popular songs for their reference to drugs and drug related issues. While this is an extensive subject, the authors will analyze Mexican folk songs such as corridos, nortenas, and texmex. THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF DESIGNER DRUG USE: A CONTE NT ANALYSIS Melissa Fenwick, University of South Florida; Wilson Palacios, University of South Florida Recently designer drug use has become a controversial area of concern within the news media. Researchers have documented how the news media constructs crime into news. This paper examines how the news media shapes the public's perception of designer drug use. For this study, four major newspapers were examined for stories concerning designer drug use from 1985-2000. A content analysis was done to examine: 1) the nature of designer drug use as reported by the media, 2) an examination of which designer drugs served to be the most popularly reported in the media (Ecstasy, GHB, Rohybnol etc.) and 3) the nature of quotes offered by state managers (e.g. police and politicians) and intellectuals (e.g. professors). THE NEW CRACK: TOWARD A THEORETICAL UNDERSTANDING OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ATTEMPTS TO EXPAND THE WAR ON DRUGS Ta mmy Garland, Sam Houston State University; Michelle Richter, Sam Houston State University; Victor Kappeler, Eastern Kentucky University With the introduction of the Harrison Narcotics Act in 1914, law enforcement officials have attempted to control the drug industry in the United States. Although the prohibition of alcohol was unsuccessful due to its lack of support by the middle class, the government has systematically used laws to eliminate drugs from our society. From the illegalization of marijuana to the "war on crack cocaine," laws have been created to persecute those perceived as a danger to mainstream society. With the emergence of crack cocaine, the "war on drugs" hit a high point. Through public support, the government was able to invest millions of dollars into a campaign that promised to eliminate the distribution of drugs in the United States. White, middle-class America looked favorably on attempts to punish those who were convicted of drug offenses, especially crack cocaine. The "war on crack" was successful due to its target of young African-American males. These individuals were in a position where they had little power; therefore, they were unable to stand against a government that had already determined their fate. According to Liska (1994), social control occurs as a response to threaten certain populations. Agents of the law are given the ability to create definitions of crime, therefore, enabling those in power to create laws that persecute those in conflict with the ruling society. This capacity allowed young, African-American males to be the target of the "crack war." The disinterest of the public with the "war on crack" in the 1990s left a void in the "war on drugs". Billions had been invested into this "war", and very few results were perceived. This led law enforcement officials to redirect their focus to a new drug: ecstasy. Ecstasy is the "new crack". Rather than targeting young, African-American males, law enforcement officials have began targeting our youth. Using Liska's social threat theory, this paper will assert that ecstasy has become the "new crack." Both minorities and youth are perceived as threats to mainstream society. This perception has enabled government officials to enact laws that will eliminate the social threat to American society. DRUG TESTING IN SCHOOLS: THE NEXT STEP? Michelle Richter, Sam Houston State University; Ta mmy Garland, Sam Houston State University How far is too far? Drugs and their abuse have been declared one of the major social problems of the twenty-first century. Recently, President Clinton declared that the U.S. government had allocated seventeen billion dollars to continue the "war on drugs." Walker County Texas also has made a recent statement against the same war by propOSing mandatory drug testing for all students engaging in after-school activities. Is such testing effective? Does it reduce drugs in schools? Or does it open up more complex social and legal issues? This study will review the last decade of literature on the issue and conduct an investigation locally (Walker County, Texas) to pin point where perceptions on drugs in schools originate, and the accuracy of these beliefs with drug facts. This information may help offer insight into future development of drug education and prevention programs in schools and the possible role of media in the expansion of crime control poliCies. Panel 63: Criminal Justice Policy Thursday April 5, 2001 7:45-9: 15 am Room 6
Chair: Katie Kelly, Indiana University of Pennsylvania THE HOMEFRONT TURNS FRONTLINE: WHY CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICY REFLECTS OUR NEED FOR DISCORD Katie Kelly, Indiana University of Pennsylvania An analysis of crime legislation that examines the trend of lawmakers in enacting laws for the purpose of creating a "public enemy." Is it possible that we as a society "need" to be at "war"? In the absence of a common, foreign enemy, do policy makers enact legislation for the purpose of continuous discord? IDEOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICY: A CONTEMPORARY UPDATE Bruce Bikle, Grand Valley State University; John f-/ewitt, Grand Valley State University Walter Miller's 1973 "Ideology and Criminal Justice Policy: Some Current Issues" provided an analysis of political beliefs and their impact on the thinking and actions of criminal justice policy makers at many levels. Given the events and changing contours of the politics since the publication of Miller's work, we feel a more current analysis of the forces that inform and influence the today's crime and justice policy debate is in order. The paper is designed to provide an update on Miller's work, and hopefully to spark a discussion on this topic. THE FEASIBILITY OF CORRECTIONAL POLICY CHANGE Fred Meyer, Ball State University; Ralph Baker, BallState University The criminal justice policy literature increasingly includes critiques of the punitive correctional policy that resulted from the overcriminalization of the law in the 1980's. State legislatures are important potential agents in reversing this trend toward increasing levels of incarceration-a very costly approach to the problem. In this paper we use Q-methodology to study the members of the Indiana legislature. We want to see if there is support for diversion alternatives for non-violent offenders. Preliminary analysis suggests that there may be serious problems with the legislature as a change agent. We discuss reasons for this in the paper. Also, we review judicial responses in this area and point out why the judiciary may be more conducive to change in this policy area. Our publications in this area include the chapter on criminal justice policy in THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF POLICY STUDIES. We received the Aaron Wildavsky Award from the Policy Studies Organization for that work. EXAMINING CRIME'S DECLINE Mike Planty, Bureau of Justice Statistics; Callie Rennison, Bureau of Justice Statistics According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, since peaking in 1994 the U.S. experienced a 40% decline in violent crime through 1998. Although research clearly demonstrates that violence is experienced disproportionately by certain segments of the population (e.g., males. urbanites, minorities), the assumption that the decline in crime is uniform has been accepted uncritically. We examine the disaggregated rates of change from 1994 to 1998 for populations using age, race, gender and residential locality. The findings show that the decline in crime is in fact not uniform across the population. The findings are discussed in terms of: 1) their utility in explaining crime trends, and 2) crime prevention efforts.
Panel 64: Criminal justice Policy Thursday April 5, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 7
Chair: Daniel E. Georges-Abeyie, Arizona State University West DEATH AS A DETERRENT OR PROSECUTORIAL TOOL? THE IMPACT OF A STATUTORY AMENDMENT AUTHORIZING CAPITAL PUNISHMENT AS A POSSiBLITY FOR LOUISIANA'S CHILD RAPISTS. Angela D. West Cockfield, University of Louisville This project evaluated the impact of a 1995 statutory amendment in Louisiana that added capital punishment as a possible punishment for rapists whose victims(s) were under the age of 12. The ideas tested were that this policy change resulted in fewer offenses (deterrent effect), or that pleabargain and charge reductions increased (prosecutorial tool). A quasi-experimental, pre /post- design examined the impact of the amendment on child rapes and the case processing of child rapists. Randomly selected case files from the 3 year period before (1992-Aug. 15, 1995) and the 3 year period after the amendment (Aug. 16, 1995-1 998) were reviewed. Dependent variables were: 1) cases of child rape, 2) pleas, and 3) charge reductions or amendments. Multiple independent variables included those related to the offense (e.g., whether it was committed before or after the amendment, how many victims were involved), those related to the offender(e. g., race, sex, psychological history, prior criminal record, education), those reiated to the victim (e.g., race, sex, age, relationship to the offender), and those related to the case (e.g., prosecutor, type of defense attorney, whether the case was pursued as a capital case, judge). Results and policy implications are discussed. THE MORATORIUM V. ABOLITION DEBATE Daniel E. Georges-Abeyie, Arizona State University West This paper reviews the current debate within Amnesty International USA and the USA death penalty abolition movement in reference to the call for moratoria v. incremental and/or immediate total abolition. The rationale for and against moratoria and total immediate abolition and incremental abolition will be discussed in detail with examples of all three positions in the form of US Senate Bills, US House of Representative Bills, and grassroots moratoria and abolition positions discussed in detail. IF NOT, WHY NOT? THE RACIST IMPLICATIONS OF THE FAILURE OF PROPORTIONALITY REVIEW Scott L. Johnson, Buffalo State College In Gregg v. Georgia (428 U.S. 153,1796), The United States Supreme Court asserted that proportionality review could be an important safeguard against arbitrary imposition of the death penalty . However, the Supreme Court did not require states to perform proportionality reviews. Today concerns over fairness in death penalty procedures persist. Substantive proportionality review co uld be one of the most effective safeguards against racism in capital punishment, yet the majority of capital jurisdictions do not use it. This paper explores how the absence of proportionality review is an example of institutional racism in the criminal justice system. Panel 65: Policing Thursday April 5, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 8
Chair: CliffRobertson, Washburn University CAMPUS CRIME IN MISSOURI: AN ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF CRIME IN FOUR-YEAR COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES William C. Brinkley, Central Missouri State University; J. Dennis Laster, Central Missouri State University The Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act requires in part that all postsecondary institutions that participate in federal student aid programs publish an annual report of crime statistics for the most recent calendar year and the rNO years preceding. This paper will explore the purposed and requirements of the act and an31yze the crime statistics published by four-year colleges and universities in Missouri between 1997 and 1999. Implications for future research are discussed. CRIME ANALYSIS IN THE U.S.: FINDINGS OF A NATIONAL SURVEY OF POLICE DEPARTMENTS TO EXAMINE CRIME ANALYSIS OPERATIONS Timothy O'Shea, University of South Alabama The quality of police service is a function of the organization's capacity to effectively collect collate, analyze, and disseminate relevant data. Our understanding about the general state of police crime analysis in the US is limited. We have some data from the LEMAS survey and a good deal of anecdotal information about crime analysis operations. To date, no systematic, rigorous efforts have been attempted to develop a comprehensive sense of various administrative, technological, and operational aspects of the police crime analysis function. In this study, a census of police departments with less than 100 sworn personnel was administered in Summer 2000. Preliminary findings of that survey are reported here. MAPPING AND ANALYZING FIREARMS-RELATED CRIME IN FT. LAUDERDALE: ANSWERING "WHO, WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN?" Jeanne B. Stinchcomb, Florida Atlantic University; Adam Dobrin, Florida Atlantic University Using state-of-the-art GIS (Geographic Information Systems) mapping techniques, firearms-related incidents in the city of Ft. Lauderdale were analyzed during 1997-1998. Focus was on examining geographic and temporal patterns, characteristics of victims and offenders, and prevalence of crime in areas surrounding the city's public secondary schools. Results have enabled the city to pinpoint "hot spots" of firearms-related activity that are primary candidates for police intervention.
Panel 66: Crime and Justice in Media and Popular Culture Thursday April 5, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 9
Chair: Rose Bigler, Olivet Nazarene University THE WHITE-COLLAR WHISTLE BLOWER IN FILM Beverly Smith, Illinois State University In the last twenty-five years the film industry has shaped the public's image of the white-collar whistleblower. This paper traces the evolution of that image and its diversity. And it compares film or fictional whistleblowers to those who have been studied by social scientists. RACE, CRIME, AND THE CULTURAL POLITICS OF PRISON PRIVATIZATION: A STORY OF POWER AND THE STRATEGIC USE OF LEGALITY Michael Hallett, University of North Florida This paper explores the strategic use of cultural messages about crime, punishment, and social order employed by private prison corporations in their bids to secure contracts in state and local jurisdictions across the United States. The research employs a "culturalist" perspective on law "in" SOCiety to explain the simultaneous resonance and failure of contemporary private prison ventures. POP CULTURE, CRIME AND PEDAGOGY Emily Osgood, Ball State University; Angela Nickoli, Ball State University; James Hendricks, Ball State University; Cindy Hendricks, Bowling Green State University The "pop" in pop culture means "popular"- more specifically something produced for mass consumption in the hope that it will be commonly approved. Pop culture such as music, films, children's books, and news specials help stimulate critical thinking and enhanced learning. These forms of entertainment have also been viewed as contributing factors to criminal activity. The presentation will examine publicized tragedies to provide insight into how pop culture influences behavior, especially criminal behavior. The authors will also demonstrate how pop culture can enhance pedagogy. CRIME AND JUSTICE IN MEDIA AND POPULAR CULTURE Loftin Woodiel, Missouri Baptist College American society develops and conSistently adjusts the boundaries of socially acceptable, criminal and deviant behaviors, in part, through popular culture media. This study employs art, biographies, journalism, fiction, lyric, photography, poetry, and motion picture accounts of the life and times of William C. Quantrill (1837-1865) to illustrate the effect of popular culture media on society's redefining of social boundaries over the last 150 years. The growth of these media have assisted generations with the task of interpreting behavior as right or wrong, criminal or deviant. These media transmissions stimulate continued discussion, evaluation and social adjustments within society. Panel 67: Criminal Justice Policy Thursday April 5, 2001 7:45-9: 15 am Room 10
Chair: Barbara Peat, Indiana University-South Bend CAN PROGRESSIVES SUPPORT BROKEN WINDOWS THEORY? Martin D. Schwartz, Ohio University; Michael O. Maume, Ohio University; Shahid Alvi, University of Saint Thomas; Walter
DeKeseredy, Ohio University Generally in criminology there has been a conflation of the broken windows thesis with zero tolerance policing. The latter involves a war-like stance against youths and the poor by police, and has been rejected by progressives. However, broken windows thesis suggests that neighborhoods characterized by social disorder (noise, youths hanging out, garbage on the streets, broken windows and lights) experience increases in residents' perceptions of unsafety or fear of crime. Data gathered in six housing projects in urban Eastern Ontario, Canada, support the broken windows thesis. However, the authors here argue that increased provision of city services would reduce fear of crime more than repressive policing. THE SOCIAL COSTS OF URBAN CRIME REDUCTION INITIATIVES: SOME LESSONS FROM NEW YORK CITY Karim Ismaili, St. John's University While most criminal justice experts agree that recent crime reduction initiatives have been successful in New York City, there is great concern that the poor - especially poor minorities - were disproportionately subjected to law enforcement activities. This intense scrutiny reflects higher crime rates, but it also reflects discretionary judgments regarding who is suspicious and which communities are crime-prone. Although they offerthe possibility of making those communities ravaged with crime safer, aggressive crime reduction programs run the risk of alienating citizens if implemented unfairly or with little regard to community sentiments. This paper will identify and examine some of the many social costs of aggressive urban crime reduction initiatives by focusing on the experience of New York City. A SECOND LOOK AT WEED AND SEED: THE ANALYSIS OF A FAMINE Don A. Josi, Chapman University; Michael E. Donahue, Armstrong Atlantic State University Authors conducted a three-year program evaluation of a federally supported Weed and Seed Program in the year 2000 in a medium size southeastern U.S. city using 1) A household community satisfaction survey of a randomized sample of residents in the Weed and Seed area; 2) A survey of police officers participating in the "weed" portion of the program; and 3) Reported incident data from the target area and from the city. This study replicated a previous evaluation conducted in 1997. A comparison of the results of the two studies raise questions about the efficacy of Weed and Seed programming as a means for reducing crime and relieving social disorder in blighted neighborhoods.
Panel 68: Race/Ethnicity and Criminal Justice Thursday April 5, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 11
Chair: Steve Cooper, California State University at Fullerton WELFARE ASSISTANCE AND THE DISADVANTAGE/ROBBERY RELATIONSHIP AMONG BLACKS Michael I. Victor, University of Texas at Tyler MUNICIPAL RESPONSE TO CRIME: THE EFFECT OF SPENDING ON PUBLIC ASSISTANCE IN RELATION TO POLICE Brion Sever, Monmouth University; Ronald Reisner, Monmouth University Over the last several decades, the poverty/crime relationship has been perhaps the most highly researched topic in criminology. Not only are these studies important in attempting to understand crime, but also how the government should best respond to impoverished areas. These studies are at the heart of criminal justice policy, especially since it is becoming increasingly popular sentiment to respond to impoverished populations through law enforcement rather than public assistance/welfare spending. The present study tested whether such sentiment is supported empirically, in a test of 1083 cities across the county. Specifically, our principle independent variable was the percentage of the city spending on public assistance divided by the percentage of spending on police. We then determined what effect this variable has on a myriad of different crime variables, including violent, property and total city crime. Numerous control variables were used, with special emphasis on the different minority population sizes of the cities. SOCIAL CONTEXT AND RACIAL-ETHNIC DISPARITIES IN PRETRIAL RELEASE DECISIONS Chester L. Britt, Arizona State University West This research uses data from the State Court Processing Statistics Study to examine social contextual effects on the race relationship with pretrial detention. Two key findings emerge from the analyses. First, overall models using individual-level data show minority defendants to be at greater risk of pretrial detention. Second, random coefficient models that adjust for the county and the state of the release decision reveal significant cross-jurisdictional variation in the impact of race on pretrial detention. These findings illustrate the importance of social context for understanding the impact of race on many forms of criminal justice decision making. THE BLACK OFFENDER IN URBAN MICHIGAN 1989-1999 Homer C. Hawkins, Michigan State University The problem of the black offender deserves attention on the part of researchers, criminal justice professionals, lawmakers, and others. Information regarding arrests can contribute to greater understanding to the nature and dimension of the problem. In this paper, the 1989-1999 data relative to arrests of adult black offenders for crimes against the person (homicide, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault) and for narcotics lows violations will be examined. The data, which will be drown from the four largest urban areas in Michigan (Detroit, Flint, Grand Rapids, and Lansing) will be viewed from a racial perspective. Questions to be addressed include the following: What changes, if any, have occurred between 1989-1 999 in the number and percentage of arrests of black offenders for violent crimes and narcotic laws violations? What does the data suggest about the relationship between arrests of black offendersfor narcotics laws offenses and arrests for violent crimes? Panel 69: International and Comparative Criminal Justice Thursday April 5, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 12
Chair: Ernest Uwazie, California State University at Sacramento CUBAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE: COPING WITH A CHANGING SOCIETY David Kra mer, Bergen Community College Cuba, a country isolate from the western world for forty years, is emerging and changing. The country is adopting measured experiments with free enterprise and has recently privatized aspects of its economy. The country is enlarging its touristic and medical field to provide hard currency for its society. Approximately 1.9 million people visited as tourists last year. Medical tourism, which is citizens from other countries traveling to Havana for medical treatment, continues. Sources states that foreigners with access to U.S. medical facilities use Havana as an alternative due to costs. Drug-related crimes and order maintenance are addressed in this paper. THE QUALITY OF JUSTICE IN RUSSIA AFTER THE FALL OF COMMUNISM: WHERE WILL IT GO NOW WITH PRESIDENT PUTIN AT THE HELM? Kathleen M. Sweet, St. Cloud University The paper details some of the history of law enforcement agencies in Russia from the time of the czars, through the Bolshevik revolution up to reform efforts under former President Yelt'sin. It then analyzes the changes in criminal justice made by the Yelt'sin regime and how these efforts may expand or be buried under the Putin administration's attempts to clean up organized crime proliferation. I have detailed attempts to develop a democratic criminal justice system in a somewhat lawless society--where respect for legislative law is an unknown process that ultimately hinders effortsto provide real justice. TESTING POLITCAL OPPORTUNITY MODELS: POTENTIAL BARRIERS TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MOVEMENT ORGANIZATIONS IN POST-COMMUNIST STATES Caron Jacobson, Wa yne State University During the transition from communism to democracy, political opportunities may not be equally available to all citizens or groups seeking to have an impact on policies. Present governments in power place violence against women as a low priority. Women may or may not take advantage of potential openings in the new process. One criticism of the political opportunity model is that the focus is on the influences of social structures and institutions on perceptions of opportunity, ignoring the context in which they operate, and ultimately coloring the perceptions of the social movement actors. My research will examine how aspects of communism and the gender of social movement actors influence perceptions of political opportunity.
Student Workshop 70: Criminal Justice Education and Training Thursday April 5, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 13
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Moderators: Th eresa A. Severance, Eastern Connecticut State University; Alan S. Bruce, Marist College This workshop is designed to provide information fo r those seeking academic jobs in the fields of criminology and criminal justice. The workshop is intended primarily for those seeking their first academic position. A range of relevant topics will be covered including interview preparation, searching for vacancies, vita preparation, and suggested lidos and don'ts" when seeking an academic position. Presenters will share their job search experiences, and participants are strongly encouraged to share their concerns and experiences.
Panel 71: International and Comparative Criminal Justice Thursday April 5, 2001 7:45-9: 15 am Room 14
Chair: Jennifer Schrock, International Center, National Institute of Justice EXPLAINING ORGANIZED CRIME: FINDING COMMON LINKS AMONG INDIVIDUALS, GROUPS AND LOCATIONS IN THE U.S. AND UKRAINE Jay Albanese, Virginia Commonwealth University A number of rich, descriptive studies of organized crime have been conducted in various locations. Less work has been done to attempt to explain organized crime by isolating important variables within these studies. This paper reports on a project that examined organized crime in the U.S. and Ukraine in a collaborative project with Ukrainian research partners in an effort to isolate variables that help and predict the incidence and nature of organized crime in specific markets and geographic locations. The implications for law enforcement and policy are explained. ESTIMATING THE FLOW OF ILLEGAL DRUGS THROUGH UKRAINE Mary Layne, ABT Associates This research estimates the flow of illegal drugs through Ukraine, just one of the negative manifestations of the impact of globalization on Ukraine since its independence. Ukraine has assumed increased importance as a transit corridor for narcotics. The research estimates the magnitude of trafficking and develops flowmodels that identify the types of drugs, their sources, smuggling routes, and amounts. The study attempts to correlate trends in drug flows and drug consumption with anti-narcotic law enforcement efforts in Ukraine. The research aims to establish a stronger public policy linkage between yearly estimates of drug flow and consumption, and the anti-narcotics effortsop en to the Ukrainian Government. TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN FROM UKRAINE Donna M. Hughes, University of Rhode Island; Tatyana Denisova, Zaporozhye State University Ukraine is a major source country for women trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation. In the last decade 10,000s of Ukrainian women were trafficked to locations throughout the world. Women are recruited by media advertisements, acquaintances and "friends," with offers of work abroad. Upon arrival, their travel documents are taken away and they are required to engage in prostitution to pay off their "debt." Women are subjected to extreme forms of violence resulting in injuries, iilnesses and emotional trauma. Local, state and international response to this modern form of slavery is hampered by lack of a universal definition of trafficking, lack of services infrastructure, societal attitudes that deny the harm of prostitution, the operation of organized crime networks and police and official corruption. UKRAINIAN ORGANIZED CRIME: STRUCTURE AND SCOPE John T. Picarelli, American University; Phil Williams, University of Pittsburgh This paper will describe the nature of activities engaged in by criminal organizations in Ukraine, the structure of these groups, and linkages with foreign enterprises. The data is based on information gathered in Ukraine and elsewhere in collaboration with Ukrainian research partners. Regional variations in organized crime and the criminal-political nexus that helps protect criminal organizations are explored with the goal of identifying vulnerabilities in government and the economy that are exploited by criminal elements.
Panel 72: Crime Prevention Thursday Apri! 5, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 15
Chair: Shela R. Van Ness, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION/REDUCTION OF DISORDER IN SCHOOLS Kenneth Venters, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Concern over classroom disorder in school's is linked with public concerns over school violence and the quality of education in the public schools. Zero tolerance policies have numerous limitations in correcting problems of disorder, so other models of control are underway. This paper examines the nexus between classroom disorder as arising from deviant behavior of individuals, and an interactionist approach which takes into account group dynamics. PERCEPTIONS OF SCHOOL SAFETY AND DISORDER ISSUES OF TEACHERS, STUDENTS AND PARENTS IN lWO SOUTHERN HIGH SCHOOLS Shela R. Van Ness, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Findings from a study of two urban high schools in Tennessee are discussed and analyzed. Student perceptions of the quality of the educational experience, school rules, safety and dangerousness are compared to assessments by teachers and parents of the students. Perceptions of danger and risk in the schools were much lower among students and teachers than among parents. Reasons for exaggerated fears and concerns about the environments of the two schools are analyzed. GUNS AND SCHOOL SETTINGS: INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSES TO STUDENT VIOLENCE Lloyd Klein, Louisiana State University at Shreveport The recent pattern of school violence involving pre-teens and adolescents has sparked a national debate revolving around school safety. This paper focuses upon the pattern of violent school shootings and offers an analysis of: (1) prevention approaches; (2) the impact of media coverage surrounding the incidents; (3) school safety as an on-going social problem; (4) responses of school officials and law enforcement and (5) outside social disorganization factors contributing to the overall problem. THE SCHOOL SHOOTER: A THREAT ASSESSMENT PERSPECTIVE CONSIDERED AS A DOCUMENT POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS TO RACIAL MINORITY STUDENTS Jack Glymph, Benedict College Recently, an official policy document entitled, "The School Shooter: A Threat Assessment Perspective", was promulgated by officials of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The document contains threat assessment criteria and intervention strategies recommended for use by local school authorities collaborating with local law enforcement to prevent school shootings. Research is conducted in this paper ascertaining that the FBI model holds great potential for abUSE: of racial minority students.
Workshop 73: Criminal Justice Education and Training Thursday April 5, 2001 7:30-9:15 am Room 16
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Moderator: Ted Marshall, Morehead State University Prisons are often closed systems particularly to outside sectors. Institutional budgets are strained to the maximum to meet basic institutional requirements. Additional money for innovative, creative programs is extremely limited and hard to secure. An unaddressed educational need for the approximately 66% of incarcerated men, affecting over two million children in the US, is a prison inmate/father parents program. To address this need, two public sectors, a prison and state university, and one private sector, a statewide child abuse prevention association came together to pool their resources to develop such a program.
Panel 74: Varieties of Crime Thursday April 5, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 17
Chair: Heather C. Melton, University of Colorado A FAMILY AFFAIR: THE IMPACT OF FAMILY VALUES ON YOUTH VIOLENCE Andrea M. Carter, University of Arkansas at Little Rock TI')e family as a predictor of juvenile delinquency is a heavily researched topic in the criminal justice arena. This paper will study the effects of parenting on juvenile delinquency, primarily its effect upon youth violence. Early conduct problems such as physical aggression, conduct disorders, and defiant behavior in juveniles are discussed in terms of the social control theory. Data from long term studies are examined. Analyses of this data helped to determine violence prevention techniques. Policy implications of these findings are also discussed. STALKING IN THE CONTEXT OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: FINDINGS FROM IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS Heather C. Melton, University of Colorado Scant research exists on stalking in the context of domestic violence. Using a longitudinal study of battered women with experience with the criminal justice system, focusing on in-depth interviews from a sub-sample of those women, this paper discusses their experiences with stalking. The goal is to identify patterns and behaviors used by domestic violence stalkers; to examine the impact of stalking on their lives, and to determine special intervention needs of victims of :::;talking in the context of domestic violence. Implications for the criminal justice system's response to both stalking and domestic violence will be discussed. ANALYZING CHILD ABUSE: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF INCIDENTS AND ABUSERS Marilyn Chandler Ford, Volusia County Departmentof Corrections; RobertE. Ford, University of Central Florida This paper provides an empirical analysis of child abuse incidents and abusers. The data set used in the research is particularly rich in detail, incorporating many variables not routinely collected in other research on the topic. The paper includes a discussion of the social and political context of this criminal behavior. FROM ADOLESCENCE TO ADULTHOOD: PERPETRATION OF PHYSICAL VIOLENCE Eric F. Bronson, Bowling Green State University; Steve Cernkovich, Bowling Green State University; Peggy Giordano, Bowling Green State University This study explored the issue of perpetration of physical violence in relation to social and self-control. To fully understand the causal processes of intergenerational transmission of any social phenomenon, a design that examines the changes of individuals over time is employed. The results of this study suggest that the two most important factors in predicting the perpetration of physical violence were being abused as a minor and self-control. The results suggest that social control during adolescence does not affect perpetration of physical violence in adult years.
Panel 75: Theory and Research Methods Th ursday April 5, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room18
Chair: Hal Pepin sky, Indiana University at Bloomington EVOLUTION OF A THEORY OF PEACEMAKING Hal Pepinsky, Indiana University at Bloomington I will describe how his theory of how to build safety and community in place of crime and punishment has been developed, tested and refined. TRANS FORMATIVE DISCOURSE AND FEMINIST THEORY Jeanne Curran, California State University at Dominguez Hills; Susan R Ta kata, University of Wisconsin at Parkside This paper reports on an experiment using the Internet to create an interactive virtualco mmunity. The interaction took place with a combination of face-to-face interaction and Internet publication of online discourse. The subject of the discourse was transformative discourse within an academic setting. Recognizing the structural violence of the increasing bureaucratization of the academy, we set about an actual attempt to reshape the discourse as it takes place between faculty, student, and staff In this paper, we report the results of the year-long experiment. COERCION AND SOCIAL SUPPORT AS SOURCES OF CRIME Mark Colvin, George Mason University; Francis T. Cullen, University of Cincinnati; Thomas Vander Ven, Hofstra University Two themes have recently emerged to inform criminological theory: coercion causes crime and social support prevents crime. The authors provide a review of recent theoretical developments in criminology to demonstrate the importance of these two interconnected themes, which can provide the basis for a new consensus in both theory and crime policy. The authors develop a theory of differential social support and coercion that integrates concepts from a broad range of criminological theories. Implications of this integrated theory for public policy are explored. HOME FOR THE HOLIDAYS: A TEST OF ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY Ellen G. Cohn, Florida International University; James Rotton, Florida International University Based on routine activity theory, we hypothesized that holidays which are more likely to affect daily activities will affect crime rates and that the impact of holidays on crime will vary with type of crime. Data included calls for police service in Minneapolis during 1985, 1987, and 1988. After controlling for time of day, day of week, their interaction, weather, the first of the month, public school closings, and linear trend, we found the relationship varied with type of holiday and type of crime. Both violent and property crimes were significantly related to major but not minor holidays and expressive crimes appear to increase and instrumental crimes to decrease during holiday periods. RELIGION AND SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY: AN EXPANSION OF HIRSCHI'S SOCIAL BOND Michael Cretacci, The Citadel Travis Hirschi's now famous social control (social bond) theory has been tested and, some suggest, has withstood the scrutiny of many inquiring scholars" That said, Hirschi neglected to include a vital arena of Durkheim's social bond in his theorectical conception, that arena being religion. As such, I have added that arena to the measurement of the social bond and report the results utilizing two waves of data.
Discussion Panel 76: Judicial Processes Thursday April 5, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 19
ReSlGRATIVE JUSTICE
Chair and Discussant: Milo Miller, Southeast Missouri State University RESTORATIVE JUSTICE: AN ALTERNATIVE TO JUDICIAL PROCESSING GaryN. Keve/es, University of Wisconsin Superior Court centered proceSSing of crime and delinquency incidents is not an appropriate or effective way of solving some cases. Restorative justice represents an alternative method to full judicial dispOSitions. Restorative Justice is a social movement with a core philosophy of healing which is generating much attention in many parts of the world among police, judges, prosecutors and correctional professionals. It comes in many forms and responds to social harms by focusing on the victims and the community as well as the offender. Whether it will supplant or complement court processing is dependent on the receptivity of justice professionals in a local court culture to entertain the theory and practice of restorative justice. Preliminary empirical analysis of how a local court culture is moving toward this different approach is presented. RESTORATIVE JUSTICE: CONFIDENTIALITY CONFLICTS MaryEllen Reimund, Central Wa shington State University Restorative justice processes are being used in a variety of forums by prosecutors, police and probation officers as well as referrals from these agencies being made to community mediation organizations. One of the primary characteristics of victim and offender meeting or conferencing processes is confidentiality of information shared. Confidentiality is stressed as part of the ground rules and some programs have participants sign confidentiality agreements. The question to be explored is what protections are in place to protect confidentiality. This presentation provides a strategy for analyzing confidentiality and looks at relevant statutes, rules, cases, and the proposed Uniform Mediation Act.
Panel 77: Policing Thursday April 5, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 2
Chair: Scott L. Johnson, Buffalo State College THE ASSESSMENT AND REVIEW OF DRUG COURIER PROFILES Scott L. Johnson, Buffalo State College Fifteen years ago, research on drug courier profiles concluded that they did not accurately represent the behavior of criminals nor did judicial oversight of this practice represent traditional legal approaches to search and seizure. Police have increased their use of these instruments since that research was conducted. This research replicates the study to ascertain if profile accuracy or judicial review of the practice has improved. POLICE OFFICERS: MAKING THEIR CRIMINALS Jude Rariden, Saginaw Valley State University In the context of policing, traffic enforcement plays several different roles. First, there is the notion that traffic enforcement is necessary in order to provide a safe motoring environment for society. Secondly, it is used as a tool to combat criminal activity, such as the targeting of criminals involved in illicit drug use. However, it is used in another context, i.e., profiling, which includes targeting people who actually have no involvement in criminal activity other than they fit a certain fact pattern. At issue is whether police officersth rough profiling strategies create criminals out of citizens whose only infraction is violating a traffic regulation. What is postulated is that law enforcement officialscreate criminals via laws that are mala prohibita. DRUG PROFILING CAJUN STYLE REVISITED: THE ROLE OF POLICE SUPERVISORS AND ADMINISTRATORS Jim Ruiz, Pennsylvania State at Harrisburg The conviction of former Los Angles police Sgt. Stacey Koon for failure to take action on the scene of the Rodney King beating put the policing community on notice that supervisors would be held accountable for the behavior of their subordinates. However, when allegations of racial profiling surface, they are almost always directed toward line officers. Is it possible that profiling behavior by line officers could go unnoticed for years without the knowledge and/or complicity of police supervisors and administrators? What obligations have police supervisors and administrators with regard to drug cases made with highly questionable probable cause again and again by the same officers? The six years of arrest data contained in this study will demonstrate a pattern of arrest characteristics that should have caught the attention of police supervisors and administrators .
Roundtable 78: PoliCing Thursday April 5, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 3
Moderator: Fred G. Wilson, Police Foundation Discussants: Jeffrey T. Wa lker, University of Arkansas; Sandra We bb, Community Policing Consortium; Karen Amendola, Police Foundation; Hubert Williams, Police Foundation Once seldom considered, or scorned as a waste of money, recruiting police officers has become a major issue for police agencies. The current reality is that only a fraction of the people who have the ability to be successful police officers ever apply to police departments; and many with the initial interest in policing never apply. Many police agencies no longer have the lUXUry of large, qualified applicant pools from which to select the best possible officers. An increased emphasis on recruiting and hiring women and racial minorities, efforts to recruit and hire more highly educated officers, and a trend of a greater number of applicants having drug and criminal histories has made it more difficult for police agencies to find the personnel necessary to maintain sufficient levels of qualified officers. This panel will also discuss the findings of a data collection effort focused on recruitment practices, although it also includes some selection standards outlined in the recruitment materials.
Panel 79: Corrections and Punishment Thursday April 5, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 4
Chair: Irina R. Soderstrom, Eastern Kentucky University POLYGRAPH CONDITIONS OF PROBATION AND PAROLE: RECENT LEGAL ISSUES AND TRENDS Dane C. Miller, Central Missouri State University; Joseph Vaughn, Central Missouri State University Though the general rule of evidence is that polygraph results are not admissible in court except under certain very limited circumstances, courts and parole boards continue to impose polygraph testing as part of the conditions of supervision. Given the frequency with which polygraph conditions are imposed, especially in sex offender cases, the answers to these questions seem particular critical. This paper will examine the recent case law concerning the imposition of polygraph conditions and the use of polygraph results in the revocation process. Because the paper will identify major issues and trends in this area, it will be of interest to theorists and practitioners. CONSTITUTIONAL JUDICIAL CHALLENGES TO THE PRISON LITIGATION REFORM ACT OF 1995 Carol Cagwin Lenhart, University of Delaware In 1997, Tushnet and Yackle predicted that the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1 995 (PLRA) was "unlikely to have large-scale, systematic effects on the outcomes in ... prison cases" because it was a symbolic statute. A panel of judges (Federal Judicial Center) anticipated ambiguities in the PLRA, finding a number of points open to interpretation. Judicial and constitutional challenges in these areas could potentially weaken the impact of the law. After several years, what ARE some of the constitutional issues that have been raised? What have some of the outcomes been? Have the effects of the PLRA been minimal or profound? BARRICADING THE STATE COURTHOUSE DOORS ON PRISONERS: THE STATUS OF POSTCONVICTION REMEDIES IN PENNSYLVANIA Kenneth B. Davenport; Carl Up church, National Coalition for Urban Peace and Justice For years there existed in Pennsylvania an old and rich body of law known as the writ of habeas corpus or the Great Writ by which an accused or a defendant could seek speedy relief from unlawful incarceration or unreasonable delay in bringing one to trial. However in recent years all three branches of Pennsylvania's government have conspired to dismantle those protections. In 1995, Pennsylvania passed into law a new post conviction remedy known as the Post Conviction Relief Act which in effect, makes a mockery of what this avenue of relief is supposed to be all about. TO ERR IS HUMAN?: AN EXAMINATION OF THE ISSUE OF WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS Kenneth Gewerth, Saginaw Valley State University; Clifford Dome, Saginaw Valley State University In this paper, we examine the issue of wrongful conviction, with attention to those instances where the claim of error is coupled with a contention that the person erroneously convicted is actually innocent of the crime. In Part II, we distinguish different types of wrongful convictions, and identify the relative costs of each for the person being punished, the legal system, and the community. We address in Part III the various methods that the courts have relied on to assess claims of wrongful conviction. Finally, in Part IV, we analyze the circumstances in which executive clemency is a viable solution to this profoundly serious problem. FROM DEFENSE TO DEATH: THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE DEATH PENALTY Neal A. Elover, American Criminal Justice Association A criminal defendant is afforded Eighth Amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment. A balance of case and statutorylaw is mandated to avoid Eighth Amendment violations of the cruel and unusual punishment clause. This paper will review the theoretical basis of the cruel and unusual punishment clause as it pertains to the death penalty. Also this paper will review how the United States Supreme Court's interpretation of the death penalty has developed through history.
Panel 80: Criminal Justice Education and Training Thursday April 5, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 5
Chair: Andre Th ompson, South Carolina State University WHY ETHICS TRAINING IS NOT SO EFFECTIVE Sam S. Souryal, Sam Houston State University In recent years criminal justice agencies have been using ethics training as a panacea to cure all organizational ill. Ethics training is now required in most states and has been offered fo r purposes including motivation-building, policy-making, culture changing, and corruption ending. As a result, the number of ethics trainees seem to be on the increase as does the number of ethics instructors. However, judging by exit interviews with samples of trainees, the impact of these courses has been both limited and short lived. If this is a fair conclusion, then reasons must be identified and intelligently addressed. THE USE OF THE STUDENT JOURNAL TO TEACH CRIMINAL JUSTICE ETHICS Patricia E. Erickson, Canisus College This paper considers the benefits of using student journals to teach criminal justice ethics to undergraduate students. Drawing on the work of Paulo Freire and the humanist tradition I examine how the use of the student journal can be used as a method for developing the self-reflective dimension and the critical consciousness of students. The paper examines the use of the journal as a mechanism for the critical consideration of the student's own ethical system as well as a method to enable students to consider hypothetical ethical dilemmas faced by the criminal justice professional. ETHICS TRAINING FOR COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS OFFICERS Mark Jones, East Carolina University This paper presents a model for teaching/training community corrections officers and managers in ethics. The major themes of such training will be discussed along with methods used to convey information about ethics. This model and variations of the model have been used in training probation and parole officers in various locales around the United States. Input from the audience on ways to improve this training will be welcomed. TEACHING JUSTICE ETHICS TO NON-CRIMINAL JUSTICE MAJORS: STRATEGIES AND IMPLICATIONS Sandra Cox Bond, University of Alaska Fairbanks Many colleges and universities are making ethics courses part of their core curriculum. The implications of this choice have, in many cases, not been well thought out by the faculty who are assigned to teach these courses. This paper will explore the strategies employed by one such faculty member and the implications of the decision to teach such a class. Included are recommendations for introducing the non-criminal justice major to the decision-making models employed by those within the system and the ethical dilemmas that are endemic to the system. The ramifications of this method of teaching are also considered. LAW ENFORCEMENT ETHICS: NOT RULES, NOT REGULATIONS, BUT CONVICTION John R. Linn, Pennsylvania State University Altoona; Wi lliam Geary, Pennsylvania State University Abington The concern for ethics training in law enforcement is compelled by the need to direct our attention to the application of ethics, and ethics training , to the environment in which law enforcement officers function on a daily basis - anchoring that training not in the abstract but in the concrete. In order to accomplish this, the functional prerequisite is to avoid perceptions that additional rules and regulation are being imposed and move toward an ideological foundation that re-shapes belief systems. Panel 81: Gender and Criminal Justice Thursday April 5, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 6
THE.IN(PA.CT OF'FeIVlINIS,., INSPIREO QUESTlONS ON CRIMINAL JUSTlCE RESEARCH, POLICY, AND PRACTICE
Chair: Dick T. Andzenge, St. Cloud State University FEMINISM AND FEMINIST SCHOl.ARSHIP: APPLICATIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICY AND PRACTICE Dick T. Andzenge, St. Cloud State University Feminist Scholarship has provided a basis for reexamining social theory and practice. The feminist movement has challenged traditional gender roles and opened career opportunities for women, and redefined work environment for both women and men. The study examines historical roots of the movement and the intellectual challenges of evaluating feminist theory, scholarship and their applicability in criminal justice. The author argues and attempts to demonstrate that feminist scholarship will continue to have a major role in criminal justice scholarship and practice, therefore requires more examination than is currently given by traditional scholars. GENDER AND SCHOLARLY PRODUCTIVITY: THE CASE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE Steven Stack, Wa yne State University Research on scholarly productivity in the flard sciences has consistently found that wo men scientists publish only 50-60% as many scholarly papers as men. The present study contributes to the literature by investigating a soft science (criminal justice). Further, it is contended that females are more integrated into the male research networks in criminal justice than in the hard sciences. Data me are based on 89 faculty in Master's level crirninalju stice depart nts . The results of a multiple regression analysis indicate that gender is not significantiy associated with either the number of articles or th e impact (citations) of scholarly work. The full model explained 37% of the variance in article production and 44% of the variance in scholarly impact. THE EFFECT OF GENDER AND RACE ON A JUDICIAL PRETRIAL DECISION: BAIL AMOUNT SET Philip E. Secret, University of Nebraska at Omaha; K. B. Turner, Alabama State University Bivariate and multi-variate analyses are utilized to examine for statistically significant differences in the amount of bail set for white and non-white, male and female felony defendants. We not only test for the additive effect of gender but also fo r the interactive effect of gender and race, gender and prior arrest and, gender and seriousness of the offense. This study employs controls for legal variables. We also test for gender differences among white and non-white sub-samples. Controls are applied for extra-legal variables. Gender constitutes our major control variable. Our findings are discussed vis-a-vis the Chivalry and Paternalism hypotheses. RACE-CLASS-GENDER ARTICULATION OF MANDATORY MINIMUM SENTENCES IN AMERICA Biko Agozino, Indiana University of Pennsylvania A major gap in the existing knowledge about mandatory minimum sentences is the relative lack of articulated race-class-gender awareness. A few reports on the racial impact of mandatory minimums exist but little or no attempt to analyze the articulation of race, class and gender impacts of mandatory minimums exist. This paper will explore this gap in knowledge by attempting secondary analysis of existing data and meta analysis of existing research to clear the way for future research in this direction. The theory of articulation assumes that racial impacts cannot be fully understood in isolation from class-specific and gender impacts of domination. A GENDER ANALYSIS OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE PRACTICE
J.J. Poe, State University of New York at Albany; David R. Karp, Skidmore College; Shadd Maruna, State University of New York at Albany; Shelagh Catlin, State University of New York at Albany The community justice literature has had little to say about the role of gender in victim-offender mediation and community conferencing. This paper addresses this gap in the l iterature through a rigorous content analysis of 56 videotaped reparative probation conferences in Vermont's pilot restorative justice program. These conferences provide an opportunity for community members to express their own theories of justice thus furnishing an ideal setting for an analysis of the intersection between gender and justice perspectives. This paper also examines whether the gender composition of the reparative boards or the gender of offenders affects the outcome of the conferences. Policy implications in light of this analysis will be explored.
Student Workshop 82: Criminal Justice Education and Training Thursday April 5, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 7
TEACHING CRIMINAL JUSDGelPEDAGOGY AND THE STUDENT: THE STUDENT VIEWS THE PRACTICES AND METHODS USEti·JN THE'CLASSROOM TO TeAGft .CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Mod rators: Michael C. Squeo, Bergen Community College; Jennifer Gahli, Fairleigh Dickinson University; Fabian Gal/ego, Bergen Community College; Jessica Izzo, Bergen Community College F acuity evaluations are made by students to help determine the best ways to convey the knowledge of the criminal justice system to people that will become the officials operating that system. This student-driven presentation is aimed at sharing with faculty what works with and for students. The concepts of the theoretical-based and practitioner-based educator will be explored to emphasize the strengths and weaknesses of both perspectives. The students will offer strategies on how to improve teaching. Faculty will be given the opportunity to question a panel of students that have studied teaching methods and have produced views that reach beyond the faculty evaluation and the conventional wisdom that instructors may have on the subject. Roundtable 83: Policing Thursday April 5, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 8
& bAW :8NFQRG,EMENr:,TRE : MII;.I.;.ENNIUM Fe'ittJRISlT!ICs CONFERENCE,·.. PART II· FUTURE STAATEGJES FOR pOt.;rCING
Mod rator: Carl J. Jensen, III, FBI Academy Discussants: James A. Conser, Ohio Peace Officer Tra ining Commission; Thomas J. Cowper, New York State Police; Allen O. Sapp, Criminal Justice Consultant; Michael E. Buerger, Northeastern University; Major Ty ree C. Blocker, Pennsylvania State Police; Gordon A. Bass, Jr. , Jackson Sheriff's Office; Brian Levin, California State University at San Bernardino The Law Enforcement Futures Project of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Behavioral Science Unit sponsored a Futuristics in Law Enforcement: The Millennium Conference during the week of July 11, 2000. Subject matter experts participated in workshops and seminar sessions for the purpose of forecasting possible futures for policing and to devise strategies for the profession to meet the challenges of the 21st century. This session discusses the FUTURE STRATEGIES for policing to address the trends identified and discussed in Roundtable session Part I.
National Institute of Justice Special Roundtable 84: Theory and Research Methods Thursday April 5, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 9
RESE�RCH>ON'GRIME5 ANm;dtJs�IGE':; AN UPDA� E FROM NIJ 's O FFICE OF RESEARCH AND EVALUATION
Moderator: Thomas E. Feucht, National Institute of Justice Pr sent rs: Bernie Auchter, National Institute of Justice; Voncile Gowdy, National Institute of Justice; Th omas Feucht, National Institute of Justice; Robert Langworthy, Naliona/ lnstitute of Justice; Henry Brownstein, National Institute of Justice This session will provide an overview of research and evaluation funding opportunities and ongoing research programs in the Office of Research and Evaluation.
Panel 85: Criminal Justice Policy Thursday April 5, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 10
Chair: Joanne Savage, American University VIOLENT CRIME AND PROPERTY CRIME IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Joanne Savage, American University The city of Washington D.C. has long been used as an example of violent urban crime problems in the United States. The present paper will provide a general description of crime trends as reported to the police and current information on reported crime in the District of Columbia. In addition the paper will discuss some of the correlates of the peaks and valleys in violent and property crime. VIOLENCE IN THE NATION'S CAPITAL: A STUDY OF WHO, WHAT, WHERE, AND WHEN Caterina Gouvis, The Urban Institute; Calvin C. Johnson, The Urban Institute; Amy Solomon, The Urban Institute Violent crime continues to be a major concern for District residents, policy makers and practitioners. In order to inform efforts to reduce violence in Washington D.C., the Urban Institute has been working with the Criminal Justice Coordinating Council and the Metropolitan Police Department to identify patterns and trends that characterize violent incidents, offenders and victims. This presentation will summarize the findings of this research, and include geographical displays that highlight the spatial and temporal patterns of violent crime. THE IMPACT OF PRIVATE CONTROL ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE WITHIN A COMMUNITY Kevonne Small, American University This paper is part of a larger research project looking at Bursik and Grasmick's three networks of social control (public, private and parochial) and their impact on quality of life and crime rates in the District of Columbia. In this paper, I focus on the "private" network of intimate informal primary groups that exist in a community. It is hypothesized that when private bonds are strong (intact families, fewer teenage pregnancies, etc.) higher quality of life experienced in that community will be reflected in a lower incidence of crime. STRATEGIC AND TACTICAL RESPONSE BY POLICE DEPARTMENTS TO CRIME TRENDS AND HOT SPOT ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY OF THE METROPOLITAN POLICE DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, D.C. Nola Joyce, Metropolitan Police Department Police Departments are good at collecting data but not always at converting data to information and using that information to inform strategic planning for programs and tactical planning for operations. This inability usually results from a lack of organizational capacity in terms of staff skills, abilities and knowledge and structure to manage, disseminate and use information. This paper will discuss how one police agency approached this issue and the actions it took to increase organizational capacity. Specific examples will be provided and lessons learned will be shared. WHAT A DIFFERENCE A JUDGE MAKES: THE INFLUENCE OF JUDGES IN FELONY SENTENCING DECISIONS IN AN INDETERMINATE SENTENCING SYSTEM William J. Sabol, The Urban Institute; James P. Lynch, American University; A vinash S. Bhati, The Urban Institute Much of the common wisdom about sentencing maintains that judges have a substantial effect on the type and severity of sentence imposed on convicted offenders. This assumption is the basis for the various forms of structured sentencing that have grown in popularity since the mid-1980s. Structured sentencing is seen as a means of reducing judiCial discretion and thereby the influence of judge on the nature of the sentence. This paper analyzes felony sentencing decisions in the District of Columbia which until recently had an indeterminate sentencing system. We examine the effects of sentencin�J judge on the decision to incarcerate or not and on the length of custodial sentence imposed while holding constant legally relevant variables, e.g. charges and criminal history, and extra-legal attributes of offenders. Discussion Panel 86: Race/Ethnicity & Criminal Justice Thursday April 5, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 11
18QRIMINATION
Chair: Richard A. Henry, Massachusetts State College Discussant: Becky Ta tum, Georgia State University RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN SENTENCING IN SOUTH AFRICA AND THE UNITED STATES: AN AFROCENTRIC PERSPECTIVE Ej akait Opolot, Texas Southern University Racial discrimination in sentencing in South Africa and the United States has been addressed from a Eurocentric perspective. This paper does so from an Afrocentric perspective. UNDERSTANDING JUVENILE JUSTICE IN AMERICAN INDIAN COMMUNITIES: DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING COLLABORATIVE COMMUNITY-BASED EVALUATION Lisa Bond-Maupin, New Mexico State University; James R. Maupin, New Mexico State University We analyze the juvenile justice system in one American Indian nation. The research is the product of a collaborative effort with the tribal community and includes the analysis of arrest and disposition records of juveniles between the years of 1989 and 1999 inclusive. Our study also includes the analysis of information acquired from in-depth face-to-face interviews and focus groups of tribal community members. The research represen6ts what we contend is a necessary shift in research design that provides tribes and nations with more relevant information for self-governance and policymaking. CRIMINALIZATION OF TREATY RIGHTS AGREEMENTS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT AND GREAT LAKES INDIAN TRIBES: RESPONSE OF THE GREAT LAKES CHIPPEWA Linda Robyn, NorthernArizona University The Chippewa were guaranteed the continued privilege of hunting, fishing, and gathering wild rice upon lands, rivers, and lakes included in territory ceded to the United States government with the Treaty of 1837. As non-Indians began to move into ceded territory which was previously home to the Chippewa, it became increasingly easier to restrict their hunting and fishing rights. As the government exercised its paternalistic powers over the Chippewa, treaty rights that promised the continuance of fishing, hunting, and gathering were severely eroded. The government began to criminalize the Chippewa people for practicing hunting and fishing methods promised to them through the treaty. The political assault against Indian treaties began in 1973 when two Chippewa men were arrested and criminalized for ice fishing on off-reservation waters. According to the treaty agreed upon, the Chippewa men were within their rights. This paper outlines what treaties are about, Indian governance before treaties, when treaties came about and who negotiated them, the purpose of treaties, how Europeans gained the upper hand in treaty making, the importance of treaties today in protecting culture and land, and how the Chippewa successfully used their treaty to protect the tribe from becoming criminalized in the future as they practice traditional hunting and fishing methods.
Panel 87: Corrections and Punishment Thursday April 5, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 12
Chair: Charles E. Marske, St. Louis University ISSUES OF PRISONER RE-ENTRY Charles E. Marske, St. Louis University; Richard P. Seiter, St. Louis University The prison population has increased dramatically over the past twenty years. This increase is due to both tougher sentencing patterns and longer sentences. These offenders are now being released, many without parole and some without any supervision. Release of so many prisoners into somewhat small geographic areas creates significant problems for police and parole officers, social service agencies, family members, and potential employers. This panel identifies and discusses many issues around re-entry of prison inmates into the commun:ty. TBA Criminal Justice Faculty and Students, St. Louis University Two student papers will be presented on the topiC of prisoner reentry. These students were the winners of a "student paper" competition at Saint Louis University. The competition required students to identify and research some element or issue regarding the re-entry of prisoners - involving the correctional system, the offender, their family, or the community. DRUGS, INCARCERATION AND NEIGHBORHOOD LIFE: THE IMPACT OF REINTEGRATING OFFENDERS INTO THE COMMUNITY Dina R. Rose, John Jay College of Criminal Justice; Todd R. Clear, John Jay College of Criminal Justice; Judith A. Ryder, John Jay College of Criminal Justice This study investigates the aggregate impact of incarceration on the quality of life in areas experiencing high concentrations of incarceration. To accomplish this we conducted a study of two Tallahassee, Florida neighborhoods which have rates of incarceration relative to other locations in that city. We reviewed archival and contemporary documents about the development of these two neighborhoods, and, employing a snowball approach, we interviewed over 30 local officials, community leaders and social service providers to understand the contemporary social and political context of the neighborhoods. We then conducted individual and focus group interviews with residents and ex-offenders. We asked respondents for general commentary about the impact of incarceration on themselves, their families and their communities. Our analysis identifies four domains in which incarceration affects individuals, families and the community-at-Iarge: stigma, financial, identity, and relationships. Findings show the aggregate effect of incarceration can destabilize communities by damaging the human capital of the residents, the social capital of networks of informal social control and the credibility of the justice system in the eyes of people who see their communities afflicted by systems of inequality and injustice. Discussion Panel 88: Juvenile Justice Thursday April 5, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 13
Chair and Discussant: Jeffrey P. Rush, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga PREDICTED OUTCOMES OF GANG PARTICIPATION FROM SOCIAL CONTROL VARIABLES IN SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY PROGRAMS Carrie M. Harter, The University of Texas at Arlington This study presents a meta-theoretical perspective in which three distinct levels of social systems can be seen to influence adolescent gang membership. At the mediating level, social control variables in school and community programs were examined using multiple regression, chi-square, and exploratory factor analyses. Social control variables were divided into two scales of adult supervision and social accountability, and were analyzed on outcomes of gang participation. Based on significant results, important implications were discussed for school and community programs, gang prevention and intervention programs, and implications for future research. THE EMERGING PROBLEM OF PREPPIE GANGS IN AMERICA Gordon Crews, Jacksonville State University The purpose of this paper is to examine the growing problem of "Preppie Gangs" in America. Involved youngsters generally come from the affluent upper class and participate in activities similar to traditional gang members. However, they tend to operate in a much safer environment than traditional street gangs and are predominantly "rich white kids". This paper will examine how these groups are currently manifesting themselves as Delinquent Gangs (Mimicking Other Street Gangs), Ideological Gangs (Specific Ideology or Belief System), or Occultic Gangs (Alternative Belief System Connections). Finally the unique issues of activities, causes, and solutions will be discussed.
Panel 89: Corrections and Punishment Thursd ay April 5, 2001 9:30-11 :00 am Room 14
MENT
Chair: Harry R. Dammer, Niagara University RELIGION BEHIND BARS: THE IMPACT OF RELIGION ON DEATH-SENTENCED INMATES Mario Davila, Sam Houston State University; Laura Myers, Sam Houston State University Little research has been conducted on the effect of religion on death-sentenced inmates. This paper will address the impact of religion on inmates that have been sentenced to death. The results of a survey of death-sentenced inmates in 12 states (Texas, Pennsylvania, Nevada, Missouri, Mississippi, Louisiana, California, Florida, Indiana, Illinois, Arizona, and Alabama) will be presented to reveal their attitudes toward religion and how their death sentences has affected their religious belief systems. WHAT IS RELIGION AND HOW DOES IT WORK IN THE CORRECTIONAL SETTING? Melvina T. Sumter, Old Dominion University; Todd Clear, John Jay College of Criminal Justice Religion has played an important role in the way Western society has responded to offenderssi nce the earliest of times. This paper examines the role of religion in the correctional setting by discussing the, 1) complexity and difficulty in defining religion, 2) three mechanisms of religious change as it relates to the penal system, and 3) published research studies between 1984 and 1999, which assessed the relationship between religion and institutional adjustment and/or post-release adjustment. Findings suggest that there is sufficient evidence to say that religious programming is at least an optimistic strategy for correctional rehabilitation. Finally, caveats about the paper=s conclusion and implications for policy are discussed. RELIGIOSITY AND ATTITUDES TOWARD CAPITAL PUNISHMENT Robert We lch, East Te nnessee State University; John T. Wh itehead, East Te nnessee State University This paper examines the effects of religiosity on attitudes toward capital punishment. Religiosity was measured by church attendance, salience, and denomination. Control variables included age, education, liberalism-conservatism, gender, and income. Logistic and linear regression models were used.
Panel 90: Race/Ethnicity & Criminal Justice Thursday April 5, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 15
Chair: Chester I. Britt, Arizona State University West DISPROPORTIONALITY VS. DISPARITY: RACE DIFFERENCES IN THE LIKELIHOOD OF ARREST, CONVICTION, AND INCARCERATION IN FLORIDA Kathy Padgett, Florida State University; Ted Chiricos, Florida State University The fact that racial minorities are over-represented in our nation's prison system relative to their numbers in the population as a whole is well known. The discrimination versus differential involvement debate has seemingly been decided by analyses of arrest and incarceration data that show little to no increase in the proportion of these populations that are black. Using data for the State and counties of Florida and calculating race-specific rate ratios, we find evidence of substantial amplification from arrest to conviction to incarceration for black felony offenders. These findings contribute to our understanding of disparity versus disproportionality in criminal justice statistics. CRACK, COKE, AND METH: WHO'S DOING TIME? Barry P. Abbott, Sam Houston State University The fact sentences imposed for crack cocaine are longer than for those for powder cocaine has been used by many to serve as an example of the disparate treatment received by different groups from the criminal justice system. The purpose of this paper is to examine sentences imposed under federal statutes and the US Sentencing Commission guidelines for crack, cocaine HCI, and other controlled substances to determine if these policies have in fact resulted in disparate treatment for members of different ethnic or racial groups. THE EFFECT OF SENTENCING GUIDELINES ON DISPARITY IN SENTENCING IN OHIO Timothy Griffin, University of North Texas; John Wo o/dredge, University of Cincinnati Ohio Senate Bill 2 ("SB 2"), passed in 1995, established presumptive guidelines for felony sentences for crimes committed after July 1, 1996. Among the stated goals of this legislation is the reduction of unwarranted disparity in sentencing by race or ethnicity. The authors use logi$tical regression analysis on a sample of approximately 1,500 criminal cases disposed of prior to SB 2 and approximately 1,300 disposed of after SB 2 to see if the guidelines reduced the main effect of race, as well as the interaction effects of race with other variables, in determining the likelihood of incarceration. PATTERNS OF DISCRIMINATION IN DEATH SENTENCING Ernie Th omson, University Houston Clear Lake Numerous studies indicate that despite three decades of reform, race and ethnicity still play a major role in death sentencing in the US. Based on a review of the research literature, this paper describes four aspects of death sentencing discrimination: (1) sentencing disparities for different race/ethnic combinations of offender/victims; (2) the relationship between levels of culpability and sentencing disparities, and how this relationship indicates that the disparities result from discrimination; (3) decision points at which disparities emerge/increase and whose decisions produce disparities; (4) institutional factors in death sentencing discrimination and why this discrimination is resistant to change.
Workshop 91 : Criminal Justice Education and Training Thursday April 5, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 16 ' PROGRAM '��� ��"'���p:��S� ,��� ,;I���t�E��!I(.)� C>F THE FIRST DISTANCE LEARNING · . FOR Two '· IEF�S{()FFfeES]NI;J'He ;S"A1E OF' FL.aRIPA
Moderators: Lt. Gary L. Hoffman, Charlotte County Sheriff's Office; Kathy Willcutts, Levy County Sheriff's Office; Pamela A. Seat, Florida Gulf Coast University This workshop will outline the research of the moderators in implementing the CEDAC/FLETC Distance Learning Pilot Project in two geographically diverse Sheriff's Offices in the state of Florida. The presentation will start with the original concept in 1997 and cover: research methods, problems encountered, selections of educational/training material and criteria, project funding, future applications, and expected results. It wi" conclude with a reporton the progress of the existing "pilot project."
Panel 92: Varieties of Crime Thursday April 5, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 17
Chair: L. Edward Wel/s, Illinois State University POVERTY AND CRIME: DOES POVERTY EQUAL CRIME? Amy Va n Houten, University of Arkansas at Little Rock In spite of repeated findings showing little link between poverty and crime, this topic still receives a great deal of research interest, including studies on relative deprivation and "the truly disadvantaged." One problem that remains is that there are large areas of the country that have high levels of poverty and crime as it applies to the low-income area of the lower Mississippi delta. The efficacy of the study of poverty as a criminological explanation is explored. WHAT HAVE THEY TOLD US ABOUT GANGS? O. Lee Gilbertson, St. Cloud State University This presentation reviews an exploratory study of Twentieth Century researchers and authors about gangs in the United States. Typologies were established by comparing and contrasting reported causal explanations of gang joining behavior and formation. These typologies were then categorized: economic, ecological, sociological, and psychological. The author wi" discuss these typologies within frameworks of existing theoretical perspectives and present his findings. COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS AND RURAL CRIME L. Edward Wells, Illinois State University; Ralph A. We isheit, Illinois State University Despite the growing concern about rural crime, it remains an under-studied issue. Researchers agree that the rural context is important, but most work has been conducted with individual level data. This study builds on ecological studies of rural crime by analyzing county-level data on crime and communities. We focus on variations in crime across rural communities, utilizing a national data set created by merging data from various government and research sources. The study will identify community factors most predictive of variations in crime rural rates and will compare these with predictors of urban crime patterns. SERIAL OFFENDERS Donna Nicholson, Manchester Community College My paper will discuss the relevance of common variables in studies of violent recidivist populations with a focus on murder and rape crimes. The discussion will involve a contradiction of the popular belief that most recidivists come from a specific demographic and economic profile. My research has repeatedly fo und that it is in fact the environmental aspects of a perpetrator's background that are significant predictors of behavior and that through innovative treatment and self help groups these negative "nurture" habits can be broken. WHEN CHILDREN KILL: THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONTEXT OF CANADIAN YOUTH HOMICIDE CASES Katharine Kelly, Carleton University; Mark Totten, youth Services Bureau Youth homicide is a serious concern in Canada. Between 1988-1998, a yearly average of 51 young people were charged with homicide, ranging from a low of 36 youth in 1987 to a high of 67 youth in 1995. Public concern about several high profile homicides has centered on the young people involved - their criminal histories, their "depravity", their lack of values. The social and political context of the lives of these young people is often forgotten during this public discourse. This paper reports on the preliminary findings of a Canadian qualitative study on youth homicide. Daylong, audio taped, face to face interviews were used to explore young peoples' accounts of the murders they had been convicted of, their experiences in early childhood, adolescence and young adulthood and their experiences with the youth and/or adult justice systems. Particular focus was paid to treatment experiences in the child welfare and criminal justice systems (both youth and adult). The majority of our respondents grew up in poverty and suffered serious child abuse and/or neglect. Divorce, violence and the stress of poverty have fractured their families. Single-parent households were marked by limited ability of parents to supervise their children as they worked long hours to meet basic survival needs. These young people have also experienced school failure; most have not completed high school. Many have been victimized by racist behavior. Their communities have had few available recreational opportunities. In order to prevent youth homicides and effectively rehabilitate offenders, it is necessary to ground these acts in the wider social forces at play in these young peoples' lives.
Panel 93: Theory and Research Methods Thursday April 5, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 18
Chair: Michael Supancic, Southwest Texas State University RACE DIFFERENCES IN THE SOCIAL BONDS -> PERSISTENCE IN CRIME RELATIONSHIP Alex R. Piquero, Northeastern University; Nadine Connell, Northeastern University Sampson and Laub's age-graded informal social control theory has sparked empirical research designed to study the effects of social bonds on criminal offending. However, little attention has been devoted to studying race differences in this relationship. We use data from parolees of the California Youth Authority to examine if race conditions the social bonds - persistence in crime relationship. A STUDY OF SELF-CONTROL, SOCIAL TIES, AND ROUTINE ACTIVITY AS DETERMINANTS OF VIOLENT VICTIMIZATION AMONG ADOLESCENTS Christopher J. Schreck Victimization researchers have traditionally relied on situational theories to explain differential risk of victimization; however, few studies have also explored nonsituational alternative explanations. We present a conceptual framework linking individual trait and situational antecedents of violent victimization. Specifically, the framework identifies three core determinants of becoming a victim of personal violence. The results support the notion that individual traits and situational variables each significantly and meaningfully contribute to victimization. DEVELOPMENTAL TRENDS IN PEER ACQUISITION AND LONG-TERM ADJUSTMENT: LIFE COURSE ANALYSIS John Paul Wright, University of Cincinnati; David F. Carter, University of Cincinnati; John Wooldredge, University of Cincinnati Although subject to much debate, delinquent peers appear to be a substantial influence on individual misbehavior. Even so, few studies have documented the course of formative peer development over the life-course and, in turn, how variation in peer acquisition influences various dimensions of adult adjustment. Through the use of latent growth curves we analyze data from The National Youth Survey to evaluate normative trajectories in peer networkgr owth, individual differences in peer network growth, and the long-term consequences associated with the expansion of delinquent peer networks. AN INTEGRATED MODEL OF JUVENILE VICTIMIZATION Kimberly D. Dodson, East Tennessee State University; Stephen F. Brown, East Tennessee State University Using cross-sectional data from several sites of the National Evaluation of the Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT) program, this paper will report efforts to test a model of juvenile victimization. Self-reported delinquency (drug use, property and violent offenses) will be included in the model. Indicators drawn from three theoretical domains will be incorporated: learning , control and routine activities. Other variables will be gender, race and an SES indicator. The intent of the paper is to seek to determine the extent to which variation in juvenile victimization can be accounted for by this combination of variables and to explore the interrelationship of these theories in the delinquency/victimization nexus.
Panel 94: JUdicial Processes Thursday April 5, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 19
Chair: Phillip Kunz, Brigham Young University ETHICS AND TRUTH-IN-SENTENCING: WHERE HAVE ALL THE CRITICS GONE? Pamela Griset, University of Central Florida The modern movement for determinate sentencing that began in the 1970s was rooted in ethical concerns about fairness, integrity, and accountability. With the nearly universal adoption of truth-in-sentencing laws in the mid-1990s, the movement for determinate sentencing has entered a second phase. The metamorphosis has occurred without a focus on the moral values that provided the impetus for the overthrow of the indeterminate sentencing paradigm. This paper discusses the unresolved, seemingly forgotten, ethical issues that guided the first phase of the determinate sentencing movement and relates them to the truth-in-sentencing phenomena. QUESTIONING THE QUALITY OF JUSTICE PROVIDED IN THE FEDERAL JUDICAL PROCESS: A CASE STUDY GaryL. Webb, Ball State University This paper questions the quality of justice provided by the Federal courts when students as well as faculty report unconscionable behavior by some faculty and administrators at a state university. This is a case study in which formal efforts by two attorneys holding Ph.D.'s as well as J.D.'s have pursued relief through the Federal Courts. THE PRISON LITIGATION REFORM ACT: THE PERCEPTIONS OF JUDGES AND ATTORNEYS GENERAL Christopher E. Smith, Michigan State University; Christopher E. Nelson, Michigan State University The authors will discuss preliminaryfi ndings from a survey of U.S. district judges and state attorneys general concerning the impact of the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA). Both sets of judicial actors responded to questions about the PLRA's impact on prisoner litigation, court orders, and appropriate judicial authority. THE WAR METAPHOR IN PUBLIC AND JUDICIAL DISCOURSES ABOUT POLICE USE OF DEADLY FORCE Kathleen Gale, Elmira Col/ege We construct and deconstruct excessive and deadly force in a number of social and political contexts. In mass media as well as in textbooks we remember the names of victims if the alleged offenders are pOlice officers. Discourse in and around Rodney King I Koon, Gammage, Dialo and the Supreme Courtar guments in Tennessee versus Garner show this. The discourses of media, in criminal trials and appeals reframe the issue of deadly force so that official restraint is not found in criminal law but in civil suits. This is consistent with the war metaphor, a dominant theme in criminal justice. JUGGLING CONFLICTING RIGHTS: JUDICIAL RESOLUTIONS OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN WITNESS AND VICTIM RIGHTS TO BE SAFE IN COURT AND DEFENDANT RIGHTS TO CONFRONT THEIR ACCUSERS WHEN DEFENDANTS REPRESENT THEMSELVES Kristine Mullendore, Grand Valley State University Criminal Defendants have Sixth Amendments Rights to Appear pro se and to confront and cross-examine their witnesses. Witnesses and victims also have rights. This paper will analyze the legal issues implicated when defendants charged with crimes against persons act as their own counsel and wish to exercise their right to cross-examine these victims.
Roundtable 95: Special Academy of Criminal Justice Science Session Thursday April 5, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Auditorium
Moderator: Ted Gest, University of Pennsylvania Discussants: TBA In this special ACJS session, Washington policy makers and journalists meet with academics to discuss the dynamics of criminal justice politics and policy under the new presidential administration.
Student Workshop 96: Policing Thursday April 5, 2001 11:15-12:45 pm Room 1
Mod rator: Leslie Henthorne, Ohio University at Chillicothe Pr s nters: Karalee Daniels, Ohio University at Chillicothe; Terri Brown, Ohio University at Chillicothe In the United States there are 26 million deaf/hearing impaired. Since hearing impairment is an invisible handicap, police officers are often unaware that the disability may exist and create a problem. In situations where officers are confronted with "reading" the Miranda Rights, the deaf suspect presents several problems. How does the officerdetermine if the suspect is actually deaf? Will it make a difference in the way the rights are administered? How can the officer be sure the deaf person understands? What is the officer's legal obligation to the deaf person? These questions and others will be addressed in this paper.
Panel 97: Policing Thursday April 5, 2001 11:15-12:45 pm Room 2
Chair: Robert H. Langworthy, University of Alaska at Anchorage SPATIAL CONCORDANCE OF OWl ARREST AND ALCOHOL RELATED TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS Robert H. Langworthy, University of Alaska at Anchorage; Matt Giblin, University of Alaska at Anchorage This paper examines the spatial overlap between OWl enforcement activity and alcohol related traffic accidents. The twin aims of the study are to: 1) develop a method for comparing the locus of enforcement activity to the locus of problems; and 2) apply this method of analysis to drunk driving data from Anchorage, AK. EXPLORING CRIME PATTERNS AND THEIR SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP TO POTENTIAL CRIME TARGET SITES Lawrence F. Tra vis, University of Cincinnati; Xinhao Wa ng, University of Cincinnati Using data from Cincinnati, OH, we examine the spatial distribution of environmental characteristics related to crime. We identify target places where crimes are likely to happen, map their distribution, and generate "hot spot" maps of targets. Next we map for crimes. Finally, we compare the target hot spots and the crime hot spots to determine overlap. This comparison will provide information about the possible errors made by crime hot spot prediction techniques: Type I (false positives) Errors - the predicted crime hot spots include areas where there are no targets; and Type II (false negatives) Errors - the predicted crime hot spots exclude nearby target areas. ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR DEVELOPING SPATIAL MODELS OF CRIME Lin Liu, University of Cincinnati; John Eck, University of Cincinnati; Howard Stafford, University of Cincinnati Crimes are rare events in space and time. Traditional modeling techniques tend to fail in generating satisfactory crime models. We use multi-layered feed-forward artificial neural networks and cellular automata to model spatial-temporal patterns of crimes. The model is trained by using a back propagation algorithm. We applied this model to crimes in the City of Cincinnati from 1997 to 1999. Preliminary results show the model tends to predict better when the size of areas increases, which is consistent with the general modifiable area unit problem. They also reveal that neural network models consistently outperform regression models. Roundtable 98: Judicial Process Thursday April 5, 2001 11 :15-1 2:45 pm Room 3
Moderator: Craig Hemmens, Boise State University Discussants: Rolando V. del Carmen, Sam Houston State University; Barbara Belbot, University of Houston Downtown; Richard Janikowski, University of Memphis; Craig Hemmens, Boise State University; Th omas J. Hickey, Cerilli, McGuirl, and Bicki; Jeffrey Jenkins, Roger Williams University; Robert Engvall, Roger Williams University This roundtable will offer an annual update of United States Supreme Court decisions.
Panel 99: Corrections and Punishment Thursday April 5, 2001 11 :15-12:45 pm Room 4
Chair: Shawn Minor, University of Cincinnati A COMPARISON OF RECIDIVISM IN INTENSIVE AND REGULAR PROBATION Linda Burrow, Jennifer Joseph, and John Wh itehead, East Tennessee State University This study analyzes recidivism data for both arrest and technical violations for 100 Intensive Supervision cases and 100 Regular Supervision cases in a southeastern state. Variable models examine prior record , employment history, family stability, and alcohol and drug use. Policy suggestions are offered. ASSESSING STOP: AN EDUCATION AND TREATMENT PROGRAM FOR ADULT SHOPLIFTERS Gail A. Caputo, University of North Texas; Amy Flanigan, University of North Texas A treatment and education program for misdemeanor adult shoplifters on routine probation developed by the author and implemented in South Texas is the focus of current research. Various types of data were collected on a group of shoplifters ordered to the program over the first twelve months of program operation. These data include background and criminal history information; offense and sentencing information; program-related information- attendance, completion, test scores, evaluations, etc.- probation related information, such as completion status, and data obtained from interviews with some partiCipants. Additional data were collected on a comparison group of offenders. This paper reports preliminary findings on the treatment group and their performance in the program. FACTORS RELATED TO PROBATION RECIDIVISM AMONG PROBATIONERS WITH DRUG PROBLEMS IN MICHIGAN Byoongook Moon, Michigan State University; Sheila R. Maxwell, Michigan State University While several studies have shown the association between drug use and recidivism, few studies have specifically examined the mechanism by which drug users violate and recidivate when compared to non-drug users on probation. Using two frameworks, this study compares drug users to non-drug users on probation in relationship to; a) the individual traits; b) the probation conditions imposed; c) the predictors of probation violations; and d)the predictors of recidivism. By comparing the patterns and predictors of recidivism between drug users and non-drug users, we are better able to delineate those factors that may be unique to drug users and the reasons for their higher likelihood of recidivism. RECIDIVISM RATES AMONG FELONY PROBATIONERS: A COMPARISON OF DRUG AND NON·DRUG OFFENDERS AND A TEST FOR THE EFFICACY OF DRUG TREATMENT Cassia Spohn, University of Nebraska at Omaha Recent increases in state and federal prison populations, fueled largely by increasing numbers of drug offenders, have raised questions about the appropriate sanction for drug-involved offenders. This study uses data on offenders convicted of felonies and sentenced to probation in 1993 in Jackson County (Kansas City), Missouri, to address this issue. We compare probation violations, probation revocations and new arrests for drug offenders, drug-involved offenders, and non-drug offenders. We also compare recidivism rates for drug-involved offenders who did and did not receive treatment as a condition of probation.
Panel 100: Criminal Justice Education and Training Thursday April 5, 2001 11:15-1 2:45 pm Room 5
Chair: Kevin Bryant, University of West Florida POLICE RECRUIT TRAINING: HAS IT CHANGED IN 20 YEARS? Denise Kindschi Gosselin, Western New England College; Marianne Wa lsh Gonsalves, Massachusetts State Police Since the 1960's the quantity and quality of police agency training has been under sharp criticism. The debate between the traditional curriculum vs. a more behavioral and social approach continues. Noted improvements may have been triggered by the President's commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice recommendation in 1967. It proposed that police departments provide "an absolute minimum of 400 hours of classroom work spread over a four-to-six month period so that it can be combined with carefully selected and supervised field training." FROM M.C.C. THROUGH C.O.L. TO O.C.P.· A TRAINING PARADIGM FOR PROGRESSIVE AND PROACTIVE AGENCIES Maria (Maki) Haberfeld, John Jay College of Criminal Justice ' The author presents three standardized models of professional and proactive police training. From M.C.C.- Multicultural Close Contact, through C.O.L. - Community Oriented Leadership to O.C.P. - Open Communication Policing, the paper outlines three interrelated approaches to basic academy training. The models are based upon a belief that current basic police training, offered by state, regional, or in-house academies, produces recruits who lack in both fundamental understanding of the nature of police work, and the tools for effective policing in the 21 sl century. AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF TRAINING POLICE SUPERVISORS IN LEADERSHIP AND ETHICS Patrick T. Maher, PODe, Inc. This paper presents research on the extent to which active police supervisors have altered their perceptions and attitudes concerning effective leadership traits. Participants were involved in a 24 day intensive seminar that explored the philosophy of leadership that tied effective leadership to ethical conduct. Extensive outside readings served as a basis for classroom training conducted in a graduate seminar format. The format for training and the results of the training have implications for both academic and training implications for in-service officers. The training content also redefines the traditional concepts of leadership in police administration. POLICE TRAINING AND HIGHER EDUCATION: WE KNOW WHERE WE HAVE BEEN, NOW WHERE ARE WE GOING? M.L. Dantzker Since the early 1900's the concepts of training and higher education for policing have undergone scrutiny and debate. Today almost all states have some type of required basic training and more and more police agencies are looking at the requirement of higher education. Despite these two advances, there is still much discussion as to the type of training a police officer should have and whether higher education, more specifically a college degree, is a requisite need. This paper looks at the state of both training and higher education requirements in policing with the goal of focusing on where policing should go in these two areas as opposed to where its been. ACADEMIC PREPARATION, EXPERIENTIAL FACTORS AND COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE IN BASIC LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING IN NORTH CAROLINA COMMUNITY COLLEGES Lili K. Johnson, California State University at Long Beach This research examined academic preparation and experiential variables or combination of variables that are potentially useful in predicting score on the North Carolina state certification examination for law enforcement officers. The population for this study were students who successfully completed BASIC Law Enforcement Training in North Carolina community colleges during the period June through December 1997. Four significant correlations were fo und between the dependent variable, State exam score and 1) reading comprehension score, 2) trainee race, 3) trainee military history, and 4) trainee student status (full-or part-time) at the institution where the highest degree was earned. Findings have significance for the debate around the optimal level and type of education for law enforcement and related issue around hiring and recruiting.
Panel 101 : Gender and Criminal Justice Thursday April 5, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Room 6
Chair: Joyce Stephens, State University of New York at Fredonia SURVEYING THE VICTIMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: SATISFACTION WITH VICTIM SERVICES, VICTIMS' PERCEPTIONS OF SELF-ESTEEM, COPING SKILLS, AND SOCIAL SUPPORT SYSTEMS Jessica Swanson, Pennsylvania State at Harrisburg; Barbara Sims, Pennsylvania State at Harrisburg Domestic violence continues to be a pervasive and detrimental social problem. Programs have been initiated through STOP (Services, Training, Officers, and Prosecution) Grants as a result of the passage of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994. The current study addresses the effectiveness and satisfaction of the domestic abuse crisis intervention program of the Greater Harrisburg YWCA in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Measures included in the survey were victims' overall satisfaction with the program, self-esteem, perceived social support, and coping skills. Findings of the survey are presented along with recommendations for improvement of services to victims of domestic violence. POLICE RESPONSE TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: VICTIMS' VIEWS Deborah L. Spence, Institute for Law and Justice The Grants to Encourage Arrest Policies Program and STOP encourage jurisdictions to implement domestic violence intervention that is part of a coordinated community response. The Institute for Law and Justice (ILJ) is conducting evaluations of these programs that includes analysis of impact sites across the country. This paper will use these evaluations to explore the experiences women in these impact sites have had with the police in the era of Arrest Policies and STOP grant programs. These indicators will be collected using a combination of interviews and focus groups with victim/survivors of domestic violence. PROSECUTION OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: THE VICTIM'S VOICE Cassandra A. Archer, Institute for Law and Justice The Grants to Encourage Arrest Policies Program and STOP encourages jurisdictions to implement mandatory or pro-arrest policies as an effective domestic violence intervention that is part of a coordinated community response. The Institute for Law and Justice (ILJ) is evaluating these projects and the data will be used to explore victim/survivor satisfaction with prosecution. Using focus groups and interviews, this paper will address women's experiences with prosecution of domestic violence upon implementation of programs funded by Arrest Policies and STOP grants. Specifically, the paper will discuss the victim/survivor's treatment by prosecution and their overall satisfaction with prosecution efforts. THE EFFECTS OF PROSECUTORIAL POLICIES ON VICTIM'S EMPOWERMENT AND SELF-EFFICACY Mary A. Finn, Georgia State University This paper examines the effects of prosecutorial strategies (persuasive, substantive, and coercive) on domestic violence victims' empowerment and self-efficacy. A quasi-experimental longitudinal deSign examines changes in victim's levels of empowerment and self-efficacy at court intake (Time 1) and at court disposition (Time 2) and the effects of type of prosecutorial strategy employed, victim's prior experiences with the criminal justice system, and victim's prior experiences with intimate partner violence. The sample (n = 100) consists of adult female victims of misdemeanor acts of family violence perpetrated by an intimate partner drawn from the solicitors' offices in two urban counties. HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOR AMONG VIETNAMESE AMERICAN VICTIMS OF INTIMATE VIOLENCE: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS Hoan N. Bui, Michigan State University This paper examines help-seeking behavior among Vietnamese-American women who are victims of intimate violence. The goal is to understand when, why and how Vietnamese American victims of intimate violence use different resources, including the criminal justice system, victim assistance services, and the support network from friends and relatives, to deal with intimate violence. The analysis focuses on the interactions between structural, cultural, organizational and abuse factors, and the effects of these interactions on Vietnamese-American women's choices of approach to deal with intimate violence. Implications for policy developments are also discussed.
Panel 102: Varieties of Crime Thursday April 5, 2001 11:1 5-12:45 pm Room 7
Chair: Scott L. Johnson, Buffalo State College DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SUBSTANCE ABUSE Robert E. Kulpa, Jr. , Wh eeling Jesuit University This paper examines domestic violence and its relationship to substance abuse. Data was collected from a sample of three domestic violence shelters in the tri-state area of West Virginia, Ohio, and Pennsylvania during the summer of 2000. Participants were asked to complete a 23 item self-report survey that was adapted from Gelles and Straus' National Family Violence Survey (1985). The data was used to suggest the development of new programs and modifications to existing programs. SEXUAL ASSAULT AS A COMPONENT OF DOMESTIC TERROR Nina Faso, Buffalo State Col/ege; Scott L. Johnson, Buffalo State Col/ege Domestic violence is a complex phenomenon. The many types of abuse that can occur over a history of domestic violence victimization include physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. In recent years, researchers have attempted to understand the additional implications of sexual abuse for victims of domestic violence. This project examines the extent of sexual assault among victims of domestic violence to discover whether victims are aware of the sexual component of their victimization, the complications sexual abuse presents, and the steps taken to address this aspect of abuse. THE INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF VIOLENCE: THE DIFFERENT METHODS OF MEASURING ABUSE Jeremy D. Ball, University of Nebraska at Omaha This paper examines four hypotheses regarding the intergenerational transmission of violence: abuse breeds abuse, abuse breeds crime, abuse breeds violent crime, and abuse breeds a life of crime. The paper uses three methods of measuring "abuse": abuse/non-abuse, frequency of abuse, and severity of abuse, in an attempt to understand the differences, if any, between the methods. What affects future adult behavior might not be whether an individual has been abused or not but how often and to what extent the severity of that abuse occurs. The data were collected from self-report interviews of 740 newly incarcerated felony inmates. CAN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE-RELATED HOMICIDES BE ELIMINATED? THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE WOMAN BATTERING CONTINUUM BASED ON 3,533 CASES AlbertR. Roberts, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Information was collected from 2,011 domestic violence complaint files at 5 different suburban police departments in central New Jersey, and compared with a database of 1520 domestic violence cases from a highly populated urban city in a Southern state. Explanations for differences between these two samples are discussed and policy implications explored.
Special ACJS Session 103 Thursday April 5, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Room 8
Moderator: David Orrick, New Hampshire Technical Institute Students and colleagues of the late Leslie Wilkins will gather to share memories of this distinguished teacher and scholar.
Roundtable 104:Criminal Justice Education and Training Thursday April 5, 2001 11: 15-12:45 pm Room 9
Moderator: John D. Hewitt, Grand Valley State University Di cussants: Richard Bennett, American University; Meda Chesney-Lind, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Louis Holscher, San Jose State University; David Kalinich, Grand Valley State University; Edward Latessa, University of Cincinnati; Robert M. Rego/i, University of Colorado; Sue Titus Reid, Florida State University; Nancy Schafer, University of Alaska; Gennaro Vito, University of Louisville; L. Thomas Winfrre e, Jr. , New Mexico State University Discussants explore the problems associated with balanCing demands of professional roles within the context of academia with living honest and meaningful personal lives. Are the two compatible or in conflict? How have we managed to adapt and "get a life" while maintaining our university careers? How have we, having moved into the later stages of our careers, responded to changing status and role expectations and requirements in academia as family and personal situations have been reshaped and presented new stresses and demands? What advice can we give to the new Ph.D.s about embark on decades of living in academia?
Panel 105: Criminal Justice Policy Thursday April 5, 2001 11:1 5-12:45 pm Room 10
Chair: William Ruefle, University of South Carolina GUN CONTROL: A COMPARISON OF GUN CONTROL LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA Susan Quinn, Florida State University; Stephanie Bontrager, Florida State University This paper compares the evolution of gun control legislation in the United States and Canada. The historical progress of each country is analyzed to account for changes in gun control legislation. Also, public opinion is used as an attempt to explain the changes. The paper focuses on attempting to explain why two different countries have gun control policies that are becoming increasingly similar. SAFE STORAGE LEGISLATION AND FIREARM DEATHS: A COMPARISON OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA Rick Ruddell, University of Missouri at Sf. Louis; G. LarryMays, New Mexico State University This research compares firearm fatalities from 1970 to 1999 in Canada and the United States. Firearm homicides, suicide and accidental death in the United States are contrasted against Canadian data, using both the population rates and per capita firearm ownership rates in the two nations. While Canada has a lower accidental firearm death rate per capita, the United States has a lower accidental firearm death rate when firearm ownership is considered. Implications for a national safe storage legislation in the United States are addressed using Canada's recent legislation as a prototype. PRIVATE GUN SALES AND THE BRADY ACT William Ruef/e, University of South Carolina In a effort to prevent criminals from acquiring guns the Brady Act imposed background checks on all gun purchases from Federally Licensed Firearms Dealers. However, Brady Act background checks do not apply to guns sales between private individuals. Such unregulated cash-and-carry gun sales represent a loophole that provides opportunities for the diversion of guns from legal owners to criminal users. This paper presents the findings of a study of private individuals who purchase guns without Brady Act background checks. It documents their demographic characteristics, where they come from and the dynamics of the unregulated gun sales they engage in.
Workshop 106: Criminal Justice Education and Training Thursday April 5, 2001 11 :15-1 2:45 pm Room 11
Moderator: Janet Duvall, Ohio University at Chillicothe Occasionally, officers encounter a witness to a criminal act that is Deaf. In most instances the witness is not used in court and not interviewed at length by officers. Deaf are veryvisual and will remember more than hearing observers. They are not distracted by sirens, alarms or traffic noise that will divert attention from the scene of an accident or criminal act. How can Deaf be used effectively as a witness in Court? What does the Courtrequire of the Deaf witness? How many interpreters should be used in a trial with Deaf witnesses? What are the legal obligations of the Court and the officers involved? These and other issues will be covered in this paper.
Panel 107: Corrections and Punishment Thursday April 5, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Room 12
Chair: Martha Henderson, Illinois State University MOTIVATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN DRUG COURT PARTICIPANTS Clifford Butzin, University of Delaware; Fra nk Scarpitti, University of Delaware; Christine Saum, University of Delaware Substance abuse treatment has increasingly become centered around the criminal justice system. While the beneficial effects of legal coercion upon the treatment process have long been supported, individual characteristics within this process are important predictors of program completion and subsequent outcomes. As part of a longitudinal study of drug court outcomes in Delaware, treatment readiness and motivation were measured at intake. Motivation in relation to several aspects of the drug courtprocess is examined: First offender diversion participants versus probation violator participants, participants' drugs of choice and demographics, as well as actual participation in the treatment process. RESIDENTIAL SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT (RSAT) IN IDAHO: A COMPARISON OF TWO MODELS Craig Hemmens, Boise State University; Mary K. Stohr, Boise State University Residential Substance Abuse Treatment (RSAT) programs have become very popular in corrections. While all of these programs are intended to treat offenderswith identified drug and alcohol problems, the methods employed vary. This research compares two state RSAT programs and presents the findings from a survey of inmates in each program concerning their perceptions of the individual programs. DRUG COURT OUTCOMES AMONG ADULT DRUG COURTS DIFFERING IN SIZE AND JURISDICTION Deborah Koetzle Shaffer, University of Cincinnati; Shelley Johnson Listwan, University of Cincinnati; Edward J. Latessa, University of Cincinnati In 1997, the University of Cincinnati was contracted by the Supreme Court of Ohio to develop an outcome evaluation model. This model has been adopted in over 30 drug courts operating in Ohio. The current study reports outcome evaluation results of two adult drug courts differing in both size and jurisdiction. Comparisons will be made between (1) the treatment and control groups within the courts, and (2) drug court participants betweenthe two drug courts.
Discussion Panel 108: Juvenile Justice Thursday April 5, 2001 11:1 5-12:45 pm Room 13
Chair: Shela R. Van Ness, University of Chattanooga A FEDERALLY FUNDED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM: A CASE STUDY OF PARTICIPANTS' INVOLVEMENT IN RISKY BEHAVIOR Larry D. Stokes, Hampton University The Upward Bound Project is an educational federally funded program designed to assist, prepare and motivate low-income high school students to attend a post-secondaryin stitution. Despite the success of the program's academic component, this study seeks to access the extent of the participant's involvement in tobacco, alcohol, drugs, and sexual conduct. For analysis purposes, participants are compared with students in the local high school. To access students' engagement in risky behavior, this study utilized the survey instrument developed by the Centers For Disease Control (CDC). MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENT SUBSTANCE USE AND FAMILY, COMMUNITY NORMS Shela R. Van Ness, University of Chattanooga A random sample of middle school students in a high-risk community were surveyed through several self-report instruments to determine the extent of alcohol and non-medical drug usage, and student perceptions of family and neighborhood support for abstinence from alcohol and non-medical drug usage. Results indicate that use of substances is widespread, and that for some students family members only weakly object to the use of substances. Community norms were found to be mixed with regard to use of substances by middle school students. ESTIMATES OF ECSTACY USE AMONG JUVENILE OFFENDERS, COLLEGE STUDENTS, AND RAVE ATTENDEES George S. Ya coubian, Jr. , Center for Substance Abuse Research; Blake J. Urbach, Center for Substance Abuse Research; Elisabeth Fost, Center for Substance Abuse Research; Erin Artigiani, Center fo r Substance Abuse Research; Eric D. Wish, Center for Substance Abuse Research Recent media reports have suggested that the use of ecstasy is a growing problem across the United States. Utilized primarily by young adults in specific settings, the emergence of ecstasy has been compared to the crack cocaine epidemic of the 1980's. While such reports have popular appeal, they have not been substantiated empirically. To date, no studies have utilized an objective measure to estimate the incidence of ecstasy use among various populations within the United States. In the current study, survey data and urine and saliva specimens are collected from 400 juvenile offenders, undergraduate students, and "rave" attendees. Implications for drug control policy and drug education are assessed in light of the findings.
Discussion Panel 109: Corrections and Punishment Thursday April 5, 2001 11 :15-12:45 pm Room 14
Chair: Christy A. Visher, The Urban Institute Discu sant: Joseph Va ughn, Central Missouri State University PRISONER REENTRY: CONCEPTUALIZING THE PROBLEM Jeremy Tra vis, Th e Urban Institute This paper will provide an overviewof the problem of prisoner reintegration and a summary of the research underway at the Urban Institute, including data availability at the national level, the interdisciplinary nature of the issue, the consequences of reentry and removal for communities and families, and the implications of different state sentencing and correctional policies for understanding and addressing the phenomenon of prisoner reentry. A NATIONAL LOOK AT PRISONER REENTRY William Sabol, Case Western ReseIVe University This paper address two questions: 1) whether there has been (or will be) a quantitative change in the number of people re-entering society from prison; and 2) whether there will be a qualitative change in the type of persons released or about to be released from prison. It will address the extent to which prison has loosened ties with communities (external), and the extent to which prisons have been able to maintain order and prepare offenders for release. PRISONER REENTRY: DATA FROM THE STATES James Austin, Institute on Crime, Justice and Corrections This paper will present an analysis of the state variation in prison release policies, including sentencing structures, technical violations, characteristics of prison admissions, pre-release programming, release decisions and supervisionpolicies. NEXT STEPS FOR RESEARCH, POLICY, AND PRACTICE Amy Solomon, The Urban Institute This paper will outline a research, policy, and practice agenda in the area of prisoner reentry, based on several papers commissioned by the Urban Institute and recent discussions with researchers and practitioners.
Panel 110: Crime and Justice Education and Training Thursday April 5, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Room 15
JUSTICE
Chair: Sue Mahan, University of Central Florida at Daytona Beach WILL CORRECTION OFFICERS EVER BE GOOD GUYS? A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF A "REALISTIC" SHOW Charles Otto, University of Central Florida Previous research has indicated that correctional officers are rarely shown in either the entertainment or news media. When they are shown, the portrayal is almost always negative. Recently, HBD created a new television series entitled OZ that was dubbed as, "a gritty, realistic look at prison life." The show was content analyzed to see if it continued the trend of corrections being portrayed negatively. The results indicated that guards were most likely to be shown engaging in routine activities, but when the activities were non-routine, correction officers were shown engaging in more negative than positive behaviors. TAKING THE NEXT STEP: ANALVZ ING WHITE-COLLAR CRIME CONSTRUCTION AND COVERAGE AND PRINT Marny Schaefer, Indiana University of Pennsylvania The purpose of this paper is to analyze the social construction of white-collar crime in print media. It is well known to criminal justice researchers that both white-collar and corporate crimes are dangerous and expensive, but the public appears to be rather ill informed regarding these types of crime. In this paper, a review of published content analyses on white-collar crime in the media will be provided and the need for a new direction of research presented and justified. Topics including type and degree of coverage in comparison to street crime will be explored. NEWS COVERAGE OF CRIMES BY FEMALES: A CONSIDERATION OF OFFENSE AND OFFENDER TYPE Pauline Brennan, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Kenisha Free, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte Typical crimes by females include prostitution and misdemeanor-level property offenses (e.g., shoplifting). Such crimes and the women who commit them mesh well with a preconceived picture of female criminality. For these reasons, many reports of female crime are not deemed "newsworthy;" reports of stereotypical crime and offenders are not likely to make front-page news. Crime by women becomes newsworthy when the offender does not match the image of "typical female offender" and/or when the crime deviates greatly from the image of appropriate female conduct. Thus, of all possible offense and offender scenarios, reports of violent crime by white women should appear most often on a newspaper's front page. To test that hypothesis, we examine the Charlotte Observer's front-page newspaper stories, for the period January 1999 to January 2001. REPORTING TERRORISM Sue Mahan, University of Central Florida at Daytona Beach This review demonstrates two major issues at stake for terrorists and reporters. Media attention can be the very goal of terrorist acts. Coverage may make insurgents firmer and stronger. However, the public's right to know, and journalists' roles to investigate cannot be denied. Controlling media access and closing off information may be followed by censorship and repression. Self regulation as well as bans prohibiting reporting certain situations are explored. Of special interest are the formats, topics and themes of media coverage and their relationship to the outcome of terrorist conflict.
Student Affairs Committee Roundtable 111: Criminal Justice Education and Training Thursday April 5, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Room 16
Presenters: Jay Albanese, Virginia Commonwealth University; Steven Belenko, National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University; Alan Lizotte, University at Albany; Alida Merlo, Indiana University of Pennsylvania The purpose of this panel is multifold. First, information will be provided on how to get works published in journals. Emphasis will be placed on how to determine the best "home" for the work in question, how to format/style the work, what to include in the cover letter to the editor (and what to avoid), and other general areas that may be overlooked. Second, the discussion will also provide information on how to get a book published, and how that process is similar and different from the process of getting an article published in a journal. Third, since publishing is often connected to one's ability to secure grants, the discussion will turn to the steps involved in finding sources of funding, writing proposals, and other important aspects of grant getting.
Panel 112: Varieties of Crime Thursday April 5, 2001 11:1 5-12:45 pm Room 17
Chair: John Wa de, Southeast Missouri State University METH IN THE MIDWEST: A COMPARISON OF LEGISLATIVE RESPONSES Milo Miller, Southeast Missouri State University Methamphetamine has recently emerged as a major concern for law enforcement, particularly in certain mid-western states with large rural and undeveloped areas. The legislative response to the "meth crisis" in those states has been varied and sporadic. This paper focuses on legislation in the six states covered by the federal Midwest HIDTA (High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area) Program as well as federal legislation pertaining to meth. Statutes from these jurisdictions are examined and compared in an effort to assess the legislative response to meth crisis. THE PREVALENCE AND CONSEQUENCES OF METHAMPHETAMINE USE IN L1TILE ROCK: IMPLICATION FOR THEORY AND PRACTICE Tom Castellano, Southern Illinois UniverSity; Melinda Woker, Southern Illinois University; RobertJenkot, Southern Illinois University; John Wa lsh, Indiana University Claims are abundant that methamphetamine abuse represents a social problem now reaching epidemic proportions in many regions of the United States. As part of an evaluation of a federally funded anti-methamphetamine initiative in Little Rock, a variety of measures of the local methamphetamine problem have been collected. These include "objective" measures of prevalence of meth use in the area, related indicators of the nature of the local meth market, and measures of local law enforcement's intervention efforts. The results from these measures are compared and contrasted, and are utilized to identify implications for governmental control responses to methamphetamine. A TOM PETERS APPROACH TO METH EDUCATION Linda D. Ferrell, Southeast Missouri State University The initial responses to the growing meth problem have focused on multi-jurisdictional task forces, vigorous prosecution and enhanced prison sentences. Government officials have recently identified the need to develop education/prevention programs focusing on the nation's youth. Recent criticisms of DARE and similar programs have stimulated a re-examination of drug education programs for elementary school children. The case study presented in this paper represents a unique response to those criticisms: MEDFELS (Meth Education for Elementary Schools), a federally funded initiative developing a drug education program rd for 3 and 4th graders. This project brought criminal justice professionals and elementary teachers together to craft a comprehensive and age specific curriculum. THE METH EXPERIENCE: USERS' PERSPECTIVES Stacy L. Osnick, Institute for Law and Justice The United States has seen a massive increase in the use, sales, and manufacturing of methamphetamine. Despite this growth, there has been little research conducted on the lifestyle and experiences of meth-involved individuals. This paper uses qualitative, face-to-face survey data to examine these issues. The survey participants (N=35) were involved in a treatment program for their meth abuse at the time of the data collection. Findings address 1) characteristics of the local meth market, 2) onset of meth abuse, 3) experiences with using, selling, and cooking meth, and 4) rationale for getting clean. Panel 113: Theory and Research Methods Thursday April 5, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Room18
Chair: Jana Bufkin, Drury College A META-ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER ON YOUTHFUL MISCONDUCT: IMPLICATIONS FOR CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY" Kristie H. Blevins, University of Cincinnati; Leah E. Daigle, University of Cincinnati; Fra ncis T. Cullen, University of Cincinnati; Tra vis C. Pratt, Rutgers University; John Paul Wright, University of Cincinnati In recent years, growing attention has been given to the impact ADD/ADHD has on youths as they progress through the life course. A common thesis is that attention deficits are related to early conduct disorders and, as children move into adolescence, to drug use and delinquency. To assess this possibility, we conduct a meta-analysis of research studies that investigate the relationship of ADD/ADHD to various forms of misbehavior. We also explore the implications of these findings for Gottfredson and Hirschi's "general theory" and for other contemporarytheories of crime and deviance. THE EFFECT OF CHILD MALTREATMENT ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Yo on-Hee Kang, Sam Houston State University; Yuno Choi, Dongguk University Using Agnew's (1989) revised strain theory,the purpose of this research is to test the hypothesis that child abuse and child neglect have a causal effect on delinquency. Drawing from Agnew's suggestion, this research wi" also focus on the following question: 1) Which type of child maltreatment will influence delinquency the most? 2) Is there any relationship between specific types of maltreatment and specific types of delinquency? Using data from victimization data and self-report data gathered from 500 inmates in Chunan Juvenile Prison and 2440 middle and high school students in Korea. Official prison records gathered from 500 inmates in Chunan Juvenile Prison also will be used. ELEMENTARY ABSENTEEISM: AN EVALUATION OF A WEED AND SEED TRUANCY INITIATIVE Timothy S. Byn um, Michigan State University; Cynthia Perez McCluskey, Michigan State University; Justin W. Patchin, Michigan State University School absenteeism has been identified as a contributor to many undesirable outcomes in life, including school dropout, juvenile delinquency, and crime. Very little research has been conducted on ways to reduce truancy, particularly among elementary-aged students. As such, this paper will present the findings from an evaluation of an initiative developed to reduce chronic truancy in three elementary schools. Findings suggest that the program was successful in substantially reducing absenteeism among chronic truants. Implications for programs designed to target at-risk youth wi" be discussed. INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF RELIGION ON DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR: RESULTS FROM A NATIONAL SAMPLE D. Joshua Dean, Northeastern University; Michael G. Turner, Northeastern University Recent research has indicated that church attendance functions to insulate high-risk youths from involvement in criminal activity while no such relationship was found regarding the importance of religion in the lives of those studied. While informative, the most recent study has only focused on a black male sample, creating pertinent questions concerning the effects of both church attendance and religious salience across categories of race and gender. Using a national sample of 1,697 individuals, age 15 to 21 , we investigated whether measures of religion operate differently across categories of race and gender. The theoretical and policy implications of this research are discussed.
Roundtable 114: Judicial Processes Thursday April 5, 2001 11:1 5-12:45 pm Room 19
Moderator: William R. Rehling, Western Illinois University Over the years since the United States Supreme Court decided Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986), other decisions have followed that place limits on the use of peremptory challenges. The objective has been to restrict the use of these challenges so that attorneys cannot remove prospective jurors based upon race or gender. The roundtable will look at both the intent of the court in its decisions as we" as the efficacy of enforcement.
Roundtable 115: Special ACJS Session Thursday April 5, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Auditorium 'IimENCE[)i?;�Q�:l';"I�Efil)�m�" ;A�D
Moderators: Stephen C. Richards, Northern Kentucky University; Jeffery Ian Ross, University of Baltimore Discussants: William S. Tregea, Adrian College; James Austin, The George Wa shington University; Marianne Fisher-Giorlando, Grambling State University; John Irwin; Richard S. Jones, Marquette University; Charles S. Lanier, University of Albany; Alan Mobley, University of California at Irvine; Chuck Terry, University of Flint Michigan Convict Criminology is essays and empirical research written by convicts or exconvicts, in possession of a Ph.D. or on their way to completing one, or enlightened academics who critique existing literature, policies, and practices, and contribute a new perspective on criminology, criminal justice, corrections, and community corrections. There is a "new criminology" (Taylor, Walton, and Young, 1973) led by exconvicts who are now academic faculty. These men and women, who have worn both prison uniforms and academic regalia, served years behind prison walls, and now as academics, are the primary architects of the movement. The convict scholars are able to do what most previous writers could not; merge their past with their present and provide a provocative approach to the academic study of criminology, criminal justice, and corrections. These authors, as a collective, are the future of a realistic paradigm that promises to challenge the conventional research finding of the past. Roundtable 252: Corrections and Punishment Thursday April 5, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Renaissance Ballroom West A
Mod rator: Laurie Bright, National Institute of Justice Discussants: Faye Taxman, University of Maryland; Kevin Knight, Texas Christian University; Kit Van Stelle, University of Wisconsin at Madison Information will be provided about an expansion study of the "High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area System for Drug Involved Offenders" that enhances official measures of re-offending and drug use and collects new data on social adjustment of offenders in the community. A "Drug Screening Instrumenf' study will address the important issue of developing an instrument that is for use specifically in correctional settings as an aid to assessing drug use severity for treatment and referral decisions. A Residential Substance Abuse Treatment for State Prisoners outcome study will provide information on a program that treats dually diagnosed inmates.
Student Workshop 116: Corrections and Punishment Thursday April 5, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 1
Moderator: Scott H. English, Kean University This will be a discussion of the death penalty in modern society, and the question of whether these practices breach our fundamental Bill of Rights. I will focus on the issues of race, economic standing, poor defense, restrictive appeals, and innocents in capital trials and sentencing and their inherent violation of the Bill of Rights. I will also focus on solutions such as moratoriums, execution methods, and abolition as they relate to the Constitution. This workshop will help clarify some of the issues in a very controversial and hot topic of our times.
Panel 117: Policing Thursday April 5, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 2
Chair: Mittie D. Souther/and, Murray State University POLICE CHIEF'S PERCEPTION OF SUPPORT FOR COMMUNITY POLICING DeVere D. Woods Jr. , Indiana State University; Joanne Ziembo- VogI, Grand Va lley State University Police chiefs implementing community policing need to develop strategies that identify potential supporters and mobilize their support. Some critics question the feasibility of implementing community policing in traditional organizations. Advocates, on the other hand, suggest the problems can be overcome by such common techniques as planning and training. This study uses regression models to examine the effects of training and participating in planning on officers' levels of support for community policing. Training and inclusion in planning are found to be associated with levels of support down through most of the rank structure. At the level of line officer,the picture is less clear. THE CLIMB TO THE TOP: CAREER EXPERIENCES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN LAW ENFORCEMENT EXECUTIVES R. Alan Thompson, The University of Southern Mississippi Limited empirical data is available regarding the col/ective career experiences of black law enforcement officers in general and even less is known about the beliefs, perceptions and attitudes of black command and executive personnel in specific. This exploratory study examined a variety of race-related issues within the profession as viewed from the perspective of this growing body of influential social policy makers. Implications of these findings are presented and discussed. POLICE CHIEF'S PERCEPTIONS ABOUT MIRANDA Brian K. Payne, Old Dominion University; Victoria Time, Old Dominion University The Supreme Court recently decided that the Miranda warnings should continue to be a part of law enforcement policy in Dickerson v. U.S. Before the Supreme Court rendered its decision, a survey was administered to 95 police chiefs in the Commonwealth of Virginia to see how they felt the Court should, and WOUld, decide. Attention was also given to chiefs' perceptions about the utility of the warnings, and the source of their attitudes. Results indicate that chiefs are mixed concerning their attitudes about the warnings, though most supported keeping the warnings, or at least a modified version of the warnings. Implications are provided. FIRST-LINE POLICE SUPERVISORS AND COMMUNITY POLICING: SUPPORTING OR SUBVERTING CHANGE? Meghan S. Chandek, Michigan State University According to many scholars, the support of first-line police supervisors is a critical component of the successful implementation and practice of community policing. Police supervisors are responsible for translating the broad mission and goals of a departmentinto meaningful directives for subordinates; a task that is particularly important during time of organizational change. Despite the important role police supervisors play in the future of community poliCing, few researchers have attempted to understand the reactions of police supervisors to community policing, nor to identify the factors that facilitate the supportof community policing by these individuals. This study represents an attempt to ameliorate this gap in knowledge. Using data collected for a large-scale, multi-method study of police in two departments practicing community policing (The Project on Policing Neighborhoods), this study measures the reactions of first-line police supervisors to community policing in behavioral terms (i.e., time spent in community policing activities). It is not sufficient to know whether supervisors can "talk the talk" of community policing; we must determine whether the first-line supervisors can "walk the talk." To that end, this study explores a variety of factors in the work environments of supervisors that may mediate the link between attitudestoward community policing and actual behavioral practices. The results of this study will have important policy implications, providing police administrators with information that may be used to better facilitate the organization-wide shift to community policing. Roundtable 118: Policing Thursday April 5, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 3
Moderator: Peter W. Phillips, University of Texas at Tyler Discussants: Peter J. Nelligan, University of Texas at Tyler; Mitchell R. Roth, Sam Houston State University; Lorie L. Rubenser, SuI Ross State University; Jeffrey P. Rush, University of Te nnessee at Chattanooga; Stan Shernock, Norwich University; Robert w. Taylor, University of North Texas; Joseph B. Vaughn, Central Missouri State University Special units have long been part of the organizational structure of police agencies, although some are of quite recent origin. Juvenile aid bureaus and vice squads may be among the oldest, while hate or bias crime units and child and elder abuse units may be among the newest. The multi-jurisdictional task force is one type of special unit now experiencing the most rapid proliferation. Most recently, special units in some jurisdictions have created serious liability problems. Discussants will present varying views on the efficacy of selected special units, with a focus on the administrative issues involved in their management.
Panel 119: Corrections and Punishment Thursday April 5, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 4
Chair: Barbara Koons-Witt, University of South Carolina EVALUATION OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA CORRECTIONAL RECOVERY ACADEMY Barbara Koons-Witt, University of South Carolina; J. MitchellMiller, University of South Carolina The ongoing development of prison drug treatment programs conveys the promise of disrupting the drug-crime nexus through attentions to high-risk clients populations. Presented here are preliminary findings from evaluations of the South Carolina Correctional Recovery Academy (CRA), part of the National Residential Substance Abuse Treatment Program. The CRA is a behind bars drug treatment program for young male offenders in the context of therapeutic community. TELL THEM WHAT THEY WANT TO HEAR: A QUALITATIVE EXPLORATION INTO ONE RESIDENTIAL SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PROGRAM IN AN ARKANSAS PRISON Allan L. Patenaude, University of Arkansas at Little Rock The therapeutic community model has been employed extensively in the residential treatment of substance abusers in both a free-world and correctional environments. This paper explores the use of focus group interviews to understand the delivery of services to clients in one residential substance abuse treatment program in an Arkansas prison which employs a therapeutic community model. This methodological discussion presents some of the difficulties (honesty, confidentiality, compromise, etc.) faced by researchers conducting qualitative research within correctional environments as well as the substantive findings of the study (the extensive role of inmates in governance of the program and the abrogation of staff responsibilities). THE VALIDITY OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE SUBTLE SCREENING INVENTORY-3 (SASSI-3) WITH A CRIMINAL JUSTICE POPULATION Deanna M. Perez, University of Maryland; Eric D. Wish, University of Maryland; George S. Ya coubian, Jr., University of Maryland A critical problem facing modern-day correctional settings is the increasing number of offenders being channeled into the criminal justice system, many of whom are chronic drug and alcohol abusers. Correctional treatment programs have burgeoned in response to this significant need and, with them, the number of screening instruments available for assessing substance disorders among offenders. The present study compares the SASSI-3 classifications with a DSM-IV diagnOSis of alcohol or substance dependence for a sample of inmates. In addition, comparisons across demographic and socioeconomic groups am made to assess cross-group effectiveness. TREATING METHAMPHETAMINE USERS IN A CALIFORNIA JAIL Dale K. Sechrest, California State University at San Bernardino; David Shichor, California State University at San Bernardino The paper evaluates the first two years of a jail residential substance abuse treatment program and compares the performance of 91 graduates and 50 program removals, and recidivists and nonrecidivists over a 14 month period of follow-up. Most were methamphetamine and/or alcohol users. Findings for recidivists and nonrecidivists parallel those for program removals, to a high degree. Variations in treatment are discussed. A survey of treatment and custodial staff was conducted. Its major conclusion was that greater cooperation is needed between these two groups to improve program success.
Roundtable 120: Race/Ethnicity & Criminal Justice Thursday April 5, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 5
Moderator: Anne T. Sulton, New Jersey City University Discussants: Hubert Williams, Police Foundation; David Fattah, House of Umoja; Dorothy Taylor, University of Miami; Billy R. Close, Florida State University This is a roundtable discussion of racial profiling in the criminal justice system. Each panelist will give a brief presentation on a differentaspect of racial profiling, public policies concerning racial profiling, and suggestions for eliminating racial profiling. About a half hour will be spent in open discussion about this problemand its resolution. Panel 121: Criminal Justice Policy Thursday April 5, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 6
Chair: Matthew B. Johnson, John Jay College of Criminal Justice THE ELECTRONIC RECORDING OF CUSTODIAL INTERROGATION: THE LEGAL HISTORY OF THE "MALLOTT RULE" Matthew B. Johnson, John Jay College of Criminal Justice On June 26, 2000 the US Supreme Court reaffirmed the prior Miranda v. Arizona decision, which held that suspects are to be provided the familiar "Miranda warnings" before custodial interrogation. Thus provision of "miranda warnings" will continue to be part of the police procedure. However, in many cases defendants file motions to suppress statements from custodial interrogation where it is argued that "Miranda warnings" were in fact not provided or other aspects of the interrogation were improper. Only two states (Minnesota and Alaska) require the electronic recording of the entire custodial interrogation. This has come to be known as the "Mallott RUle". This record can help resolve disputes at hearings regarding what actually occurred during the interrogation. This presentation will discuss the legal history and rationale for the "Mallott Rule" and its benefits for suspects, the police and the courts. HARMFUL SECONDARY EFFECTS? THE CONVERGENCE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND FIRST AMENDMENT JURISPRUDENCE Scott Taylor McClel/and, Indiana University This paper will examine the current state of legal jurisprudence under the First Amendment as it pertains to freedom of speech in regards to erotic dance clubs. This topic has become especially pertinent since the Supreme Courtind icated last term that credible social science warning of the possibility that such establishments lead to secondary criminal activity might help shape future jurisprudence. The methodology of this paper will consist of legal analysis of case law and the historical development of germane jurisprudence. Finally, the paper will address questions raised by the Supreme Court and social scientists, and will provide guidance for future research. JUSTIFYING MIRANDA ONE LAST TIME Terrance A. Johnson, Nova Southeastern University; Raymond W. Cox 1/1, University ofAkron The rash of cases about the manner that the police procedurally perform their duties, and the evidence of widespread police malfeasance in this area, offer concerns of the constitutional safeguards to protect the citizens. Therefore, with the Supreme Court's (Court's) recent decision to uphold Miranda v. Arizona, this article reviews the Court's decisions that deal with constitutional guarantees. The presentation of decisions by the Court demonstrates its consistent behavior in this regard. To capstone this argument; however, a mention of what would have happened if Mira nda were reversed, introducing an argument that litigation would have increased if it were not left standing is considered. Finally, the concept of state sovereign immunity blends into this theoryand lends its opposition to the issue.
Student Panel 122: Varieties of Crime Thursday April 5, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 7
Chair: Kristie Holtfreter, Michigan State University SEXUAL ASSAULT AND SELF-DEFENSE: RESULTS FROM THE 1992-1997 NATIONAL CRIME VICTIMIZATION SURVEY Stephanie Olson, Rutgers University The redesigned (1992) National Crime Victimization Survey asks detailed questions on victim/offender interaction. This allows for greater insight into protective tactics that women can take against sexual assault. The first part of this research involves providing descriptive information on the characteristics of assaults against women, both sexual and non-sexual. The second part involves an investigation of the relationship between self-defense and injury and the relationship between self-defense and assault completion using ordinary least squares and logistic regression. The third part involves understanding under what circumstances a victim is likely to use self-protective action. BLAMING THE VICTIM: SEX DIFFERENCES AND THE ACCEPTANCE OF RAPE MYTHS Kristen Martinette, Tiffin University; Melissa Fadley, Tiffin University; Ami Smallwood, Tiffin University The question of whether or not one accepts rape myths is essential in litigating rape cases. The research presented here focuses on the examination of attitudes of 120 randomly sampled undergraduate students from a midwestern university. Of the sample, 60 students were male and 60 were female. Four different scenarios depicting date rape situations along with statements concerning the scenarios and common rape myths were presented to measure the perceptions and attitudes of the students. Other issues discussed in the research include rape myth acceptance, male rape, female rape, and victim blaming. A statistical analysis of the data along with a full discussion of the implications of the research is included. STUDENT BELIEFS IN RAPE MYTHS: GENDER AND CLASS EFFECTS Jeremy Niederkohr, Tiffin University The author examined difference of opinions and beliefs in rape myths between college males and females, freshmen and seniors. Using a 2x2 factorial design with sixty participants, students were given two scenarios and a case associated with rape myths and gender roles. They were asked to evaluate statements listed on the surveys and to rate each response. The case consisted of an actual situation where rape and murder were both committed. The suspects in the case were both found guilty and the students were given options on how to sentence them. The results show striking differences between males and females and grade levels. All students were jury eligible; the study has important ramifications for jury trials in rape cases. INTERACTION BETWEEN PEDOPHILES ON THE INTERNET AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT Bradley B. Urick, Indiana University of Pennsylvania The use of the Internet by pedophiles is a problem that many people see only in the media. Yet, the Internet allows pedophiles to interact openly with each other, and at times with children, in a virtually anonymous environment. This interaction may include online chatting, message posting, and exchanging pornographic stories, photographs, or videos of children. This paper will explore how pedophiles communicate on the Internet using highly interactive technologies. Particular emphasis will be placed on how pedophiles encourage, validate, and neutralize their activities through communication with other pedophiles on the Internet and the implications of this interaction for law enforcement.
Panel 123: Policing Thursday April 5, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 8
Chair: Allen D. Sapp, Central Missouri State University THE 'BUSINESS OF POLICING': ETHICS AND ECONOMICS IN THE PURSUIT OF JUSTICE Karl O'Callaghan, Western Australia Police Service; Irene Fray/and, Edith Cowan University During the 1990s governments saw economic rationalism as a way of becoming more efficient. Changes wrought by government include: greater competition; more control over outputs and stricter accountability for public monies. Policing has been radically affected by this shift in economic focus. Police leaders are now expected to be fiscal managers and must balance effort in the pursuit of justice with funding appropriated. One classical dilemma facing police leaders is deciding when the pursuit of justice should be terminated because it is not economically viable. This paper explores how police leaders may face these challenges with defensible outcomes. LAW ENFORCEMENT PROFESSIONALIZATION: THE ACCREDITATION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT Angel D. Geoghagan, Chattanooga Police Department Rapid social change has led many law enforcement agencies to explore various options that would serve to enhance service delivery, department credibility within communities, and overall professionalism. From a historical perspective, professionalism has been an elusive state for law enforcement agencies since the inception of the first police department. A search for such professionalism has taken a turn towards accreditation. Accreditation for law enforcement was studied in seven southeastern states to determine if the process enhanced the perceived level of credibility and professionalism enjoyed by those police departments. ACCOUNTABILITY ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE Allen D. Sapp, Central Missouri State University; Carla J. Mahaffey-Sapp There has been considerable interest in recent years in the issue of accountability in the criminal justice system. This paper examines some of the political, administrative, and operational issues in accountability for the courts, police and corrections. Policy and operational implications are discussed. PREVENTING POLICE MISCONDUCT: METHODS TO DEAL WITH PROBLEM COPS AND PROBLEM DEPARTMENTS Laurie J. Samuel, Institute for Law and Justice The pervasiveness of police misconduct destroys police departments and the communities they serve. With the numerous documented media accounts of police brutality and scandalous corruption, it is a problem that law enforcement agencies cannot ignore. Police departments are now making strides to be more open in their dealings with offending officers and the policies they enforce. Prevention strategies are thus key in dealing with this problem. Recruiting, training methods, departmental policy and procedures, and Civilian Review Boards will be explored in dealing with problem cops and problem departments.
Panel 124: Crime Prevention Thursday April 5, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 9
Chair: Gretchen Moore, UrbanInstitute COMMUNITY SAFETY - THE NEXT GENERATION Robin Campbell Recently in the United Kingdom, there has been a greater concentration on community safety rather than traditional crime prevention. This wider concept promotes community-based action to inhibit and remedy the causes and consequences of criminal and anti social behavior. It is hypothesized that a community safety model may lead to sustainable reductions in crime, disorder and the fear thereof. This paper analyzes community safety core ingredients and dynamics, suggests methods for proper implementation, and highlights potential implications for corporate and/or political governance. The product of this analysis is a generic framework for securing and sustaining community safety in the 21 st century. PREVENTING COMMUNITY VIOLENCE Eli B. Silverman, John Jay Col/ege of Criminal Justice In the first six months of 1999, homicides surged in the borough of Brooklyn compared to the same period for 1998. This unexpected increase prompted the Brooklyn District Attorney, the NYPD, other criminal justice and social serviceagenc ies and researchers to collaborate on several analytical projects. The analysis informed collaborative law enforcement and social service strategies, which had substantial impact in the areas targeted for resource allocation. We review the methods, strengths and weaknesses of this approach. THE VALUE OF 'CRIMESTOPPERS' IN THE UNITED KINGDOM Alan Marlow, University of Luton The concept of Crimestoppers was introduced to the United Kingdom in 1988 following its development in the USA in the 1970's. It uses guaranteed anonymity as a means of increasing information from the public to enhance the crime detection process. This paper describes research conducted in the UK to estimate the value added to the processes of investigation and detection by the Crimestoppers. In all, the indicators of selected, positive outcomes were evident and the hypothesis that the mechanism adds value to the police and public in terms of crime control strategies was clearly confirmed. COMMUNITY MAINTENANCE AND NUISANCE ABATEMENT IN MARYLAND'S HOTSPOT COMMUNITIES Gretchen E. Moore, Th e Urban Institute The Maryland HotSpot Communities Program (Phase I), launched in 1997, supports comprehensive crime prevention strategies in 35 neighborhoods across the state. Neighborhoods were identified by local jurisdictions. This paper will present a strategic framework for tailoring community maintenance and nuisance abatement by examining current maintenance strategies. LEGAL CYNICISM AND PERCEPTIONS OF NEIGHBORHOOD CONTROL IN HIGH CRIME COMMUNITIES Darrel D. Irwin, University of North Carolina at Wilmington; Cecil L. Willis, University of North Carolina at Wilmington The systemic violence surrounding drug activity in Wilmington, North Carolina, as in many communities, inordinately affects high poverty public housing areas. In Wilmington during a recent six-month period 66 percent of all aggravated assaults, robberies, and homicides occurred in public housing or nearby residential neighborhoods. The "Wilmington Partnership to Cease Firearm Violence" is a special task force composed of local, state, and federal agencies including police and prosecutors with the primary goal to reduce the level of violent crime within specific neighborhoods. This paper examines the first stage of a multi-stage study of gun violence in Wilmington by focusing on the "legal cynicism" of police and probation of officers' perceptions of neighborhood crime control. Additional data are obtained through ethnographic observations of the actual neighborhood controls employed by community residents of the affected neighborhood. Conclusions and observations are made concerning the contextual effects of the neighborhood on legal cynicism among police and probation officers assigned to these neighborhoods.
Panel 125: Criminal Justice Policy Thursday April 5, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 10
Chair: Lois Felson Mock, National Institute of Justice IMPACTS OF FEDERAL FIREARMS LICENSEE RESTRICTIONS Christopher Koper, The Urban Institute During 1993 and 1994, the federal government enacted new fees and applicant criteria for federally licensed gun dealers and intensified its regulatoryover sight of gun dealers. Following these initiatives, the number of retail gun dealers dropped by nearly 70 percent, falling from 257,942 in 1993 to 81,325 by 1999. Using data on gun dealers operating in 1994 and 1998, results from investigative gun traces conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, and aggregate-level crime figures, this study investigates two questions: 1) were dealers who went out of business afterthese reforms more likely to have been suppliers of criminal markets; and 2) has the decline in the gun dealer population reduced gun crime? EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF CONCEAL-CARRY WEAPON LAWS ON CRIME Ruth White, The Urban Institute In recent years, there has been much debate over whether crime is deterred by laws making it easier for citizens to carry concealed weapons (CCW). A number of state and county-level studies suggest that these laws reduce violent crime, though cities have claimed that these findings are attributable to crime decreases in relatively few places or among groups or crime types hypothesized to be less affected by such laws. This paper will present time series analyses of the impact of CCW laws on crime in the nation's largest cities. In addition, we examine crime categories disaggregated by weapon type, victim characteristics, and circumstances to better understand whether and how CCW laws reduce crime. THE EFFECTS OF GUN PREVALENCE ON BURGLARY Phillip J. Cook, Duke University Only a fraction of residential burglaries are "hot," meaning that someone is at home at the time of the break in. There has been some speculation that burglars avoid occupied homes because they are concerned about being shot by an armed householder. The strength of this deterrent effect would depend on the prevalence of gun ownership in the community on the volume and nature of residential burglary. EFFECTS OF DENIAL OF GUN PURCHASE REGULATIONS IN CALIFORNIA Garen Wintemute, University of California at Davis ILLEGAL GUN MARKETS Glenn Pierce, Northeastern University
Roundtable 126: Corrections and Punishment Thursday April 5, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 11 IT!MEI'i;j:;l;GliI:;ii,,;J_aMIII1tIDNS�
Moderator: Stan Stojkovic, University of Wi sconsin at Milwaukee Discussants: Mary Ann Farkas, Marquette University; Rick Lovell, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee; Mark Pogrebin, University of Colorado at Denver; Clare Roby, California State University; Sam Sourya/, Sam Houston State University Since 1994, the California Department of Corrections has provided a leadership education program to supervisory personnel in the institutions and parole and community services division of the department. This program is designed to assist correctional administrators in the application of leadership practices and ideas to their work settings. The leadership Institute has graduated close to 300 participants, and many of these graduates have promoted to higher positions within the department of corrections. This roundtable will focus on the curriculum of the Leadership Institute from the perspective of the faculty and the program director. A particular emphasis will be placed on the challenges of delivering leadership education to correctional professionals.
Panel 127: International and Comparative Criminal Justice Thursday April 5, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 12
Chair: Richard R. Bennett, American University AN ANALYSIS OF THE BROAD CRIME TRENDS AND PATTERNS IN GHANA Joseph Appiahene-Gyamfi, University of Texas Pan American Paul and Patricia Brantingham's pattern theory was utilized to examine the factors that account for the broad crime trends and patterns in Ghana, a non-industrial Third World nation of West Africa. Southern Ghana generates and attracts more criminal activities than northern Ghana. Except murder, which was highest in Ashanti, Greater Accra was highest in every criminal event. Assault was the most prevalent criminal event. The study provides an excellent opportunity to further evaluate spatial inequalities among the regions, and improve data collection to provide relevant information to identify and develop appropriate situational responses to crime in Ghana. TRENDS IN CHilEAN CRIME STATISTICS Randolph T. McVey, West Chester University According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, the rate of violent victimization in the United States decreased 10% from 1998 to 1999. The Uniform Crime Reports also show that the crime rate for all index crimes has decreased. Overall, both sources of official statistics show that crime and victimization have been declining in the United States since the early 1990s. Is this trend reflected in other countries, such as Chile? This paper will compare and contrast the U.S. crime and victimization rates with those of Chile. A CROSS-CULTURAL TEST OF ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY George E. Capowich, Washington State University; Otwin Marenin, Wa shington State University Routine Activity Theory has received much attention since its introduction twenty years ago, but relatively little research has concentrated on its applicability to other cultures. This paper critically analyzes previous cross-cultural tests of Routine Activity Theory and builds on this work to propose an alternative strategy. Alternative measures of opportunity constructed from United Nations data are used to test the theory's viability in other cultural contexts. SOCIAL SUPPORT AND CROSS-NATIONAl INCARCERATION Timothy W. Godsey, University of Cincinnati; Tra vis C. Pratt, Rutgers University Currie (1998) asserted that rising incarceration rates in the United States have come at the expense of alternative public policies that would provide social support, but to date this assertion has yet to be tested. The present study tests this idea using a cross national examination of the relationship between levels of social supportand incarceration rates. Drawing from the emerging crime control paradigm of social support (Cullen 1994; Cullen, Wright, and Chamlin 1999) and from assertions made by Currie (1998), we predict that levels of social support are inversely related to cross-national incarceration rates.
Student Panel 128: Theory and Research Methods Thursday April 5, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 13
Chair: Ursula Ann Becker, Florida State University THE COMSTOCK ACT: FEAR, ECONOMICS AND POLITICS Ursula Ann Becker, Florida State University This paper explores the political, social and economic factors surrounding the creation of the Comstock Act of 1872. It was developed, implemented and executed in an atmosphere of xenophobia, economic distress and political unrest. The Comstock Act itself was anti-obscenity legislation, which was created to ban the sale and distribution of "obscene" material as well as prevent the sale and use of contraceptive devices. The consequences of this legislation resulted in a broad scale expansion of government control and involvement ranging from prohibited speech to prohibited medical practices. This paper also explores the connections that fear, economics and politics had in creating the Comstock Act. THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF EMilE DURKHEIM Howard Shacklock, Yo ungstown State University Emile Durkheim's life experience helped shape him into the originator of sociology. He lived in France during a time of great change. Durkheim also helped innovate education. He believed that science, not religion, was the best way to approach learning. Durkheim started the first social science publication, and helped bring reform to the French education system. Durkheim wrote several books throughout his career, including but not limited to topiCS such as suicide, society, and the division of labor. The contributions and works of Emile Durkheim are still used in the social sciences. APPLYING REICHEL'S JUVENilE JUSTICE MODELS TO HELP SOLVE THE DISPROPORTIONATE REPRESENTATION OF ALASKANATIVES IN THE JUVENilE JUSTICE SYSTEM Bridget lIIichmann Grieme, University of Alaska at Fairbanks Reichel's four models of juvenile justice (1994) are applied in a comparative fashion to contemporary criminal justice systems around the globe, with a special emphasis on Alaska Natives. This comparison and practical application of Reichel's models serves as an introduction to a possible solution of the problem of overrepresentation of Native youth in Alaska's criminal justice system. The ramifications of an exclusively Western criminal justice system on the possibility of success of Native youth in Alaska's juvenile justice system are examined in a historical and cultural context. The successes and failures of the integration of Reichel's welfare model, with an emphasis on restorative justice, in countries with a similar native population are examined.
Panel 129: Corrections and Punishment Thursday April 5, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 14
Chair: Kevin I. Minor, Eastern Kentucky University WORKING ON DEATH ROW: AN EXAMINATION OF THE JOB EXPERIENCE AND SATISFACTION OF CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS ASSIGNED TO DEATH ROW Kelly L. Brown, Indiana State University; Melissa Benningfield, Indiana State University; Jody L. Sundt, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Past research has noted that working on death row leads to the dehumanization of inmates and staff. This paper will explore the experiences of correctional officers assigned to death row. A pre-test, post-test design will be used to investigate the effects of working on death row on correctional officers' stress and job satisfaction. WHO HAS MORE BURNOUT AND STRESS, CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS AT WOMEN'S PRISONS OR THOSE AT MEN'S PRISONS? Joseph Carlson, University of Nebraska at Kearney; George Th omas, Georgia State University This paper compares the differences of levels of burnout and stress of correctional officers at a medium/maximum men's prison and a minimum/medium/maximum women's prison in a Mid-western state. It also compares the differences in each prison based on the gender of the correctional officer. The Burnout Scale and the Offender Stress Analysis Scale developed by Christina Maslach and Susan Jackson �ere the instruments used the response rate by correctional officers exceeded 80%. AN EXAMINATION OF CORRECTIONAL STAFF ATTITUDES IN VIRGINIA JUVENILE INSTITUTIONS Jill A. Gordon, Virginia Commonwealth University; Elizabeth Keeler, Virginia Department of Juvenile Justice This study will examine any differences in correctional staff attitudes toward rehabilitation and punishment among varying types of institutions. One of the institutions can be described as a single-purpose residential treatment center for substance abusing youth and the other is a more traditional detention facility. The goal of this research is to identify if there are any differences in attitudinal support for punishment/rehabilitation by the type of facility a person is employed at, while considering the influences of demographic and work history information.
Panel 130: Crime Prevention Thursday April 5, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 15
Chair: Stan Shernock, Norwich University THE ROLE OF PERCEIVED VALUE CONSENSUS IN PREVENTING CRIME Barbara D. Wa rner, Departmentof Criminal Justice and Policing Recent research based in social disorganization theoryhas demonstrated the importance of informal social control in preventing crime. While this has been an important assumption of current community level crime models, it has rarely been tested. In this paper I examine the extent to which social ties lead to a perception of shared values and the extent to which this perception of shared values increases the perception that neighbors would interveneto stop inappropriate behavior. SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION AT THE OLYMPIC GAMES Jacqueline Ahn, Institute For Law and Justice This paper examines the use of situational crime prevention methods to prevent crime and ensure security at the Olympic Games. Based on personal interviews with key security commanders for the Sydney (2000) Games, as well as literature, press articles and Official Olympic Reports pertaining to previous Games. This paper compares situational crime prevention measures taken at the Sydney (2000) Games with those used at previous modern Olympic Games as a way of tracking the increased use of sophisticated crime prevention methods. CRIME DISPLACEMENT: THE CHALLENGE FOR CRIME PREVENTION Bertus R. Ferreira, East Carolina University Crime prevention programs are often criticized for promising too much and preventing too little. The taxpayers want to see measurable results from increased spending on public police and business owners hope to see decreases in losses if they spend large amounts on private security. Many crime prevention programs do not include a study to evaluate the outcome of the program and it is therefore not always possible to prove any success. Skeptics often argue that the crimes simply "moved" and were not really prevented. This paper will address the different types of crime displacement and explore ways to overcome them. Issues of political, social and economical importance will be included. CYBER ESPIONAGE, THEFT & VANDALISM: THREAT IMPLICATIONS AND THE CALL FOR INSTITUTIONAL SECURITY ASSURANCES Loftin C. Wo odiel, Missouri Baptist College and Union Pacific Railroad Incidents of cyber espionage, theft and vandalism are perpetrated by sources foreign and domestic against American corporate , educational and government institutions each day. Beginning with a brief overview of common threats and vulnerabilities, this work employs case studies to define, illustrate and quantify the potential depth and severity of these institutional cyber concerns. Security implications are drawn from these studies.
Workshop 131: Criminal Justice Education and Training Thursday April 5, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 16
Moderator: John H. Campbell, St. Cloud State University; Steve Band, FBI Academy Participants in this workshop will gain insight into the historical development of the Behavioral Science Unit but also a glimpse into the evolution of criminal profiling. Other specific topics that will be addressed will be past and current research projects, coordination of international symposia to include those in the field of police psychology, new agents and national training programs and internships and joint scholarly initiatives.
Panel 132: Varieties of Crime Thursday April 5, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 17
Chair: Georgia Smith, Jacksonville State University IDENTITY FRAUD PROFILE AND PREDICTIONS Judith M. Collins, Michigan State University; Tra cy Goss McGinley, Michigan State UniverSity We used a database of X biographical (background) data variables to develop a profile of criminals who stole the identities of 800 executives of a major international corporation. We also used d-statistic to compare differences on the variables for perpetrators versus a group of non-perpetrators, and we computed regression analysis to estimate the prediction of identity fraud from several of the variables. The results have practical and future research implications because there are currently no reported scientific studies on identity fraud, which is increasing exponentially in prevalence, cost and impact. ILLEGAL GAMBLING BEHAVIOR IN PUBLIC AND NONPUBLIC PLACES Georgia B. Smith, Jacksonville State University; Tom Barker, Eastern Kentucky University Despite the proliferation of state-run lotteries and other forms of legalized gambling, illegal gambling is alive and well. This paper presents a compilation of data from ethnographic studies of illegal gambling machine players at differentsites in a southern state. Interviews and observations were conducted at a veterans' association club between 1996 and 1999 and at neighborhood sports bars between 1999 and 2000. The purpose of the paper is to develop a typology of illegal gambling machine players. In addition, the authors discuss increased enforcement efforts in the wake of the defeat of a state-run lottery initiative during the course of the study. A CASE STUDY IN THE FORENSICS OF COMPUTER CRIME: E-MAIL ADDRESS SPOOFING D. Kall Loper, California State University at Sacramento The most significant impediment to preventing, investigating, and prosecuting computer crime is the lack of technical knowledge in criminal justice agencies. The popular myth of the "anonymous Internet" is simply unfounded in most cases. This case study is based on a research technique developed in a field study of hackers. The knowledge gained from that study is applied to both the techniques of identity obfuscation and their common uses. The techniques are examined in their relevance to existing categories of computer crime and in investigation and prosecutions. This paper demonstrates that while the technology may be unfamiliar, it is comprehensible. COMPARING THE RESPONSE TO ALLEGATIONS OF CORPORATE DEVIANCE: THE PINTO AND FIRESTONE CASES Paul J. Becker, Morehead State University; Arthur Jipson, Miami University This paper will compare the 1978 Ford Pinto case to recent allegations of corporate misconduct against Bridgestone-Firestone and the Ford Motor Company. This project builds on our previous research examining whether there are long-term consequences from the Ford Pinto criminal prosecution. In this current project, we will examine the response of the corporations involved in tread separation cases to past allegations of organizational wrongdoing. How do the corporations involved in an ongoing investigation of alleged impropriety manage social stigma? This comparison is analyzed from the perspective of re-integrative shaming and corporate impression management.
Panel 133: Theoryand Research Methods Thursday April 5, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 18
Chair: Jennifer Johnson Roberts, Indiana University of Pennsylvania SELF CONTROL AMONG PRISON INMATES: TESTING THE RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF GRASMICK ET Al.'S SCALE Jennifer Johnson Roberts, Indiana University of Pennsylvania; William Wells, Southern Illinois University Previous research examining the reliability and validity of Grasmick et al.'s (1993) self control scale has been generally limited to non-criminal or minor offender samples. This paper seeks to expand upon this body of research by specifically examining the utility of this scale using a sample of over seven hundred serious male inmates. This paper will place primary focus on the construct validity of the self-control scale. The implications for future research and theory development are discussed. THE MAKING OF A SEX OFFENDER John H. White, Richard Stockton Col/ege of New Jersey The commission of a sex crime is the result of a long process of human psychological and physiological development beginning at conception. Throughout the life span, a sex offender encounters fifteen distinct phases that may either enhance his/her fantasies to the point of acting them out or may re-direct them to more appropriate behaviors. This paper presents and discusses the fifteen phases. Differences between juvenile and adult sex offenderswill also be discussed. EXPLAINING BIG-GAME POACHING FROM OBJECTIVIST AND SUBJECTIVIST POINTS OF VIEW Egan Kyle Green, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Rural crimes such as wildlife poaching have not received the amount of academic attention that urban crimes have. As a result, relatively little is known about the extent of this kind of deviance or theoretical explanations of it. This paper reviews the relevant literature on the topic of illegal hunting and addresses it from the subjectivist and objectivist points of view. Additionally, these viewpoints are further categorized by micro-level and macro-level explanations. These points of view lead to a theoretical integrative approach to explain commercial and noncommercial poaching. Policy implications for the dominant theoretical explanations are also discussed. CHANGING CONSTRUCTIONS OF CRIMINAL IMAGES: NINETEENTH CENTURY CANADIAN ANTIPROSTITUTION MOVEMENTS Richard A. Ball, Pennsylvania State at Fayette This paper examines antiprostitution movements in nineteenth century Canada. It presents evidence that the image of the prostitute was generally constructed within a framework of binary opposition to changing images of the ideal woman. Thus, various phases of the antiprostitution movement changed foci through the century as prostitution was reconstructed time after time. Legal shifts involving criminalization of prostitution reflected at each stage symbolic reconstructions of mytho poetic frameworks. STUDYING ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE POLICE OFFICERS: A QUALITATIVE APPROACH Richard M. Seklecki, Minnesota State University This is a presentation on the research design of a study that was conducted in concert with the Rochester, New York Police Department. The study examines the gender trait differences of male and female officers in the course of their interaction with citizens. These differences were captured through direct observation by the author while accompanying 40 patrol officers during their eight hour tour of duty. The empirical data was analyzed with a formal coding scheme that was formulated by employing the precepts of difference theory. Panel 134: Judicial Processes Thursday April 5, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 19
Chair: Christopher Morse, John Jay College of Criminal Justice THE REFUSAL TO "LOOK BEHIND THE CONCLUSION": FEDERAL REVIEW OF STATE COMPARATIVE PROPORTIONALITY REVIEW PRACTICES Donald H. Wallace, Central Missouri State University; Jonathan R. Sorensen, Vera Institute One of the frequent criticisms of death sentencing in the U.S. is the abysmal practice of reviewing courts in carrying out their statutory duties for comparative proportionality review. Yet, even more distressing is the near impossibility of obtaining federal habeas corpus relief for these state courtpractices. In most other sentencing situations the federal judiciary can be used to monitor arbitrary practices of the states. This paper intends to discuss the difficulties of remedying arbitrary practices in comparative proportionality review carried out by the state courts. The focus will be on appeals to federal courts regarding the comparative proportionality review practices of the Missouri Supreme Court. RACE. AGGRAVATING FACTORS AND PROSECUTORIAL DISCRETION: ANALYZING THE DEATH PENALTY IN TENNESSEE John M. Scheb 1/, University of Tennessee; William Lyons, University of Te nnessee Our paper adds to the substantial body of literature that looks at the relationship between the race of victims and the imposition of the death penalty. Our approach is somewhat unique in that we divide the analysis into two stages-the prosecutor's decision to seek the death penalty and the jury's decision to impose it. Separate models are constructed for each phase of the process using logistic regression. The data are taken from judicial reports on some 500 first degree murder convictions in Tennessee since the mid-1970s. This research is in progress, results not yet available. DEATH BY INNOCENCE Karen S. Miller, Eastern Kentucky State University; GaryW. Potter, Eastern Kentucky State University In the post-Furman era an extraordinarily high number of reversals in capital cases due to the innocence or probable innocence of the convicted defendant have occurred. This research reviews 87 reversals occurring between 1973 and 2000. It explores the reasons for those reversals including confessions by the guilty party; prosecutorial and police misconduct; perjury; new medical evidence; ineffective assistance of counsel; etc. Finally, the implications of these data related to the operations of the criminal justice system and the credibility of that system are examined. DEATH PENALTY CASES IN WWII MILITARY COURTS; COMPARING MILITARY THEATER OF OPERATIONS J. Robert Lilly, Northern Kentucky University; J. Michael Th omson, Northern Kentucky University This paper investigates the context and processes surrounding military justice in the Mediterranean and North African Theatre of Operations during WWII. After initially examining all board of review cases for MTO / NATO, this paper will focus on death penalty cases. Previous research examining the European Theatre of Operations demonstrates substantial differences in military justice outcomes depending on the race of the defendant, the type of crime, the local environment or the perceived status of the victim. This effort will determine if these variable are still determinates, or if new variables account for the military's ultimate sanction. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT IN CAPITAL CASES IN KENTUCKY: A RESEARCH STUDY Bankole Thompson, Eastern Kentucky University; Roberta Harding, University of Kentucky This paper is based on a research study done on prosecutorial misconduct in death penalty cases in the state of Kentucky. The study is predicated upon the fact that prosecutorial misconduct is one of the extremely troubling issues in criminal law administration in the United States today. In the specific area of death penalty litigation, it is being hypothesized that it is a grave miscarriage of justice whenever a defendant is convicted of a capital offense largely due to prosecutorial misconduct. There is a paucity of social science and legal research with regards to this phenomenon in the state of Kentucky. Hence, the need for this study.
Special Minorities and Women 135: Gender and Criminal Justice Thursday April 5, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Auditorium
Mod rator: Janice Joseph, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey Pr senters: Dorothy Alston, Community Association for Prisoners; Russell Green, Community Association for Prisoners; Leodus Jones, Community Association for Prisoners - Philadelphia, PA In the early 1950s and 1970s inmates in Philadelphia's Holmesburg Prison were used, for a few dollars, as guinea pigs for a variety of medical experiments. Hundreds were used to test products such as facial creams, skin moisturizers, perfumes, detergents, and even radioactive isotopes, dioxin, and chemical warfare agents. Come and hear the touching stories of a few survivors of these horrible experiments. FRIDAY, APRIL6TH , 2001 AND SATURDAY, APRIL�H , 2001 DAY-AT-A-GLANCE
"QUESTIONING THE QUALIlYOF JUSTICE IN SOCIAL ANDPOLITIC AL CONTEXTS"
7:30am - 9:00am Corrections Section Breakfast Renaissance Ballroom West A 7:30am - 9:00am JQ Editorial Board Breakfast Renaissance Ballroom West B 7:30am - 9:00am JCJE Editorial Board Breakfast Tavern West/Pacific Executive Board Meeting Meeting Room 1 Northeast Executive Board Meeting Board Room 12 Southern Executive Board Meeting Board Room 13 Midwest Executive Board Meeting Boardroom 14 Southwest Executive Board Meeting Boardroom 15 8:00am - 5:00pm Registration 9:00am - 5:00pm Employment Exchange Congressional Hall A & B 9:00am - 1:00pm Exhibits Grand Ballrooms North and Central 9:00am - 12:oopm Professional Development Seminar: Using EXCEL to Teach Statistics (Jon Proctor) Meeting Room 15 9:30am - II:ooam ServingACJS Session and ACJS Business Meeting Auditorium Community College Section Meeting Auditorium 11:15am - 12:oopm International Section Meeting Renaissance Ballroom West A Information and Public Policy Section Renaissance Ballroom West B ACJU Jesuits Board Room 12 12:oopm - 5:00pm ACJS Executive Board Meeting Meeting Room 18 2:00pm - 3:30pm Critical Criminology Section Organizational Meeting Tavern 5:30pm - 7:30pm Western/Pacific Regional Meeting Meeting Room 8 5:30pm - 7:30pm Southwest Regional Meeting Meeting Room 9 5:30pm - 7:30pm Northeast Regional Meeting Meeting Room 12 5:30pm - 7:30pm Southern Regional Meeting Meeting Room 13 5:30pm - 7:30pm Midwest Regional Meeting Meeting Room 14
8:00am - 1o:ooam Registration 9:00am - 1:00pm Employment Exchange Congressional Hall A & B Panel 136: Policing Friday April 6, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 2
Chair: Jennifer M. Calnan, Pennsylvania State University ORGANIZATIONAL VARIATIONS FOR HOSTAGEICRISIS NEGOTIATION TEAMS RobertJ. Louden, John Jay College of Criminal Justice Hostage/crisis negotiation has been an accepted practice in US policing for approximately 25 years. Although a majority of agencies have adopted some form of hostage/crisis negotiation, various structural models and reporting lines exist. This paper describes organizational and personnel factors for 275 such teams from police agencies which employ at least 1 00 sworn officers. Among other factors, an analysis of variables considers age of unit, agency size, geographic section of the country, selection requirements, and training subjects. The discussion will also contribute to the 'ends and means' debate by viewing hostage/crisis negotiation as an aspect of a use of force continuum, and will consider the 'militarization' of certain aspects of American policing. ISSUES SURROUNDING THE COLLECTION, INTERPRETATION, AND DISSEMINATION OF RACIAL PROFILING DATA Jennifer M. Calnon, Pennsylvania State University; Robin Shepard Engel, Pennsylvania State University One of the most salient public policy and research issues currently facing police administrators and researchers involves the use of racial profiling. The perception that officers make discretionary decisions in traffic and field interrogation stops based on the race of suspects has led to widespread criticism and political crises at the local, state, and national levels. Unfortunately, public and political discourse regarding racial profiling is rarely informed by research findings. Furthermore, the few research studies that have been conducted sufferfrom methodological problems and their findings are easily misinterpreted. In this presentation, we examine three central issues regarding racial profiling research: data collection, interpretation of research findings, and dissemination of those findings. For each of these three issues, we critique previous work in the field, describe the potential problems that remain, and make specific recommendations for future research and policy. POLICE OFFICERS IN SCHOOLS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE CHANGE FROM SCHOOL SECURITY DEPARTMENTS TO SCHOOL POLICE DEPARTMENTS Philip A. Ethridge, University of Texas Pan American; Dean Brock, FortHays State University This paper analyzes public school systems located in south Texas. The purpose of the paper is to show that many school systems have upgraded security departments into school system pOlice departments. Data presented in the paper covers the last five years.
Panel 137: Policing Friday April 6, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 3
Chair: JeffMager s, State University of New York College at Brockport COPS, CRIMINALS, AND SOCIETY: RAITING OUT, SEARCHING FOR MORAL TRUTHS Judith M. Sgarzi, Mount Ida Col/ege This paper will address the concept of issues like the thin blue line, codes of honor, and their historical basis. It will also discuss how in a modern society the oath of silence has become an issue of moral bankruptcy in our everyday lives. What once was considered a code for gangs, convicts, and organized crime has become a mainstream idea and an accepted life style choice. Is it okay to not come forward and tell the truth? Is it moral to be silent while harm occurs? What are some of the effects of moral silence? EXPANDING THE MEAUSREMENT OF POLICE INTEGRITY Matthew J. Hickman, Temple University; Brian A. Lawton, Temple University; Alex R. Piquero, Northeastern University; Jack R. Greene, Northeastern University In this paper, we build off of Klockars et al.'s organizational/occupational culture approach to the study of police integrity. Our data are from a surveyadmin istered to a random probability sample of 499 Philadelphia police officers. In addition to the measures used by Klockars et aI., we collected additional officer-level data to examine demographic and attitudinal differences in the scenario responses. PERCEPTIONS OF ETHICAL VIOLATIONS IN LAW ENFORCEMENT Dwayne Marshall, Indiana University of Pennsylvania The objective of this study is to explore police officer's perceptions of ethical violations. Typically, these violations are viewed from the perspective of the victim, police administrators, governmental officials and even the public. Very little research has focused on the officersthemselves. Too often governmentalofficials addr ess ethical violations only after they occur. ETHICAL PRACTICE FOR POLICE LEADERS: CRITICAL ISSUES FOR ORGANIZATIONAL INTEGRITY JeffMagers, State University of New York College at Brockport Studies of police ethical behavior have increasingly focused on police leadership as a critical element for ethical conduct of police officers. This paper reports the results of a surveyof police chiefs, sheriffs and their senior executives staffs on ethical leadership practice. Participants in a series of senior leadership seminars were surveyedto gather information regarding perceptions of critical ethical issues for police chief executives and leader actions supporting ethical conduct by subordinate supervisors and officers. Survey results measured perceptions of leaders' influence on ethical behavior of police officers. Recommendations are made for developing strategies for organizational integrity in-depth. FREE DONUTS & MORE John R. Gentile, Police Consultant This paper challenges police managers to set the tone and provides examples for managerial action beginning with improving the police Oath of Office. It recounts some of the author's training successes as an internal affairs officer and recommends the establishment of ethics councils to define a police department's mission and goals with respect to public service and personal integrity. Panel 138: Corrections and Punishment Friday April 6, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 4
Chair: Sam Torres, California State University at Long Beach AN EVALUATION OF A STATE'S CORRECTIONAL INDUSTRY PROGRAM Irina R. Soderstrom, Eastern Kentucky University; Kevin I. Minor, Eastern Kentucky University; Th omas C. Castel/ano, Southern Illinois University; Jennifer Adams, Eastern Kentucky University A number of studies suggest that participation in prison industry programs is associated with fewer disciplinary infractions and improved institutional adjustment. Additionally, advocates of the rehabilitative ideal have long contended that successful work experiences among prisoners can help promote successful reintegration into the community. The present study will explore these propositions using a quasi-experimental matched comparison group design to compare various institutional measures and one-year post-release recidivism rates for inmates who have and have not participated in the Kentucky Correctional Industry (KCI) program. The policy implications of the research findings will be discussed. KNOWING YOUR CLIENTS AND CORRECTIONAL COUNSELING EDUCATION Key Sun, Central Wa shington University Textbooks and the standard curriculum of correctional counseling tend to emphasize the counselor roles, work environments and intervention/therapeutic techniques addressing the client issues measured by DSM-IV and LSI-R, but they often omit the issue of the correctional clients' mental reactions to their crimes, mental disorders and/or need areas. The mental reactions include how offenders explain and understand their own experience, dysfunction and need areas, how they evaluate and interpret social stimuli (including other people) and react to them. The implications of including the issue in correctional counseling education for understanding the clients' true problems, selecting and implementing interventions and reducing recidivism are also discussed. PUTTING AN OUTCOMES-BASED QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM IN MOTION Holly Atkins, University of Cincinnati; Kim Sperber, University of Cincinnati; Alan Mabry, University of Cincinnati This presentation focuses on a comprehensive plan to strengthen clinical services in a non-profit agency that provides programming in corrections, substance abuse, and mental health. This initiate involves tackling "real world" problems with empirically founded solutions. Through a process of continuous quality improvement this agency has built a fo undation for integrating outcomes assessment into a clinical social services environment. These outcomes have led to research based intervention based on the "what works" ideology. We will describe the process used to achieve that plan from the extensive literature reviews to the development of best practice models and the compilation of resources to disseminate to the proper programs. PARTICIPATORY INMATE SELF-MANAGEMENT: AN EXPLORATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INMATES SELF-MANAGING THEIR DAILY ACTIVITIES Erik Dietz, University of Delaware; Frank Scarpitti, University of Delaware This paper explores the concept of participatory inmate management (Murton, 1976) from the perspective of prisoners' managing themselves rather than actively partiCipating in the management of the entire prison. The treatment modality of therapeutic communities (TC)s, wherein inmates are expected to actively self-manage their daily activities is used to explore the efficacy of this form of participatoryma nagement. Findings indicate that these units have lower rates of institutional disorder than comparable units in the general population. Also, inmates in TCs have a more positive view of their environment. Results, including the effectiveness of inmate managed daily activities, are discussed.
Panel 139: Criminal Justice Education and Training Friday April 6, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 5
Chair: Nicola D. Bivens, Livingstone College RETENTION OF JUSTICE STUDIES IN A MULTI-CAMPUS SYSTEM: A CASE STUDY Pamela Tontodonato, Kent State University; Nawal H. Ammar, Kent State University This study examines the retention of Justice Studies students in the process of transitioning from regional campuses (located in rural and small community settings) to a "main" campus at a Midwestern university. The Department in question serves a large number of students in an eight-campus system. Most regional campus students "transfer" or go to the "main" campus to take courses. Multiple methods of measurement including focus groups, surveys, and university-compiled data serve as the body of data for this presentation. The data reflect student experiences in terms of academic, curricular, and extra-curricular issues. The paper will discuss attempts to assess the needs and experiences of transitioning students and suggestions for improving the transitional process and thus the retention of such students. AN OLYMPIAN INTERNSHIP Michael Hooper, California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Tra ining The study examines students' perceptions of their protective services internship at the 1996 Olympics. The Olympics afforded a unique window for examining an internship laden with richness and variety of experience. The events to which the interns were exposed during the three-week Olympics period would ordinarily occur only over a much longer time frame. Content analysis of interns' term papers showed they generally perceived the internship as contributing to the attainment of experience and skills needed for their professional careers. In contrast, their evaluations of the quality of their experience were much more variable, and generally lower. STUDENT ADVISING AND PERCEPTUAL FACTORS AS GUIDES FOR A DEVELOPING INTERDISCIPLINARY BACCALAUREATE CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROGRAM AT AN HISTORICALLY BLACK COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY Russell Dawkins, Southern University and A&M College An exploratory study of an interdisciplinary baccalaureate criminal justice program examines students' advising, mentoring, and selected perceptions as strategies to assist the program's recent implementation. Base Inie data allow follow-up comparisons that guide the program's growth and development at an historically black college and university. Prior research cites the benefit of student support, and perceptual factors in higher education (Peterson 1999; Didon 1998; Whitehead 1997; Davis 1993; Dawkins and Dawkins 1980), particularly for emerging interdisciplinary programs like criminal justice (Flanagan et al. 1998). Descriptive findings show patterns similar to earlier research, and others unique to the present study. The usefulness of this approach as an exploratory model for assisting start-up academic programs, while simultaneously addressing students' support, are offered. STUDENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF A CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROGRAM James R. Davis, St. Peter's Col/ege Two identical surveys of students' perceptions of their criminal justice programs were conducted in a large public and in a small private college in a northeastern state. The major findings revealed that most students were white males employed part-time in the private college, and full-time in the public college. The majority liked their programs, courses that were job-related, and teachers who taught well. There were differences between the colleges in stUdent motivation and the type and structure of the program. The most important conclusion was that criminal justice programs have to be matched with the college and the type of students in the program. USING THE SOCRATIC METHOD TO DETERMINE THE RELEVANCE OF RACE IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE CURRICULUM Otis B. Grant, Indiana University Criminal justice scholars frequently acknowledge the relevance of race in their scholastic findings. Nevertheless, in the classroom, criminal justice educators often approach the race/crime issue with trepidation. Educators often utilize a lecture format, and rather than risk contention in the classroom, they avoid engaging in discourse about the race-crime nexus. It is hypothesized that because criminal justice students often hold strong presumptions about race and crime, negating to discuss race could lead students to believe that race is irrelevant. To that end, educators must make sure that students progress beyond stereotypical assumptions about race and crime to a point where learning is possible.
Panel 140: Criminal Justice Policy Friday April 6, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 6
Chair: Meghan Chandek, Michigan State University LAW, POLICY AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE M.A. DuPont-Morales, Pennsylvania State at Harrisburg Domestic violence research obsesses over relationship aspects of participants. Police and Courts are evaluated on the outcome of arrest or non-arrest postures. Lacking clear performance measurements, conventional interventions are costly. This paper proposes the classification of those engaging in the act of domestic violence, the expansion of victim classification to all those who hear or witness the violence, the use of community monitoring for the aggressors, and the use of predominant rather than primary aggressor as the behavior descriptor for arrest. The application of current penalties for violence may be useful in enhancing successful measurement of interventions. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE LEGISLATION REVISITED: A COMPARISON STUDY OF STATE POLICY CHANGES BETWEEN19 88 AND 1999 Judy B. Stein, San Diego State University In 1988, 39 states enacted new policies or reformed existing ones governing police arrest in domestic violence cases. Consequently, in many states, police were empowered to make warrantless arrests in cases where probable cause existed that a crime was committed. Lexis/Nexis was used to examine states 1999 poliCies with additional information gathered from interviews with police and family law practitioners. Some states now both mandate arrest and assume the role of "victim." The overall consequences of these policies to victims, batterers, police, and the criminal justice system is still unclear.
Panel 141 : Race/Ethnicity & Criminal Justice Friday April 6, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 7
Chair: Paul Knepper, East Carolina University WHERE I COME FROM: UNDERSTANDING THE BACKGROUNDS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN LEADERS IN NORTH CAROLINA'S CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Paul Knepper, East Carolina University Much of what has been written about leadership in criminal justice borrows leadership models from the business world. Criminologists ought to develop their own leadership models given the unique character of justice administration. The moral foundation of criminal justice leadership is explored here based on the biographies of 27 African-American judges, legislators, attorneys, police chiefs, sheriffs, corrections and juvenile justice administrators in North Carolina. The backgrounds of these leaders, the barriers they faced and their strategies for overcoming them, suggest a new paradigm for leadership development in criminal justice. RACIAL PROFILING: WHAT'S UP? Steve Cooper, California State University at Fullerton The practice of a law enforcement officerstopping a suspect based on his or her race has become known as racial profiling. Recent social movements targeting racial profiling have sent many aimlessly searching for a practical solution to eliminate this unethical form of police discretion. Many changes have been made, yet there is no evidence to suggest that the frequency of racial profiling is deClining. This paper examines many of the current responses to racial profiling, highlighting their strengths and limitations, and discusses what can be done to effectively reduce its nature and extent. AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY NOT STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT TO RECIDIVISM RATES: ALABAMA'S USE OF JUVENILE PRIVATIZATION Linda Royster Beito, Stillman Col/ege This study represents a scorecard of how well the Alabama Department of Youth Services is doing with juveniles by examining the recidivism rates of about four-hundred juveniles recently released from the care of the department. The sample covers the diversity of the department's programming from wilderness programs and institutional settings, to group homes. Miltivariate analysis suggests that gender, race, and risk scores are good predictors of failure in this population. The sample population was about 71 percent male, 63 percent African American, and 79 percent in households where a father was not present. The failure rate was 59.4 percent, about average for juvenile corrections. These findings have theoretical and practical implications. POLICE BRUTALITY AND DISCRIMINATION, CULTURAL MISUNDERSTANDING, OR MUTUAL ANTAGONISM: THE POLICE SUBCULTURE AND MINORITIES Bakhitah Abdul-�a 'Ut, Radford University By agreement in society, the police have a job to do. Because it involves potential disputes, it can be a difficult and dangerous one. Only certain types of people may want to do it. In general, the people recruited and selected to be police officers reflect the values of the dominant culture. Much research indicates that law enforcement agencies do not equitably serve and protect all communities, and that some of the reasons are rooted in cultural misunderstanding and mutual antagonism. The findings of this study indicate, that, the police role, from their point of view and their definition of reality is related to the lack of effectivenessand the often use of excessive force of officers assigned to many American communities.
Panel 142: Policing Friday April 6, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 8
Chair: Willard M. Oliver, Radford University IMPLEMENTING COMMUNITY POLICING: CULTURE, SOCIALIZATION & STRUCTURE Joseph A. Schafer, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Experience has shown that the process of integrating a community policing philosophy into a police organization is a challenging transition. Agencies attempting to adopt a community policing philosophy must do more than change their rhetoric; they must also change their culture and traditions. Using data from a case study of the implementation of generalized community policing in a medium-sized police agency, this study considers the various challenges that might serve as barriers to organizational change. Specifically, how do individual socialization, organizational culture, and organizational structure intersect to mediate attitudes toward community policing? COMMUNITY POLICING OFFICERS: ARE THEY MORE EGALITARIAN? Jancie Ahmad, Sam Houston State University The community policing model urges the development of a differenttype of police officerthan those employed under the traditional, crime control model. Purportedlyco mmunity oriented policing officers are innovative, creative professionals who are more sensitive to and tolerant of diversity. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether officers in a community policing agency are more egalitarian as measured by attitudes toward women and female officer effectiveness than officers in a crime control oriented agency. Results of a survey distributed to officers from each type of agency will be presented. POLICY CHANGES IN POLICE: ARE WE REALLY MOVING TOWARDS COMMUNITY POLICING? Craig N. Winston, St. Ambrose University Over the past two decades policing has undergone a Significant change. Police are moving away from defining their role as "professional crime-fighters" to one embodying the concepts of community policing. In order to implement this transition, changes in the manner in which policing is done as well as changes in the organization and management of policing are required. This research analyzes changes in hiring patterns, educational requirements, and training in order to determine if such changes are being made. CASE STUDIES IN COMMUNITY POLICING: SUCCESS AND FAILURE OF NINE AMERICAN POLICE AGENCIES Dennis J. Stevens, University of Massachusetts at Boston This work examines the experience of nine diverse police agencies as they continue to develop, implement, and maintain a community policing approach to public safety. It is a collection of policing failures and success stories, strategies, and recommendations from the agencies and their personnel who are on the front lines of policing. One purpose of this work is to help the experienced practitioner form an operational definition of community policing initiatives and to provide a method to measure a professional policing approach that addresses organizational strategies intended to reduce the fear of crime and social disorder through collaborative problem solving partnerships. It is also hoped that this work will help bridge the primarysoc ial constructs of community policing strategies for concerned stUdents who may be curious as to how a revitalization of the policing enterprise fits into the new millennium. This work validates its claims through various and diverse police agency accounts that also helped guide this work. It can be a "how to" manual validating how community policing initiatives were experienced as a collaboration between police agencies and community members with the intention of enhancing the equality of life and promoting public safety through those partnerships. Those agencies are: Broken Arrow, OK; Camden PO, NJ; Columbus PO, OH; Fayetteville PO, NC; Harris County Precinct Four Constable's Office, Spring, TX; Lansing PO, MI; Metro-Nashville PO, Nashville, TN; Sacramento PO, CA; and St. Petersburg PO, FL.
Panel 143: Crime Prevention Friday April 6, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 9
Chair: Loftin Woodiel, MissouriBaptist College and Union Pacific Railroad ANALYSIS OF AGGRAVATED ASSAULTS IN THE CITY OF LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY Elizabeth L. Grossi, University of Louisville; Geetha Suresh, University of Louisville Crime place has emerged as a central concern and primary focus of crime prevention efforts. This study focuses on the relationship between crime and place. The purpose of the study is to analyze spatial crime patterns using crime mapping as a tool. The study is a community level analysis and providesanalysis for Louisville, Kentucky for a period of ten years. Suitable policy formulation could be focused quantitatively and spatially, as a crime prevention effort. A THREE-YEAR EVALUATION OF CRIME FREE MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING IN TACOMA, WASHINGTON Lucy Edwards Hochstein, Radford University; Quint C. Th urman, Wichita State University This paper presents an analYSis from three years' data collection of the Tacoma, Washington Crime Free Multi-Family Housing Project. The program includes training for apartmentowners and managers in CPTED processes, certification of multi-family housing complexes, an after school Latchkey program for youth, and crime prevention training for residents. Findings revealed that when managers and owners are trained, and buildings are certified in the program that there are fewer calls for police service, and calls are less serious, suggesting that the program has a lasting crimereduction impact. THE EFFECTS OF CCTVON CRIME AND DISORDER David C. Hurley, Illinois State University; Lorraine Mazerolle, Griffith University; L. Tra vis, Un iversity of Cincinnati This study examines the effects of the installation of close circuit television cameras on calls for service in Cincinnati, OH. A time series analysis will assess the impact of CCTV over varying geographical distances and types of crime. This study hopes to not only address the impact of CCTV, but hopes to begin to explore the use of geo-mapping as a means of determining the effective range of crime prevention measures. THE CRIMINAL CAREER OF THE YBOR CITY HISTORIC DISTRICT: A LONGITUDINAL CASE STUDY OF CHANGING ROUTINE ACTIVITIES IN AN URBAN SETIING Terry A. Danner, Saint Leo University Two decades of data were used to track demographic and economic forces affecting crime trends in Ybor City, Florida. Routine activities theory and environmental criminology were used to explain these trends. Findings suggested that: a) economic development, poliCing practices, and other guardianship had an impact, b) crime volume was less affected by the district's proximity to high crime areas than had been expected and c) for some crimes, the risks of victimization was less than city-wide averages. Implications for guiding crime prevention efforts are discussed.
Panel 144: Gender and Criminal Justice Friday, April 6, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 10
Chair: Kay/ene Richards Ekeh, California State University at Sacramento WHEN VIOLENCE HITS HOME: TRENDS RELATED TO VIOLENCE BETWEEN INTIMATE PARTNERS Lisa D. Taylor, Benedict College In a society characterized by high rates of violent crime, women experience the majority of the violence directed at them by those whom they have ongoing relationships. Intimate violence, like all forms of violence may be a one-time event, an episodic activity, or a chronic pattern of behavior resistant to any formal or even informal sanctions. Between 1993 and 1998 almost two-thirds of intimate partner violence against women occurred in the victim's home. All intimate relationships carry the risk of violence and abuse regardless of the marital status or sexual preference of the partners. The intent of this paper is to view the patterns, causes, and effects of violence between intimate partners. URBAN VERSUS SUBURBAN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE VICTIMS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Gina RobertielJo, Seton Hall University A major goal of this research project is to determine whether police are following laws protecting domestic violence victims and whether the use of arrest is of assistance to battered women. The assumption is that urban victims are injured more oftenand more severely, that they are more inclined to stay in a battering relationship after numerous incidents, and that they are less satisfied with the way police handle their situation. Urban victims will also report higher rates of drug or alcohol abuse and unemployment by their abusive partners, and will be more likely to have an abusive partner of minority status. These results will be gathered in Newark, New Jersey and Morristown, New Jersey. THE CARIBBEAN EXPERIENCE - VIOLENCE AGAINST CARIBBEAN WOMEN Kay/ene Richards Ekeh, California State University at Sacramento This paper will assess the extent of violence against Caribbean women in their societies. A main objective will be to examine the general manner in which societies in the Caribbean react to violence against women and how the system of patriarchy and sexism maintain certain established relationships of violence against Caribbean women. The paper will likewise examine how the victims are treated by the Caribbean systems of justice. Data gathered from several Caribbean countries will be used to evaluate the violent conditions of Caribbean women. INTIMATE RELATIONSHIP CHARACTERISTICS PRIOR TO STALKING Mary Brewster, West Chester University Data were collected through semi-structured face-to-face interviews with 187 female stalking victims and 30 nonvictims. Content analyses of interviewtranscripts focused on relational style, intimate partner violence, power and control issues, and other factors. Data from the interviews with the stalking victims and the subjects who were not stalked are compared to identify patterns of early relationship characteristics that are precursors to later stalking.
Student Panel 145: Corrections and Punishment Friday April 6, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 11 £lm"'\AMn,p�Crn,,�
Chair: Annmarie Dorich, Wh eeling Jesuit University FACTORS AFFECTING JAIL CROWDING: THE PERSPECTIVE OF POLITICAL LEADERS Charles Otto, University of Central F/orida; Robin King, University of Central Florida As partof a larger study on jail crowding, local city and county leaders were interviewed concerning their opinions regarding the use of the jail. This paper describes the methodology used and summarizes the participants' views towards the role of the jail in the local criminal justice system. Finally, implications for local criminal justice policy are discussed. WITHIN THE BELLY OF THE BEAST: AN ADMINISTRATIVE LOOK AT PRISONERS' RIGHTS David Mitchell, University of South Dakota Does America's penal system provide the basic rights guaranteed by the Constitution to the incarcerated? This paper is an in-depth look at prisoners' rights, the major court cases that have decided them, and a statistical analysis of the success of prisoners' appeals. America's correctional perspective has undergone three distinct periods; this paper looks at each and identifies the courts' stance on prisoners' rights during each of them at the time, as well as identifies what administrative policies must be in place to guarantee these rights. PEACEMAKING THROUGH EMPATHY: A PATH TO A DIFFERENT WORLD Annmarie Dorich, Wh eeling Jesuit University Pepinsky and Quinney (1991) in their book, "Criminology as Peacemaking", asserted an innovative idea for transforming our justice system into a peace-oriented system. The premise is that if society can reflect on and put into action elements such as having an awareness of human suffering, a right understanding, and compassion and service, we can be one step closer to developing a peace-oriented justice system. In fall 2000, a survey was sent to faculty, criminal justice majors, and undergraduate students at a small Jesuit university questioning them on the three above elements, as it relates to the treatment of offenders.
Panel 146: International and Comparative Criminal Justice Friday April 6, 200 1 7:45-9:15 am Room 12
Chair: Keith N. Haley, Tiffin University AN EVALUATION OF PRISON-BASED DRUG ABUSE PROGRAMS IN TAIWAN: ONE YEAR AFTER TREATMENT Furjen Denq, Sam Houston State University; Michael S. Va ughn, Georgia State University; Lou-Jou Lee, Taipei Metropolitan Police Department This paper evaluates the effectiveness of prison-based drug abuse treatment programs one year after treatment. The authors conducted interviews with 700 incarcerated drug users in Taiwan. Interview data included individual and behavioral characteristics before participating in prison drug treatment compared to one year after treatment. Treatment effectiveness is measured with respect to (1) improved functioning in society, (2) reduced recidivism in crime, and (3) reduced illicit drug use. Based on multivariate statistics, factors accounting for changes in post-treatment behavior include, but are not limited to, age, sex, family history, education, prior employment, historyof drug use, historyof criminal involvement, and quality of prison staff. The results help provide a holistic view of the drug-crime nexus in a non-Western society. VOICE FROM THE GOLDEN TRIANGLE: THE WA PEOPLE'S EFFORTS IN KICKING THE DRUG HABIT Larry Chung, International Foundation for the Peaceful Elimination of Opium Crops (Taiwan); Tammy Turner, International Foundation for the Peaceful Elimination of Opium Crops (Taiwan); John Song, State University of New York College at Buffalo The paper examines the peaceful drug eradication and alternative economic development efforts of the Wa people in northeastern Burma, part of the Golden Triangle. The Wa leadership, often painted as insincere or hostile partners in the United Nations' war against drugs, has declared its intention to make the Wa region a drug-free zone by the year 2005. Based on years of first-hand observation, this paper will also report on the public health problems, ecological challenges and geopolitical adversity the Wa are encountering in their continuing efforts to eliminate drug production in the Wa region. HAZHO' SOKEE' ("STAY TOGETHER NICELY") USING NAVAJO PEACEMAKING TO ADDRESS DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST NATIVE AMERICAN AND OTHER WOMEN Jon'a F. Meyer, Rutgers University This paper discusses domestic violence on the Navajo Nation (Navajo reservation) and presents a Native justice initiative, peacemaking, that has been employed by Navajos to address violence and disputes among families. Interviews with tribal legal officials and members of peacemaking staffwere conducted to learn the benefits and drawbacks of using peacemaking in domestic violence cases. In general, the respondents were supportive of peacemaking as a way to reduce violence among intimates, but cautioned that is it not useful for all cases. Abusers must be willing to participate fully and victims must be protected during the processfor it to be most advantageous. THE BUCHAREST-TIFFIN PARTNERSHIP FOR PREPARING CRIMINAL JUSTICE LEADERS IN ROMANIA Keith N. Haley, Tiffin University; Jack Collins, Tiffin University; Joe Saunders, Tiffin University Anticipating its imminent introduction into the European Union, the criminal justice agencies and personnel of Romania are in need of graduate professional education that will prepare them for the challenges of crime and corruption in a free society. This paper describes a partnership between the University of Bucharest and Tiffin University to establish a school of criminal justice in Romania. The paper also includes: a discussion of the community justice curriculum development project; reciprocal study visits by U.S. and Romanian justice officials and faculty; results of a graduate seminar on the American system of criminal justice taught at the University of Bucharest; and characteristics of the first class of 25 criminal justice leaders to enter the new graduate program.
Student Panel 147: Corrections and Punishment Friday April 6, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 13
Chair: Kristi Butcher, Central Missouri State University PSYCHOTROPIC CONDITIONS OF PROBATION AND PAROLE IN LIGHT OF WASHINGTON V. HARPER AND RIGGINS V. NEVADA: A REVIEW OF LEGAL TRENDS Kristi Butcher, Central Missouri State University; Betsy W. Kreisel, Central Missouri State University; Dane C. Miller, Central Missouri State University More people are currently under some type of correctional supervision today than at any point in our nation's history. It is not surprising that an increased percentage of these offenders are in need of appropriate psychiatric or psychological attention and treatment. A major problem in many of these cases is assuring that the offender maintains a schedule of medication that often involves psychotropic drugs. This paper will examine recent legal trends dealing with the application of psychotropic drugs as part of conditional release programs. The paper will discuss the due process concerns and liberty interests analyzed in such cases as Washington v. Harper and Riggins v. Nevada, and suggest other major legal trends in dealing with this issue. DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION, COMMUNITY JUSTICE, AND THEIR IMPACT ON MENTALLY ILL OFFENDERS Steven R. Wood, City University of New York This paper sets out to explore ways communities try to reintegrate the mentally ill parolee. There is little question that the United States is experiencing high but declining rates of crime, and that there are large numbers of the mentally ill among us. For the average student of criminology, there is little awareness of the powerful, and not so powerful, social forces behind this phenomenon. This paper discusses some of the forces implicated in deinstitutionalization, a process the author and others believe are responsible for the American phenomenon of correctional facilities becoming an alternative to mental hospitals, and an alternative solution. EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF PROBATION CONDITIONS ON PROBATIONER RECIDIVISM Omara Rivera-Vazquez, Michigan State University; Sheila Royo-Maxwell, Michigan State University Despite its popularity, the use of probation has been fraught with difficultiesabout recidivism. Estimates are that approximately 60% of probationers recidivate. While many studies have examined recidivism, most have focused on the socio-demographic and criminal history of probationers in explaining recidivism. In this paper, we examine these variables as well as the potential effects of probation conditions on probationer recidivism. Based on the deterrence assumption that sanctions modify behavior, this study examines the effects of multiple conditions of probation on the behaviors of probationers. Following the deterrence framework, it is hypothesized that the more conditions an offender is presented with, the greater their compliance and the less likely the recidivism. Multivariate techniques are used, and policies are discussed.
Student Panel 148: Juvenile Justice Friday April 6, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 14
Chair: Sharon A. Melzer, Florida State University A VIABLE ALTERNATIVE: MENTAL HEALTH ALTERNATIVES IN THE JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Sharon A. Melzer, Florida State University Juvenile emergency room visits for psychological reasons, referral to mental health agencies, family doctors prescribing psychotropic medications, and children in therapeutic settings (individual, group, or residential) are increasing. Many of the juvenile offenderswho commit crimes and behave in a deviant matter are responding to psychological stressors inflicted upon them. People working in the criminal justice system realize juvenile offenders' behaviors have rooted causes, which can be treated with mental health alternatives, yet there are so few resources. This paper will address both mental health issues in the juvenile justice system and the policy realm. UNHEARD CRIES: MANIPULATION OF CHILDREN IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Tra vis S. Johnstone, Mount Mercy College; Matthew N. Mullen, Mount Mercy College; Nicholas R. Delaney, Mount Mercy Col/ege We investigate and discuss the little-known problem of manipulation of children in the criminal justice system. This manipulation manifests itself in the interrogation rooms and courtrooms of our justice system because of intense social and political influences, which stem from high profile cases of youth violence. Media spotlight creates undue pressure on law enforcement agencies and officials toob tain quick convictions. The questionable motives and practices of law enforcement officials contribute to an already intimidating and coercive custodial environment for hardened criminals, let alone children. Our research identifies the problem with current juvenile justice practices, establishes a standard of rights for children, and reconciles these issues through solutions and alternatives. IN SEARCH OF COLD SPOTS: A SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF ATTITUDES Jonathan Beard, Sam Houston State University This study endeavors to find the location of "cold spots" in a collection of criminogenic "hot spots". AI i analysis of secondary school students' attitudes and beliefs toward four major sources of attachment seeks to quantify and test various theoretical models of delinquency etiology. An integrated model of strain, social learning, and social control guide this analysis of student attachment to school, parents, peers, and economic respects. While an earlier model focuses on the attenuation of bonds to "the conventional social order," it is suggested that strong bonds in fact may lead to delinquency. Spatial analYSis may lead to "quantifiable" sub cultural milieu definitions, and describe accurately the differentiation of value placed on the four factors analyzed. A DESCRIPTION AND ASSESSMENT OF A YOUTH ACCOUNTABILITY BOARD Ta mara D. Sorensen, California State University at San Bernardino Youth Accountability Boards focus on non-serious, first-time, juvenile offenderswith the expectation that early intervention will result in long-term deterrence from criminal activity. This paper will provide a description of a Youth Accountability Board currently operating in San Bernardino County. The general purpose and function of the Board will be explored. A preliminary assessment of juvenile completion rates, fiscal impacts and overall program "success" will be reported. Interviews with criminal justice professionals and community members associated with the Board will be included to provide a comprehensive picture of the program's administration.
Panel 149: Criminal Justice Education and Training Friday April 6, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 16
Chair: Chris Capsambelis, Th e University of Ta mpa TECHNOLOGY AND TEAM TEACHING: THE WEB POTENTIAL IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION Susan R. Ta kata, University of Wisconsin Parkside; Jeanne Curran, California State University at Dominquez Hills; Dwight Roth, Hesston Col/ege Beginning Fall 1999, we only meant to team teach our criminology classes across few thousand miles. Seemed like a good idea. Now one year later, we have mushroomed to four additional faculty members and the "Dear Habermas" web site, (http://www.csudh.edu/dearhabermas), and the potential of the Web going way beyond our expectations. eDUCATING A CRIME SCENE TECHNICIAN IN AN ACADEMIC SETTING Christopher R. Capsambelis, Th e University of Ta mpa; David Brumfield, Sf. Petersburg Junior College The responsibility for the collection, presentation, and analysis of physical evidence at the crime scene usually belongs with the Crime Scene Technician. Traditionally, technicians have learned the functions of the position through "on-the-job" training and little formalized instruction. Few academic programs exist throughout the United States that are specifically designed to educate and train Crime Scene Technicians. This panel provides an overview of the development of a college-level degree program that will prepare individuals for careers as crime scene technicians. Emphasis will be on course requirements, faculty and equipment needs, and the qualifications of faculty. NCVS.COM Callie Rennison, Bureau of Justice Statistics; Craig Perkins, Bureau of Justice Statistics; Mike Planty, Bureau of Justice Statistics The authors offer a guide designed to demystify NCVS data. Topics addressed include: downloading data, weighing procedures, variance estimation, generating rates and analyzing relationships. In addition, parameters needed for calculations and programs necessary for hypothesis testing will be made available. The objective of the guide (and later, internet site) is to provide a user friendly document with research and educational applications. THE EFFECTIVE OF TYPE OF TERMINAL DEGREE ON SCHOLARLY PRODUCTIVITY: AN ANALYSIS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE Steven Stack, Wayne State University Research on scholarly productivity in criminal justice has been largely descriptive. The present study is an exploratory analysis seeking to explain the variation in scholarly productivity by type of terminal degree. Given the relative lack of social science research training in law school, it is argued that the scholarly productivity of faculty with terminal Juris Doctor degrees will be low relative to faculty with Ph.D. degrees. Data are based on 89 faculty in Master's level criminal justice departments. Controls are introduced for variables representing alternative theories of scholarly productivity. The results of a multiple regression analysis indicate that Juris Doctors publish significantly fewer articles and receive fewer citations than others. The leading predictors of scholarly productivity included faculty rank and holding a Ph.D. degree in sociology. The full model explained 32% of the variance in articles published and 46% of the variance in citations. USING A HOME PAGE, WEBCROSSING, AND WEBCT IN THE TEACHING OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE COURSES Eugene E. Bouley, Jr. , Georgia College and State University This paper reviews the author's experiences in using a Home Page, WebCrossing, and WebCT in the teaching of criminal justice courses at the undergraduate and graduate level. The paper notes the impact of each of these technologies on both the instructor and the student. The paper also evaluates the pros and cons of preparing one's own WebCT course versus using publisher packages.
Panel 150: Crime Prevention Friday April 6, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 17
Chair: Bertus Ferreira, East Carolina University A NATIONAL SURVEY OF BLACK SECURITYPR OFESSIONALS Shaun L. Gabbidon, Pennsylvania State University Capital Col/ege This paper presents the results of a nationwide surveyof Black security professionals. The project investigated their level of satisfaction in the security profession as well as their overall experiences as Blacks in the field. The implications of the survey results for Blacks considering the security field as a career will also be discussed. THE BASIS OF CHALLENGES TO EXPERT SECURITY COURT TESTIMONY William E. Th ornton, Loyola University; Lydia Voigt, Loyola UniverSity The U.S. Supreme Court in a 1993 decision, Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, vacated a 70 year old precedent, the Frye test, which defined an expert'sopini on regarding general acceptance in the particular field. Daubert held that an expert's testimony must be based on "scientific knowledge" which is derived by the "scientific method". This paper addresses key principles of Daubert as they relate to the scientific validation of security findings. EFFECTS OF COLLEGE ALCOHOL POLICY CHANGES ON A COHORT OF STUDENTS: SENIORS' VIEWS ON CHANGES IN ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR Steven S. Martin, University of Delaware; Meredith E. O'Boyle, University of Delaware; Gregory J. Postle, University of Delaware; Cynthia A. Robbins, University of Delware; Nicole R. Thrift, Univeristy of Delaware Excessive, irresponsible and illegal drinking by college students has a long standing history. The effects of significant campus policy changes at Delaware since 1997 are reviewed, focusing on the cohort of students who entered the University when policies began to change. Results indicate sizeable changes in student's perceptions of a stricter school alcohol policy; more information of health risks, and increased enforcement of rules. These results are discussed in terms of anticipated and unanticipated consequences of current college policy initiatives.
Panel 151: Theory and Research Methods Friday April 6, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 18
Chair: Robert A. Kirchner, U.S. Department of Justice EVALUATION AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROGRAM THEORY: THE CRITICAL LINKAGES RobertA. Kirchner, U. S. Department of Justice; Roger K. Przybylski, Kent Group Consulting This paper presents criteria and methodology to enhance evaluation designs for criminal justice programs. To produce findings and results that are useful and directly applicable for decision-making is often difficult, but not impossible. If program evaluation is to be a fundamental part of effective public policy, the primary responsibility for program evaluation should rest with responsible officials. Criteria are recommended that definean effectively managed program and a set of ideal conditions for program implementation and performance-- conditions to be brought about through linkages between management direction and program logic. PERCEPTIONS OF BROKEN WINDOWS: A STRUCTURAL EXPLORATION Adam J. McKee, University of Southern Mississippi This paper examines the factor structure of data gathered in a citizen survey conducted in Madison, Wisconsin by the Police Foundation. The data are analyzed using first and second order factor analytic techniques. The first order factor analYSis was used to isolate the cogent factors considered in Wilson and Kelling's "broken windows" theory. The higher order factor analysis is used to examine the relationship betweenthese factors. It is concluded that the highly inter-correlated structure of the data supports the "broken windows" theory of neighborhood dynamics that have been so influential in the development of community policing concepts. USING DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESEARCH Michael Birzer, Wa shburn University; David McElreath, Wa shburn University Discriminant analysis is a powerful multivariate statistical technique that has been used successfully in several recent criminal justice studies. This technique allows the researcher to divide the sample into meaningful groups that reflect situations that more adequately represent real-life and to simultaneously analyze multiple variables that have the potential of explaining group placement. Furthermore, discriminant analysis can be used to bridge the gap between traditional research statistics and the new demands required with quantitative data. This manuscript will query the general benefits of using discriminant analYSis in criminal justice research. SURVEYING CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE DOCTORAL STUDENTS VIA THE WORLD-WIDE WEB George M. Bernlohr, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Conducting research via the World-Wide Web is becoming more popular as we move into the twenty-first century. This paper discusses the sampling design used to survey doctoral students in Criminology and Criminal Justice in the United States and Canada. Institutions were placed into one of six geographic regions in North America. Program coordinators were initially surveyed to create a sampling frame. Students at each institution were then contacted via various methods including electronic mail and invited to participate in the online survey. Other methodological issues discussed include the process of creating and implementing the online instrument. PREVENTING PAROLEE CRIME PROGRAM - PLANNING AN EVALUATION OF PAROLEE INTERVENTIONS IN THE CALIFORNIA PAROLE SYSTEM Christiana Drake, University of California at Davis; Juanjuan Fan, University of California at Davis; Richard Levine, University of California at Davis; Garen Wintemute, University of California at Davis In 1998, the California Legislature requested an independent evaluation of the Preventing Parolee Crime Program (ppep), programs designed to counteract the negative effects of low educational skills, poor job and social skills and substance abuse are thought to have on recidivism. Programs consist of literacy labs, employment, substance abuse and residential multiservices. Referral occurs either as a preventive measure prior to parole violation. or as an alternative to revocation of parole, and results in a substantial number of referred parolees being at higher risk for recidivism than those not in the program. A simple comparative study of parolees receiving services to those not receiving services would likely lead to biased estimates of the effects of the programs. One alternative was to propose a randomized study. Such studies. while effective in detecting the presence or absence of intervention effects, are difficult to conduct. Many ethical issues have to be considered. Epidemiologic studies are typically health risk studies where randomized studies cannot be conducted, and subjects are selected into intervention groups in a manner which minimizes differences in baseline risk for the outcome of interest. We will describe the study proposed and discuss statistical issues in the planning of this study as well as present preliminary findings in implementing the study.
Panel 152: Judicial Processes Friday April 6, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 19
Chair: Carrie J. Petrucci, University of California Los Angeles DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS OF A SPECIALIZED DOMESTIC VIOLENCE COURT THAT UTILIZES THERAPEUTIC JURISPRUDENCE Carrie J. Petrucci, University of California Los Angeles Specialized domestic violence courts have formed to handle the huge increase in domestic violence cases. Outcome research is promising, but no agreement exists on the defining characteristics of these courts. Some judges are utilizing therapeutic jurisprudence, a legal reform theory that considers defendant and victim well being. Using an ethnographic approach. this study seeks to identifythe components of a misdemeanor domestic violence court in Los Angeles in which the judge utilizes therapeutic jurisprudence. Data Collection methods include participant observation, interviews, and case record reviews. Findings reveal a complex set of key components across all aspects of the court process, from the judicial role to the procedures practiced within the court. THE EFFECTS OF PROGRAM CRITERIA ON 'JUDICIALLY DIVERTED' OFFENDERS C. Wayne Johnston, University of Texas of the Permian Basin Offenders who have been diverted from prosecution through either "pre-file" or "pre-trial" diversion programs should expect equal opportunity for inclusion in programs and also expect equal treatment once accepted. This research seeks to determine if the depth of differential treatment of specific groups extends beyond the prosecutorial stage of charging / diverting to include "diversion program criteria and eligibility" as a factor in specific types of bias. If this is true, success once diverted , may well depend on factors that are discriminatory in nature. COMPARATIVE LESSONS IN JUDICIAL REFORM IN EAST & WEST AFRICA: THE PROSPECTS OF ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION Ernest E. Uwazie, California State University; Cecil E. Canton, California State University; Nan Shuker, Superior Court of Wa Shington, DC The paper will analyze competing, contemporary judicial reform theories in Africa and their potential for trial delay reduction, providing easy access to justice, balancing indigenous and modern justice dictates, and appeal for foreign investment. In particular, the paper will draw from the results of on-going alternative dispute resolution projects in 2 West (Nigeria & Ghana) and 2 East African (Zambia and Tanzania) countries. The paper suggests that reform efforts at technological court modernization or computerization and lawyer centered approach will reify dominant problematic legal orderings and yield minimal results if basic structural changes and legal training reorientation are ignored or preset in the overall legal reform scheme.
Panel 153: Policing Friday April 6, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 2
Chair: David Carter, Michigan State University PATTERNS OF OFFICER DEVIANCE BY ACADEMY CLASS COHORTS IN THE NEW YORK CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT: A GROWTH-CURVE ANALYSIS James J. Fyfe, Temple University; Robert J. Kane, American University A cohort analysis examining rates of officer misconduct by police academy class is conducted in the New York City Police Department for the years 1975-1996. The initial analysis examines both within- and between-cohort misconduct patterns in an attempt to determine if certain classes over the 22 year study period experienced higher levels of deviance than others. A second estimation enters control variables representing various administrative factors (e.g., academy class size, number of training hours required per class, active police commissioners), which are hypothesized to explain changes in rates of misconduct within and between police academy classes. This design represents a significant methodological advancement in the study of police deviance and has considerable public policy implications. THE LAPD RAMPARTS BUREAU CORRUPTION CASE: WHY IT WAS INEVITABLE! Patrick T. Maher, PODC This abstract uses the Los Angeles Police Department Ramparts Bureau corruption case to examine the implications for controlling police misconduct and examines the internal effort to find scapegoats rather than examining the organization, cultural, and societal causes of the corruption. One critical factor examined is the response of the department and its supporters that the corruption was the result of a small number of officers with a criminal mentality. This paper argues that for a myriad of reasons, the corruption was more likely than not to have occurred. THE LAPD - FROM THE CHRISTOPHER COMMISSION TO THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE CONSENT DECREE Harvey N. Morley, California State University at Long Beach During a period of nine years, beginning in 1991 and concluding in 2000, the Los Angeles Police Department has been the recipient of three major documents designed to identify and correct perceived deficiencies in procedural and operational issues. This paper provided a comparative look at the issues that precipitated each documents development and the ensuing recommendations. POLICE ABUSE OF FORCE IN IMERICA: PERCEPTIONS AND TOLERANCE Anthony J. Micucci, Memorial University; Ian M. Gomme, University of Southern Colorado This paper examines police officers' perceptions and tolerance of abuse of force. Data were collected from 3,230 sworn personnel in 30 American departments. Officers rated the seriousness of the misconduct, their support for discipline, and their willingness to report. A small but significant percentage (15%) viewed abuse of force as non-serious. A third (32%) indicated refusal to report a colleague for misconduct. Over a third (32%) indicated that they believed that their colleagues would also refuse to report this misconduct. More detailed analysis demonstrates how officers' traits and their agencies' characteristics affect both perceptions and tolerance.
Panel 154: Policing Friday April 6, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 3
Chair: Richard M. Seklecki, Minnesota State University A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE POLICE OFFICERS TOWARD CITIZENS IN A HIGHLY CONFLICTIVEIDENSELY POPULATED URBAN AREA Richard M. Seklecki, Minnesota State University This presentation is based upon recently completed research (dissertation) concerning the alleged interpersonal and policing trait differences between male and female officers. The commonly held belief that male and female officers conduct their duties from differentperspectives which has influenced their "style" of citizen interaction is closely examined. The data was gathered by directly observing40 male and female police officers in a series of summer ride shares and using an established theory-based trait criterion as the means of establishing both gender differences and similarities. The criterion also provides the source of the data coding scheme. The study utilized Carol Gilligan's "differential association" as it's theoretical foundation. COMPARING DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN MINORITIES AND WOMEN POLICE OFFICERS; ARE THERE DIFFERENCES? Michael J. Palmiotto, Wichita State University This paper will review the various forms of discrimination towards minorities in police departments in America. This review will include but may not be limited to hiring, promotion, and treatment of minorities within policing agencies. Discrimination towards minorities and women will be analyzed and evaluated to determine if there are any similar patterns in discrimination towards minorities and women. This paper may also determine whether minority or women officers have been more successful in assimilating into the police culture. WOMEN IN POLICING: POLICY ISSUES Julie Newton, University of Southern Mississippi This presentation will cover policy issues concerning females in law enforcement. Not only are women historically underrepresented in almost every area of policing, but they also face a much higher attrition rate than their male counterparts. In addition, SOl'De research asserts that females are under valued, and often receive stereotypical work assignments. Sadly, discrimination and sexual harassment still occur at an alarming rate. The focus of discussion will be on the administrator's role in these issues, and the fostering of progressive change. TRANSSEXUAL POLICE OFFICERS: CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGE TO DIVERSITY IN TRADITIONAL SETTINGS Th omas S. Wh etstone, University of Louisville A series of personal interviews with transsexual police employees from departments across the nation were conducted. Findings reveal a mixed response from peers and managers. Opposition is observed to varying degrees in nearly every case, while there is notable, sometimes surprising, support in many cases. Officers presenting to the department with this condition offer managers a rare but not unknown circumstance and an excellent opportunity to demonstrate leadership and embrace diversity. While some cases are unqualified disasters, others demonstrate tolerance, compassion and remarkable success. Suggestions are made for managers and employees confronting these issues in police departments.
Panel 155: Corrections and Punishment Friday April 6, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 4
Chair: Gayle Styve Armstrong, Arizona State University We st EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF THE POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION PROCESS ON INMATES Dale J. Ardovini-Brooker, Sam Houston State University Preliminary findings from a focus group will be the center of the paper. A great number of studies have explored the issue of post-secondary education and its effect on offender recidivism, but few have examined the process that supposedly leads to lower rates of re-offending. The paper explores issues surrounding the process of post-secondary education on inmates currently involved in the process. Issues raised from the focus group include how the inmates perceive their current educational status and what the process symbolizes. DO PRISONERS REALLY RECEIVE SPECIAL TREATMENT? Karen Lahm, University of Kentucky Research examining program disparities between male and female inmates tends to focus only on educational and vocational opportunities, while ignoring the availability of other "types" of prison programs. This prison-level analysis adds to a small, outdated body of literature by investigating the availability of "specialty" programs in over 400 U.S. institutions, while controlling for other prison-level characteristics. Preliminary results suggest that female inmates are being offered similar programming opportunities as male inmates in the areas of recreational activities, self-help, cultural/religious, counseling, and psychological services. Moreover, women's institutions appear to be significantly more likely to offer pre-release programming and parenting classes than do male institutions. MENTAL HEALTH, SUBSTANCE ABUSE, AND CONCURRENT PROBLEMS AMONG INMATES IN A STATE PRISON Rebecca Kayo, University of Kentucky; Matthew Hiller, University of Kentucky; Egle Narevic, University of Kentucky; Carl Leukefeld, University of Kentucky Data were collected from 660 inmates in 4 minimum and Medium-security prisons in Kentucky. Twenty-one percent had neither psychological nor substance abuse problems, 10% had only mental health problems, 30% had only substance abuse problems, and 39% concurrent psychological and substance abuse problems. The concurrent problems group showed the most severe social deficits, including higher levels of employment problems, longer criminal histories, and more extensive substance abuse histories. Correctional managers should address the entire set of problems represented by these offenders either in prison or during transitional programming. CHARACTERISTICS OF INMATES WHO SUBMIT GRIEVANCES Randolph McVey, West Chester University An inmate grievance procedure is designed to provide an avenue for inmates to air complaints about their confinement. The types of complaints aired by inmates can help prison administrators identify problematic operations and employees. By taking corrective action, prison administrators can reduce inmate frustration and tension, and avoid costly litigation. There is little or no information about the characteristics of inmates that submit grievances. Are some inmates more prone than others to submit grievances? Are the types of complaints related to specific classification categories? The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze the characteristics of inmates who use inmate grievance procedures. IS IT ALL JUST A SCAM? INMATE PERCEPTIONS SURROUNDING PLAYING THE REHABILITATIVE GAME Martha L. Henderson, University of Cincinnati; Patricia Van Voorhis, University of Cincinnati There is much conjecture about inmates who piay "the rehabilitative game." The available evidence does not detail which inmates are likely to support scamming correctional officials and which are not. This study uses a sample of 464 inmates held in intake facilities in Ohio to determine the following: 1) what percentage of inmates agree with scamming staff and 2) what are the ,c;haracteristics associated with the perception that "playing the rehabilitative game" is acceptable versus unacceptable. Regression � analYSis is used to determine whether factors such as age, race, and criminal history,and personality help to explain which inmates supportsc amming staff.
Panel 156: Gender and Criminal Justice Friday April 6, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 5
Chair: Bernadette T. Muscat, York College of Pennsylvania BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS AND FAMILY FUNCTIONING AMONG FEMALE DELINQUENTS Sharon B. Foreman, University of Richmond; Joan L. Neff, University of Richmond Contemporaryperspectives on female delinquency suggest the need to divert attention away from traditional delinquency theories that either compare the genders or ignore females entirely. Proponents of this movement away from collective perspectives on delinquency have focused much attention on the traditional socialization of females and the subsequent effect this has had on the family unit. This paper utilizes detailed professional assessments of a population of incarcerated female delinquents in order to analyze the relationship between the dynamics of family functioning and the problematic behavior history of the females. THE CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF VICTIMIZATION TO FEMALE ADDICTION, DELINQUENCY, AND RECOVERY Bernadette T. Muscat, York College of Pennsylvania The criminal justice system is struggling with an increase in female delinquents who are also addicts. Traditionally, rehabilitation programs have implemented a "one size fits all" approach to addressing addiction, delinquency, and ultimately recovery for both genders. Males and females were treated in comparable ways, with little emphasiS placed upon the unique contributors to female addiction, namely prior victimization. This presentation focuses on the impact of victimization on this population, and the type of criminal justice programs that are needed for rehabilitation and recovery for female addiction and delinquency. ADDRESSING THE UNIQUE NEEDS OF ADJUDICATED GIRLS: A GENDER-SPECIFIC INTERVENTION CURRICULUM Judith B. Schwartzman, Wright State University; Kathy Z. Afrasiabi, Wright State University; Sterling Wa lton, Wright State University; LaToya C. Billingsley, Wright State University; Erika K. Driver, Wright State University; Cynthia Edwards-Hawver, Wright State University; Nicole Jeanette Franklin, Wright State University; Abby L. Goldstein, Wright State University; Linda Fish, Montgomery County Juvenile Court Probation Services; Lajuana Henderson, Dayton, Inc. While girls represent approximately one-fourth of individuals adjudicated in the juvenile justice system, strategies in prevention/intervention programs are generally based on assumptions of what "youths," generally boys, require. Clinicians and researchers now recognize the importance of tailoring girls' treatment to their unique needs. Private-sector groups have developed gender-specific programs to address root issues such as victimization and low self-esteem. Yet, access to these curricula is reduced by limited funding available for girls at high risk. Utilizing a weekly thematic format, the authors have developed a gender specific curriculum for adolescent girls and will present one of the seven-week focus areas.
Panel 157: Criminal Justice Policy Friday April 6, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 6
Chair: Winifred Reed, National Institute of Justice PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS: LONGITUDINAL RESULTS FROM THE STUDENT SURVEYS Finn-Aage Esbensen, University of Nebraska at Omaha In this paper, results from the longitudinal evaluation of the G.RE.A.T. program are provided. A sample of 2,045 students was surveyed six times during the study period to allow for assessment of short-term and long-term program impact. Here, the emphasis is on long-term effectiveness (4 years after program participation). Attitudinal and behaviors outcomes are examined. PARENTS SPEAK OUT: PARENT QUESTIONNAIRES FROM THE GANG RESISTANCE EDUCATION AND TRAINING (G.RE.A.T.) EVALUATION Adrienne Freng, University of Nebraska at Lincoln Current evaluation research often neglects to include those individuals that are affected by, but not participating, in the program being evaluated. In 1996 and 1998, as part of a process evaluation, surveys were completed with the parents of participants in the National Evaluation of the Gang Resistance Education and Training Program (G.RE.A.T.). The purpose of these surveys was to ask respondents questions regarding: school environment, attitudes towards G.RE.A.T., satisfaction with the G.RE.A.T. program, feeling towards school safety and the role of school in prevention programs, attitudes towards police, attitudes towards crime and gangs in their communities. In this paper, the results of these surveys are reported as part of a process evaluation which also included school personnel and police officers. WHAT MAKES G.RE.A.T. OFFICERS THINK G.RE.A.T.'S SO GREAT? Terrance J. Taylor, University of Nebraska at Omaha This paper offers a theory of factors contributing to program administrators' perceptions of program effectiveness. The theory is then tested through an examination of survey data from 1,224 law enforcement officers involved with a school-based, gang prevention program (Gang Resistance Education and Training, or G.RE.A.T.). Results suggest that individual, agency, and community variables influence officers' perceptions of program success. Individual effects, especially beliefs about the role of police in preventing anti-social behavior in youth, and perceptions of agency support exhibited the strongest effects. Policy implications of the findings are discussed G.RE.A.T. PREVENTION: SCHOOL PERSONNEL PERSPECTIVES Dana Peterson Lynskey, University of Nebraska at Omaha This paper reports on a survey of administrators, counselors, and teachers from middle schools involved in the National Evaluation of the Gang Resistance Education and TraininG (G.RE.A.T.) program. This survey was part of an evaluation that also elicited the responses of students, parents, and officer;;, �eaching the G.RE.A.T. program. School personnel provide their views about important current issues, including their perceptions of school safety, the role of police officers in schools, and the role and effectiveness of school-based prevention programs in general and the G.RE.A.T. program in particular.
Panel 158: Crime Prevention Friday April 6, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 7
Chair: Robert Morin, California State University at Chico POLICE INTEROPERABILITY BARRIERS: A STATEWIDE EXAMINATION OF THE RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS AND BARRIERS TO POLICE INFORMATION SHARING IN FLORIDA R. Cory Wa tkins, University of Central Florida; K. Michael Reynolds, University of Central Florida The sharing of information has always been a contentious issue among policing agencies in the United States. For a variety of reasons law enforcement has been unwilling or unable to communicate across jurisdictional boundaries. Using survey data from over 400 law enforcement agencies in the State of Florida, this paper examines the barriers to and the resource requirements necessary for inter-jurisdictional police information sharing. 'TOTAL SURVEILLENCE ZERO POLICING': THE UNANTICIPATED PROBLEMS OF CRIME PREVENTION INTITIATIVES Jill Neild, University of Central Lancashire; Ian Paylor, Lancaster University This paper focuses upon an evaluation of closed circuit television cameras, 18 months after their installation in a high crime residential area within North East Lancashire, United Kingdom. In addition to an evaluation of the impact that the cameras had upon crime within the area, the research also highlighted the existence of a negative policing agenda. This paper, therefore, also offers a critique of the policing strategies often found in high crime areas and the eventual effect this has, not only upon criminal behavior, but also, upon those that reside there. POLICE METHODS USED TO PREVENT NON-STRANGER VIOLENCE IN THE WORKPLACE Guy Bomar, Jr. , Carolina Risk Management and Safety Group Certain professionals and risk managers dispute the effectiveness of police methods used to prevent non-stranger violence in the workplace. The purpose of this qualitative study was to identifymethods articulated by crime prevention officersfor assisting clients with workplace violence prevention, and to explore facilitators and barriers. Discussion of the findings has implications for police policy and the potential expansion of situational crime prevention. WEED AND SEED: A REGIONAL APPROACH Michael Brown, Southeast Missouri State University Southeast Missouri Weed and Seed is in its fifth year. It continues to be funded through the Executive Office of Weed and Seed. A recently completed evaluation of the last years' activities reveals mixed results. On the whole the weeding and community policing efforts have moved forward. The seeding efforts are more problematic. The progress of this regional weed and seed program will be discussed.
Roundtable 159: Juvenile Justice Friday April 6, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 8
Moderator: A von Bums, Matt Community College Discussants: Arthur Bush, Prosecutor of Genesee County, MI; Eric King, Chief of Police, Mt. Morris, MI; Th omas Svitkovich, Superintendent Genesee Intermediate School District The Roundtable "Reactions to School Violence in Genesee County, Michigan" will explore the causative factors leading to, during and following the occurrence of school violence from the perspective of a prosecutor, police chief and superintendent of a school district. Issues include the media, law enforcement discretion, prosecutorial discretion as well as the educational system responses to such occurrences will be discussed. Additionally, the panelists will discuss the social, legal, educational and political implications of the escalating problem as well as the need for a collaborative systematic approach to manage such episodes of school violence.
Workshop 160: National Institute of Justice Friday April 6, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 9
Mod rator: Cynthia A. Manalian, National Institute of Justice Presenters: Cynthia A. Manalian, National Institute of Justice; Eric Jefferis, National Institute of Justice; Jim Finckenauer, National Institute of Justice This session will provide participants with an overviewof Fellowship Programs at the National Institute of Justice including Graduate Research Fellowships, Visiting Fellowships, W.E.B. DuBois Fellowships, Crime Mapping Research Center Fellowships, and International Center Fellowships. This session will also provide information on NIJ's Data Resources Program, including the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data and funding for the analysis of existing data. Participants will be provided information regarding the application and award process.
Roundtable 161: Criminal Justice Education and Training Friday April 6, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 10
Moderator: James P. Levine, John Jay College of Criminal Justice Discussants: Robert Louden, John Jay College of Criminal Justice; Gerald Lynch, John Jay College of Criminal Justice; Eli Silverman, John Jay College of Criminal Justice; Provost Basil Wilson, John Jay College of Criminal Justice This panel will discuss the advantages and the disadvantages of requiring police to have a college education as a prerequisite for employment. Among other things it will examine how such a requirement affects officers' use of discretion, use of force, use of technology, and professional conduct. We will also discuss how such a requirement impacts on the goals of diversifying police departments and filling recruitment objectives.
Panel 162: Juvenile Justice Friday April 6, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 11 OFFJ�I�lillltS_Y:
Chair: Paula M. Broussard, University of Louisiana at Lafayette EVALUATING JUVENILE ATTITUDES WITHIN A DIVERSIONARY PROGRAM Paula M. Broussard, University of Louisiana at Lafayette This paper is the result of an identification survey being conducted in a juvenile diversion program. The surveys were completed during interviews with the program's participantswho are first-time, nonviolent offenders. The purpose of the survey was to identify the program participants and the problems they face growing up in today's society. The interviews and the surveysfocused on the participants' attitudes and the changes that occurred as they progressed through the program. This paper will also attempt to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the diversionary program in an effort to aid the program's continued development and success. SCARING KIDS STRAIGHT: JUVENILE JUSTICE RADICALISM FROM RAHWAY William J. Getz, York College of Pennsylvania; Frank E. Williamson, Jr., York College of Pennsylvania In response to drastic increases in juvenile crime and the public's demand for "just deserts", Rahway Correctional Institution in New Jersey implemented a program in 1978 aimed at scaring delinquent youths with the realities of prison life. Two decades later, Lancaster County Prison in Lancaster, Pennsylvania implemented a similar program, known as the Reality Adjustment Program, or RAP. In 2000, a content analysis study was conducted on the juveniles' written statements before and after attending the RAP program. The objective of the content analysis was to determine the immediate effects of this program upon its participants. This presentation will discuss the methodology, analysis, and findings from this study. A comparison of the before and after responses was used to provide a basis for this analysis. POLICE DIVERSION OF DELINQUENT YOUTH: AN ASSESSMENT OF PROGRAMS Peter C. Kratcoski, Kent State University; Nawal Ammar, Kent State University; Daniel C. Dahlgren, Kent State University This paper focuses on the processes used to divert youths charged with delinquent/status offenses away from the juvenile court. Seventeen diversion programs administered by police departments are considered in the research. Programs were categorized on the basis of their orientations/approaches to youth diversion. Three types were delineated: social control, social service, and balanced/restorative emphasis. More than 3,000 youths diverted in a one-year period are included in the study. The goals of this in-progress research include determining the effects youth diversion has in reducing recidivism, examining the use of diversion to reduce referrals of minority group youths to the juvenile court, determining if diversion is used as a protective measure for some categories of youth offenders, and exploring the effects diversion may have on labeling and net-widening. WHAT DOES DIVERSION MEAN: VOICES OF THE DECISION-MAKERS Roberto Hugh Potter, Yo uth Violence and Suicide Pre vention Team With only rare exceptions (e.g. Bishop Frazier, 1996) studies of diversion decision-making have framed operational definitions either in legal statute or the researchers' interpretation of the meaning of diversion. Rarely have researchers asked those who make recommendations and decisions about diversion opportunities to define diversion or provide rationale for why diversion is used or avoided. The present study examines the definition of diversion provided by actors who make such recommendations and decisions in a state-wide juvenile justice system. The professional grouping of the respondents will be of special interest in the study. It is hypothesized that definitions of diversion and the role it plays in juvenile justice processing will vary mostly between the two groups, though within-group variation is also anticipated. The "fit" between what academic researchers have assumed about the meaning and role of diversion and what these data suggest will be explored. Implications for the practice of diversion and the study of juvenile justice decision-making will be discussed.
Panel 163: Corrections and Punishment Friday April 6, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 12
Chair: Allan Patenaude, University of Arkansas at Little Rock CORRECTIONAL TREATMENT FOR OFFENDERS James R. Davis, St. Peter's Col/ege I investigated 52 treatment modalities in corrections under seven main classifications that have been empirically tested on offender popUlations, both in prison and in the community. This was in response to the short and incomplete literature on corrections in many textbooks on corrections, criminal justice, and criminology. I conclude that all treatments help some offenders in some ways for certain periods of time; a specific treatment might be beneficial for many types of offenders. At least one offender is helped by every type of treatment. It is concluded that we must look at the cumulative effectsof treatment and be satisfied with small gains. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OFFENDERS' COGNITIVE CHARACTERISTICS AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENT PROGRAMS FOR INCARCERATED BATTE RERS Jeffrey A. Jenkins, Roger Williams University; P. Christopher Menton, Roger Williams University This paper suggests that convicted batterers who attend a prison-based treatment program are less likely to recidivate, but that such effectmay be dependent upon cognitive characteristics of the batterer. The relationship between cognitive characteristics and the recidivism rate of a sample of 306 incarcerated batterers was examined. The results demonstrate that, while the goal of treatment programs for convicted batterers is cognitive restructuring, the achievement of this goal may be mediated by the cognitive capacities and background of the batterer. Implications for the development and assessment of prison-based batterers' interventions are discussed. ADOLESCENT FATHERS: CREATING RESPONSIBILITY Kimberly Gentry Sperber, University of Cincinnati; Holly Atkins, University of Cincinnati Over the past two decades, many social service agencies and policymakers have identified the need to assist teenage fathers in becoming productive citizens. However, many of these programs have not recognized the need to invoke a sense of parental responsibility with these youth. Various studies have shown that those children who grow up in fatherless households are more likely to demonstrate antisocial attitudes. The focus of this presentation is to evaluate a group offered by a correctional treatment program that is designed to invoke a sense of parental responsibility in adolescent fathers. We will discuss the existing literature, formation of this group, methods used within this group, and possible outcome measures. THE IMPLICATIONS OF UNDERSTANDING THE INTERPERSONAL AND MENTAL DISCONNECTIONS FOR CORRECTIONAL COUNSELING Key Sun, Central Wa shington University This article postulates that understanding inmates' problems of external and internal disconnections are vital for assessing, evaluating and performing interventions for the clients. The methods include analyzing the data about 28 inmates with mental disorders in a correctional facility in the West. The results have shown that they suffer the external disconnection that includes both the belief and use of invalid communications to solve conflicts and/or fear to communicate their true feelings to those who have hurt them. They also endure the internal disconnection, which includes inability to understand or make sense of the self experience. This article concludes that understanding the clients' disconnections are the key to understanding causes of their criminal behaviors and offering effective counseling.
Panel 164: Juvenile Justice Friday April 6, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 13 J.U\JE"J��jl.8��'Ii·$N1Ji;\1_$.I'.','i?�. �n$_}'� !;�'I.M··,HIIG,I$SUES AND, CQNGERI$
Chair: Ernest L. Cowles, University of Illinois at Springfield DESPITE THE BEST OF INTENTIONS: THE PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTING A RESIDENTIAL SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY IN A JUVENILE CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION Ernest L. Cowles, University of Illinois at Springfield; Laura G. Dorman, University of Illinois at Springfield The Therapeutic Community has emerged as one of the most successful approaches for providing residential substance abuse treatment. It was logical therefore, for the DOJ to support its use under the massive Residential Substance Abuse Treatment funding initiative. In this paper, we review the implementation of one such Therapeutic Community established in a male juvenile correctional institution. Our discussion focuses on the inherent problems of integrating treatment cultures within the larger institutional correctional environment including the operational issues that emerge in the interaction between private contractual vendors and the state bureaucracy. We also examine unforeseen obstacles in providing this treatment to an incarcerated population AN EVALUATION OF A JUVENILE JUSTICE VOCATIONAL EDUCATION PROGRAM Benjamin Wright, University of Baltimore A state Department of Juvenile Justice implemented a program to serve adjudicated delinquent youth who were required to attend a mandatory supervision program. The youth were given basic introductory construction trade curriculum. This evaluation was designed to determine effectiveness of the program in reducing participant's re-arrest. AN EVALUATION OF THE ANCHORAGE COORDINATED AGENCY NETWORK PROGRAM Matthew J. Giblin, University of Alaska at Anchorage This paper examines the impact of a collaborative program between the local probation office and police department. The program intensifies the supervisionjuven ile probationers receive from probation officersby supplementing these efforts with additional police officersup ervision. A summary of evaluation findings will be discussed. TRAINING JUVENILE PROBATION OFFICERS: CHALLENGES TRAINING ADMINISTRATORS FACE AND THE QUESTION OF DEVELOPING NATIONAL TRAINING STANDARDS Francis P. Reddington, Central Missouri State University; Betsy W. Kreisel, Central Missouri State University This paper examines the results of a nationwide survey given to the administrators responsible for the training of juvenile probation officers in their respective states. It examines their responses to a series of questions concerning the issue of creating national training standards for the basic fundamental training designed for recently employed juvenile probation officers. Enveloped in this issue is a discussion of the challenges that training administrators face in the delivery of their job responsibilities.
Panel 165: Policing Friday April 6, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 14
Chair: David McElreath, Wa shburn University FOOT PURSUITS: CHASING A POLICY Tod W. Burke, Radford University; Steven S. Owen, Radford University; Chad Nilson, Radford UniverSity The purpose of this article is to examine foot pursuit policies in police agencies. Topics for discussion will include an historical perspective, case support, and the advantages and disadvantages of foot pursuits. Particular attention will be devoted to officer safety, legal considerations and recommendations. POLICE PURSUIT DRIVING Kyubum Choi, Florida State University Since 1968 Physicians' report for Automotive safety, there have been many debates over how to deal with police high speed pursuits. People want police to arrest criminals. At the same time, they also want to be free from unexpected accidents which hot chases may incur. This paper examines critical issues such as public perceptions on pursuit, current pursuit policies of many agencies, the Benefit and Cost comparison of the Pursuit driving and related statistics and court rules. POLICE RESPONSE TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: ARIZONA PRACTICES AND ATTITUDES Betsie McNulty, National Council on Crime and Delinquency The statewide Needs Assessment of Arizona Police Response to Domestic Violence explored agency policies, practices, attitudes and training relative to national research on best and promising practices. The multi-method data collection effort highlighted specific activities and challenges experienced by rural, urban, Tribal and campus agencies. Of particular note was the overwhelming response by agency heads to the Survey of Arizona Police Chiefs and Sheriffs (80 percent), suggesting that law enforcement agencies want a voice on this issue. The paper provides concrete strategies to enhance law enforcement responses, based on both national research and an analysiS of Arizona's current practices. THE "POLICE STATE" IN NEW YORK CITY: THE IMPACT OF THE "ZERO TOLERANCE" INITIATIVE ON RACISM, POLICE BRUTALITY AND CORRUPTION IN THE NYPD James F. Albrecht, New York Police Department Four white police officers mistakenly shoot an unarmed black illegal alien 19 times at close range. Another two white police officers perpetrate a brutal sexual attack on a male black prisoner in a police station bathroom. Both incidents, although unbelievable, occurred in NYC in recent years. The media and community leaders in minority neighborhoods continue to allege widespread racism and police brutality within the NYPD. In 1994, the NYPD instituted the "Zero Tolerance" philosophy to curb and control the violent crime that earned NYC the reputation as the "most dangerous city in America." This aggressive policing strategy, which relies on the enforcement of low level offenses to remove serious violators from the streets, has dramatically improved the quality of life throughout the city and resulted in an astounding 65% reduction in serious crime in NYC through the end of the millennium. This has earned the "Big Apple" the new title as "the safest big city in the United States." An historical and statistical analysis of the NYPD's recent endeavors to reduce crime, police misconduct and corruption and improve the professional image of the NYC police officer will be thoroughly outlined. Once delineated, one can have only the utmost respect and appreciation for the exceptional efforts (and impressive results) of the NYPD.
Workshop 166:. Criminal Justice Education and Training Friday April 6, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 16
Moderator: Burk Foster, University of Louisiana at Lafayette Presenters: Steven Hurwitz, Tiffin University; Clifford Dome, Saginaw Valley State University The presenters will discuss different methods for incorporating crime films into the content of academic criminal justice courses. They wi" include samples of course materials using these films.
Panel 167: Criminal Justice Policy Friday April 6, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 17
Chair: Willard M. Oliver, Radford University QUESTIONING THE QUALITY OF JUSTICE IN A POLITICAL CONTEXT: IS CRIME CONTROL POLICY ANOTHER FORM OF PORK BARREL POLITICS? Willard M. Oliver, Radford University Most researchers in the public policy field consider crime policy to be a form of regulatory and redistributive policy. This paper argues that crime policy has also exhibited distinct signs of incorporating distributive politics (pork barrel) into its policy formulation, which raises questions as to the quality of justice in the United States. Utilizing COPS grant data from 1997 and 1998, this paper utilizes a quantitative analysis of how grants have been distributed to police agencies throughout the U.S. suggesting, at a minimum, that COPS grants are indeed nothing more than a "new" form of pork barrel politics. SYMBOLS OR SUBSTANCE? A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF CRIME VICTIMS' BILL OF RIGHTS IN STATE CONSTITUTIONS Gregory P. Orvis, University of Texas at Tyler; Barbara Hart, University of Texas at Tyler Thirty-two states have passed amendments to their state constitutions providing rights to victims of crime. Whether the resulting Victims' Bill of Rights provides substantial relief to crime victims or merely is symbolic legislation depends on the wording of the constitutional amendment. The authors of this paper use content analysis to examine the legislative language used to provide "victims' rights" in these states' constitutions and to discover if they provide specific remedies to wrongs done to crime victims or general platitudes to placate victim's rights groups. PRISONS AS A POLICY TOOL OF LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: OUTCOMES AND IMPACT Susan E. Blankenship, Eastern Kentucky University; ErnestJ. Ya narella, University of Kentucky Uke sports franchises and foreign auto plants that preceded them, state and local governments are touting prisons as the latest means of economic miracle-making--particularly for chronically, economically depressed communities. There are, however, many ways in which prisons are very unlike their predecessors. Their social and political consequences are deeply troubling -- not just for the communities they purport to benefit -- but also for development of just, fair, and rational criminal justice policy in a civil democratic society. This paper explores these consequences in light of literature on prison settings, experiences of communities and prisoners, and economic development data. THE ISSUE OF CRIME IN THE 2000 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS Nancy Marion, University of Akron;Rick Farmer, University of Akron Crime and the issues surrounding crime have been part of campaigns for many years, particularly since the 1960s. This is also true in presidential campaigns. Many presidential candidates have used the issue of crime to varying degrees to help win electoral support. In recent preSidential elections, crime played an important role, espeCially with Clinton's promises of hiring 100,000 new community policing officers. In the current presidential campaign for president, crime does not seem to be playing a major role, but it is still an issue that is relevant to many people. Bush's active and somewhat controversial role in administrating the death penalty in his home state of Texas has been an issue followed closely by the media. This paper will analyze the role that crime played in the presidential campaign of 2000, to determine if the candidate's positions were influential in their win or loss, and if not, why not. In doing so, past presidential candidates will also be analyzed to help us understand how crime is used by politicians to win office.
Panel 168: Theory and Research Methods Friday April 6, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 18
Chair: Wilson R. Palacios, University of South Florida SOMETHING BORROWED, SOMETHING NEW: EMPLOYING TEAM ETHNOGRAPHY IN THE STUDY OF DESIGNER DRUG USE Wilson R. Palacios, UniverSity of South Florida; Melissa E. Fenwick, University of South Florida There has been a resurgence of interest in the media and popular press concerning designer drug use but oddly enough very little field research has been conducted in this country concerning this particular substance or its user. This paper examines how the concept, team ethnography, is being employed in a contemporary study of active designer drug users. Issues pertinent to field initiation, maintenance, personal and professional ethical boundaries are presented. In addition, sampling techniques unique to this "hidden population" are discussed. NEIGHBORHOOD REACTIONS TO VIOLENT CRIME, AND PERSISTENCE OF OCCURRENCES: TOWARDS A THEORY OF PERSISTENCE THROUGH A CASE STUDY IN THE CARIBBEAN AND CHICAGO'S SOUTH SIDE Peter K.B. Sf. Jean, University of Chicago In an attempt to compensate for limitations of "hot spot analysis," this paper develops a theory of persistence aimed at explaining the historical and contemporary continuance of street violent crimes in strategic neighborhood locations. Data from an ongoing 4- year field research project on the Caribbean island of Dominica, and a 3-year ethnographiC study on Chicago's south side will be used to highlight the mechanisms through which particular neighborhood locations emerge and persist as "preferred locations" for street violent encounters. The ecological arrangement of those locations will also be outlined to illustrate how neighborhood reactions and ecological predispositions reinforce the persistence of street violent encounters NEIGHBORHOOD CORRELATES OF HOMICIDE TRENDS: AN ANALYSIS USING HIERARCHICAL GROWTH-CURVE MODELING Charis E. Kubrin, George Wa shington University This research blends ideas and concepts from social disorganization theory with recent development in growth-curve methodology to examine the association between neighborhood structure and homicide level over time. Using 17 years of sequential data, I estimate a hierarchical growth-curve model that emphasizes the effects on neighborhood socio-economic and demographic characteristics on changing levels of homicide in St. Louis from 1979-1995. The findings reveal that homicide trajectories vary widely across neighborhoods. However, even in the presence of substantial neighborhood differences in homicide trends, varying levels of socially disorganizing neighborhood factors, such as instability and disadvantage, produce clear changes in homicide levels both initially and over time. THE GEOGRAPHY OF FEAR: RETROFITTING CONTEXT IN A VICTIMIZATION STUDY Karen Hayslett-McCall, Stephen Matthews, R. Barry Ruback, and Maureen Outlaw, The Pennsylvania State University This study examines the relationship between fear of crime, perceived neighborhood attributes, and actual geographic characteristics. We use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to construct a unique data set incorporating three types of information: survey data from a 1990 Seattle study (assessing victimization and fear of crime), tract-level census and Uniform Crime Report data, and urban structural characteristics (e.g., bus stops, parks, schools, and bars). This retrofitted data set is analyzed using three complementary approaches: GIS technologies, spatial statistics, and Hierarchical Linear Modeling. Results are interpreted in terms of Routine Activities and Social Disorganization Theories. SOCIAL INTEGRATION, INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTIONS OF COLLECTIVE EFFICACY, AND FEAR OF CRIME: AN ASSESSMENT ACROSS THREE CITIES Chris Gibson and Jihong Zhao, University of Nebraska at Omaha Several models have been advanced to understand fear of crime. Included among such explanations are prior victimization, community disorder, and social integration. Social integration is among one of the less developed models. We assess the mediating role perceptions of collective efficacy has on the relationship between social integration and fear of crime. Using data from tree cities (Spokane, Washington; Boise, Idaho; and Council Bluff, Iowa) our results show that social integration is the strongest predictor of perceptions of collective efficacy. And, in general, the effect of social integration on fear of crime is mediated by perceptions of collective efficacy. Directions for future research are discussed.
Panel 169: Judicial Processes Friday April 6, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 19
Chair: Melisa L. Finch, University of South Dakota ALFORD AND NOLO CONTENDERE PLEAS IN THE PROBATION SUPERVISION CONTEXT: THE IMPACT ON THERAPEUTIC EXPECTATIONS J. Dennis Laster, Central Missouri State University; & Dane C. Miller, Central Missouri State University The toughest cases from both the defense and the prosecutor's perspective are those involving a child victim of a sex offense. The seriousness with which society views such crimes and the stigma attached makes them particularly tough cases from defense counsel's perspective. From a prosecutor's perspective, however, such cases can even be more problematic. Evidentiary problems of dealing with child victims and the broader issue of whether or not continued prosecution is worth putting the victim through a hard fought adversarial process---a process that could result in acquittal-often dictate a result that is less than hoped for. Prosecutors are often persuaded that a plea of guilty is the best result for the State, and very often prosecutors are willing to bend over backwards in plea negotiations in order to get a reluctant defendant to agree. In this context, it is understandable that prosecutors have agreed to allow a defendant to enter an Alford plea or a plea of nolo contendere to the charge in question. TIMING OF REVISED PATTERN AND REVISED TELFAIRE: EFFECTS ON VERDICT Melisa L. Finch, University of South Dakota; Gemma Skillman, University of South Dakota; & Jay Kahl, University of South Dakota Eyewitness testimony is an important element during a trial, but is often unreliable. Jurors are typically unaware of factors affecting accuracy of eyewitness testimony. Pattern instructions addreSSing eyewitnessing factors are often inadequate. Telfaire instructions provide jurors with information about how factors affecteyewitness testimony. These instructions have also been found inadequate. The present study attempted to determine whether presenting pattern and Telfaire instructions prior to and following a trial will assist jurors in evaluating eyewitness testimony. No significant differences in verdict were found. However, there are implications that comprehension of instructions may play a greater role than timing. THE COURTROOM WORKGROUP AND TRANSFERS BETWEEN CRIMINAL COURT AND JUVENILE COURT Kathleen Block, UniverSity of Baltimore This paper reports findings from a study of variations among courtroom workgroups in the criminal court - juvenile court transfer I waiver processes. Interviews of judges, prosecutors, public defenders, and Department of Juvenile Justice workers who comprise the workgroups within Maryland's local jurisdictions provide overviews of the local processes, adaptations to the transfer I waiver statutes, and underscore the importance of the local context. Workshop 170: Special ACJS Session Friday April 6, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Auditorium
Moderator: Richard R. Bennett, American University Pres nters: Elizabeth Grossi, University of Louisville; Frank P. Williams III, California State University - San Bernardino; Joan Crowley, New Mexico State University; Janice Joseph, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey; Maria Haberfeld, John Jay College of Criminal Justice; Marilyn McShane, Northern Arizona University; Ineke Hean Marshall, University of Nebraska at Omaha; Craig Hemmens, Boise State University; Ron Vogel, California State University at Long Beach; Bertus Ferreira, East Carolina University The purpose of this workshop is to familiarize the membership with the roles of the Academy's Standing Committees. The workshop will discuss the role of each committee and how they help shape the destiny of the Academy. This is your chance to become involved and help plot the Academy's course in the future. Committee chairs of ACJS's 2002-2003 administration will be on hand to answer all your questions and give you information on to how to join their committees.
Panel 1 71 : International and Comparative Criminal Justice Friday April 6, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Tavern
J UVENILES AND .JU'IENIL.E RIGHTS
Chair: Sesha Kethineni, Illinois State University CHILD VICTIMS: JUVENILE PROSTITUTION IN TAIWAN Yenli Yeh, University of Virginia's College at Wise; Paula Brillinger, Indiana University Kokomo Juvenile prostitution is an international problem and is a matter of concern in our global society. However, this problem is a particular concern in Asia. In recent years, Cambodia, Vietnam, China, Japan and Taiwan have seen an increase in the number of young girls forced, sold and recruited into prostitution. Scholarly research into this problem is scarce. To advance our understanding of this international problem, content analysis is employed to examine the issue of juvenile prostitution in Taiwan. The social background of juvenile prostitution, testimonies of teenage prostitutes, governmental responses, and the implications for Taiwanese criminal justice policy are examined. PATERNAL FILICIDES IN FIJI Mensah Adinkrah, Metropolitan State University Despite the growing literature on paternal filicides, little empirical research exists on the topic in small, non-Western societies. The present study adds to the scant extant information and contributes to a full understanding of the phenomenon by examining offense patterns and victim/offender characteristics in the South Pacific Island nation of Fiji. The findings are discussed in relation to the literature in the field. It is concluded that additional research in other societies is necessary if we are to understand the full range of factors that contribute to parents' lethal violence against their children. COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY-THE CASE OF PAPADIAMANITIS' THE MURDERESS Maria Archimandritou and David R. Struckhoff, Loyola University Infanticide and child murder have historically been a reflection of religious appeasement, collective acts of faith, Darwinian survival, and Malthusian population control. In many ways, mothers or mother substitutes who kill their children can be seen as responding (even though we make generally a negative moral judgment about such behavior) to particular sets of situations. This comparative paper examines in depth some of those situational variables in Greek literature. It includes reaction from earlier presentations to a select group of criminologists. Such comparative examination facilitates understanding the dynamiCS of infanticide in all cultures. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF JUVENILES IN INDIA AND THE UNITED STATES Sesha Kethineni and Tricia Klosky, Illinois State UniverSity The paper compares the major constitutional rights of juveniles in India and the United States. Specifically, the rights of juveniles either suspected of committing crimes, charged with delinquency acts, or convicted of those acts. Landmark cases that brought major reforms in the juveniles justice systems of both countries are compared and contrasted in an effort to understand the impact of those reforms.
Student Panel 172: Varieties of Crime Friday April 6, 2001 11:15 -1 2:45 pm Room 2
Chair: Dr. Steven Hurwitz, Tiffin University STUDENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF CRIME IN SCHOOL: A CASE STUDY Cindy N. Berner, Th e University of Texas Pan American In light of the number of recent crime related episodes in schools, student safety has become a topic of interest. This paper will look at one aspect of the school safety issue by examining students' perceptions of crime in public schools. This is achieved through a specifically designed questionnaire given to students within a local public high school. The findings are comparative in nature. PERCEPTION OF VIOLENCE IN OUR PUBLIC SCHOOLS John L. Wilde, University of Texas Pan American Violence in American society is ranked as one of the highest in the industrialized world. However, when violent tragedies occur within our schools, the perception of violence increases dramatically. Recent school shootings such as the tragedy in Littleton, Colorado have led our society to believe that there is a problem within our public school system. As a result of this deviant behavior, the public's perception of violence in our schools arises. However, since teachers and students are the individuals who are affected by the perception, the question asked is, "How do they feel about violence within our public schools?" A comparative study was conducted on a local public high school to help answer this question. THE PERCEPTION OF VIOLENCE IN HIGH SCHOOLS Jodi Dawson, Elise Feuerstein, and Emily Renaud, Tiffin University In the wake of recent school shootings in high schools across the United States, this paper reports the results of an investigation into high school students' perceptions of violence in their schools. A questionnaire was administered within a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design that examined differences between students' class (freshman vs. senior), type of school (public vs. private), and country (United States vs. Canada). Observed differences on composite items relating to perception of fear, threat and drug usage are discussed.
Student Panel 173: Judicial Processes Friday April 6, 2001 11:1 5-12:45 pm Room 3
Chair: Roberta Glaspie, Central Missouri State University EXCEPTIONS TO THE CONVENTIONAL RULE OF LAW: THE EXCEPTIONS CLAUSE AND THE COURT Joseph Linn, Central Missouri State University In the recent case of Dickerson v. U.S., Chief Justice Rehnquist stated that Congress could not change a decision of the court. According to conventional logic (Marbury v. Madison), this seems to make sense, but Rehnquist is only partially correct. Congress can change decisions of the Supreme Court by legislation alone, and by using the Exceptions Clause of the Constitution, strip the Supreme Court of its jurisdiction to rule on the issue. Congress, however, has rarely used this power. This paper looks at existing research and case law to define this power of the Exceptions Clause and its use. SUPPORT FOR THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE BY EXECUTIVE LEVEL POLICE OFFICERS Lawrence Harkins, Jr. , Wh eeling Jesuit University The Supreme Court has determined that any evidence obtained illegally, in violation of the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution, cannot be used in trial. In fall 2000, a surveywas sent to executive level officers in the states of Pennsylvania and West Virginia to access their levels of support fo r this rule. Two sets of surveys were sent; one asking for general support and the other asking for support based on the circumstances of the case. The key hypothesis was that officers would support it in general, but support would decrease as the crimes became more emotional and heinous. INORDINATE DELAY: A QUESTION OF TIMELY EXECUTION Roberta Glaspie and Heidi Moore, Central Missouri State University The paper discusses a phenomenon identified by two United States Supreme Court Justices in the 1995 case of Lackey v. Texas, known as the "death row phenomenon". This phenomenon identifies a potential legal concern in reference to confinement on death row, with no concern to the duration of time spent awaiting execution of sentence. The body of the research concentrates on the state and federal court discussions on the subject. Additionally, included topics concern the international view of the legality of death row, conditions of death row, and the combined psychological effects created from spending an inordinate amount of time on death row. THE JURISPRUDENCE OF SANDRA DAY O'CONNOR Jan Bau Fritza, University of South Dakota What themes and prinCiples pervade Sandra Day O'Connor's jurisprudence? This paper explores the rulings of Justice O'Connor's Supreme Court decisions and her role in the Court.
Panel 174: International and Comparative Criminal Justice Friday April 6, 2001 11 :15-12:45 pm Room 4
Chair: Harry R. Dammer, Niagara University RUSSIAN AND AMERICAN LOCAL POLICE, ORGANIZATION AND LEGAL STRUCTURES, COMMUNITY EXPERIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Robert E. Ford and William Koleszar, University of Central Florida Russian and American police experiences are compared and contrasted. Initial analysis focuses on organization and legal structures. Similarities and differences between the local Russian and American police are documented. Relationships between police organizations and the communities in which they are sited are analyzed. Attention is paid to informal and socio-political relationships between police organizations and external entities. Behavioral outcomes are compared. Statistics on arrest, legal actions and other quantifiable police outputs are contrasted for similarly situated and sized American and Russian agencies. U.S.- MEXICAN LAW ENFORCEMENT COOPERATION: FOREIGN PROSECUTION, NEW HOPE OR NEW TROUBLES William F. McDonald, Georgetown University Mexico is no longer a refugee for criminals seeking impunity. A procedure called "foreign prosecution" (an alternative to extradition) has been institutionalized so that American law enforcement can get justice for fugitives. Its history, use and problematic nature are described. PERCEPTIONS ABOUT THE POLICE IN EASTERN AND WESTERN EUROPE Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovich, Harvard Law School The last decade has resulted in dramatic changes in political, social, and economic environments in the European countries in transition. While the police in these countries try to adjust to the changes, a pressing question is whether the public is satisfied with police performance. In an effort to assess the extent to which the police meet criteria set by the public, this paper uses the International Crime Victim Survey's datato compare the levels of satisfaction with the police in a number of European democracies with the levels of satisfaction in the Europeancountries in transition. IMPROVING COMMUNITY POLICING USING INDEPENDENT OVERSIGHT: AN INTERNATIONAL EXPLORATION Natalie Pearl, San Diego State University Community Policing has several necessary elements. One of them is partnerships between the co mmunity and the police. These necessary partnerships are often hindered by systemic barriers. For example, in Northern Ireland religious/sectarian differences create barriers while in many jurisdictions in the United States, police-community relationships are impaired by ethnic and racial differences. The use of independent oversight agencies is explored as a potential mechanism by which barriers to partnerships can be broken down and police-community partnerships improved. Improved partnerships can promote sustainable peace in Northern Ireland and increased quality of life in the United States.
Roundtable 175: Criminal Justice Education and Training Friday April 6, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Room 5
Moderator: George Wilson, North Carolina Central University Discussants: Zelma Henriques, John Jay Col/ege of Criminal Justice; Marvie Brooks, John Jay Col/ege of Criminal Justice; Giselle White-Perry, South Carolina State University; Wilson Palacios, University of South Florida; Becky Ta tum, Georgia State University This roundtable examines the characteristics of effective mentoring. The roundtable will focus on mentoring styles and activities, mentoring strategies, the mentoring relationships, and professional ethical issues involved in mentoring. (SPONSORED BY MINORITIES AND WOMEN SECTION)
Panel 176: Criminal Justice Policy Friday April 6, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Room 6
Chair: Peggy M. Tobolowsky, University of North Texas CRIME VICTIM COMPENSATION: ITS PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE Peggy M. Tobolowsky, University of North Texas The introduction of crime victim compensation, in California in 1965, was an important step in the evolution of the American victims' movement. This program provides government compensation to a crime victim in circumstances in which a victim has not or will not receive recompense from an offender or another source for certain crime-related losses. Every state currently has such a compensation program. This paper examines the development of the American victim compensation system, including the progress which has been made and the challenges it continues to face from small program size, limited funding, restrictive eligibility requirements, and poor visibility. EFFECT OF VICTIM NOTIFICATION AND USE OF SERVICES ON VICTIM'S PERCEPTION OF JUSTICE Dawn Irlbeck, University of Nebraska at Omaha; Amy Po/and, University of Nebraska at Omaha; Denise Herz, University of Nebraska at Omaha The U.S. Attorney's Office and the FBI in Nebraska developed a seamless system to provide victim services. Its purpose is to increase victims' perception of justice by preventing re-victimization via the criminal justice process. To attain this goal, victim advocates notifyvicti ms of the case status, guide them through the criminal justice process, provide referrals for victim services and assist victims in receiving compensation for losses they may have incurred. Using survey data, we assess victim satisfaction with the system and measure changes in victim satisfaction from the initial contact with the victim advocate (at time of indictment) through sentencing. VICTIM ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS: PROMISES AND PRACTICES Joan E. Crowley, New Mexico State University Since their inception in the late 1980's, victim assistance programs have been established in virtually every prosecutor's office in the U.S., deSigned to buffer the contact between victims and the criminal justice system. In a few areas, law enforcement agencies have provided victim assistance programs, in an attempt to reach a wider population of victims during the chaotic period immediately following a crime. This paper will discuss the development of victim assistance programs, using a case study of victim assistance in one jurisdiction to illustrate both the advantages and the barriers to improved treatment of crime victims. STATE CRIME VICTIM COMPENSATION PROGRAMS: CLIENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF POLICIES, PROCESSES, AND OUTCOMES Jake Rosenfeld, Th e Urban Institute State compensation programs, funded in part by the federal Victims of Crime Act (VOCA), provide financial assistance to victims of crime for losses not covered by other sources of payment. As part of an ongoing project evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of VOCA-funded services, researchers at the Urban Institute and SANDAG surveyed 500 compensation claimants across six states. This paper presents the overall findings from the survey, and assesses state-specific findings in relation to various state policies. This research provides a better understanding of the general effectiveness of state compensation programs and the specific effects of state policy on compensation programs. The implications for future policy options are discussed.
Panel 177: Gender and Criminal Justice Friday April 6, 2001 11:1 5-12:45 pm Room 7
Chair: Lucy Edwards Hochstein, Radford University A THREE-YEAR EVALUATION OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE PROGRAMMING IN SPOKANE, WASHINGTON Lucy Edwards Hochstein, Radford University This paper presents the analysis of three years of data collection at the Spokane Regional Violence Team. This program is a collaboration of city and county law enforcement, prosecutors, courts, probation, and private advocate agencies, with goals of increasing offender accountability and victim safety. Findings revealed that over the three years the number of sanctions for offenders increased, more victims participated in trials and received community services, and participating agencies made domestic violence issues a policy priority, suggesting that the program has a lasting effect on offender accountability and victim safety. BREAKING UP THE VIOLENCE- NOT THE VICTIM: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE INTERVENTION IN APPALACHIA Steven P. Lab, Bowling Green State University; Marian Willia ms, Bowling Green State University; William R. King, Bowling Green State University; Glenn Shields, Bowling Green State University; Sarah Chard, Bowling Green State University Implementing domestic violence initiatives in rural areas is traditionally considered to be difficult task. In 1999, the State of Ohio established 3 domestic violence response teams to serve30 Appalachian counties in the state. Among the goals for the teams was to reach out to domestic violence victims, assist them in navigating the criminal justice system, and reduce the level of domestic violence in the serviceareas. This paper reports on the ability of the teams to reach the public and impact of the teams on the level of domestic violence in the target counties. BATTERER INTERVENTION PROGRAMMING IN DAUPHIN COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA: FINDINGS FROM A SELF- ADMINISTERED SURVEY OF BATTERERS Carissa Herwig, Pennsylvania State Harrisburg; Barbara Sims, Pennsylvania State at Harrisburg One somewhat recent approach to the problem of domestic violence in the United States is holding batterers responsible for their actions. Court mandated batterer intervention programs are one such method. This paper presents both an overview of a batterer intervention program currently under operation in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, as well as results from a self-administered survey of clients who were court ordered to that program in the Fall of 2000. A discussion of the perceived effectiveness of such programming is discussed along with implication for public policy. A NEW PARADIGM FOR DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: COMMUNITY JUSTICE, NOT CRIMINAL JUSTICE Jo-Ann Della-Giustina, City University of New York Instead of focusing on such criminal justice programs as mandatory arrest and orders of protection, we need a new paradigm to address domestic violence - one that starts with community justice, not criminal justice. Historica"y, domestic violence was treated as a community problem. It was only recently that some societies, including the United States, have criminalized domestic violence. That criminalization has privatized woman battering. This paper presents the proposition that domestic violence will continue to flourish until it is considered a community justice issue. Community justice is examined as an alternative to the individual privatization domestic violence that currently exists.
Panel 178: Policing Friday April 6, 2001 11:1 5- 12:45 pm Room 8
Chair: James Frank, University of Cincinnati COMMUNITY POLICING MODELS IN SMALLER COMMUNITIES Wa lter J. NieJiwocki, Greenfield Community College According to the US Department of Justice, 77% of America's police agencies serve communities with populations under 10,000. Vermont has 48 municipal police departments that serve an average population of 6431. This workshop, a discussion of a qualitative study performed by the author, explores the fundamental community policing philosophies of Vermont's police chiefs by identifying the definitions, core components and assumptions that underlie their agency's community policing practices. The study identified three distinct models of community policing referred to as collaborative, community-driven, and police-driven. The research also identified six core components/themes of community policing in the state. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT, LlTIAGION AND RACE CONFLICT IN THE MILWAUKEE POLICE DEPARTMENT Michael G. Krzewinski, Marquette University The 1960's and 1970's saw the Milwaukee (WI) Police Department (MPD) and, in particularsome of its chiefs, as ever reluctant to but into racial and gender diversity and change. As a result of the historical development of the Department, the police chiefs were granted uncontrolled power and authority over the administration of the MPD. This paper examines and pOints out the problems, that individuals and groups of various races and genders, both inside and outside of the MPD, had with establishing racial and gender equity in employment, promotion and the assignment of interested parties. As a result of these efforts, court orders and litigation, mandatory changes occurred within the MPD. This paper reveals that while the MPD has made itself a more race and gender diverse organization, it is not yet devoid of race and gender based mistrust, misunderstanding and prejudices. Consequently, the ability of one of the finest police departments in the United States to reach its full potential of service, to and protection of, the entire Milwaukee Community remains limited. AN EXAMINATION OF POLICE-CITIZEN ENCOUNTERS IN SMALL-TOWN, SUBURBAN, AND RURAL AGENCIES John Liederbach, University of Cincinnati; James Frank, University of Cincinnati; Lawrence F. Tra vis III, University of Cincinnati Recent research using data collected through focus groups, in-person interviews, and officer surveys suggests that the nature of small-town and rural police-citizen interactions is quite different than those occurring among officers and citizens in large, urban departments. Specifically, these studies indicate that small-town and rural officers were more connected to their communities, interacted with citizens more informally, and were more oriented toward problem solving than their big-city counterparts. Using data collected during twelve months of systematic social observation of officers in twenty-one small agencies, we examine the nature of these officers' interactions with citizens. SOCIAL CAPITAL AND COMMUNITY POLICING IN LARGE AND MEDIUM-SIZED CITIES AND TOWNS AlbertP. Cadarelli, University of Massachusetts Boston; Jack McDevitt, Northeastern University The present paper examines the nature and extent of collaborative strategies involving police, community residents, and representatives of private and public agencies incorporated in community policing programs in large and mid-sized cities and towns. Findings from police departments in cities above 500,000 are compared with police departments in cities and towns between 50,000 and 200,000. The present paper argues that the increasing complexity of large city police departments limits the kinds of decision making processes in which residents can participate, and that their involvement is best viewed in terms of a "limited partnership." Further, informal social control mechanisms are more likely to exist in smaller cities and towns, thereby limiting the need for the more formal, structured strategies representative of large city police departments. The present paper also argues for the need for municipal officials and police departments in large cities to assess the level of social capital in determining the range of community policing strategies appropriate to the diverse neighborhoods with third respective community. Understanding the levels of social capital to evaluating the effects of collaborative strategies on the problems and issues identified as targets of community policing strategies. COMMUNITY POLICING OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE?: A STUDY OF THE WORKING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN INTER· AGENCY DOMESTIC VIOLENCE COMMITTEEAND THE POLICE IN A LARGE CITY Graham Farrell, Police Foundation A mainstay of community policing is the inter-agency or coordinated community response. This study examines, via sources including in-depth interviews with agency officials, the working relationship between an inter-agency domestic violence committee and the police, in a large city. The relationship is examined to determine to what extent it might be said to conform to the community policing model.
Discussion Panel 179: Race/Ethnicity and Criminal Justice Friday April 6, 2001 11:15-12:45 pm Room 9
Chair: Mike Chamberlin Discussant: Richard A. Henry THE EVIDENCE NECESSARY TO PROVE A HATE CRIME IN THE STATES Tim Bakken, United States Military Academy at West Point This paper contains a discussion of how it might be possible to measure the incidence of hate crime. The hypothesis underlying this paper is that current data do not provide enough information with which to draw conclusions that would support long-term policy decisions on hate crime legislation. Some research does indicate that the incidence of hate crime may be decreasing and that specific hate crimes may cause unique harm to victims. Nonetheless, the paper addresses one critical problem that has prevented researchers from drawing broad conclusions. The problem is that researchers have been unable to compare the rates and frequencies of hate crime before and after the enactment of hate crime laws, because there were no comprehensive statistics compiled on the incidence of hate crimes prior to the enactment of the laws. The lack of data has led policy-makers and researchers to base their work and conclusions on reports of hate crime "incidents," which constitute allegations of a crime that a police officer has characterized as motivated by hate. This paper explains how it might be possible to use the criminal convictions before and afterthe enactment of hate crime laws to measure the incidence of hate crime. CONTROLLING RACISM BY A HUMAN RIGHTS' UNDERSTANDING OF ETHNOCENTRICISM, EMPATHY, AND OUR GENOTYPIC EQUALITY AS HUMAN BEINGS Th omas E. Reed, Eastern Kentucky University In this assessment of racism our nation's dominant leadership and cultural literacy receive failing grades. Although progress has been made, changes also have increased the potentials for massive social harm, the pivotal element in the complex equation of crime and its would be correction, justice. This paper uses a social learning and justice literacy model to guide the assessment of our racial problems and to describe four critical variables that have been neglectad. These are our nation's undeveloped human rights tradition, the factional nature of ethnocentricism, the functions of empathy, and the genotypic equality of persons. THE EVOLUTION OF RACE AND STATUS PROTECTIONS IN AMERICAN CRIMINAL LAW Brian Levin, California State University at San Bernardino This paper will trace modem hate crime laws to their roots in the Constitution and post-Civil War Amendments and laws. The paper will contend that today's hate crime laws have more in common with traditional civil rights and criminal statutes than they do with more modem conditions such as Identity Politics or the political activity of new social movements. It will also discuss recent Constitutional issues that impose limitations on the application of existing and proposed state and federal hate crime laws.
Roundtable 180: Policing Friday April 6, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Room 10
Mod rator: Dilip K. Das, State University of New York Discussants: Patrick H. Lang, US Department of Justice; Halvor A. Hartz, United Nations; Jamal Benomar, UNDP; Jayanto Choudhury, Embassy of India; Matti Malkia, Police College of Finland; Michael Palmiotto, Wi chita State University; Maximilian Edelbacher, Austrian Federal Police International human rights standards incorporated in the various instruments of the United Nations including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognize periodic elections and participation in government of the country as an inalienable right of every citizen. In order to exercise this right the government must be able to ensure free and fair elections and create a safe environment free from fear and insecurity. In this task the police can play an important role for which they need training and education based on human rights. The roundtable with academics and practitioners from around the world will discuss the issues from the perspectives of various countries.
Panel 181: Juvenile Justice Friday April 6, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Room 11
Chair: Patricia Collins, Th e College of New Jersey FAMILY VIOLENCE CONTRIBUTES TO JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Roschelle Winston, University of Alabama The purpose of this paper is to review literature on the influence of one's family life and delinquent behavior. Additionally, it will examine some types of violence that had been reported to have occurred during the Child-rearing years of the known juvenile delinquent. The next section will focus on the importanceof a positive environment in providing a deterrent from juvenile delinquent behavior. The final section will identify current preventive strategies as well as offer new ideas to prevent juvenile delinquent behavior. PARENTAL SUBSTANCE ABUSE CONTRIBUTES TO CONDUCT DISORDERS AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Ta mmy A. King, Yo ungstown State University; Anita Wa in wright, Child Protective Services The research presented in this paper, both original and previous, fo cuses on how parental substance abuse contributes to conduct disorders and juvenile delinquency in offspring. More child abuse and neglect cases are entering the Child Protective Services nationally at an alarming rate due to parental substance abuse and child maltreatment. In this study, 200 closed case files from an Ohio county's Child Protective Service Bureau were evaluated. Information was gathered on parental substance abuse and behaviors in their offspring (bed wetting, violence, school problems, to list a few). Preliminary data indicates that there is a strong correlation between these variables. PATERNAL INVOLVEMENT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT: SIX PUBLIC HOUSING SITES AND THEIR SURROUNDING AREAS Patricia Collins, The College of New Jersey The data are drawn from a larger study of crime, disorder and social disorganization in and around public housing in Philadelphia. This project utilizes two populations: residents and youth within public housing , and residents and youth residing within a 1500 foot buffer surrounding the public housing sites. These cross-sectional data will provide a perspective on how a child's perception of his father, accounting for the amount of interaction, predicts self-reported delinquency, self-image, school behavior and problem behavior, as well as a child's concept of paternal traits and attitude. Primary outcome measures of delinquency, problem, and school behavior, and secondary outcome measures of a child's perceptions of paternal attitude, paternal traits, and self-concept will examine the impact of paternal involvement. An examination of the child's perceptions of paternal attitudes and paternal traits will further identify the domains in which the fathers, real or merely portrayed, influence the children. Finally, the data will be analyzed to test whether public housing differs from the surrounding area in terms of paternal involvement and its effect on delinquency, self image, school behavior and problem behavior. FRONTAL-EXECUTIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL DYSFUNCTIONS AMONG ADOLESCENT SEX OFFENDERS Louis Veneziano, Southeast Missouri State University; Carol Veneziano, Southeast Missouri State University; Scott LeGrand, Boys and Girls Town of Missouri A growing body of research now suggests that a substantial number of criminal offenders display neuropsychological deficits, especially frontal-executive dysfunctions. The present study investigated the possibility of similar deficits by comparing the performance of sixty adolescent sex offenders court-ordered to a residential treatment facility with the performance of sixty nonoffenders matched on several pertinent sociodemographic characteristics on the fo llowing fo ur neuropsychological tests: (1) Multilingual Aphasia Examination; (2) Tower of London; (3) Trail Making Test; and (4) Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The results were indicative of a pattern of frontal-executive dysfunctions among adolescent sex offenders that had both theoretical and treatment implications.
Roundtable 182: Corrections and Punishment Friday April 6, 2001 11: 15-12:45 pm Room 12
Moderator: Robert M. Bohm, University of Central Florida Discussants: Michael Blankenship, University of Centra l Florida; Richard Janikowski, University of Memphis; Dennis Longmire, Sam Houston State University; Sue Titus Reid; Margaret Vandiver, University of Memphis; Gennaro Vito, University of Louisville Discussants in this roundtable will talk about the current issues about the death penalty in the United States.
Panel 183: Juvenile Justice Friday April 6, 2001 11:15 -12:45 pm Room 13
Chair: Peter J. Benekos, Mercyhurst College A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF STUDENT ATTITUDES ON JUVENILE JUSTICE POLICY Peter J. Benekos, Mercyhurst College; William J. Cook, Westfield State College; Alida V. Merlo, Indiana University of Pennsylvania The philosophy and approach to juvenile justice have undergone significant transformations in the last 100 years. The current "get tough" responses have provoked legislative reform and hardened attitudes toward youths. This paper summarizes a preliminary study of undergraduate student attitudes regarding juvenile justice policies in the United States. Student perspectives may reflect both the prevailing social attitudes as well as their orientation to the profession. REACTING TO SCHOOL VIOLENCE: EXTREME REACTIONS VERSUS PREVENTION AND PARTNERSHIP Kari Repenning, Mercyhurst College; Heather Powell, Mercyhurst College; Heather Dunkel, Mercyhurst College; Amy Doane, Mercyhurst College School violence was the salient phenomenon of the late 1990's and continues to be an issue of concern for society and the criminal justice system. Statistics reveal that school violence has not been increasing . This paper will critique both (1) the role of the media in escalating attention to this phenomenon and (2) the quick and fruitless reactions of school administrators and legislators to school violence. This paper will also investigate the individuals involved in the publicized school shootings of the 1990's and will propose the use of new programs and policies to increase safety and promote positive learning environments, rather than implementing reactionary, band-aid approaches to combat violence in schools. PROFILING AMERICA'S CHILDREN: PROSPECTS AND PERILS IN APPLIED POLICY ANALYSIS Th omas Gamble, Mercyhurst College Profiling America's children has become a common and useful process to understand the nature, extent, and concentration of social problems facing youth. It is also seen as a process of bringing rationality to the use and distribution of scarce prevention and intervention resources. However, unless conducted with sensitivity to important scientific, social and political issues, profiling can also have negative consequences for the youth profiled, can lead us astray in intervention and prevention efforts and can construct an inappropriately negative image of American youth. FOOD FOR THOUGHT: EVALUATION INFORMATION AS SUSTENANCE FOR COMMUNITY-BASED PROGRAMS FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS Trish Oberweis, American Justice Institute This study builds a bridge between business technology and community-based programs serving juvenile delinquents and predelinquents. Historically, the passion of line-level workers to assist young offenders has not been supported with scientific information, quantitative feedback or immediate, relevant evaluation information. Relying on the experiences of an existing outcomes-monitoring database for juvenile delinquents in Philadelphia, the San Francisco PriDE Project (Program Information for Development and Evaluation) is a database designed to track ultimate and intermediate changes in youthful offenders and preoffenders who are served by city-funded local community-based programs. The paper describes the power of a database model ' built from the users' perspective to serve equally a variety of justice decision makers.
Discussion Panel 184: Juvenile Justice Friday April 6, 2001 11:15-12:45 pm Room 14
Chair and Discussant: Susan L. Caulfield, We stern Michigan University OVERCOMING HIGH SCHOOL ENGLISH DEFICIENCIES AS A DROPOUT AND DELINQUENCY PREVENTION TOOL: RESULTS OF A TWO-YEARQUASI-EXP ERIMENTAL EVALUATION Colleen Fitzpatrick, University of Northern Colorado; Joan Ruberry, Rocky Mountain High School The nation's increasingly sophisticated workforce requires that virtually all members of society, at minimum, attain a high school education. However, those studel1ts unable to keep pace with their cohorts quickly become disillusioned and lose hope of graduating on time. Therefore , it is imperative that schools develop methods in overcoming academic deficiencies, specifically in reading and writing. Providing a supportive and caring environment where students can receive academic help, while also developing a bond to the school environment, is important in retaining students and reducing dropout rates. In 1998, such a program was initiated in a local high school. A preliminaryan alysis of the two-year study suggests that, with intervention, students enrolled in the program are, as a group, able to improve skills and earn credits commensurate with their peers, thus reducing the chances of dropping out of school and minimizing the potential for engaging in delinquent behavior. PEACEABLE SCHOOLS AND PEER MEDIATION: STRIVING FOR STUDENT OWNERSHIP IN PROBLEM SOLVING Kristen De Vall, Western Michigan University; Susan L. Caulfield, We stern Michigan University In the wake of Columbine and other school-related tragedies, schools have been called upon more than ever before to reduce conflict and violence. One response to this is the use of peer mediation. We examine peer mediation in three school settings, with attention paid to issues around implementation, school culture, educational theory, and discipline codes. In addressing these issues, we draw attention to the ways in which peer mediation does benefit schools, while also examining the ways in which peer mediation is neither a panacea for school violence, nor a good fit for all schools. DELINQUENCY AS THE FAILURE OF ADULTS AND THE VILLAGE TO EXERCISE THEIR MORAL STRENGTH Evaristus Obinyan, Benedict College Delinquency may be defined as the behavior consequent to the failure of adults and the village to exercise their moral superiority and integrity to produce behavior that conforms with standards set as norms with some degree of consistency in a society to which legal sanctions are leveled. Adults' moral superiority may be defined as the ability to recognize the differences between acceptable and unacceptable behavior and to refrain from unacceptable behavior and to communicate to youths through examples of conventional behavior. Village moral superiority entails the ability of each group, community or the society at large to establish norms that are consistent with cultural values. Village moral integrity entails the ability of the village as a whole to uphold, reinforce, and consistently demonstrate and co mmunicate the sanctity of these cultural norms. Delinquency may be seen as a function of the type of relationship between adults and the village, and their perception of the attitude toward delinquency. The relationships across these concepts are the focus of this paper.
Roundtable 185: Student Affairs Committee Friday April 6, 2001 11:15-12:45 pm Room 16
Moderator: Dwayne Smith, University of South Florida Discu sants: Harry Dammer, Niagara UniverSity; Wa nda Foglia, Rowan University; Alex Piquero, Northeastern University; Dwayne Smith, University of South Florida This panel is comprised of two department chairpersons and three recently tenured associate professors. Their experiences in obtaining promotion and tenure are invaluable to those who may one day hope to attain both. Tips on how to plan for tenure and the steps needed to secure it will be discussed.
Student Panel 186: Policing Friday April 6, 2001 11:15-12:45 pm Room 17
Chair: Troy Caeti, University of North Texas AN EVALUATION OF THE RIOT RESPONSE TACTICS IN THE UNITED STATES Hueseyin Cinoglu, University of North Texas Riots have always been important mechanisms for change. Large-scale riots rarely occur, but when they do they are usually a result of one or more other events. .In every society, people have always attempted to alleviate their dissents by adopting some form of violent behavior. In the U.S., gay rights, racism, immigration, gun control, the WTO and abortion issues all attest to the continuing use of popular disorders. By looking at the characteristics of the events, which have occurred, one can infer that other incidents, as a result of the former ones, will continue in the future as well. The basic aims of this paper are to give the reader an understanding of the riot response tactics of American riot police in general, and in particular to show the reader a perspective of crowds and some of their dynamics. In this study, crowds will be examined from a police point of view and some generalizations will be made accordingly. CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN THE STRUCTURE AND ADMINISTRATION OF AMERICAN POLICE SYSTEMS Mehmet Erdem, University of North Texas Although police are a familiar sight in American society, policing is an extremely complex issue in the United States because of a very large and complex law enforcement system. In fact, there are numerous federal agencies, as well as a huge private security industry with more than 18,000 state and local police departments. Therefore, differences in role, activity, and size of these agencies make police servicesvery complicated. There is also a highly fragmented police structure in the United States. In fact, tradition at federalism has promoted a fragmented police structure at three levels of government: federal, state, and local. Therefore, even though most of the police departments have some common characteristics, it is very difficult to generalize about all American policing. In other words, there is no formal system that coordinates or regulates all police agencies. Obviously, the American police system is not free from problems. This study will focus on those problems often associated with paramilitary, hierarchical based structures such as overlapping tasks, lack of communication and coordination between these numerous police agencies, duplication of personnel, equipment, and data, police misconduct and corruption, absence of National Police Standards, abuse of force and authority, and failure of community policing. COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR AND CONTROL OF THE CROWDS: THE TURKISH CASE Ismail Dincer Gunes, University of North Texas The purpose of this paper is to assess the Riot Police Units of the Turkish National Police Organization from different theoretical perspectives. The control of crowds and public demonstrations emerged in the 1960's as one of the most delicate and difficult aspects of police activities. The incidents clearly illustrate a range of problems and shortcoming in the domain of crowd control. Control of crowds requires a great knowledge of interpersonal relations within a given group of people. In order to propose new initiatives leading to both policy and action implications, one must have a comprehensive knowledge of these phenomena. The paper will cover the general characteristics of collective behavior. A historical approach will be pursued to explore this phenomenon. The characterization and explanation of crowds and collective behavior has become one of the leading areas within sociology. There will be two main perspectives to study, first will be interact ional processes and the second will be organizational and structural factors. The question will be asked whether these two main perspectives efficiently and effectively explain crowds and the crowd control. Finally, the other factor, which might be effective in crowd control, will be explored and recommendations concerning the handling of crowds in a more peaceful manner will be made. ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE IN COMMUNITY POLICING AND ANALYSIS OF LEADERSHIP ROLES OF POLICE EXECUTIVES IN THIS PROCESS SUleyman Ozeren, University of North Te xas - Community policing has two main tenets. One of them is its poliCing philosophy, which is proactive and intelligence-based police. In other words, the main philosophy of community policing is to cooperate with the community to identify the broader problems of the neighborhoods in order to fight crime. The second tenet of community policing is organizational change. Community Policing advocates decentralized organizational structures and giving more discretion to individual police officers to develop relationships with the community. Also, the organizational structure in community policing is less bureaucratic, decentralized, the functions are generalized, less hierarchical, and the organizational system is generally an open system. In order to implement community pOlicing, police organizations have performed several different strategies and programs, such as Neighborhood Oriented Policing, problem-oriented policing (SARA Model), community meetings, and other crime prevention programs. However, in the implementation process, there are other problems and obstacles that police executives should deal with. Briefly, police executives should examine and manage the organizational change process carefully so as to implement new strategies and Programs successfully. The aim of this paper is to examine briefly community-policing implementations in some police departments, such as Houston, Texas and Madison, Wisconsin, to reveal the major issues in organizational change process in community policing. Included are discussions of such issues as how these police organizations have implemented community policing and the role of the police executives in this change process.
Panel 187: Judicial Processes Friday April 6, 2001 11:15-12:45 pm Room 19
Chair: Michael Scott Weiss, University of New York at Albany TOWARD AN UNDERSTANDING OF INDIGENT DEFENDER MOTIVATIONS AND ATTITUDES Michael Scott We iss, University of New York at Albany While indigent defenders have been studied by researchers examining both the court process as a whole, as well as those engaged in comparing the quality of defense services provided, few have engaged in the systematic identification and analysis of defender motivations and attitudes. In other words, there is very little reliable research that assesses the reasons why indigent defenders have entered their profeSSion in the first place, the extent to which these initial motivations have coalesced into continuing perceptions about the roles and responsibilities of indigent defense, and the degree to which such motivations and attitudes vary among the defenders themselves. This research represents an attempt to fill a gap in the existing research by first establishing a theoretical framework within which these issues can be examined and thereafter engaging in open ended interviews with indigent defenders at three sites. This presentation is aimed at explaining the framework and reporting preliminary findings. REPRESENTATION OF ABUSED AND NEGLECTED CHILDREN; STATEWIDE SURVEY OF GUARDIAN AD LITEM APPOINTMENT MODELS Betsy W. Kreisel, Central Missouri State University; Frances P. Reddington, Central Missouri State University; Heidi Moore, Central Missouri State University This paper examines the results of a statewide survey of judicial circuits seeking information about the appointment fo rmat of guardian ad /items (GALs). Like many states and the Federal government, Missouri requires a guardian ad litem (GAL) to be apPOinted in every case involving an abused or neglected child. However, in Missouri there appears to be some confusion as to who is appointed and how they are appointed to cases in the varying circuits. This study will ultimately compare the perceived effectiveness of the varying models with respect to child representation, in addition, to evaluating the perceived effectiveness of the training that GALs in Missouri are supposed to attain prior to the representation of a child. ATTITUDES, DEMOGRAPHICS, OR PERSONALITY: WHICH BEST PREDICTS A JUROR'S DECISION? John Clark, University ofAlabama Research examining jury decision making has focused primarily on attitudes and demographics as predictors of verdicts. One area that has received minimal attention as a predictor is personality. The object of this paper is to examine personality and its relationship to juror decision making. THE ADMISSIBILITY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTIMONY IN THE SENTENCING PHASE OF CAPITAL MURDER TRIALS Che D. Williamson, Sam Houston State University The purpose of this paper is to examine the admissibility of psychological testimony in the sentencing phase of capital murder trials under the Texas Rules of evidence and the reliability standards announced in Kelly and Nenno. Psychological testimony is usually offered by the prosecutor in the sentencing phase of capital murder trials to prove that the convicted defendant will continue too be a threat to the health and safety of the public, which includes the inmate population, and prison personnel who will come in contact with the prisoner. That psychological testimony must make certain predictions about future dangerousness of the individual based on certain clinical assessments, which take into account such variables as race. The Texas Attorney General has taken a position that such assessments are impermissibly racial are not scientifically valid. This paper will explore the admissibility under the rules and case law of psychological evidence of future dangerousness and risk assessment. If Texas is going to continue to impose and endorse the death penalty, then its system of justice must be scrupulous in assuring that the process is fair, impartial and complies with the current rules of evidence and case law. A COMPARISON OF CASE OUTCOMES OF COURT-APPOINTED AND RETAINED COUNSEL IN HARRIS COUNTY, TEXAS Ta na McCoy, Harris County Courts at Law In the past 25 years, research outlining indigent defense systems and comparing them to their prosecutorial counterparts has increased considerably. However, this research has been plagued by a narrow focus with regard to case outcomes and the lack of meaningful control variables (Williams 1998). The present research addresses these shortcomings and extends the indigent defense research into the realm of misdemeanor cases. Utilizing 1999 data, approximately 2000 cases were sampled to examine the nature of the relationship between attorney type and several case outcome variables. Logistic regression and multiple regression analysis were employed to analyze the data.
Panel 188: Corrections and Punishment Friday April 6, 2001 11:1 5-12:45 pm Tavern
Chair: Brandon Applegate, University of Central Florida CONTEMPORARY USE OF SHAMING SENTENCES IN THE UNITED STATES: THE EFFECTS OF WHITE COLLAR VERSUS STREET CRIME OFFENDERS Kathleen Simon, Appalachian State University; Ruth Ann Strickland. Appalachian State University With overcrowded prisons and society's lack of confidence in their ability to reform offenders growing, judges, city councils and state legislatures have turned increasingly to shaming sentences and techniques as an alternative to incarceration. Our paper will focus on the new methods of shaming developed by trial judges and other government entities in the 1990s. We will examine how shaming is used and its relative effects on white collar versus street crime offenders. In conclusion, we will evaluate the value of shaming sentences and whether this sentencing trend should continue. THE EFFECT OF STATE SENTENCING POLICIES ON INCARCERATION RATES Jon Sorensen, Vera Institute of Justice State prison populations have experienced exponential growth during the past three decades. Much of that growth has been attributed to a set of harsh sentencing policies enacted during those years. Recently, in many state prison systems the rate of growth has stalled or reversed. Other states continue to experience increasing prison populations. In this presentation, I reportthe findings of a study that analyzed the relationship between state sentencing policies and incarceration rates. The study controlled for the influence of demographic and economic variables, crime rates, and criminal case processing. SEX OFFENDER LAWS: CAN RETRIBUTION, PUBLIC SAFETY, AND TREATMENT BE RECONCILED? MaryAnn Farkas, Marquette University; Amy Stichman, Marquette University Throughout history, sex offenders have been viewed as a unique type of offender who is more dangerous, more "objectionable," less treatable, and more likely to recidivate. Recently, they have once again become the focus of intense legal scrutiny, primarily through laws specifically targeting them for indefinite confinement, registration, notification, polygraph testing, and chemical castration. This paper will examine the underlying justifications of these sex offender laws. We will raise also the issues of social control vs. treatment and punishment vs. treatment for this population of offender. What consequences, conflicts, or dilemmas do these laws have for sex offender treatment providers? PUNISHMENT AND ITS EFFECTS IN DIVERSE SETTINGS William Selke, Indiana University; Nick Corsaro, Indiana University The paper includes a review of literature from a broad range of fields focused on the effects of different types of punishments in various settings. Materials from the fields of education, psychology, business, military science, family development and sociology, among others, reveal that the impact of punishment may vary significantly depending on the type of punishment administered and the setting where punishment takes place. The implications of this body of research are examined with respect to the criminal justice system and particularly the field of corrections. Panel 189: Policing Friday April 6, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 2
Chair: Gary Cordner, Eastern Kentucky University IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS AS A RESULT OF PROBLEM SOLVING: ONE DEPARTMENT'S EXPERIENCE Larry K. Gaines, California State University at San Bernardino Problem solving has become a central strategy in American policing with the advent of community policing. Its importance is highlighted by the fact that organizations such as the Police Executive Research forum are providing departments awards for unique problem solving experiences. Problem solving is seen as a strategy to provide in-depth services to the public and if successful, reduce police department workload. Given its central importance in community policing, it is worthwhile to examine how officers go about identifying problems to target. This study examines one department's effortsto identify problems. Officers were convened in focus groups and asked to identify all the problems within their jurisdictional assignments. The kinds of problems and their proposed solutions are identified and discussed, and comparisons across focus groups are made. A discussion of impediments identified by the officers is also provided. INCREASING PROBLEM·SOLVING CAPABILITES WITHIN THE ARLINGTON COUNTY POLICE Sam McQuade, The Urban Institute; Ruth Wh ite, The Urban Institute Over an 18-month period, The Urban Institute worked with ACPD officers, supervisors and command staff to improve problem solving capabilities within the Arlington County Police Department using the SARA Model. The four-phase program consisted of: (1) field problem identification and analysis; (2) officer training on community policing and problem solving principles and techniques; (3) active problem solving in the community and in the organization; and (4) assessment and reporting. This paper will discuss the implementation of this program and the development of an innovative problem solving system used to track and manage SARA activities. PROBLEM-ORIENTED POLICING IN PRACTICE Gary Cordner, Eastern Kentucky University; Elizabeth Perkins This paper presents preliminary findings from a study of police officer problem solving behavior in San Diego, California. Data sources include interviewswith officers and supervisors and the police department's database of POP projects. A DECADE OF EXCELLENCE IN PROBLEM ORIENTED POLICING: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GOLDSTEIN AWARD WINNERS Jeffrey Rojek, University of Missouri at St. Louis; Scott H. Decker, University of Missouri at St. Louis Each year, the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF), accepts nominations for the prestigious Herman Godstein Award for Excellence in Problem Oriented Policing. This paper examines innovations that have been recognized by PERF as innovative projects deserving recognition. We review the characteristics of these projects beginning in 1993, the inaugural year of the Goldstein Award. We review such characteristics as the nature of the problem, the nature of the intervention, the integration of SARA model principles, temporal focus of the response, and prospects for sustainability. Characteristics of these projects provide insight for the implementation process of POP projects.
Panel 190: Policing Friday April 6, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 3
Chair: Brenda K. Uekert, Institute forLaw and Justice DOMESTIC VIOLENCE UNITS: EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OR POLITICAL EXPEDIENCE? Susan T. Krumholz, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth This paper represents the culmination of an extended study of Domestic Violence Units in police departments throughout Massachusetts. After reviewing the form and function of these specialized units, the paper will propose a model for the Ideal Unit, exploring how the actual units differfrom the Ideal. The paper will conclude with a discussion of the implications for effective police management. COPS, CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES AND CHILD ABUSE Stacy Moak, Northeast Louisiana University; Jeffrey P. Rush, University of Te nnessee at Chattanooga This paper examines the attitudes of police officers and CPS workers toward child abuse and looks at what each group views as abuse and whether they would take action. THE AUSTIN FAMILY VIOLENCE PROTECTION TEAM; A COLLABORATIVE APPROACH TO POLICING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Cheron DuPree, Institute fo r Law and Justice Under the Grants to Encourage Arrest Policies Program, the Austin Police Department created the family Violence Protection Team to address the problem of domestic violence. This centralized team also consists of the Travis County Sheriff, County Attorney, Legal Aid, Women's Advocacy Project, and SafePlace. This paper examines the impact of the team's effort. Data from 1995-1999 was collected to identify trends. Over 250 domestic violence cases were tracked to assess offender accountability. Content analysis was performed on police incident reports to assess the quality of documentation. Findings from victim interviews and focus groups will be discussed to assess victim satisfaction. POLICING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Brenda K. Uekert, Institute for Law and Justice The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) of 1994 ushered in a wave of legislation mandating pro-arrest or mandatory arrest policies in domestic violence cases. How has this impacted police response to domestic violence incidents? As part of a national evaluation of federal VAWA grant programs, focus groups of police officers were conducted at several sites throughout the nation. This paper presents findings from the focus groups of police officers in three areas (1) police response; (2) challenges posed by domestic violence incidents; and (3) changes in the criminal justice system's treatment of domestic violence offenders. POLICE DECISIONS TO ARREST IN RESPONSES TO DOMESTIC ASSAULT CALLS IN VE RMONT: AN ANALYSIS OF QUALITATIVE FACTORS James E. Ryan, Norwich University A recent study by the Vermont Center for Justice Research (VCJR), the state's statistical Analysis Center (SAC) found no relationship between easily classified variables available in formal reports and police decisions to arrest in domestic assault cases. This study examines police affidavit narratives available through the Vermont Incident Based Reporting System (VIBRS) to determine if qualitative variables such as suspect demeanor and situational variables, which are often detailed in such reports, shed more light on polite decisions.
Panel 191 : Corrections and Punishment Friday April 6, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 4
NISHM!NT
Chair: Kate King, Boise State University FORGIVENESS AND RECONCILIATION AMONG HOMICIDE SURVIVORS Richard D. Clark, John Carroll University While interest in forgiveness and reconciliation between victims and offenders is growing, there has been little empirical work that addresses victims feelings toward the offender including the feelings of forgiveness and reconciliation. Research on forgiveness suggests that the process of forgiveness is both difficult and long term in nature. This paper will critically review the empirical literature on forgiveness and offer suggestions as to its viability for the restorative justice model. It will also present the results of a pilot study of forgiveness and reconciliation among homicide survivors. It will discuss the survivors feelings toward the offender, their beliefs about the value of forgiveness and reconciliation and the factors that influence these decisions. COMPARING THE EXPERIENCES OF THE FAMILIES OF MURDER VICTIMS WITH THOSE OF THE FAMILIES OF THE CONDEMNED Kate King, Boise State University This paper compares and contrasts the experiences, attitudes, and feelings of the families of murder victims with the families of condemned killers. Issues such as guilt, shame, powerlessness, social stigma, anger, depression and feelings of personal safety are explored, as well as the families' attitudes toward the criminal justice system. PUBLIC SENTIMENT ON THE DEATH PENALTV: DO RACE, GENDER AND STATE OF MIND MATTER? Michael W. Markowitz, Widener University This paper explores public attitudes regarding capital punishment in light of the recently renewed debate over its appropriateness as a criminal sanction. Through responses to a series of hypothetical scenarios, a sample of over 300 participants is studied to determine if willingness to impose capital punishment varies by the race, gender and mental state of the perpetrator. Also, these same factors are applied to determine rates of variance in participant willingness to endorse the appeals process for these offenders. The paper concludes with a discussion of the relevance of the findings for both future research and correctional policy debate. AN ANALYSIS OF VICTIM IMPACT TESTIMONY IN CAPITAL MURDER CASES IN TEXAS COURTS Peter J. Nelligan, University of Texas at Tyler; Ronald Reisner, Monmouth University Prior research by the authors on the comparative use of victim impact testimony in New Jersey and Smith County, Texas revealed that New jersey is very restrictive in admitting such testimony, while in Smith County, prosecutors and judges followed an "anything goes" philosophy. This paper extends the Texas portion of this earlier work beyond Smith County to an analysis of the presentation of victim impact testimony in a representative sample of capital murder trials across the state of Texas. TALKING WITH OFFENDERS' FAMILIES: PERCEPTIONS OF JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS Christine Tartaro, Stockton College The federal, state and local corrections systems in the United States achieved a milestone in early 2000 when the incarcerated population topped two million offenders. As more people are incarcerated, an increasing number of residents in the community are affected by a loved one's absence. A qualitative analysis was conducted to measure perceptions of fairness among friends and relatives of inmates in a mid-Atlantic state. Participants were asked about the circumstances surrounding their loved one's incarceration and whether the criminal justice system has treated that person fairly.
Discussion Panel 192: Race/Ethnicity and Criminal Justice Friday I April 6, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 5
Chair: Richard G. Wright, CSN Discussant: Ramona Brockett, Kent State University THE POLITICS OF RACE AND CRIME: DIMENSIONS OF INEQUALITY IN THE AMERICAN STATES John W. Critzer, Southern Connecticut State University This paper examines the relationship of various political factors to black homicide rates in the American states. Political variables include measures for the strength of the governorship, state legislative control, political ideology, and black political influence. Socioeconomic variables including measures for state wealth, poverty, social disorganization, and declining manufacturing are also exploded. It is expected that political ideology and black political influence are associated with black homicide but that declining manufacturing and social disorganization are significant intervening factors. INTERRACIAL AND INTRARACIAL VIOLENT CRIME: A LOOK AT THE MYTHS, EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE AND SOCIETAL EXPECTATIONS Richard G. Wright, CSN This presentation will analyze the empirical evidence on race and violent crime. Often the image of black on white violence is the catalyst for social and political discussions about crime. What criminologists (and some segments of the public) know is that most violent crime is committed intraracially. Given the social & political trends of slow but consistent steps toward integration, have there been changes in violent crimes committed across race (interracially) vs. crimes committed within race (intra-racial)? What are the statistics on interracial/intraracial violent crime by demographic group? Is there any reliable data on sub-group intraracial violent crime? THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF BLACK MALE VIOLENCE Wi lliam Oliver, Indiana University The primaryobjective of this paper is to examine the public health and social consequences associated with the disproportionate rates of interpersonal violence occurring among African American males. This discussion suggests that the cumulative effects of various violence-related public health and social consequences reinforce and amplify individual attitudes, behavior, and social conditions that contribute to the concentration of high rates of interpersonal violence in urban poor African-American communities. A multisolution antiviolence prevention agenda is proposed as a coordinated strategy to reduce the prevalence of black male violence.
Panel 193: Criminal Justice Policy Friday April 6, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 6
Chair: Lloyd Klein, Louisiana State University at Shreveport CAUGHT IN THE WEB: MEGAN'S LAW AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SEX OFFENDER NOTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS Lloyd Klein, Louisiana State University at Shreveport Community notification under sex offender notification statutes (generally known as Megan's Law) incorporates information transmittal through posters, mailed postcards, and media exposure. Information including the whereabouts, nature of sexual offense, and offender photograph is also available in many states via the internet. Legal experts often detail due process problems in the disclosure of such information. This paper offers an analysis of: 1) policy issues regarding sex offender registration and community notification; 2) the impact of media and internet coverage surrounding the implementation of public notification; 3) legal challenges to sex offender information disclosure; 4) community utilization of available information on released sex offenders; and 5) conflicting roles faced by criminal justice authorities. ANALYSIS OF RELEASE PERFORMANCE AMONG KENTUCKY'S PERSISTENT FELONY SEX OFFENDERS Julie C. Kunselman, University of West Florida A comparison of release performance between Kentucky's 'sex only' specialized PFOs (convicted of sex offenses only) and non specialized persistent felony sex offenders (offenders convicted of either a violent/property/drug offense in addition to a sex offense). This analysis targets the policy of determinate sentencing, namely, legislation mandating a certain percentage of sentence length to be served. The analysis includes a summary of offending rate, time of incarceration. and time until reincarceration and stems from the need to understand whether determined sentence lengths could be applied to maximize efficiency in sentencing both specialized and non-specialized sex PFOs. AN UPDATE ON MEGAN'S LAW & WETTERLING ACT: ARE CHILDREN AND COMMUNITIES SAFER? Richard G. Wright, CSN The 1994 Crime Act included several pieces of legislation designed "to protect" children and communities from sex offenders, the Jacob Wetterling Act, Megan's Law and the Pam Lyncher Act. Mandated and in operation in all 50 states this policy initiative receives significant positive publicity and very little political opposition. This presentation will review research "judging" the effectiveness of Megan's Law? Is Megan's Law effective if it reduces recidivist behavior? Does it impact communities' perceived sense of safety? What problems does Megan's law present for communities regarding sex offenders not listed in the registries? Does Megan's Law "prevent" sex crimes? MANAGEMENT AND CARE OF SEX OFFENDERS IN THE COMMUNITY: EXPERIENCES AND CHALLENGES IN THE U.S. Karen J. Terry, John Jay Col/ege of Criminal Justice; Heath B. Grant, John Jay Col/ege of Criminal L1ustice As a result of the growing public aversion towards sex offenders, laws that directly affect them are becoming more punitive in nature. While reactive strategies to incapacitate sex offenders are increasing, such as Megan's Law and sexually violent predator (SVP) laws, there are few comprehensive, locally tailored programs for the management of sex offenders in the community. Sex offenders are heterogeneous populations requiring different strategies and programs depending on the nature of the offense, demographics of the community, etc. Proper management of sex offenders thus requires a detailed ne8ds assessment of those sex offenders in the community in order to develop strategies that have a greater potential for preventing recidivism in the community. This paper will describe the current movement within the United States for developin9 comprehensive plans for the management of sex offenders.
Panel 194: International and Comparative Criminal Justice Friday April 6, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 7
Chair: Camille Gibson, Prairie View A & M University ECONOMICALL Y MOTIVATED CRIME IN A CHANGING CHINA Jianhong Liu, Rhode Island Col/ege The economic reforms in China over the last two decades have brought about unprecedented economic growth, along with rapid increases in crime. This paper examines patterns of economically motivated crimes during China's social change. The paper proposes an economic motivation thesis, arguing that market force has been a strong social force that has generated an unprecedented level of motivation in the population to seek economic gains during social transition from a state socialism to market economy. Under-regulated economic motivation is a new source of increased crime. The paper analyzes Chinese official statistics form the police, courts, and procurators to investigate the economic motivation thesis. A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CHINESE ORGANIZED CRIME Nathan R. Moran, Sam Houston State University This paper examines the historical, political, and economic impact of the government of the People's Republic of China on Chinese organized crime. A discussion of the history of Chinese organized crime is presented, including etiologies as to why Chinese organized crime has not evolved to a heightened level of sophistication and a discussion of what other organized criminal organizations are colluding with Chinese organized crime. Finally an analysis of what can be done to control Chinese organized crime is presented. CHINA'S CHANGING POLICIES ON DRUG-RELATED CRIMES Hongwei Zhang, Sam Houston State University With the deepening of opening-up and reforms, China now experiences rapid economic growth. But accompanying the vast society transition, China also faces many serious social problems, especially drug-related crimes. We know that the wave of rising international drug ties are buffeting China more severely than ever and such situation can not be eliminated in the short run, so the Chinese try their best to apply some policies, including laws, education, international cooperation, treatment and rehabilitation. This paper examines China's policies on drug-related crimes. REVISITING THE ISSUE OF CASINOS AND CRIME Camille Gibson, Prairie Vie w A & M University This paper offers a comparison of the effects of legalized casino gambling on the culture, economics and offending rates of communities in the United States and in the Caribbean. The information on the United States' situation comes largely from an analysis of the recent literature. The information on the Caribbean situation comes from both interviews and published reports. Unlike most criminological issues, casino gambling is thickly layered with political, cultural and religious dispositions in isolating the industry's merits and ills.
Panel 195: Policing Friday April 6, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 8
Chair: Alejandro del Carmen, University of Texas at Arlington DRIVING WHILE BLACK IN THE LAW ENFORCEMENT COMMUNITY: AN ATTITUDINAL ASSESSMENT Alejandro del Carmen, University of Texas at Arlington; Robert L. Bing, University of Texas at Arlington This study examines the attitudes of law enforcement officers toward the implementation of a Driving While Black (DWB) program. The study involves a quantitative analysis of practices before and after the implementation of a DWB initiative in a major metropolitan police agency. Throughout, the focus is on attitudinal changes among police officers, once the DWB initiative is implemented. The policy implications of this study suggest that officer attitude toward the DWB program may have ramifications on police performance. THE EFFECTS OF EDUCATION ON PATROL OFFICER PERFORMANCE AND EVALUATION Linda Kunzman, University of South Florida; Kim Michelle Lersch, University of South Florida The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between educational level and the performance of officers aSSigned to the patrol division. Using data collected from a large sheriff's department in the Southeastern United States, the effects of education level on complaints of misconduct, disciplinaryact ions, and performanceeva luations are investigated. DOES POLICE SUPERVISION MATTER? A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING SUPERVISORY INFLUENCE OVER OFFICER BEHAVIOR Robin Shepard Engel, Pennsylvania State University; Lisa L. Miller, Pennsylvania State University Can field supervisors influence patrol officerbehavior? Some scholars suggest that supervisors have little influence due to the large amounts of discretion and autonomy exercised by officers. Others speculate that supervisors can have an indirect influence by shaping officers' attitudes, but agree that supervisors can only be expected to influence quantifiable actions (e.g., arrests, citations). Recent research, however, suggests that patrol officers' behavior (e.g., use of force, community policing activities) can be directly influenced by supervisors' attitudes and styles. In this paper, we review the ethnographic and empirical research examining the relationship between supervisors and patrol officers, develop a new conceptual framework to explore this relationship, and discuss the implications for policy and future research. OFFICER PROACTIVITY: A COMPARISON BETWEEN FTOS (FIELD TRAINING OFFICERS) AND, NON-FTOS IN TWO DEPARTMENTS Ivan Y. Sun, Old Dominion University This study examines police proactivity in problem-focused efforts and aggressive preventative patrol. The former refers to officer initiated security checks and attempts to locate, while the latter includes officer-initiated suspicion and traffic stops. Data used in this research were collected in Indianapolis, Indiana, and St. Petersburg, Florida, during the summers of 1996 and 1997. Findings show that FTOs, especially those in St. Petersburg, are more proactive than non-FTOs in attempting to locate suspects, witnesses, and informants, but FTOs and non-FTOs do not differ significantly in the level of proactivity with respect to security checks, suspicion stops, and traffic stops.
Panel 196: Race/Ethnicity and Criminal Justice Friday April 6, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Hoom 9
Chair: Sean P. Rosenmerkel, University of Maryland College Park ES LA CULTURA: THE MEDIATING EFFECTS OF THE HISPANIC CULTURE ON STRAIN THEORY Jeffrey M. Cancino, Michigan State University; Sean P. Varano, Michigan State University The objective of this research is to investigate the mediating effects of the Hispanic culture, conceptualized here as level of acculturation, on strain theory. We take the position that the Hispanic culture (Le., level of acculturation) provides a buffer between strains and goals. Compared with whites and blacks, we test whether levels of acculturation for Mexican s and Puerto Rican mediates the effect of distress among strains and goals. By doing so , we focus our attention on two models. In general, the first model suggests that strain is positively associated with distress which, in turn, is negatively associated with goal orientedness. The second model gives attention to the interaction effect of acculturation according to the following relationships: (1) high levels of acculturation positively mediates the relationship between strain and distress which , in turn, is negatively associated with goal orientedness; and (2) high levels of acculturation is positively related to distress which, in turn, is negatively associated with goal orientedness. The above models are theoretically driven by acculturation theory which suggests that Hispanics who have adopted mainstream values are more likely to experience stressors and participate in deviant behavior. In contrast, Hispanics who have lower levels of acculturation experience less strain. In other words, the Hispanic culture serves as a safeguard against physical and emotional stressors; thus, enabling goals to be achieved. DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY AMONG A HISPANIC JAIL POPULATION: INCARCERATION AND A PRISONIZATION EFFECT Sean P. Rosenmerkel, University of Maryland at Col/ege Park; Spencer De Li, University of Maryland at Col/ege Park; Qianwei Fu, University of Maryland at Col/ege Park; Dorris Layton MacKenzie, University of Maryland at Col/ege Park The study of the impact of incarceration on levels of depression has been widely studied in criminal justice literature. In the majority of studies, however, the effects are presented as they pertain to whites and/or blacks, excluding the third largest group of inmates, Hispanics. Following the work of Goodstein and MacKenzie (1984) on a "prisonization effect", our analysis examines the effects of past incarceration and impending incarceration on the rates of depression and anxiety in a sample of Hispanic jail inmates to determine (1) any differences with white and black inmates and (2) if a prisonization effect can be detected. HATE CRIMES AGAINST LATINOS IN CALIFORNIA Esther Madriz, University of San Francisco This research focuses on hate crimes committed against individuals of Latino origin in the state of California. In coordination with the Tomas Rivera Policy Institute, 604 partiCipants were interviewed by telephone during the second and third weeks of June, 1999. The interview consisted of 54 questions. The respondents were 18 years old and older and 51 % of them were female. Preliminary findings indicate that 44% had either a family member or a close friend who had been victim of a hate-motivated event, including hate speech, or had themselves been victims of such incidents. Given the nature of hate crime-which is directed to members of a certain group in order to intimidate them-it is not surprising that the majority of participants expressed fear of being victim of hate crimes. Many respondents acknowledged that they avoid certain neighborhoods or cities because-in their views-they were not welcomed there. In this study, hate crimes against Latinos are placed within current anti-immigrant feelings expressed in proposition 187 and 209 in California. THE CATALYTIC ROLE OF STEREOTYPES AND VIOLENCE AGAINST ASIAN AMERICANS Helen Ahn Lim, Indiana University at Bloomington Although to accurately measure the amount of racially motivated crimes committed against Asian descendants (herein forth also referred to as Asian Americans) is an extremely difficult task, government commissions and Asian communities agree that Asian Americans are often victimized by violent crimes. In spite of vast differences in culture, religion, and political views, these groups also share similar historical experiences in the United States, and today, confront a host of common issues that include prejudice, discrimination, and racial violence. This paper examines the catalytic role that stereotypes play in perpetuating violence against Asian Americans. For clarity, this paper divides racial violence against Asian Americans into two categories: rational targeting and racist violence. SUBURBAN TEENAGE EMPLOYEES' PERCEPTION OF AFRICAN AMERICAN CRIMINALITY IN THE WORKPLACE Otis B. Grant, Indiana University Abetted by media depictions that exaggerate black criminality, the American public readily accepts a distorted perception of the threat that blacks pose to whites. The perception of black criminality is so thoroughly ingrained in American society, that whites readily acquiesce to eyewitness and offender accounts which scapegoat blacks even when white offendersar e actually responsible for the reported acts of criminality. Notwithstanding offender characteristics or perceptions of victimization, research indicates that the fear of crime is shaped within a psycho-social paradigm. Furthermore, studies point out that the fear of crime is primarily determined by such factors as race, age, and socio-economic class. This study examined suburban teenage employees= perceptions of African American criminality. The author investigated the extent to which five theoretically relevant variables moderated the perceived fear of crime perpetrated by African Americans. Regression analysis revealed that media influence, geographic location, segregation, age and gender were significant predictors of fear in white suburban teens. Whereas results indicated that suburban teenage whites believe that African Americans are more prone to crime, white females were Significantly more likely to perceive African Americans as prone to crime.
Student Panel 197: Varieties of Crime Friday April 6, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 10
Chair: Eric Fritsch, University of North Texas USING INTELLIGENCE ANALYSIS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST ORGANIZED CRIME AND PRIVACY SUleyman Demirci, University of North Texas In the information age, the faces of crime have changed dramatically. It is a fact that the dynamic structure of organized crime groups has been affected by the technological developments in this era. Therefore, analysis within the organized crime function is considered an essential tool regarding organized crime control. In the analysiS of organized crime, some analytical methods, such as network analysis, case analysis, telephone record analysis, crime mapping, and financial analysis, are handled in both tactical analysis and strategic analysis. Through the information analyzed by the techniques, strategic assessment can be achieved for the public policy makers. However, privacy issues appear through the procedure of intelligence. The paper is going to focus on privacy invasion in intelligence analysis methods. Meanwhile, the study discusses whether analytical methods are crucial or intrude into people's private lives. COMBINING MONEY LAUNDERING: THE LAW IN TURKEY Umit Kocasakal, Istanbul Galatasaray University; Ikay Akyay, University of North Texas; Deanna Carp, University of North Texas The geopolitical position of Turkey as a major gateway for East-West international trade and drug trafficking, combined with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the subsequent ending of the cold war, has facilitated a sharp rise in organized crime since the 1980s. One of the major investigative issues when dealing with organized crime is money laundering. This paper will discuss specific and unique Turkish laws, which were developed in the mid 1990s to combat money laundering. Further, this research will attempt to evaluate the impact of such laws and the difficulties of enforcing domestic regulations in the international arena. AN ANALYSIS OF THE TURKISH WIRETAPPING REGULATIONS Ali Ozdogan, University of North Texas In Turkey, wiretapping is regulated by a combination of the Constitution, the Organized Crimes Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Criminal Code, and the Police Code. The lack of a single wiretapping regulatory code results in regulatory gaps and impediments to criminal investigations. The aim of this study is to analyze the wiretapping regulations of Turkey and propose a model wiretapping regulatory code. The analysis will include a discussion of the implementation of "exclusionary" and "exhaustion" principles, the destruction and disclosure of wiretapped evidence, property rights issues, offences subject to eavesdropping, the role of the telecommunications industry, the control body for the execution of eavesdropping, and the duration of the warrant for the monitoring. TRANSNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKING IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA AND THE NEW WORLD ORDER: A CRIMINAL REVOLUTION IN EX-REVOLUTIONARIES Muhammet Murat Ya sar, University of North Texas; Fuat Salih Sahin, University of North Texas The initial response to the collapse of socialist system and the disintegration of the former Soviet Union was highly positive all around the world. Greater political freedom, democratic governments and liberal economies were the instant dreams of the people even if it was anticipated that the political, social and economic transformations would not be free from problems. But only a few expected the birth of a new evil from the ashes. The incredible rapid rise of post-communist organized crime and deep socio economic/political problems associated with it has been prevalent since the day that the " Iron Curtain" was torn. Organized crime groups, taking advantage of power vacuums and the lack of authority, have been involved in a wide range of illegal activities, from human trafficking to nuclear material smuggling. It did not take too much time for these crime groupings to discover illegal trafficking either. This study attempts to explain the dimensions and dynamics of the post-communist illicit drug trade, the roles and capabilities of various actors at the scene, and factors, which have contributed, to the rise in drug production and trafficking, in line with the framework of Routine Activities theory. Later, the efficiency of national and international responses to the problem is analyzed.
Roundtable 198: Criminal Justice Education and Training Friday April 6, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 11
Moderator: Vicki Dorworth, Montgomery Col/ege Discussants: Reta Roberts, Florida Community College at Jacksonville; Ruth Wylie, Th e College of We st Virginia; Terri Bailey, Montgomery Col/ege; Sonya Chiles, Montgomery College; Margaret Phipps Brown, Marshall University This roundtable will explore avenues in which to provide quality distance education for criminal justice practitioners.
Roundtable 199: International and Comparative Criminal Justice Friday April 6, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 12
Nt��J3'l" '()F CRIMINOLO<1ICAl RE$EARCH ON I?UBllG POLICY: ' AN
Moderator: Maximilian Edelbacher Discussants: Hans-Jorg Albrecht; David Farrington; Th omas Feltes; James Finckenauer; Bob Mc Cormack; Ha rry Dammer; John Campbell; Nancy Grosselfinger; Peter Kra tcosky; Harold Becker Academics and practitioners from the United States and Europe will discuss the impact of criminological research on public policy, making comparisons between the United States and Europe.
Discussion Panel 200: Juvenile Justice Friday April 6, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 13
Chair/Discussant: Zina T. McGee, Hampton University THE PREVALENCE OF CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT IN AN URBAN DETAINED POPULATION Hugh Potter, Centers For Disease Controland Prevention; Gloria DiFulvio, University of Massachusetts at Amherst The prevalence of childhood maltreatment among juvenile detainees is not well established. This paper examines self-reports of maltreatment within a specific urban juvenile detention population. The data are taken from a random sample of juvenile detainees over a two-year period in a major urban detention center (the Northwestern Project; Teplin, Abrams, and McClelland). There are 1,832 cases available for analysis, 65% male, 35% female, and predominately minority youth. The paper will focus on the prevalence of maltreatment and the types of maltreatment reported. The distribution of maltreatment across gender and ethnic groups will also be explored. Finally, the relationship between maltreatment and types of criminal behaviors reported by the detainees will be examined. Suggestions for further research into the relationship between maltreatment and delinquency will be offered. THE EFFECTS OF CHILD MALTREATMENT ON VIOLENT OFFENDING AMONG INSTITUTIONALIZED YOUTH Angela R. Gover, University of South Carolina Empirical research supports the "cycle of violence" hypothesis-the idea that individuals exposed to childhood maltreatment are significantly more likely to commit violBnt offenses. Studies testing the cycle of violence hypothesis traditionally have compared delinquents to non-delinquents. The strength of the cycle of violence relationship within high risk institutionalized youth, however, remains an unanswered question. The present study examines this issue with a cross-sectional sample of 3,728 juveniles confined to forty-eight correctional facilities. Self-reported data from institutionalized youth are used to compare the effects of past experiences of child maltreatment and other risk and demographic factors on juveniles' violent offense histories. Results from a tobit regression analysis indicate that prior child maltreatment has a significant effect on the frequency of past arrests for violent crimes. Implications of this research fo r theoryand policy are discussed. BATTERED CHILD SYNDROME AS A DEFENSE TO FAMILY HOMICIDE: IS IT SOUND JUVENILE JUSTICE POLICY? Rudolph Alexander, Jr. , Ohio State University A growing number of states are recognizing battered child syndrome as an element of self-defense in family homicides. Citing the number of children seriously injured and killed by their parents, supporters of this movement contend that children who are abused by their parents and subsequently kill their abusers have a legal right to use in their defense battered woman syndrome. Nevertheless, the author contends that the recognition of battered child syndrome in family homicides is not sound juvenile justice policy, pointing out three major flaws.
Panel 201: Juvenile Justice Friday April 6, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 14
: �'l;l@tEE'iq�;;$q"c;'C)LS AND SCHOOL POLICIES
Chair: Susan L. Caulfield, We stern Michigan UniverSity EDUCATIONAL PLACEMENT AND RECIDIVISM: DOES SCHOOL TYPE MATTER? Kim Michelle Lersch, University of South Florida; Dan Kaczynski, University of We st Florida A common requirement for juveniles under supervision is school attendance. However, the type of school that the youth attends may have an effecton successful rehabilitation and reintegration into the community. Data collected from a group of juveniles who have been released from a moderate risk residential facility and have completed an Aftercare program will be used in the analysis. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of school placement type (such as drop out prevention, magnet, vocational, or traditional environment) on successful completion of the Aftercare program. PENICILLIN WON'T CURE A BROKEN LEG: AN EXAMINATION OF INTERVENTIONS FOR SCHOOL DISORDER Carol Ferreira, East Carolina University School violence, school disorder, bullying-descriptions of the problem are as varied as the interventions designed to cure it. One approach involves enhancing safeguards, like metal detectors, and government expenditures in excess of $60 million to fund 2,000 school-based "resource officers". Across the nation, the number of programs to address skills training and anger management in grades K-12 has increased exponentially and at great expense. Expediency to address the problem is reflective of the perceived criticality of the issue and public out-cry for action. However, it is imperative to look at the issue with scientific rigor. This paper will present an overview of the current scientific literature on outcome findings for various interventions fo r school disorder and offer suggestions for future investigation. EXAMINING ZERO TOLERANCE IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS: PREVENTING VIOLENCE OR LEARNING? Laura Finley, We stern Michigan University; Susan L. Caulfield, Western Michigan University Current approaches to school violence include the use of zero tolerance as a policy.. Students are suspended and expelled from schools for behavior ranging from serious threats to trivial mistakes. We examine the role of zero tolerance policies in public schools, with particular attention paid to goals and effectiveness. In doing so, we investigate the roles of militarism, educational theory, and transformative approaches to conflict resolution and violence prevention.
Panel 202: Criminal Justice Education and Training Friday April 6, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 15
Chair: Lee Ross, University of Wisconsin at Parkside STUDENT INTERNSHIPS: AN INVALUABLE EXPERIENCE FOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE MAJORS? Lee Ross, University of Wisconsin at Parkside; Oko L. Elechi, University of Wisconsin at Parkside Traditionally, internships have provided a unique way for criminal justice students to gain work experience while earning academic credit. Student internships are found in wide variety of agencies and organizations, including local, state, and federal law enforcement, as legal firms, residential treatment centers, and private security services. The present study attempts to assess the internship experience of undergraduate criminal justice majors attending a mid-size university in the Midwest. Through the use of both quantitative and qualitative measures, preliminary findings indicate tremendous support and endorsement of internship experiences. A CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROFESSOR TAKES TO THE FIRELD: A SUMMER INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE IN THE PROSECUTOR'S OFFICE Rick M. Steinmann, Lindenwood University The paper will address my experience working as an intern in a large city prosecutor's office in the summer of 2000. As a criminal justice faculty internship supervisor for many years, I wanted, in part, to personally assess the advantages, disadvantages, and potential pitfalls encountered by an intern student. One of my objectives was to use my new knowledge to assist students in obtaining a more advantageous internship experience. The paper will detail ways in which an internship might be enhanced for an undergraduate criminal justice major. POLICE AND CORRECTIONAL OFFICER FIREARMS TRAINING: INSTRUCTORS' OPINIONS ON POLICIES, PROGRAMS AND PRACTICES Gregory B. Morrison, Ball State University Highlights from the second of a two-part survey on police and correctional officer firearms training in Washington State. This partof the survey probed the opinions of individual instructors' (n=224) on diverse matters including handgun characteristics affecting skill acquisition and maintenance, training and service ammunition, program evaluation, as well as the recruit training provided through the Commission's Basic law Enforcement Academy. While there is wide agreement on many topics and issues, important differences of opinion exist on seemingly core doctrinal, technical and instructional matters which together shape departments' particular approaches to deadly force and ancillary training. TEACHING THE HOLOCAUST AND TEACHING CRIMINAL JUSTICE: INTERSECTIONS AND CONTRADICTIONS David O. Friedrichs, University of Scranton The Holocaust has been accorded little attention by the field of criminal justice. And a criminal justice perspective is largely absent in the vast literature of the Holocaust. The claim made here is that the Holocaust provides an important if extreme case of misuses of criminal justice system power, and the field of criminal justice provides a key perspective form understanding some aspects of the Holocaust. An account is provided of integrating references to the Holocaust into a criminal justice course, and integrating a criminal justice perspective into a co-taught Holocaust course. LAW SCHOOL: STRUCTURING THE UNDERGRADUATE EXPERIENCE TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF UNITED STATES LAW SCHOOL ADMISSION STANDARDS FOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROFESSIONALS Christopher J. Morse, John Jay Col/ege of Criminal Justice; Peter Sylver, Hofstra Law School There exist more than one hundred seventy American Bar Association Accredited law schools in the United States, and correlatively fierce competition for acceptance. The presenters will present their unique experiences involving undergraduates who become successful applicants to United States American Bar Association Accredited law schools; preparing for, applying to, and surviving the law school experience.
Roundtable 203: Criminal Justice Education and Training Friday April 6, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 16
Moderator: Tom O'Connor, North Carolina We sleyan Discussants: Cecil Greek, Florida State University; Frank Schmal/enger, Justice Research Institute; Steve Cooper, California State University at Fullerton; William Tafoya, Governors State University This will be a roundtable involving joint and individual discussion of the most successful techniques and practices in online delivery systems for criminal justice education. Topics include: interactivity, hyperlinks, lecture content, administration and management.
Panel 204: Varieties of Crime Friday April 6, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 17
Chair: Nathaniel J. Pallone, Rutgers MRIDD AND GHB: PONDERING THE POSSIBILITIES Cathryn F. Lavery, City University of New York; Lauren M. Barrow, City University of New York With the developing awareness of sexual victimization of disabled persons and increased use of recreational/behavioral drugs to facilitate sexual assault, it becomes necessary to investigate the possible relationship between these two fledgling areas of inquiry. Anecdotal reports suggest the possibility that a correlation can, and probably does exist, which if true, demands immediate attention. The convergence of these two issues directly impacts response when one considers the additional possibility that police may not detect the disability, the hospital would not test for disability and so, service providers would not be aware of the disability, all of which can result in misdiagnosis and treatment failure. THE INVISIBLE AMONG US: EXPLORING CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION EXPERIENCES OF COLLEGE STUDENTS WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES Charisse T.M. Coston, Th e University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Alice Birmingham, Th e University of North Carolina at Charlotte The goal of this project was to identify if, and to what extent, physically-challenged college students worry about becoming the victim of a crime, and if so, where this worry about criminal victimization ranks among other worries. They were also asked about their use of precautionary behaviors, past criminal victimization experiences, and to offer general suggestions (both theoretical and practical) that they hope will enlighten those in higher education to strengthen their abilities to accept and adapt to the diversity of the university community. INTERNATIONAL SEXUAL SLAVERY Janice Joseph, Richard Stockton Col/ege Of New Jersey; Flossie Garrett, Richard Stockton Col/ege Of New Jersey Each year many women are kidnapped and sold to "pimps" in foreign countries where they are forced into prostitution. This paper examines the trafficking of women from one country to the other for the purpose of prostitution. It will specifically focus on the method of procuring the women, reasons for trafficking foreign women, and attempts to eliminate sexual slavery.
Panel 205: Jud icial Processes Friday April 6, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room 19
Chair: David M. Jones, University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh STATE SEARCH AND SEIZURE LAW AND JUDICIAL MUSCLE FLEXING: THE OREGON EXAMPLE Lore Rutz-Burri, Southern Oregon University The Oregon appellate courts have consistently interpreted the search and seizure protections under Article 1 Section 9 of the Oregon Constitution independently from any interpretation of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. What has resulted is a rich and unique set of individual privacy rights for Oregonians above and beyond what they can expect from the federal constitution. The judicial interpretations and independence provides a platform from which to discuss and teach criminal justice and general education students about the dual court system, judicial activism, general principles of criminal law, federalism, and the balance between police powers and individual liberties. THIRD PARTY CONSENT AND THE FOURTH AMENDMENT David M. Jones, University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh For many years courts have allowed third parties to give consent for searches to law enforcement officials to search homes and vehicles. Some have argued that the ability to use such mechanisms were widened significantly in the Court's 1990 decision in Illinois v. Rodriguez. This paper will, by examining subsequent cases, explore that proposition. HIDING BEHIND THE SCREEN DOOR: THE FOURTH AMENDMENT AND THRESHOLD ARRESTS Lisa Kay Decker, Indiana State University This paper examines the current state of the law, both at the state and federal level, dealing with the warrantless arrest of persons who are at, behind and just beyond the threshold of their homes. THE PENNSYLVANIA POLICE OFFICER'S LAMENT - WHY ARE WE DIFFERENT? Lawrence Claus, Indiana University of Pennsylvania; Howard Smith, Indiana University of Pennsylvania In an era of increasing pressures upon police to conform procedures to the myriad of appellate court decisions dealing with arrest I search procedures, Pennsylvania's officers are confronted by unique inconsistencies in the interpretation of suspects' rights under applicable state Constitutional decisions and rulings by the U.S. Supreme Court dealing with Fourth Amendment privacy rights. This study will deal with recent decisions by Pennsylvania's highest court - predicated upon those "privacy rights" inherent within Article 1, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution - that have ensconced the cognizable privacy of Pennsylvania's citizens beyond that recognized by the nation's Supreme Court.
Roundtable 254: Gender and Criminal Justice Friday, April 6, 2001 2:00-3:30 pm Room Renaissance Ballroom West B
Moderator: Dorothy Bracey Discussants: Nola Allen, University of South Alabama; Melissa Barlow, University of Wi sconsin at Milwaukee; Linda Beito, Stillman Col/ege, Susan Caringel/a-McDonald; Concetta Culliver, Benedict Col/ege; Helen Eigenberg, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; Carol Fa cel/a , Salem State Col/ege; Evelyn Gilbert; Lynne Goodstein, Simmons College; Elizabeth McConnell, Charleston Southern University; Alida Merlo, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Laura Moriarty, Virginia Commonwealth University; Merry Morash, Michigan State University; Roslyn Muraskin, Long Island University; Laura Myers, Sam Houston State University; Joycelyn Pollock, Southwest Texas State University; Mary Parker, University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Nicole Rafter; Christine Rasche, University of North Florida; Claire Renzetti, Saint Joseph 's University; Elizabeth Stanko, University of London; Mittie Southerland, Murray State University; Margaret Zahn, North Carolina State University; Marjorie Zatz, Arizona State University The education, work and social environments of the criminal justice discipline and profession for women are assessed with the goal of identifying perSistent barriers to full participation, success, and ascendancy to leadership positions.
Panel 206: Policing Friday April 6, 2001 3:45-5:15 pm Room 2
Chair: Robert E. Worden, University at Albany WHAT HAPPENS AFTER A TRAFFIC STOP William F. Wagner, Minnesota State University at Mankato; James A. Nolan, Norfolk State University; Camille Wagner, University of New Mexico; Darryl L. Oliver, Norfolk State University The controversy over Driving While Black has called attention to a frequent encounter between citizens and police officers. Being stopped for a traffic violation may be common, but systematic information about exactly what happens is still scarce. This paper, based on the reports of college students in Minnesota, New Mexico, and Virginia who have been stopped while driving, focuses on what transpired between the officers and drivers. We examine how many officers were involved, their demeanor, what they asked the driver and passengers to do, and what action was taken against the driver. Implications for social control theories are discussed. CITIZENS' SATISFACTION WITH THEIR POLICE ENCOUNTERS: THE EFFECTS OF POLICE ACTION Robert E. Worden, University at Albany; Christopher Harris, University at Albany Previous research on citizens' satisfaction with the police has tended to focus on global assessments, rather than on evaluations of specific police encounters. When research has examined citizens' satisfaction with specific encounters, it has usually treated it as an influence on global assessments or attitudes. In this paper, we examine what the police did in specific encounters, in terms of citizens' subjective perceptions as well as observers' reports of police action, and how such actions influenced citizens' satisfaction with those encounters. NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXT AND POLICE COERCION William Terrill, Northeastern University; Michael Reisig, Michigan State University Using data collected as part of an observational study of the police in Indianapolis, Indiana, and St. Petersburg, Florida, this research examines the degree to which coercive authority toward suspects is influenced by the type of neighborhood in which police-citizen encounters occur. Approximately 3,000 police-citizen suspect encounters are analyzed taking into account numerous situational and officer characteristics. Specific attention is given to varying levels of coercion (e.g., verbal commands and threats, simple restraint techniques, use of impact methods). Further, the timing of numerous citizen actions (e.g., resistance, disrespect, officer safety, citizen conflict) within each encounter is carefully considered to ensure actions occur "prior" to the use of police coercion - crucial to ensuring a causal relationship, but often lacking in such analyses. 'IT'S JUST A FRIENDLY GAME': POLICING THE CULTURE OF DRINKING Joseph A. Schafer, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Field studies of police behavior have tended to focus on the generalized patrol function in major urban areas. Largely absent from this body of literature are considerations of specialized units, particularly in smaller communities. This study examines police behavior within an alcohol enforcement unit in the Midwestern coilege community. Particular attention is given to the interactions between officers and those their efforts were targeting (predominantly university students). Field observations with this unit indicated that these interactions were dramatically differentfrom police-citizen relationships described in policing literature.
Panel 207: Policing Friday April 6, 2001 3:45-5:15 pm Room 3
Chair: Tom Hughes, University of Louisville CIVIL LIABILITIES AND ARREST DECISIONS Dennis J. Stevens. University of Massachusetts at Boston Six Hundred and fifty-eight sworn officers from 21 agencies in 11 states were surveyed to determine if the threat of civil liability suits had any impact on their decisions to conduct a lawful arrest. Results showed that their most serious challenges were confronting drug traders, a lack of law enforcement training , and an understanding of civil liability issues. Results also showed that while most officers encountered more suspects today than they conduct�d fewer arrests compared to past experiences. Some of the reasons they rejected conducting a lawful arrest were paperwork, training , waiting on warrants and issuing citations, and civil liabilities concerns. The training that officers wanted most was civil liability awareness. It was also learned that due to the influences of litigation, largely white male experienced officers made fewer probable-cause arrests than other officers. One implication of this study is that sworn officers are more concerned with the potential of becoming a defendant in a civil liability suit than in controlling societal crime. It is suggested that further research be conducted concerning the actual extent of civil liability suits within police agencies and their influences upon police management. THERMAL IMAGER TECHNOLOGY .AND POLICE SEARCHES UNDER THE FOURTH AMENDMENT: RECENT CASE LAW DEVELOPMENTS Tom lOTad" Hughes, University of Louisville The use of technology by the police to aid in drug enforcement efforts has become commonplace. This paper explores recent case law decisions surrounding the use of one such technique - Thermal imager technology. ARRESTING THE DISABLED: AN ANALYSIS OF RECENT COURT DECISIONS Milo Miller, Southeast Missouri State UniverSity Several very recent court decisions have addressed the issue of the applicability of the Americans with Disabilities Act to arrests. In this regard there are two theories of applicability recognized: the wrongful arrest theory and the reasonable accommodation theory. This paper surveys those cases and discusses the trends under the two different theories. It further identifies critical factors any arresting officer must consider when arresting a person believed to be disabled within the meaning of the ADA. POLICE INTERVENTION IN SITUATIONS INVOLVING NON-CRIMINAL ACTS BY MENTALLY INPAIRED INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE LEGALLY COMPETENT ADULTS Judy Hails Kaci, California State University at Long Beach A survey was conducted in 1999 of a/l police departments in the United States with over 300 sworn officers (response rate: 48%). The responding agencies revealed a wide range of programs for handling non-criminal cases involving legally competent individuals who are mentally impaired. Although some agencies provide barely adequate training, others have developed sophisticated programs and have established intricate referral networks in order to assist individuals who are experiencing mental health crises. These innovative approaches will be the focus of this paper.
Panel 208: Corrections and Punishment Friday April 6, 2001 3:45-5:15 pm Room 4
Chair: Randolph McVey, West Chester University COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS SUPERVISION: A COMPARISON OF NEIGHBORHOOD BASED SUPERVISION OFFICERS CALIFORNIA PAROLE WORKLOAD AND STAFFING STUDY: AN EVALUATION Fawn T. Ngo, California State University at Long Beach One of the most critical problems currently facing administrators of American probation and parole agencies today is an increasing workload burden. While many probation and parole agencies have had to assume new duties assigned to them by state governments, the increased workload demand usually is not accompanied by the growth in officer staffs. This study examined the overall reliability of the workload and staffing study through a process evaluation. PROBATION ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS: BECOMING MORE LIKE COPS WILL ENHANCE IMAGE, CREDIBILITY, AND EFFECTIVENESS Sam Torres, California State University at Long Beach This paper argues that probation lacks public support and credibility. The public views probation with considerable disdain and disrespect, feeling that it does little to assure public safety and is also largely ineffective in rehabilitating offenders. Numerous studies are presented to demonstrate the public's perception of probation as a mere "slap on the wrist." A "wake-up" call is made to probation administrators and practitioners to respond to the public's concern. Otherwise, probation will continue to be relegated to the ugly step-child of law-enforcement with resources to match our image. The role of the probation officer must be redefined with public safety having first priority. Changing our name to "probation enforcement officers" and becoming more like cops will enhance image, credibility, and effectiveness. AN EXAMINATION OF INDIVIDUAL DETERMINATES OF PROBATION OFFICER STRESS IN A STATE-WIDE SURVEY Terry L. We lls, Georgia College and State University; Risdon N. Slate, Florida Southern College; W. Wesley Johnson. Sam Houston State University Previous research concerning criminal justice professionals and measures of stress suggests an association with stress levels and employee participation, career anxiety, job satisfaction and a host of additional outcomes. This study examines individual level variables and their association with indicators of stress in a state-wide survey of 638 probation officers. Among the factors analyzed are gender, race/ethnicity, age, marital status, and education.
Roundtable 209: Criminal Justice Education and Training Friday April 6, 2001 3:45-5: 15 pm Room 5
AND REALITY AND ULTIMATELV LEADING TO A
Moderator: Pearl Jacobs, Sacred Heart University Discussants: Linda Schain, Hofstra University; John Rouse, Sacred Heart University; Claudia Henderson, Sacred Heart University; Patricia Joffer, Mesa State College The criminal justice internship program should be the cornerstone for a career. This panel will, therefore , focus on specific techniques to ensure that students receive the optimal benefits from internship programs.
Panel 210: Criminal Justice Policy Friday April 6, 2001 3:45-5: 15 pm Room 6
Chair: Laurie A. Gould, University of Central Florida A CASE STUDY OF THE MONETARY COSTS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN A LOCAL JURISDICTION Laurie A. Gould, University of Central Florida Although much is known about the aggregate costs of criminal justice in the United States, there is a paucity of research on the monetary costs of criminal justice in individual cases. This study attempts to rectify that problem by determining the monetary costs of a "typical" burglary case committed in Orange County, Florida. Information was gathered by studying official law enforcement and court records, as well as conducting interviews with the individuals involved with this case and other criminal justice professionals. County budgets, annual reports, and Florida Statutes were also examined. The study revealed that the state of Florida and Orange County spent more than $46,000 to administer justice to a thief whose crime cost its victims about $6,100. UNDERSTANDING UNMEASURED CRIME EXTERNALITIES: IMPLICATIONS FOR COST-BENEFIT APPROACHES AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICY John Roman, Th e Urban Institute; Graham Farrell, Police Foundation Cost-benefit analysis of crime prevention typically examines add-on activities and efforts. These include demonstration projects and experimental efforts to stop crime. Rarely do we examine the external costs imposed by producers of criminogenic goods and servicesthat cause criminal opportunities. For example, car manufacturers that do not build proven crime preventive efforts into car design may save on marginal production costs, but impose a far larger external crime cost on society. Cost-benefit analysis of crime prevention should include such 'hidden' externalities, and criminal justice policy might consider addressing crime, via legislation, as a form of social pollution. GETTING IT HALF RIGHT: JUSTICE VERSUS EFFICIENCY IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN ENGLAND AND WALES Tony Fowles, University of Central Lancashire The history of the criminal justice system in England and Wales in the last 20 years has witnessed a growing tension between the pursuit of efficiency, crime control and the application of a risk model to offenders on the one hand and the demands of justice on the other. This has been manifested, for example, in the changes made to the mission statement of the Lord Chancellor's Department which now puts efficiency before justice in its list of objectives. Successive governments have tried to improve the efficiency of the court system by reducing the right to jury trial, reducing the right to legal aid in criminal cases, and have given judges a greater role as case managers. Legislative attempts to balance the rights of the accused and the powers of the police have been eroded in a piecemeal way. The Human Rights Act which comes into force on 2 October is seen by some legal commentators as potential counterweight to the pursuit of efficiency. This paperwill examine the pressures which may prevent an improvement in the quality of justice. AN EVALUATION STUDY OF A PRIVATE PROBATION AGENCY Ralph Anderson, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; Phyllis E. Berry, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; Helen M. Eigenberg, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga The Criminal Sentencing Reform Act of 1989 provided the legal basis for private organizations to offer supervised probation and other services. This study was done as an evaluation study with the principle interest being with client characteristics and the relationship of these characteristics to program "outcomes". The sample consisted of 475 cases. Only the experiences of clients admitted to Supervised Probation, Common Sense Therapy (CST), and Anger Management programs were assessed. On most of the outcome variables between 50 - 75% of clients demonstrated appropriate and positive behaviors.
Panel 21 1: Gender and Criminal Justice Friday April 6, 2001 3:45-5: 15 pm Room 7
·¥'ISMENT OF We MEN
Chair: Gary N. Keveles, University of Wisconsin Superior BECOMING MEN BEHIND BARS: NEGOTIATING MASCULINITY IN A STATE TRAINING SCHOOL Michelle Inderbitzin, University of Idaho Incarcerated teenage boys face many challenges while growing up in a male institution. In this paper, I discuss how boys (age 15-20) in a cottage of violent offenders negotiate their own masculinity in interactions with each other, with staff members, and with friends and family on the outside. Based on fifteen months of field work, I also describe my own interactions and experiences with the boys as they adapted to the presence of a female researcher in their cottage. FRATERNITY HAZING. ALCOHOL ABUSE AND SEXUAL VICTIMIZATION: WHEN DOES AN INSTITUTIONAL ORGANIZATION NO LONGER SERVE ITS MISSION? Tricia L. Hoffman, University of Notre Dame; Robert P. Engval/, Roger Williams University College fraternities have a long history of service and commitment to higher education in America. Fraternities and their members also have a growing reputation for hazing, binge-drinking , sexual victimization, and inegalitarianism. Given the increasing prevalence of these disturbing trends, it may be time to reevaluate the value of fraternities on college campuses, in an attempt to assess whether the benefits of such organizations outweigh or are outweighed by the negatives. WOMEN OF WAR: EXPERIENCES OF HARASSMENT REPORTED BY THE WOMEN OF THE NORTH OF IRELAND Darlene Hall, Old Dominion University Earlier research suggests that while women of the North of Ireland do not experience many of the politically sanctioned acts of harassment and discrimination reported by men, there is a differential experience of these acts when comparing Catholic and Protestant Women. This paper examines reports of harassment by security forces, paramilitary groups, and other legitimate and illicit policing forces against women. In data collected from 600 residents of the North of Ireland, approximately 40% of respondents were women, evenly divided between Protestant and Catholic religious affiliation. Logistic regression models demonstrate that acts of police harassment are more likely to be reported by Catholic women than Protestant women.
Panel 212: Policing Friday April 6, 2001 3:45-5:15 pm Room 8
Chair: Hamid R. Kusha, Texas A & M International University MODERN POLICE IN IRAN: 1925-1 979 Hamid R. Kusha, Texas A & M International University Concentrating on the period 1925-1979, a period that is commonly considered as the period of modernity in Iran, this paper gives a brief history of the Iranian police, its policing philosophy and structure. DRUG TRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA Stephen L. Mallory, University of Southern Mississippi This paper addresses the concept of organized crime as characterized by the major drug cartels in South America. The first section describes what characteristics qualify drug cartels as organized crime. The second section addresses the ability of these organizations to involve themselves in the various stages of drug trafficking and corruption. The third area of discussion involves the infrastructure or the cartels and an exploration of how they operate. This section addresses money laundering capabilities, and the demonstrated use of violence and corruption to increase their economic, political and social influence in both Columbia and the United States. The fourth area of the paper deals with the nature and extent of the law enforcement response in both Columbian and the United States drug cartels. This includes methods, personnel and statures that address the fight against organized crime. The paper concludes with a discussion of the impact, both social and economic, of the cartels in the United States including recent trends of activity, the rising of networking, and formation of alliances with other criminal enterprises for mutual benefit. This trend has resulted in transnational organized crime's increased efficiency and the resulting economic impact in the United States. IMPACT OF PROACTIVE APPROACH ON ATTITUDE OF STUDENTS TOWARDS POLICE IN INDIA Amulya Khurana, Indian Institute of Te chnology In India, with "inherited intact" poliCing of colonial rule, public attitude towards police has been mostly negative. The authors evaluated the basic attitude of adolescent students towards police and investigated whether these attitudes could be appropriatel� changed with proactive interaction by police with students. A sample of 2071 adolescents (1263 boys and 808 girls) studying in 9 and 11th classes I grades in five different types of schools of nine metropolitan cities of India were selected by 'stratified random sampling method,' in order to have wider coverage from all over the country. A quasi-experimental method was adopted and a module for interaction between the police officials and adolescent students was developed. The findings of the study are that; I) attitude of adolescent students significantly varied across the city of their residence, school of study, level of schooling and gender; ii) attitudetowards police depends on the understanding, the adolescent had about police and their constraints; iii) the interactions between police and adolescent students brought out significant and positive differences in the attitude of adolescents towards police; and iv) the civic sense and social responsibility of the adolescent got enhanced because of such interactions with the police. MONITORING ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE AND THE CONDITION OF THE HUMAN RESOURCES IN FINNISH POLICE: THE POLICE PERSONNEL BAROMETER Hannu Kiehela, Th e Police College of Finland; Matti Malkia, Th e Police College of Finland; Mikael Sainio, Th e Police College of Finland During the last few years a survey instrument has been developed in order to monitor the organizational climate and the condition of human resources within the Finnish Police. The instrument in part of performance evaluations system of the Finnish Police, targeting on issues such as leadership styles, commitment, decentralization of power, formalization, support for innovations, stress on planning, job satisfaction, stressors, burnout, and value orientations. In this paper the background philosophy of this instrument and some of the key results of the first survey are described. The survey was done in late 1999, with about 7,300 respondents. This is 68% of the whole personnel of the Police Administration in Finland. Roundtable 213: Crime and Justice in Media and Popular Culture Friday April 6, 2001 3:45-5:15 pm Room 9
Moderator: John Dempsey, Suffolk County Community College Discussants: Donna Stuccio, Onondaga Community Col/ege; David Owens, Onondaga Community Col/ege; Lorenzo Boyd, Norlheastern University; James Burnett, Rock/and Community Col/ege; Edward Thibault, State University of New York at Oswego; Jim Ruiz, Pennsylvania State at Harrisburg. Police and law enforcement officers represent the executive branch of government. They possess not only arrest powers, but they are authorized to use the ultimate power: deadly force. The print and broadcast media possess the immense power to influence and sway public opinion. Although police and law enforcement agencies traditionally have and a stormy relationship with the news media, the fact is they are codependent. It has long been the custom of police and law enforcement officers to alert the news media of confiscated contraband or the capture of the alleged perpetrator(s) of a crime. Police and law enforcement agencies need the news media to distribute stories and visuals of those arrested for crimes and contraband seized as a demonstration of their power to be effective. On the other hand, the news media need the stories and visuals that police and law enforcement provide to feed the public's limitless appetite and maintain ratings and readership. However, in the rush to display police and law enforcement effectiveness, satisfy the public, and increase readership and ratings, due process and the presumption of innocence is often ignored at the expense of the arrested person(s). What effect does such imagery have on the potential jury pool, the accused's relationship with family, friends and employment, and last, but not least, the alleged perpetrator's self-image? This general concept will be the focus of this roundtable.
Student Panel 214: Varieties of Crime Friday April 6, 2001 3:45-5:15 pm Room 10
Chair: Roberl Taylor, University of Norlh Texas THE NEW FACE OF TERRORISM: CYBER TERRORISM Deanne Carp, University of Norlh Texas; Ali Ozdogan, University of North Texas Terrorism has historically meant physical acts committed in-person by the terrorist. The advent of the modern computer-networked society has changed the face of terrorism. The new face of terrorism is Cyber terrorism, where the terrorist can strike from afar. The purpose of this paper is to explore Cyber terrorism on Information Warfare and Infrastructure Protection. This paper also provides practical techniques for protecting information and network-based assets from the Cyber terrorist. LAW ENFORCEMENT RESPONSE TO COMPUTER CRIME Osman N. Sen, University of Norlh Texas After the proliferation of computer networks and the Internet, the amount and importance of computer crimes has increased. Since law enforcement personnel are accustomed to detecting and preventing traditional crimes, computer crimes challenge law enforcement. In response to these new technological challenges, law enforcement agencies must be prepared in terms of personnel, equipment and knowledge. Additionally, international cooperation is required to fight against computer crime. In addition to cooperation, laws regarding this subject should be consistent. In making decisions as to what steps law enforcement should take to combat computer crime, it is necessary to understand exactly what computer crime is. What the actions that law enforcement personnel are required to do against computer crime will be examined in the second part of the paper. Next, training of law enforcement personnel for these types of crimes will be examined in detail. Finally, the laws regarding this subject and the international issues/jurisdiction dilemma will be discussed. UNDERSTANDING LEFT-WING TERRORISM THROUGH CASE STUDY: THE REVOLUTIONARY PEOPLE'S LIBERATION PARTY/FRONT DHKP/C Ahmet Said Yayla, University of North Texas Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C) originally formed in 1978 as "Devrimi Sol" or "Dev-Sol". It is a splinter faction of the Turkish People's Liberation Party/Front (TJKP/C). DHKP/C, implementing Marxist ideology, is an extremely anti-US and anti-NATO terrorist organization. This organization is unique for being one of the three terrorist groups remaining active in all Europe. Apart from this, the US Department of State declared DHKP/C as a terrorist organization in its annual foreign terrorist organizations as of October 8, 1999. This paper will discuss the history of the left-wing political movement in Turkey, and also focus on the strategies, organizational structure, and tactics of DHKP/C.
Panel 215: International and Comparative Criminal Justice Friday April 6, 2001 3:45-5:15 pm Room 11
Chair: J. Robert Lilly, Northern Kentucky University CHARACTERISTICS OF SUICIDE BOMBINGS: TRENDS AND PATTERNS James M. Poland, California State University at Sacramento Over the past 20 years suicide bombings have become an ever-increasing problem. Fifteen different terrorist organizations in twelve nations have been involved in approximately 275 suicide attacks. The high number of casualties in suicide bombings assures full media attention. Suicide bombing attacks create profound fear and intimidate whole populations. The purpose of the paper is to present a general overview of contemporaryworldwide suicide bombing incidents. The focus of the paper is on the characteristics, objectives, and motivations of terrorist groups involved in suicide bombing attacks. The paper is an attempt to understand the recent increase of suicide bombings and why suicide bombings have occurred at this moment in history. U.S SOLDIERS AS RAPISTS IN WW II: WHAT WE KNOW NOW J RobertLilly, Northern Kentucky University; Francois Le Roy, Northern Kentucky University This paper reports the most current findings from a decade-long archival and oral history examination of the capital crimes and punishments of U.S. soldiers in the European Theater of Operations (ETO), WW II. Earlier research focused on the disproportionate representation of African Americans among those soldiers executed by the U.S. Army, WW II. Because of the shifting context of the ETO (England, France and Germany), the crimes by U.S. soldiers were Influenced by different factors at different times. With detailed data we have constructed the U.S. soldiers' changing "rape protocols." The data allows us to challenge the argument that wartime rape is aiways a fighting man's crime. In view of the fact that in 2000 The Hague ruled that rape in war is now a war crime, this research is most timely. The findings have implications for rape prevention. SOLICITATIONS FOR SEXUAL SLAVERY: MISLEADING ADVERTISING IN CENTRAL EUROPEAN POPULAR PRESS TO LURE YOUNG WOMEN INTO THE INTERNATIONAL SEX TRADE Richard R. E. Kania, University of North Carolina at Pembroke: Lyuba Pervushina, Minsk Linguistics University (Belarus) Across much of Central Europe, especially in the more economically disadvantaged states of the former Soviet Union, young women are being lured into sexual slavery via want-ads. The text of these advertisements promise marriage, friendships, good employment, or travel opportunities in Western Europe or the Americas to young women without asking for foreign language abilities or employable skills. Young women who respond often find themselves transported abroad and into brothels in the West, including the United States. This preliminarystu dy examines the content of actual Russian-language advertisements appearing in the popular press of Belarus designed to lure such women into sexual slavery. MEDICAL RESOURCES AND HOMICIDE RATES-A CROSS-NATIONAL APPROACH Don S. Chon, Florida State University There are competing theories on the etiology of variation in international homicide rate, such as Durkheimian development theory, critical economic theory, and cultural theory. However, those theories receive only limited empirical supports. These explanations ignore the role of medical resources (the number of physiCians, nurses, hospitals, and public health expenditure) as saving the lives of violence victims. Doerner and Speir (1986) suggest that differential distribution of medical resources is partially responsible for variation of homicide rates. in other words, a person is not recorded as a homicide victim when the injured survives as a result of appropriate medical care, which, in turn, reduces official homicide rates. Based on Doerner and Speir's (1986) framework, the study tests the relationship between medical resources and homicide rates by using WHO's date for 91 nations.
Panel 216: Juvenile Justice Friday April 6, 2001 3:45-5: 15 pm Room 12
Chair: Venessa Garcia, Monmouth University LOOSELY COUPLED SYSTEMSITIGHTLY COUPLED SYSTEMS: HOW ARE CASES PROCESSED? Ve nessa Garcia, Monmouth University How loosely or tightly coupled a juvenile justice system is allows us to better understand how well the system can buffer itself from environmental pressures. One way to understand the degree of loose or tight coupling is to examine the network linkages among the subunits. Twenty-nine juvenile courts within the United States were surveyed. We surveyed defense attorneys, prosecutors, judges, and courtadmin istrators in order to understand how much influence justice and other network agencies had on their daily operations. In our analysis, we will explore the buffering abilities of loosely and tightly coupled systems on community expectations toward punishment. We will also examine what influence tightly coupled systems have on judicial handling of cases and out of home placement. JUVENILE COURT JUDGES' PERCEPTIONS FACTORS THAT AFFECT JUVENILE OFFENDERS' LIKELIHOOD OF REHABILITATION Jill D'Angelo, Alfre d University States have enacted statutes that permit juvenile offenders to be tried as adults. Attitudinal theory suggests that judges' perceptions may affect the factors that are considered in transfer decisions. An instrument was developed to measure whether judges perceive the likelihood of rehabilitation to be influenced by extra-legal factors or legal factors. A self-administered mail questionnaire was sent to juvenile court judges across the United States. Two indices, extra-legal and legal, were created to measure the relationship between the variables. Primary analysis used frequencies, cross-tabulations, and measures of association. The findings demonstrated that judges consider extra-legal factors in their transfer decisions. TECHNICAL SUCCESS V. THE REALITY OF FAILURE IN THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM: A CASE STUDY OF A YOUNG CAPITAL DEFENDANT Beth Pelz, UniverSity of Houston at Downtown This case study of a 21-year old capital murder defendant analyzes the incongruity between the official assessment of the juvenile justice system's attempts at "rehabilitation" and the escalation of the defendant's deviant/criminal career. The defendant's juvenile record of "successful" overlapping probationarysentences was interpreted as evidence of his inability to be rehabilitated and reason to argue for execution. However, content analysis of juvenile school, probation, court and detention records, adult probation and courtrecords, personal interviews with family, friends, community members and the defendant suggest little successful intervention actually occurred. EXAMINING RECIDIVISM EXPECTATIONS AND OUTCOMES FOR YOUTH IN THE JUVENILE AND ADULT SYSTEMS Jodi Lane, University of Florida; Lonn Lanza-Kanduce, University of Florida; Donna Bishop, Northeastern University; Charles E. Frazier, University of Florida Policy makers have shifted from a rehabilitation focus and passed "get tough" policies for youth, including laws to decrease special protections for juvenile offenders and increase juvenile transfers to adult criminal court. Lawmakers assume that those get-tough measures are better at decreasing juvenile recidivism. This paper examines that assumption by examining youths' expectations about system impacts on their future behavior, as measured by interviews during time spent in either deep-end juvenile facilities or adult facilities in Florida. We compare these expectations to actual recidivism outcomes, as measured by official records at approximately one year after their release. Workshop 217: Juvenile Justice Friday April 6, 2001 3:45-5:15 pm Room 13
Moderator: Marion Boss, Th e University of Toledo Presenters: Marion Boss, The University of Toledo; Kenneth Perry, Sheriff, Lucas County Ohio; Paul Paquette, The University of Toledo; Jason Geary, The University of Toledo; Phyllis Latimer, The University of To ledo; William Hayes, Lucas County Juvenile Detention Center; James Ray, Administrative Juvenile Judge, Lucas County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division The University of Toledo and Lucas County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, created Court Academy. A design for replication of the collaborative will be outlined. Dynamics involved in teaching incarcerated juveniles with special education needs will be presented. University students seeking higher degrees are CourtAcademy interns. Novice and experienced interns partner thus improving knowledges, skills, and professional principles. Competencies for Juvenile Detention Center personnel will be presented within this workshop: Human Relations Skills, Safety and Security Issues for Juvenile Detention, Behavioral Management, Mental Health/Health Care Issues, and Technical Skills Training. Front-line practice of the postulates of Tomkin's affect theory will be presented and explained. Juvenile cognitive awarenesses of affects, collected since 1995, will be described regarding negative biology of distress-anguish, anger-rate, fear-terror, and shame-humiliation.
Student Panel 218: Juvenile Justice Friday April 6, 2001 3:45-5:15 pm Room 14
Chair and Discussant: Barbara Sims, Pennsylvania State at Harrisburg THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILY AND DELINQUENCY Valerie Dorsey, University of Louisville; Dianna L. Zeigler, University of Louisville This paper evaluates and explores how juvenile delinquency can result from the breakdown of the family structure. Single parenting, low-economic status, abuse, neglect, and the absence of a role-model can subject juveniles to a life of delinquency. Our findings may reveal that the family is a basic supportfactor and when there is a breakdown in that support group, juveniles are more likely to recidivate. The family contributes to recidivism through kindred generations of learned behavior. Our case study will seek to demonstrate that without proper parenting skills and moral values, recidivism will be a factor in each generation thereafter. We will then make recommendations for strategies for intervention. D.A.R.E., HUH! WHAT IS IT GOOD FOR? Amy Binder, Pennsylvania State at Harrisburg There exists mounting empirical evidence that the Drug Abuse Resistance Education Program (D.A.RE.) is, at best, minimally effective or, at worst, a complete failure. Yet, despite this knowledge federal, state and local governments continue to fund. and have, in some cases, increased funding of this program. This being the case, the question naturally arises as to why, then, does this program continue? This article explores this question and offers explanations as to why O.A.RE. continues to be funded when nearly all of the studies performed on the D.A.RE. program suggest that we are pouring our tax money down a bottomless "Black Hole." CIVIL FORFEITURE IN LAW ENFORCEMENT: AN EFFECTIVE TOOL Sean Wa ters, Pennsylvania State at Harrisburg Civil forfeiture in law enforcement is one of the most controversial practices in law enforcement today. While some see civil forfeiture as an effective tool in crime prevention, others see it as nothing less than "cash register" justice. Although there may be something to the latter argument, this paper suggests that civil forfeiture actually can be an effective approach to America's war on drugs, given the right circumstances.
Workshop 219: Criminal Justice Education and Training Friday April 6, 2001 3:45-5:15 pm Room 15
Moderator: Lizabeth Ann Wiinamaki, Juniata College Professors with social science degrees often find themselves teaching challenging courses out of personal interest or in response to student requests. Forensic Science courses at many universities are offered by the chemistry department, while liberal arts colleges with Criminal Justice programs often utilize their own faculty. This workshop offers practical suggestions for success: (a) websites; (b) text; (c) book list; (d) films; and (e) syllabus. Criminal Justice students are generally highly motivated to learn this material, and you can make it an enjoyable experience for all.
Workshop 220: Criminal Justice Education and Training Friday April 6, 2001 3:45-5:15 pm Room 16
Moderator: Hank J. Brightman, Saint Peter's College The purpose of this workshop is to provide the participants with a fundamental understanding of active learning theory, and the employment of associated techniques in the development of occupational and economic criminality course lesson plans. Participants will receive a comprehensive "tool kit" that includes sample games, exercises, group scenario activities, and self directed learning assessments. Participants will learn procedures for instructing students in the development of sound, economic crime-based profiles (Le., preparing subject profiles for suspects allegedly involved in acts of fraud, forgery, embezzlement, etc.) proper link analysis methods, and using open source Internet search engines for intelligence-gathering purposes.
Panel 221 : Varieties of Crime Friday April 6, 2001 3:45-5:15 pm Room 17
Chair: Kimberly A. McCabe, University of South Carolina FIREARMS VIOLENCE IN SOUTH CAROLINA KimberlyA. McCabe, University of South Carolina As the use of firearms is an increasing reality of crime, this study attempts to explore the dynamics associated with firearms and violence. Specifically, a retrospective examination of reported incidents of violence in the state of South Carolina using both the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) and incident reports from local law enforcement agencies, which involve firearms, will be conducted. Included will be not only an identification of the specific crimes of violence, but also descriptive characteristics of firearm violence victims and their associated attackers. SCHOOL VIOLENCE AND THE COMMUNITY: AN EXAMINATION OF TEACHERS' ATTITUDES TOWARD VIOLENCE AND THE COMMUNITY John T. Krimmel, Th e College of New Jersey; E. Houston, University of Te nnessee Our position (however Durkheimian in nature) is that school violence is better explained in the social context. Moreover, this viewpoint is seldom considered in the criminal justice milieu when describing school violence. The objective of this study is to examine public high school teachers' attitudes and viewpoints regarding violent incidents in their particular school environment. A central theme of this survey research design is the focus placed on teachers' attitudes regarding community expectations of public school education. The disjointed relationships between educators and the general community likely generate unrealistic expectations on the part of both parties, setting the groundwork for violent acts on the high school campus. EMPLOYEE PERCEPTIONS OF PREJUDICE AND VIOLENCE IN THE WORKPLACE: IMPLICATIONS FOR CORPORATE SECURITY Sameer Hinduja, Michigan State University; Mahesh Nalla, Michigan State University Using secondary data, an analysis was conducted to determine how worker mistreatment by coworkers affects performance and well being. Racial, gender, education, ethnicity, religion, income, and handicap discrimination were utilized as independent variables on productive job functioning. Furthermore, harassment in the form of insults, sexual advances, threats, as well as other subtle forms of mistreatment were employed as predictors of nervousness, inability to concentrate, and predisposition to workplace violence. Potential corporate security risks as well as policy initiatives, which warrant implementation to prevent such vulnerabilities, are discussed. WORKPLACE VIOLENCE AND THE PROCESS APPROACH: THE BUILDING OF A TIME BOMB James Kenny, Farleigh Dickinson University It is sad to account for the human suffering in the aftermath of a violent event. It is tragic when warning signs were ignored and opportunities missed to stop the violence. The process approach view workplace violence as the last link in a chain of progressively dangerous events. The completed bomb is the product of converging ingredients that include the potential offender (the dynamite), corporate/workplace factors (the fuse), the victims contributions (the cap) and triggering events (the match). Diffusing a situation at the critical mass stage is possible, but difficult even for experts.
Student Discussion Panel 222: Corrections and Punishment Friday April 6, 2001 3:45-5:15 pm Room 19
(A John Jay College of Criminal Justice McNair Scholar Panel)
Chair: ErnestLee, The City University of New York INCARCERATED FATHERS AND THEIR DAUGHTER'S CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT Lorraine Ali, Th e City University of New York A study by Carlson & Cerva(1 992) indicates that a father's absence from a child's life causes disruption in the child's psychological and social development. Among pre-adolescent females whose fathers are incarcerated, statistics reveal an alarming trend toward second-generation incarceration. By surveying female subjects under the age of 18, this project examines those variables that impact upon pre-adolescent African American females' perceptions of their incarcerated fathers as role models. Studies indicate a significant correlation exists between a father's nurturance and his child's development, though the African American father's role in the development of a child has been minimized. THE EFFECT OF INCARCERATION ON FEMALE PARENTING: AN ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEMATIC TRAINING FOR EFFECTIVE PARENTING PROGRAM (S.T.E.P.) Tomisa Annahij, Th e City University of New York Over the last decade, the rate of women being incarcerated has tripled. This phenomenon has a variety of consequences. The incarceration of women, especially those who are mothers, has both economic and societal implications, as their children are more likely to grow up in poverty and/or exhibit some type of maladjustment behavior. The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of programs that help female inmates remain an integral part of their children's lives and become better parents. Specifically, the study will focus on the "Systematic Training for Effective Parenting Program" (S.T.E.P.) in New York City. FOSTER CARE LEGISLATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON FOSTER CARE WORKERS AND THEIR ABILITY TO PERFORM THEIR DUTIES Carlos Davila, Th e City University of New York Foster Care services a population integral to the survival of our society: children. Several laws have been passed over the last twenty years that directly affect Foster Care and foster care workers. Investigating the significance of these laws to foster care workers is extremely important because they are the buffer between those that enact the laws, the government, and those whom the laws directly affect, the children in care. This study will examine Foster Care laws and the available literature on the opinions of foster care workers regarding these laws.
Panel 250: Criminal Justice Policy Friday, April 6, 2001 3:45-5:15 pm Tavern
Chair: Elizabeth Chretien Gray, Substantial Associates OLD CENTURY, NEW CENTURY AND THE IMPACT UPON WOMEN OF THE QUALITY OF JUSTICE IN SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONTEXTS Elizabeth Chretien Gray, Substantial Associates This study involves a comparative analysis of selected data concerning the impact of social and political justice upon the lives of women in the late eighteen hundreds and in the last decade of the nineteen hundreds. Visions of female emancipation and power may have been the dream in eighteen ninety-nine. We have limited our search for information to the USA. We compared hours worked, numbers of incarcerated females, females living in poverty, and similar factors. As a result of this study, the quandaryof comparative progress and improvement in the quality of justice for women in social and political contexts continues. INCONSEQUENTIALITY OF RACIAL PROFILING STATISTICS Tyrone Powers, Anne Arundel Community Col/ege Since the Clinton administration's movement to have federal law enforcement agencies collect data reflecting pretexual stops and events suspect of racial profiling, local and state agencies too have implemented similar actions to quantify traffic stops, and arrest that suggest the unethical practice of racial profiling. Unfortunately, little else has evolved from this sense of urgency to count the number of times Blacks and other ethnic minorities fall prey to this quandary. Though several agencies are under close scrutiny for their actions, and while others face court battles or are surviving legal restrictions due to their actions, compiling data has had little influence other than to provide a desk assignment to a recovering officer from an on-the-job injury, or to perhaps an unassuming intern. Consequently, accumulating statistics are having little effect on the change of policies in agencies and in the court system. No doubt, citizens are briefly appeased with this, a trite appreciation and response to the issue. However, citizens must compel law enforcement administrators, along with legislators, to implement real enduring solutions that include clear policies prohibiting racial profiling, along with strong disciplinary and punitive responses to non-compliant officers. REGIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICY AND THE SETTING OF BAIL IN THE 15TH JUDICIAL COURT, LOCATED IN LAFAYETTE, LOUISIANA David M. Chretien, University of Louisiana at Lafayette Practice and patterns reflect policy. The Eighth Amendment to the constitution of the United States of America provides in part: "Excessive bail shall not be required ...." Some of the factors in setting bail as sat forth in documents upon which our system of justice rely, include (1) the criminal history of the accused; (2) how many times has the accused been arrested; (3) the severity of the crime the accused is charged with; (4) how seriously was the victim hurt; (5) any mitigating or aggravating factors. The purpose of this study is to determine if race and ethnicity play parts in the setting of bail. The records of the 15tti Judicial District Court located in Lafayette, Louisiana are examined in determining the factors used in setting bail as reflected in the race or ethnicity of the accused. THE CONTINUUM OF RACIAL PROFILING: IMPRISONMENT TO RECIDIVISM Leslie Parker Blyther, Anne Arundel Community Col/ege Racial profiling permeates the entire Criminal Justice System. It is launched from the point of initial searches and inquiries to jury decisions, bails, convictions, prison classifications and treatment programming through parole and probation, re-arrests and recidivism. The entire Criminal Justice System serves as a culture for breeding conjecture and preconceived notions about Blacks and other Minorities. In particular, the rippling effect of racial profiling affects conviction rates and sentence patterns. Consequently, classification in prisons and jails inherit the misrepresentations that impair the eligibility of certain programming for inmates. As well offender recidivism rates are often determinates for program funding and refunding. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of prison treatment and rehabilitation has little influence on the re-arrest patterns of Blacks - which often times are seven times higher than their White counterparts.
Panel 223: Corrections and Punishment Saturday April 7, 2001 7:45-9: 15 am Room 2
Chair: Erika Gebo, University of New Hampshire POLICE-PROBATION PARTNERSHIPS: THE INTENDED AND UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES David W. Murphy, Wa shington State University Efforts to reinvent community corrections have included initiatives designed to foster working partnerships between community corrections (Le., probation) officers and the police. Although observers have identified several potential unintended consequences associated with police-probation partnerships (including mission creep, mission distortion, and organizational lag, etc.), the actual presence (or absence) of these (and other) perils has yet to be demonstrated through systematic study. Using data derived from formal interviews and participant observation of community corrections officers (CCOs) and pOlice officers, this study examines these threats to effective police-probation partnerships. JAIL TRANSIENTS: A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF OFFENDER MOVEMENT IN ALASKA N. E. Schafer, University of Alaska at Anchorage; Brian Lepine, University of Alaska at Anchorage Early analysis of seven years of data from the fifteen community jails in Alaska show that some offenders move from community to community, getting into trouble in each. Of 21,173 individuals processed into these small jails more than 700 appeared in more than one facility; some have appeared in as many as five jails. Legal and demographic information about this group is presented and preliminaryrec ommendations are made. DAY REPORTING CENTERS AND REDUCED RECIDIVISM: AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH Lorenzo M. Boyd, Norlheastern University The tacit premise of this paper (based on prior research) is that offenders who successfully complete the Day Reporting Center will have a markedly lower rate of recidivism. It is also assumed that those who participate in the ORC (whether or not they successfully complete the program) will have lower rates of recidivism than those offenderswho do not participate. This paper analyzes a Day Reporting Center, and examines relationships between successfully completion and various factors. The questions that will be answered is : Which factors, if any, IEmd themselves to predicting the success of failure of a ORC participants. THE GANG'S ALL HERE: OUTCOME ANALYSIS FOR GANG MEMBERS IN A PAROLE STUDY Frank P. Williams, II, Prairie View A 8. M University; Marilyn D. McShane, Prairie View A & M University; H. Michael Dolny, Kansas State University There is much speculation, but little empirical evidence regarding the success of gang members on parole. One reason may be the relatively small number of identified gang members under supervision, relative to the total population on parole. Another reason involves the accuracy of gang identification procedures. This paper reports on a study of California parolees, gang members and non-gang members, the services they received during supervision and the outcomes. Overall, parolees who received programs and services were more likely to complete their terms, and gang members were less likely than non-gang members to receive all types of interventions.
Panel 224: Corrections and Punishment Saturday April 7, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 4
Chair: Frank Scarpitti, University of Delaware USE OF FORCE BY CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS: PRIVATE VS. PUBLIC CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES Gayle Styve Armstrong, Arizona State University We st This paper examines whether differencesexis t, between private and public juvenile correctional facilities, in the inappropriate use of force by correctional officers. This study analyzes data collected from over 4,500 juveniles and 1,300 correctional staffat residential juvenile facilities throughout the United States. Measures include individual characteristics and perceptions of the juveniles and staff including the juveniles' perception of danger from correctional staff and the correctional staff perceptions of danger from juvenile residents. Facility characteristics are also incorporated in this analysis. AN ANALYSIS OF THE LEVEL OF FEAR AND RISK OF VICTIMIZATION EXPERIENCED BY CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS WITHIN JUVENILE DETENTION CENTERS Patricia Grant, Virginia Commonwealth University This paper examines the dynamics within juvenile detention centers to determine the risk of victimization and the level of fear of correctional officers. Research suggests that correctional officers and inmates alike are more likely to be victimized based on specific aggravating conditions such as organizational characteristics, individual officer characteristics and inmate characteristics. Exploring the determinants of risk of victimization and level of fear, juvenile correctional officers working in a nontraditional therapeutic treatment facility verses a traditional juvenile detention center are evaluated. NON-LETHAL STRATEGIES TO DEAL WITH PRISON RIOTS Reid H. Montgomery, Jr. , University of South Carolina America has experiences prison riots since 1774. Research indicates that 1 ,334 prison riots occurred in the United States between 1900 and 1995. This paper examines non-lethal strategies to prevent as well as subdue prison riots. Some strategies include inmate councils, post-occupancy evaluations, sting ball grenades, chemical agents, and ultra sound systems a some of the strategies presented by the researcher. ROBERT MCCLAUGHRY AND THE FEDERAL PRISON AT LEAVENWORTH IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY Frank Morn, Illinois State University While warden of the federal prison at Leavenworth, Robert McClaughry oversaw the construction and development of the phYSical plant and set forth the regimen that would characterize the institution for several decades. In addition, he introduced the fingerprinting system to the institution, a system that later would be the initial data incorporated into the FBI's national system. But, aging and in ill health, soon he was beset by problems that would force his retirement, ending a great career in scandal.
Panel 225: Juvenile Justice Saturday April 7, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 5
Chair: Michael S. Gordon, Friends Research Institute NEW PRISONERS, NEW PRISONS: IMPLEMENTING PROGRAMS TO MEET THE NEEDS OF JUVENILE OFFENDERS IN ADULT CORRECTIONAL CONTEXTS J. Barry Johnson, SCI Pine Grove; Daniel J. O'Connell, Center for Drug and Alcohol Studies One of the fastest growing trends in American criminal justice is the transfer of juvenile offenders to adult courts, and thus, to adult prisons. Prison administrations will increasingly be required to balance security and programming concerns related to this new population. This paper reports on a program developed by the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections to house juveniles convicted as adults in a stand-alone facility. Characteristics of the offender population are discussed, as well as the specific challenges, such as security and implementation of educational and treatment programs designed for this new class of inmates. JUVENILE DOMESTIC FAMILY VIOLENCE OFFENDERS Inger Saga tun-Edwards, Administration of Justice Department; Honorable Eugene Hyman, Superior Courl of Santa Clara County; Tra cy Lafontaine, Administration of Justice Department This paper discusses the growing problem of juvenile domestic violence. It describes and evaluates a specialized juvenile court program aimed at early intervention for young offenders and their victims where all juvenile domestic violence cases are referred to a specialized juvenile court calendar with intensive court supervisionand enhanced probation services. The social background and recidivism rates of a group of offenders in the target program (N=89) are compared with a group of offenders in a comparison group
(N=59). The paper analyzes the results and offers recommendations. THE INFLUENCE OF CHANGES IN SOCIAL LEARNING ON TRAJECTORIES OF ALCOHOL AND MARIJUANA USE Gang Lee, University of Texas at EI Paso Conditional latent curve analysis was used to assess the impact of changes in social learning on alcohol and marijuana use trajectories in adolescence and to test if these effects varied across gender, age, family structure, class and ethnicity. Three years of data were obtained from the National Youth Survey (1976, 1978, 1980) were used to investigate Social Structure and Social Learning (SSSL) model of crime and deviance. There was an overall negative trajectory of alcohol and marijuana use across the five time pOints and social learning was associated with this trajectory. The decrease in alcohol and marijuana use associated with change in social learning did varyas a function of gender and ethnicity. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR OF ADOLESCENTS ENTERING AN OUTPATIENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PROGRAM Michael S. Gordon, Friends Research Institute; Timothy Kinlock, Friends Research Insititute; Robert Battjes, Frie nds Research Institute Although much is known about the criminal activity of adults entering substance abuse treatment, few studies have addressed the etiology and patterns of offending among youth entering such programs. This paper presents preliminary findings on the type, frequency, and severity of illegal activities (excluding drug use or possession) of a sample of adolescents entering outpatient substance abuse treatment programs in Baltimore County, Maryland. It includes both lifetime (ever committed) and recent (90 day) prevalence data of various offenses. Gender and racial differencesand characteristics of the most serious offendersar e presented.
Panel 226: Policing Saturday April 7, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 6
Chair: Dilip K. Das, State University of New York VULNERABILITY TO ABUSE OF HUMAN RIGHTS: EXAMINATION OF POLICE ORGANIZATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Dilip K. Das, State University of New York The author has made fieldobservations of the police Australia, Canada, Finland, Germany, India and New Zealand. In each of the police agencies there are almost inherent characteristics that are likely to make the police extremely vulnerable to abuse of human rights (the international standards of human rights as incorporated in the instruments of the United Nations). Australian police have emerged out of a tainted past of being the police of a penal colony. German police carrythe stigma of association with the infamous entities created by Hitler. Corruption, communalism and colonialism are elements that form the backbone of Indian police culture. The paper examines such police propensity to vulnerability to human rights abuse with a view to reflecting on what the police can do to develop a culture of human rights. STRESS RELATED FACTORS IN POLICING: THE COST OF DOING THE JOB P. O. Patterson, Jarvis Christian Col/ege It has been estimated that at any one time, 15 percent of a department'sofficers wi ll be in a burnout phase. These officers account for 70 to 80 percent of all the complaints against their department, including physical abuse, verbal abuse, and misuse of firearms. Eventually, it the pressure is unrelieved, such officers may suffer heart attacks, nervous breakdowns, back problems, headaches, psychosomatic illnesses, and alcoholism. It's no surprise to police officers that their jobs can be very stressful on themselves and their families. What may come as an eye-opener is that the Federal Government has taken official noticeof the problem, having recently awarded several grants aimed at devising effective stress-reduction programs. EVALUATING POLICE TRAINING IN A RURAL CONTEXT JeffBumgarner , Minot State University Last year, Minot State University was awarded a federal grant to assess training needs of rural law enforcement in the Upper Plains region, orchestrate training opportunities for the region in partnership with the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC), and then evaluate the training once delivered. In the Summer of 2000, FLETC delivered a three-day training program entitled "Drug Law Enforcement for Patrol Officers" on the campus of Minot State University. Over 60 officers from all parts of North Dakota attended the training. The training was subsequently evaluated utilizing Donald Kirkpatirck's classic 4-tiered training evaluation model. A report was produced for FLETC containing the results of that evaluation. It is the results of that evaluation, along with the pitfalls we encountered in the evaluative process given the uniqueness of the rural nature of most agencies involved, that is the substance of this presentation. POLICEICITIZEN PARTNERSHIPS AND SOCIAL CAPITAL Mark E. Correia, University of Nevada at Reno Recent studies have shown a negative relationship between neighborhood social capital (Le., collective efficacy) and violence, as well as levels of criminal activity. Of particular interest is whether increased police/citizen partnerships can increase levels of social capital, thus, decrease levels of violence and criminality. To build upon this body of research, the current study was conducted in a city characterized by high rates of growth, substantial residential instability, and area of concentrated poverty. Along with census data and official crime reports, surveys were administered to residents throughout the neighborhoods in Reno, Nevada. Utilizing HLM analysis, preliminary results are presented and discussed.
Panel 227: Policing Saturday April 7, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 7
Chair: David Tay/or, Niagara University LAW ENFORCEMENT ISSUES: A JOB-TASK ANALYSIS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT Damon D. Camp, Georgia State University Recently, the Department of Criminal Justice at Georgia State University, conducted a job task analysis to identify the major job activities of first-line supervisors and managers of the MetropolitanAtlanta Rapid Transit Authority Police Department(M ARTA-PO). The task analysis included the documentation of the frequency of performance and the relative importance of the various jobs involved in the supervision and management of MARTA-PO personnel. The results of this research are presented and analyzed in this paper. CHANGE, LEADERSHIP AND THE REENGINEERING OF THE POLICE William F. Wa lsh, University of Louisville; Gennaro F. Vito, University of Louisville This paper reports on the analysis of a four-year study of police organizational change. Participants are police managers who have attended the Southern Police Institute's Administrative Officers Course during the years 1996-2000. It describes the processes of change, leadership, and reengineering required by community policing and what in fact has occurred in the participant's agencies. Theoretical implications for the direction of future police organizational change are presented in the conclusion. THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF COMMUNITY POLICING: FINDIDNGS FROM A FIVE-STATE ORGANIZATIONAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS Kelsy Gray, Western Regional Institute for Community Oriented Public Safety; Michael J. Erp, We stern Regional Institute fo r Community Oriented Public Safety Police ask: "what should we do to further our community policing effo rts?" and "How can resistance be overcome?" Organizational on-site assessments provide data to assist the CEO with the implementation of community policing. Assessments by the Western Regional Institute for community Oriented Public Safety (WRICOPS) address a difficult element of community policing: organizational transformation. This requires close examination of agency values, goals, structure, climate, and external environment to ensure congruency with the principles of community policing. Common themes involving partnerships, problem solving, CEO roles, data management and accountability emerge from 24 assessments. These themes are critical to successful COP implementation. THE PROACTIVE CROSSNATIONAL POLICE FORCE Edward A. Thibault, State University of New York at Oswego; Komi Swaroop Kumar, State University of New York at Potsdam A permanent proactive cross-national police force is needed for the global society of the 21st century. Proactive cross-national civilian police supplement and even replace military force. A proactive cross-national police force would have police powers in all signature countries of a permanent international police treaty and be funded by these countries. This police force would have to power to arrest, obtain warrants, and call on national and local police for support in all signature countries. It would be proactive rather than reactive. A proactive cross-national police force would have two main duties: (1) to police a country or part of a country and train a new local and national police force where the government of a state has broken down and (2) investigate and arrest cross national criminals when crime crosses national boarders. Crime is global but is increasing and having an intense local impact with extortion, drugs, murder and stolen property. National governments throughout the world work closely with cross-national crime organizations providing covers, legitimate government documents and government protection.
Roundtable 228: International and Comparative Criminal Justice Saturday April 7, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 8
Moderator: Lisa Hutchinson Wa llace, University of New Orleans Discussants: Stacy C. Moak, University of Louisiana at Monroe; Darcy Purvis, University of California at Irvine; Rob Fornango, University of Missouri at Sf. Louis; Galan Janeksela, University of Tennessee; Stephanie Bush-Baskette, Florida State University This presentation will report the findings and conclusions of the People to People's 2000 Juvenile Justice Delegation to China. Specific topics covered will include: issues of juvenile justice for females, China's juvenile justice system, China's Juvenile Protection Laws, drug abuse issues, research findings/issues, and the role of the juvenile court in Chinese society. All discussants were participants in the program's 12 day in-depth look at China's juvenile justice system.
Panel 229: Gender and Criminal Justice Saturday April 7, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 9
Chair: Helen Eigenberg, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga THE STATUS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES Helen Eigenberg, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; Phyllis Berry, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; William Hal/, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; Karen McGuffee, University of Te nnessee at Chattanooga The recent increased attention to domestic violence has resulted in greater attention to protective orders. As a result, many state statutes have been revised to include clearer and more comprehensive procedures. This research project involved a content analysis of state statutes from all 50 states to compare definitions of abuse; filing and eligibility provisions; options for relief; and provisionsfor enforcement. Trends and directions for future legislation are discussed. CONSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES TO STALKING LAWS: LEGISLATIVE CHOICES THAT CAN SURVIVE JUDICIAL SCRUTINY Kristine Mullendore, School of Criminal Justice and Legal Studies; Douglas McKenzie, School of Criminal Justice and Legal Studies The federal government and every state in the United States has criminalized stalking behavior as part of the national effo rt to address the prevalent problem of violence against women. Many of these state anti-stalking statutes, recently including Michigan's, have been declared unconstitutional. This paper will analyze the different approaches legislatures have taken in enacting these laws and identify those characteristics that have been found susceptible to constitutional attacks and recommend legislative strategies to address these legal issues. US V MORRISON: THE END OF THE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN ACT? Mary W. Atwell, Radford University On May 15, the Supreme Court found the provision of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) that permitted victims to sue in federal courtto be unconstitutional. How did the Court reach this ruling? What does the case mean for future legislation protecting victims of gender based violence? KEEP YOUR HANDS TO YOURSELF: QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES IN SEXUAL HARASSMENT EXPERIENCES IN TITLE VII FEDERAL COURT CASES AGAINST CRIMINAL JUSTICE ORGANIZATIONS, 1990 -2000 Frank Zeigler, Sam Houston State University Sexual and gender harassment lawsuits represent the largest percentage growth in litigation in the federal courts in 1990's. In order for profeSSional manager to effectively minimize liability, they must be aware of factors which significantly contribute to successful claims against criminal justice organizations. This paper analyzes the content of 105 Title VII federal judicial opinions between 1990 - 2000 brought against law enforcement and correctional agencies. Weighted ordinal scales are used to evaluate several variables, including severity and frequency of alleged behavior against the plaintiff and the remedial action taken by the agency. Data reveals factors that contribute to successful outcomes that can inform policy and educate agencies in reducing civil liability and eliminating sexual harassment.
Panel 230: Gender and Criminal Justice Saturday April 7, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 10
Chair: Joanne Savage, American University THEORETICAL CRIMINOLOGY AND THE DIFFERENTIAL ETIOLOGY OF VIOLENCE AND STEALING: GENDER DIFFERENCES Joanne Savage, American University The present paper is part of a series devoted to the differentiation between violence and theft. Ecological theory and some empirical work suggest that some factors may distinguish between "thugs and thieves." An earlier analysis of National Youth Survey data including both male and female subjects suggested that strain, stress, and educational attainment may distinguish those who are violent from those who merely steal. In the present paper I will examine the question of whether these factors make this distinction for both men and women. STUDENT BELIEFS IN RAPE MYTHS: GENDER AND CLASS EFFECTS Jeremy Neiderkohr, Tiffin University The "Rape Myth Study" was used to find out the difference of opinions and beliefs between college freshman males and females versus college senior males and females regarding rape myths. Sixty college male & female freshman and sixty college males and females were given two studies and a case associated with rape myths, gender roles, and punishment regarding an act of committing murder and rape. All one-hundred and twenty subjects involved in the study were either freshman attending a four-year institution or a senior attending a four-year college. Each subject completed two surveys and a case to participate. Survey 1 listed 28 statements relating to gender roles, survey 2 listed 28 statements associated with rape myths and the case was an actual situation of a rape act that was committed and the students were asked to judge and grade on how severe they felt the offender's punishment should be, if any at all. The subjects of this study had the chance to evaluate each statement listed on the two surveys and then they were asked to rate each response by choosing "Strongly Disagree, Moderately Disagree, Disagree, Agree, Moderately Agree, or Strongly Agree". The case consisted of an actual situation where rape and murder were both committed. The suspects in the case were both found guilty and the students were given ten different options on how to sentence both the offender's accordingly. The options listed were "no punishment, 0-6mo, 6-12mo, 1-3yrs, 3-6yrs, 6-10yrs, 10-25yrs, 50yrs-life w/eligibility of parole, or the death penalty. The students involved were also given fo ur other options in which they were able to attach to the offenders' punishment such as, "time offfor good behavior, time served & therapy, probation or parole". The results of this study show striking differences between males and females and grade level of student. All students were jury eligible and the study has important ramifications for jurytrials in rape cases. GAY AND LESBIAN VICTIMS OF HATE CRIME AND SAME-SEX BATTERING: AN ANALYSIS OF RISK Kristen Kuehnle, Salem State Col/ege;Anne Sullivan, Salem State Col/ege This research focuses on the nature and extent of anti-gay hate crimes and same-sex domestic violence. EXisting empirical information will be analyzed to address the issue of victim risk. Specifically, the authors examine whether the risk of victimization varies by individual (sexual orientation, race, age) or incident (the victim/offender relationship, crime severity and offense location) characteristics.
Panel 231: Juvenile Justice Saturday April 7, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 12
Chair: Thomas E. Reed, Eastern Kentucky University RESPONDING IN THE COMMUNITY TO YOUTH IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW Tullio Caputo, Carleton University; Katherine Kelly, Carleton University; Mark Totten, Youth Services Bureau Community-based responses to youth in conflict with the law have increasingly gained favor in many nations. These approaches offerthe potential to redress the harm done to individuals and communities by crime. They are typically premised on the offender accepting responsibilityof his or her actions and on having them reintegrated into the community. Many researchers have detailed "success" with such approaches, especially when dealing with first-time and young offenders. However, research has shown that first-time young offenders are not a homogenous group. Thus, assessing the effectiveness of community-based responses in deterring youth crime must consider the impact of the diversity of young offenders who come into conflict. We assess the effectiveness of several responses for both serious and minor offenders, for those who would have been deterred from further offenses and those likely to continue their criminal activity. AT-RISK YOUTH IN RIVERSIDE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA: POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR INTER-AGENCY COOPERATION Pamela J. Schram, California State University at San Bernardino; Dale K. Sechrest, California State University at San Bernardino Youngsters who experience problems with their families, schools, and peers as well as experience dangers or potential dangers to their health and development have been identified as "at-risk" youth. Due to their "at-risk" status, these youth can experience such consequences as delinquency, school failure, poor physical health, and substance abuse. This paper is a descriptive study of Riverside County, California juveniles considered to be "at-risk" youth. Based on survey data, 187 juveniles were asked various questions pertaining to their delinquent history, family history, alcohol and substance abuse, peer associations, and school experiences. We conclude by stressing that policies emphasizing the reduction of juvenile crime need to address the numerous environmental factors that affect juveniles' propensities toward delinquent behavior. Various community agencies need to be involved in the effortsto address this problem. CHICAGO AREA PROJECT IN THE MODERN METROPOLIS: THEORETICAL, METHODOLOGICAL, AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS
Peter K.B. St. Jean, University of Chicago Founded 67 years ago by Clifford Shaw and HenryMcKay, the Chicago Area Project (CAP) was the first widely recognized effort to reduce juvenile delinquency through the use of neighborhood organizations. Showing early signs of success in Chicago, the CAP model has been adopted in other US cities. The research findings, which served as the conceptual framework for the project, have contributed immensely to sociological knowledge on urban social processes, and juvenile delinquency. However, although CAP has sustained the theoretical and methodological frameworks provided by its fo unding fathers, challenges of the modern metropolis have demanded certain adaptations. This paper reports findings from the year-one recidivism evaluation report for the Chicago Area Project/Juvenile Justice Diversion Project 1997 cohort. As the findings will illustrate, CAP's preservation of its classical doctrines, and its recent inclusion of Balanced and Restorative Justice principles, offersu bstantial theoretical, methodological and policy implications for juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice. TOWARD THE CONSTRUCT VALIDITY OF ORDERED JUSTICE FOR JUVENILES: DISTRIBUTIVE AND PROCEDURAL JUSTICE; THEN PROBLEMATIC RETRIBUTION Thomas E. Reed, Eastern Kentucky University Data and human rights values support a paradigm shift away from the criminalization of juvenile behavior to a system of more properly ordered fairness. According to the American Psychological Association, the highest validation procedure is construct validation. This paper assumes that our systems of justice function as "tests" and thus can and should be evaluated by the procedures that apply to construct validity. From this perspective, data support a proposed construct of ordered justice that prioritizes distributive and procedural fairness for juveniles and questions the validity of retribution. Data also support Vetlesen's concept of double humanization. CONTROLLING JUVENILE VANDALISM: THE ROLES OF JUVENILE RESOURCE OFFICERS AND TEEN COURT Hsiao-Ming Wang, University of Louisiana Vandalism, the illegal and deliberate destruction or defacement of property, is an unacceptable behavior, especially in a property oriented society like the United States. Even though juvenile vandalism is a common problem in urban areas, it has also become a major concern in a Louisiana parish. A joint effort between local juvenile resource officers and teen court, attempting to tackle juvenile vandalism is launched. The stakeholder made pre- and post-intervention surveys. The author analyzed these quantitative data and personally interviewed persons involved in this jOint effort. It is found that local juvenile resource officers and the teen court played a significant role in controllingju venile vandalism.
Workshop 232: Juvenile Justice Saturday April 7, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 13
Moderator: Richard P. Mason, Tomorrow's Yo uth Incorporated Presenters: Richard P. Mason, Tomorrow's Youth Incorporated; William W. Johnson, Sr. , Gloucester City Po/ice Department This workshop is designed to address the changing nature and special needs of today's juvenile delinquents who are challenging practitioners in the juvenile justice field. Many of these youth come from families who are typically second and third generation social services system dependent. Although adults may live in the house, appropriate parental bonding, role modeling and supervision are virtually nonexistent. This workshop will address three interrelated causes of youth homelessness: Family Problems; Economic Problems; and Residential Instability. A comprehensive intervention program will be presented. Participants will be able to take "home" to their statea sound and complete design which will provide identified needy youth in their state with an integrated sustained approach which will prepare themto be better equipped to lead prcductive, stable, and self-sufficient lives dS adults. This will keep them from reenteringthe "Revolving Door" thatis ever present in theJuvenile Justice System.
Workshop 233: Theory and Research Methods Saturday April 7, 2001 7:45-9: 15 am Room16
Mod rators: Jamie Martin, Indiana University of Pennsylvania; Dennis Giever, Indiana University of Pennsylvania This presentation will provide an overview of NUD*IST (Non-numerical Unstructured Data Indexing Searching and Theorizing) software. NUD*IST is commercially available and has become one of the most widely used qualitative software packages. NUD*IST allows for the analYSis of multiple forms of data, from field notes to interviews, however it is not a miracle tool. The purpose of this presentation is to demonstrate the usefulness of this software in the overall research design. Information will be provided on issues to consider when starting a project with NUD*IST, as well as a demonstration of importation, coding, and simple analysis of qualitative. Discussion Panel 234: Varieties of Crime Saturday April 7, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 17
Chair: Bernadette Jones Palombo, Louisiana State University at Shreveport Discussant: Lloyd Klein, Louisiana State University at Shreveport THREE GENERATIONS OF INCARCERATED SEXUAL OFFENDERS Dennis J. Stevens, University of Massachusetts at Boston To better understand predatory sexual offenders, three generations of offenders were examined with the aid of a genogram. The data show that an extended family of chronic sexual offenders' primary lifestyle objectives were centered in a continuum of sexual gratification, relief from internal tensions, indifference towards criminal apprehension and/or prosecution, and a lack of concern for the emotional and/or the physical well-being of both their victims or their own personal conduct. One implication arising from these findings is that a continuum of failure exists for personal recovery since these offenders seemed to possess a persistence toward their chronic behavior despite serious consequences. THE IMPORTANCE OF RECOGNIZING EVIDENCE OF SECONDARY AND COLLATERAL SEXUAL DEVIATIONS AT CRIME SCENES John H. Wh ite, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey This paper presents research conducted on seventy-five sex offenders and a review of the literature concerning paraphilias (sexual deviations). Many sex offenders possess either a secondary paraphilia or a collateral paraphilia that enhances the completion of the offense. Police investigators need to be able to recognize the evidence of secondary and collateral deviations, as they have implications for developing a strategy for questioning and interrogating suspects and their families. The significance of these secondary and collateral deviations may be overlooked if the investigator is not trained to notice them in the accumulation of evidence gathered at the crime scene. SEXUAL ASSAULT: DECONSTRUCTING A SAMPLE OF CANADIAN POLICE FILES Alison J. Sherley, University of Calgary Although sexual assault is one of the primaryfears of women in North American society, thorough investigation of all aspects of the sexual assault event are limited. Based on a sample of cases from Canadian police files relationships between victims and offenders are examined to determine how these elements converge to result in a criminal event and how this convergence affects the severity of the offense. A greater degree of convergence is expected to precede the more serious sexual assaults , with the interaction of time and space playing a key role. Finally, implications for policy and law enforcement are explored. SEX OFFENDER COMMUNITY NOTIFICATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON COMMUNITY RESTORATION: A CASE STUDY Richard Zevitz, Marquette University This paper deals with the effects of sex offender community notification on a neighborhood where several such notifications have occurred. Data were derived from interviews with residents who have been offiCially alerted that a convicted sex offender will be residing nearby. The findings suggest that targeting an already marginal neighborhood for sex offender placement may have a "broken window" effect on residents. The practice of notifying neighborhoods about resident sex offenders may have a beneficial effect in bringing residents together in furtherance of crime prevention objectives.
Panel 235: Judicial Processes Saturday April 7, 2001 7:45-9:15 am Room 19
Chair: LarryAnd rews, Missouri Western State Col/ege EVERY BREATH YOU TAKE, EVERY MOVE YOU MAKE: AN EVALUATION OF DUI BREATH TESTING AND JUDICIAL USABILITY David C. Wh elan, University of North Florida; Jeffery A. Will, University of North Florida; William J. Wilson, University of North Florida; Charles E. Owens, University of North Florida Alcohol-related crashes, injuries and fatalities have had a devastating effect on Florida's roadways. Considerable efforts and funding have been dedicated to the apprehension and prosecution of those who commit the offense of DUI. However, recently, there has been a disproportionate drop in the number of statewide apprehensions for DUI. At the same time, there has been a great deal of publicity regarding the various difficulties faced by prosecutors regarding the admissibility of breath alcohol testing results. This qualitative study, part of a larger project, evaluates what the potential problems are with current breath testing equipment and procedures, and their usability in courts of law. CANINE OLFACTION, POLICE ACTION, CITIZEN DISSATISFACTION: IS THE FOURTH AMENDMENT GOING TO THE DOGS? David T. Skelton, Indiana State University During the 2000-2001 term the United States Supreme Court will decide Edmond v. Indianapolis, a case involving narcotics interdiction roadblocks which use sniffer dogs to produce probable cause to support vehicle searches. The practice was approved by the District Court, but the Seventh circuit reversed, and the USSC granted certiorari to resolve conflicting decisions among the federal circuits. This paper reviews the jurisprudence of sniffer dogs and of roadblocks and offers suggestions for reconciling the desire to interdict narcotics with the preservation of civil liberties given the ability of dogs and other non-human means to detect drugs. NEW CHALLENGES TO THE FOURTH AMENDMENT FOR A NEW MILLENNIUM Douglas G. McKenzie, Grand Valley State UniverSity The Supreme Court willdecide in its next term whether a 1998 Indianapolis traffic roadblock program, under which police searched over 1,160 vehicles for drugs, violated motorists' fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable search and seizure. The Courtwill hear oral arguments in City of Indianapolis v. Edmond. This paper will analyze this current challenge to the police use of roadblocks and compare the Courts previous guidelines based upon the prior cases of U.s. v. Martinez-Fuerte and Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz. The paper addresses various policy issues concerning the use of checkpoints by various agencies such as the U.S. Border Patrol and the Drug Enforcement Administration.
Roundtable 236: Policing Saturday April 7, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 2
Moderator: Michael J. Palmiotto, Wichita State University Discussants: Michael Birzer, Washburn University; Ronald Ta nnehill, Wa shburn University; Mark McCoy, Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation; Bernard Levin, Blue Ridge Community College; Michael Buerger, Northeastern University; Jeff Tymony, East Central University; Michael J. Brand, East Central University
Student Panel 237: Criminal Justice Policy Saturday April 7, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 3
Chair: James Ruiz, Pennsylvania State at Harrisburg PRISON OVERCROWDING: AN UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCE OF THE NATION'S WAR ON CRIME Erin Ulrich, Pennsylvania State at Harrisburg Between 1980 and 1998 the prison population in the United States grew from 329,821 to 1,302,019, a 295% increase. The United States' imprisonment rate is now higher than any other nation in the world. Many states are feeling the brunt of such increases as they shore up existing facilities or build new ones. There is little debate over what the picture of imprisonment looks like in this country; the evidence for severe overcrowding is undisputed. What is debated is how we got to where we are today and what would be the most appropriate (efficient and effective) way of reducing overcrowding. This paper explores the literature on the issue of "what caused" our nation's prisons to expand so rapidly, and what pOlicies might best work toward easing the problem. "THE POLICE ARE THE PUBLIC AND THE PUBLIC ARE THE POLICE": ARE PEEL'S WORDS AN UNREACHABLE STAR? Jeremiah Smith, Pennsylvania State at Harrisburg There exists in the literature a substantial body of work devoted to surveying citizen attitudes and perceptions of police officers and police services. There have also been surveys of police officerattitudes and their perceptions of the public, but these are far fewer in number. Surveysof citizens appear to produce a mixed bag of results. Some have favorable attitudes and others do not. Police officers, on the other hand, appear to be suspicious and cynical of the public and often view the public as what Skolnick referred to as "The Symbolic Assailant." This survey of the literature will examine perceptions and attitudesfrom both the police and the public and suggest methods for improving the police/public relationship. BOTCHED EXECUTIONS: IN VIOLATION OF THE EIGHTH AMENDMENT'S PROHIBITION AGAINST CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT Tanya Kaminski, Pennsylvania State at Harrisburg This paper examines the issue of botched executions in the United States. It describes the five methods of execution that have been used in various states throughout our history, namely hanging, the firing squad, lethal gas, electrocution, and death by lethal injection. The paper utilizes a case study method to describe instances in which the method was not carried out appropriately, which resulted in a slow and torturous death for the individual. The paper brings to light the dark side of the death penalty by raising some questions regarding the issue of cruel and unusual punishment. THE NEED TO ABOLISH CAPITAL PUNISHMENT Matt Pastier, Youngstown State University Capital punishment has long been a highly debated topic. The death penalty does not help America's fight against crime; there are many reasons supporting its removal. First, capital punishment actually costs more than imprisoning someone for life. There are many more areas, such as health care and education, where the millions of dollars could be used. Second, defendants who cannot afford a proper defense are more likely to be sentenced to death than richer defendants. Research has shown that legal representation often determines whether or not someone is sentenced to death, rather than the facts of the crime. When someone commits a murder, we naturally want justice to be served. However, impartial justice is not promised through capital punishment.
Panel 238: Corrections and Punishment Saturday April 7, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 4
Chair: Lydia M. Long, University of Houston, Downtown AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE HYBRIDIZATION OF STATE SENTENCING SCHEMES Keith Clement, University of Tennessee; John W. Barbrey, University of Tennessee Beginning in the 1990s, states began to implement innovative sentencing schemes. These included three-strikes, truth-in-sentencing, and assorted sentencing guidelines. We have conducted a state-by-state analysis of current sentencing laws and have discovered that although there is variation, there may be less variation in the differentsent encing statutes than we initially anticipated. Our purpose is to note an apparent hybridization of sentencing practices despite perceived dissimilarities. MAJOR LEGAL TRENDS IN THE IMPOSITION OF CONDITIONS OF PROBATION AND PAROLE SUPERVISION Dane C. Miller, Central Missouri State University; Betsy W. Kreisel, Central Missouri State University As our nation's prisons reach their peek capacities, increasing attention has been focused on probation and parole systems as alternative methods for dealing with certain offenders. This paper will survey recent appellate opinions addressing the propriety conditions of supervision. The paper will not only identify major problem areas for supervisory personnel, but it will also suggest major legal trends. Because the paper will focus on the applicable law in the supervisory context, it will have implications not only for professionals in the areas of probation and parole supervision, but professionals in the legal community as well. INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS: COMPARATIVE AND INTERNATIONAL Obi N. I. Ebbe, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga The methods of dealing with serious offenders varies from country to country, and in some cases, also varies from region or state of a country to another. Unmistakably, as what constitutes a crime is relative to time, place, and degree of economic development, in similar vein, are the methods of offender disposal. This paper uses data from both developed and developing countries and Western and non-Western societies to investigate the effectiveness of institutional correction in various regions of the world.
Panel 239: Policing Saturday April 7, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 5
Chair: Carl B. Klockars, University of Delaware THE THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS AND ADMINISTRATIVE AGENDAS OF ORGANIZATIONAL VS. INDIVIDUAL CONCEPTS OF POLICE INTEGRITY Carl B. Klockars, University of Delaware Individual and organizational understandings of police integrity rest on very differenttheoretical assumptions and imply very different administrative agendas. This paper identifies some of the different assumptions of each approach and specifies in detail the differentadmin istrative consequences of each. RECRUITMENT, SELECTION, AND TRAINING - THE TRIANGLE OF POLICE INTEGRITY Maria (Maki) Haberfeld, John Jay Col/ege of Criminal Justice Police integrity can be approached from a problem oriented perspective by examining it as a classic problem analysis triangle. Each element, when added or removed, can influence the final outcome in the most profound manner. This paper identifies the relationships between these three elements of recruitment, selection, and training, and their respective influence on police integrity in three police agencies. DETECTING, INVESTIGATING, AND SANCTIONING MISCONDUCT Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovich, Harvard Law School Although the social and political environment in which a police agency operates plays an important role, its organizational culture is shaped primarily and directly by the police agency itself. From the standpoint of the organizational theory of police integrity, detection, investigation, and discipline of misconduct are among the most important functions performed by the agency itself. This paper examines the disciplinary records at the aggregate level in three police agencies: what violations are punished, how serious the typical punishments are, and how swiftly these punishments are meted out. AN ANALYSIS OF POLICE CIVIL SERVICE AND ITS EFFECT ON HIRING, PROMOTIONS, DISCIPLINE, AND TERMINATION O. Elmer Polk, University of Texas at Arlington; Patrick S. Stallings, Lancaster Police Department This study conducts an historical analysis of police corruption in the employment and retention of police officers and the effects of the civil service system in addressing those issues. Additionally, a small-scale analytic survey is conducted on ten mid-size police agencies in Dallas County, Texas that employ between 32 and 62 officers to corroborate the historical analysis. The study explores the results of civil service laws on employee diversity by ethnicity and gender, representation of minority members and women in supervisory and administrative positions, the degree of disciplinary suspensions and terminations, and the number of officers who have completed formal college degree requirements. DISCIPLINING THE POLICE: DEALING WITH POLICE MISCONDUCT IN SLOVENIA Milan Pagon, University of Ljubljana; Branko Lobnikar, University of Lj ubljana The paper explores the ways of handling misconduct among police officers in Slovenia. It does so by examining the disciplinary records of the Siovenian national police force. It specifically looks at what violations are typically processed in the disciplinary procedures, which violations are punished and how serious the punishments are. It further compares the actual punishments with police officers' and citizens' perceptions of how severely do these violations actually get punished and how severely they should get punished.
Panel 240: Varieties of Crime Saturday April 7, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 6
Chair: Deanne Carp, University of North Texas INVESTIGATING INTERNET CRIME: PITFALLS AND STRATEGIES Deanne Carp, University of North Texas The widespread growth of the Internet in recent years has led to a corresponding increase in Internet-based crimes, from the distribution of child pornography to targeted denial of service attacks on corporations. Coincident with this increase in crime has been the need for investigators to investigate Internet-based crimes. Using real world examples as illustrations, this paper will discuss the common difficulties that are faced when investigating Internet crimes. This paper will also provide a number of strategies that facilitate the investigative process, including methods of overcoming some of the common difficulties encountered. DIGITAL MILLENNIUM COPYRIGHT ACT: AN ASSESSMENT ON CRIMINALIZATION AND EXAMPTIONS Jiabo Liu, Indiana University of Pennsylvania President Clinton signed "The Digital Millennium Copyright Act" (DMCA) into law on the 28th of October 1998. The DACA has made it crime to circumvent anti-piracy measures built into most commercial software. It as a legislated public policy in the digital information age intensifies the lasting debate on the abuse and fair use in the area of copyright protection. This paper will conduct an assessment on the criminalization and exemptions of software utilization that the DACA stipulates. Based on the assessment, this paper wi" direct a tentative theoretical forecast of the possible impacts of the DACA on the future agenda of crime control policy in the online environment. WHITE COLLAR CRIME: RUSSIAN ORGANIZED CRIME'S MONEY LAUNDERING Debra Ross, Buffalo State Col/ege This research paper would be addressing a facet of white collar crime, money laundering. Money laundering is taking money made from criminal activity, usually cash and moving it through a sequence of bank accounts until its origins are obscured. "Often this involves a series of transactions made through shell companies formed in bank secrecy-havens. Once the trail has been blurred, the money is withdrawn and used for further criminal activities," (Zeldin, 2000). The research would be focusing on Russian organized crime'� money laundering. The most popular money laundering case in the U.S. history was "Operation Casablanca" in 1998; this case involved about 150 million dollars in drug money. Until the Russian case, this case represents a sobering advance from Casablanca on a number of fronts, most notably the amounts involved and the fact that the art of money laundering has migrated from drug traffickers to white-collar crime, (Zeldin, 2000). This is just one of the many cases that the research paper would be analyzing. COMPARISON OF WIRETAPPING REGULATIONS OF THE US, CANADA, HONG KONG, SOUTH AFRICA, BRITAIN, FRANCE, GERMANY AND TURKEY Ali Ozdogan, University of North Texas In this study, the aim is to make a quantitative and qualitative comparison of wiretapping regulations of the US, Canada, Hong Kong, South Africa, Britain, France, Germany, and Turkey, in terms of privacy and property rights and criminal procedure. The analytical components of the comparison involves the implementation of the "exclusionary" principle, destruction and disclosure of wiretapped evidence, governmental taking of private property, offences subject to eavesdropping, implementation of the "exhaustion" principle, the role of the telecommunications industry, the control body for the execution of eavesdropping, and duration of the warrant for the monitoring.
Panel 241 : Criminal Justice Education and Training Saturday April 7, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 7
Chair: Ta mson Six, Virginia Commonwealth University SERVICE LEARNING APPLIED TO A FOUNDATIONS' CRIMINAL JUSTICE COURSE: WHAT ARE THE OUTCOMES? Ta mson L. Six, Virginia Commonwealth University Bringle and Hatcher (2000) note that only the use of the World Wide Web in academic settings has grown at a faster rate than the development and implementation of service learning opportunities as part of traditional academic course work. Much has been written about service learning applications to higher education academic disciplines such as education and healthcare. This presentation seeks to examine the efficacy of a servicelear ning component as a learning tool to facilitate students' grasp of 'formal theoretical knowledge' and informed development of their own theoretical framework of delinquent and criminal behavior. ENHANCING STUDENT LEARNING THROUGH EXPERIMENTAL LEARNING Silvina Ituarte, Kean University As educators have realized that not all students learn from the same style of teaching, non-traditional methods of teaching have been implemented. In this presentation, the facilitator will explain what service learning is all about, describe her experiences teaching juvenile justice as a service learning course, and list some of the benefits of this style of teaching. Service learning courses integrate community service with academic instruction in order to enhance the students' understanding of the course material and to experience the realities of real-life conditions outside of an academic setting. COMMUNITY BUILDING THROUGH PRAXIS: LINKING CRIMINAL JUSTICE THEORY, POLICY AND PRACTICE George F. Kain, Western Connecticut State University The Praxis Project places university students in service learning opportunities that are integrated into their academic curriculum as experiential component of their ongoing classwork. This study suggests that students are led to a more thorough understanding of the theoretical concepts surrounding community building, juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice policies and practices. Students who hold strong punitive views upon entering the class learn the value of critical analysiS of current juvenile justice policies through a quasi-mentoring program. More research is needed to confirm these preliminary findings and to measure any long-term effects on both university students and those whom they mentor. USING MOCK TRIALS TO TEACH CRIMINAL EVIDENCE Dean J. Spader, University of South Dakota This paper urges instructors of criminal justice and authors of texts to use mock trials. A Chinese proverb suggests a complete pedagogy: "I hear and I forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand." Students must "do" criminal evidence in order to develop proficiency in courtroom skills and to experience the deeper level of understanding that all good teaching seeks to impart. I will provide instructors with the information, materials, and methods needed to immediately begin using mock trials in criminal evidence classes, as well as numerous other criminal justice classes. TOWARD AFRICAN AMERICAN LITERACY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION: THE STUDY OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Shaun L. Gabbidon, Pennsylvania State University; Helen Taylor Greene, Old Dominion University This paper presents findings from an ongoing study of the integration of African American perspectives into criminology and criminal justice courses. The focus here is on the utilization of historical and contemporary African American contributions to the study of juvenile delinquency. Content analysis is used to examine the African American presence in the leading juvenile delinquency textbooks between 1990 and 2000. We examine whether or not contributions of African Americans are included in discussions of delinquency theories, the extent of delinquency, and patterns of delinquency. Based upon the findings, we also make recommendations for future research on African American literacy in criminal justice education. Panel 242: Gender and Criminal Justice Saturday April 7. 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 9
Chair: Linda S. Forst, Northwestern University CHANGING THE FACE OF RAPE: ATTITUDES TOWARD WOMEN, VICTIMS, AND RAPE MYTH PERCEPTIONS Jennifer L. Hartman, Northeastern University; Tammy Felix, Northeastern University Historically. the study of rape has been analyzed in terms of narrowly defined sexual schemas "pre-approved" by a heterosexist society. who in turn proscribe the legal standards that define who is "rapable." The current literature measures the views, and attitudes of college-aged samples (as most identified victims are college-aged women). disregarding how these "beliefs" change over time. The present study will assess how attitudes toward rape and sexuality, act to perpetuate sexual violence in contemporary society by presenting preliminarydata collected from a sample of undergraduate, graduate, law, and continuing education students within the context of a large urban university. DEFINING SEXUAL VICTIMIZATION AS A RAPE: RESULTS FROM A NATIONAL-LEVEL STUDY Bonnie S. Fisher, University of Cincinnati; Francis T. Cullen, University of Cincinnati; Michael G. Turner, Northeastern University; Leah E. Daigle, University of Cincinnati A point of contention in the ongoing debate over the "real" prevalence of rape is the extent to which women define an incident counted as a rape by a survey researcher as a "rape." We explore this issue through a national-level study of 4,446 randomly selected female college students. The study focuses on (1) the proportion of women defining rape and other sexual victimization incidents as a rape; (2) victim and situational characteristics that make the attribution of rape to a victimization incident more likely; and (3) whether incidents defined as rape are disclosed to officialsand /or other people. REVISITING SEX DIFFERENCES IN RAPE REPORTING Heather Couture, Northeastern University; Jennife r L. Hartman, Northeastern University Past analysis of secondary data has indicated that males are less likely to report a sexual assault or rape than females (Pino & Meier 1999). Possible explanations for this phenomenon relate to the socially constructed behavior that the general population expects from each sex. For example, what society defines as the traditional female victim versus the traditional male offender may not be as distinct as previous literature has indicated. In an effort to address this question, the current project presents preliminary research from the most recent analysis of a national secondary data set to demonstrate possible differences in rape reporting. QUESTIONING THE QUALITY OF JUSTICE FOR RAPE VICTIMS: A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF THE FAILURE TO PROCESS "DATE/ACQUAINTANCE RAPE" COMPLAINTS IN AN EASTERN CITY Heidi J. Block, Northeastern University During the past three years the subject city received almost 3000 complaints of sexual assault. Approximately 90% of these complaints came from victims who were acquainted with the perpetrators. Arrests were made in approximately 20% of cases with charges filed in approximately 3% of cases. I conducted in-depth interviews with key players in the process, including sexual assault detectives, prosecutors and judges in order to shed light on the reasons for the failure of the system to adequately deal with these complaints. I also engaged in case analysis and examined historical factors to provide context for the research.
Panel 243: Corrections and Punishment Saturday April 7, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 10
Chair: Pamela A. Gibson, Virginia Commonwealth University WIDENING THE NET AND TIGHTENING THE HOLD: A GENDERED ANALYSIS OF ELECTRONIC MONITORING (EM) IN EASTERN CANADA Madonna R. Maidment, Carleton University Since the early 1990s in Canada, focus has shifted toward adopting a woman-centered approach to corrections. However, most of this attention focuses solely on the paternalisticpractices carried out in federal prisons while little attention is devoted to how women are experiencing various forms of community-based sanctions. By drawing upon a recent gendered analysis of electronically monitored offenders in Eastern Canada, I describe many of the challenges and negative conditions that exist for women serving their sentences in their homes. CRIMINAL DISPOSITIONS OF MENTALLY DISORDERED STALKERS Ronnie B. Harmon, Bellevue Hospital Forensic Psychiatry Clinic This research builds on a previously published analysis of 174 defendants referred to the Forensic Psychiatry Clinic for the Criminal and Supreme Courtsof New York for evaluation between 1987 and 19961• In the earlier study, records of obsessional harassers were studied with regard to classifying the relationship between the stalker and the target, the motive for the stalking, and whether violence was documented. The object of the current study is to review the interventions imposed by the Court on these mentally disordered stalkers. Additional material has been gathered from the files of the Forensic Psychiatry Clinic, the New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services, the New York County District Attorney's Office and the New York County Department of Probation in an effort to document the penalties that were specified for these defendants. Analysis of the information will focus on the relationship of the sentences to the original charges, the nature of the stalking offense, and the criminal history of the defendants both before and afterthe offense for which the psychiatric evaluation was ordered. COURT ADVOCACY PROGRAMS FOR VICTIMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: CLIENT SATISFACTION OR CLIENT FRUSTRATION? Rose P. Rodrigues, Fairfield University This paper assesses the degree to which victims of domestic violence are satisfied with the services provided by a Court Advocacy Program in Bridgeport, Connecticut. The study's emphasis is on client perceptions of the role of court advocates. The research explores the extent to which the program is viewed as a vehicle for (1) protective order explanations, (2) safety planning, (3) future family violence preparation and (4) support and understanding. The data strongly indicates that one of the most critical factors affecting client satisfaction with the services provided by the Court Advocacy Program is the outcome of the court case - an outcome that ironically, is beyond the control of court advocates. RAILS TO JAILS: ATTRIBUTION OF RESPONSIBILITY BY JURORS IN CAR-TRAIN ACCIDENTS Elizabeth Athaide-Victor, Tiffin University; Lynne Forster Lee, Central Queensland University; Don Bodak, Tiffin University The incidence of car-train accidents in the United States is quite high. Some states have frequent accidents, or accidents that are phenomenal in scope. Despite numerous educational campaigns uniting the rail industry and law enforcement agencies, individuals constantly run safety crossings in an effort to "beat the train." As a result, many drivers and passengers have lost their lives. To determine the greatest amount of liability assessment by jurors, a study was conducted to examine the attribution of responsibility assigned to the rail industry, county, and state in unguarded, limited-guarded, and fully guarded crossings. The study was a 2 X 2 X 3 factorial design that varied the age of the victim (teen v. older adult), victim gender (male v. female), and crossing guard protection (unguarded: no signs, lights or cross-bucks; limited-guarded: cross-buck only; or fully guarded: lights and gates). One hundred and eighty participants were presented with evidence from a recent wrongful death suit in Ohio. Jurors rendered verdicts, compensatory, and punitive damages. The results were intriguing. Verdict and damage awards were striking and counter-intuitive. The results have important ramifications for the railroad transportation industry. Also, as part of an internal analysis, an actual observed analysis of safety rail crossings was recorded in both the Midwest United States and Australia. Legal History regarding railway safety and enforcement is presented. THE FEDERAL ATTORNEYAS ETHICS OFFICER Pamela A. Gibson, Virginia Commonwealth University In the Watergate aftermath, federal agencies were required to establish ethics officers within their organizations to provide annual ethics training and year-round general consultation on conflict of interest and financial disclosure regulations for its employees. Most of the approximately 230 federal Designated Agency Ethics Officers and Deputy Designated Agency Ethics Officers are housed in the general counsel office. How do these attorneys reason in resolving moral dilemmas? What impact do personal and professional characteristics have on their moral reasoning? Each of these ethics officers were surveyed to collect demographic information and measure their level of moral reasoning. This paper reports on the findings of this research and the suggested influence legal training and education has on ethical decision-making.
Panel 244: Juvenile Justice Saturday April 7, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 12
Chair: Robert P. Morin, California State University at Chico THE PROSECUTION OF JUVENILE OFFENDERS IN THE UNITED STATES: A STUDY OF THE SOCIO-LEGAL COMPONENTS OF THE PROSECUTORIAL DECISION·MAKING PROCESS Leanne R. Havis, University of Wa les, Bangor This paper examines how prosecutors reach specific decisions in cases involving juvenile offenders. It considers those elements of individual guided discretion and organizational culture, which inform the prosecutorial decision-making processes. Moreover, it theorizes that prosecutors may perceive juveniles charged with the commission of certain crimes as either morally guilty or morally innocent, and that this social construction, on both individual and organizational levels, may impact on their pursuit of legal justice. Relationships between prosecutors and other criminal justice agencies are also explored, as well as the way in which these relationships may bear on prosecutors' decisions in cases involving juveniles. VARIABLES RELATED TO DISPOSITION IN THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM Brian F. O'Neill, West Chester University This study examined the disposition of 638 cases in a medium-sized city in the northeastern United States. Independent variables included both legal and extra-legal variables. Independent variables included race, address (urban or non-urban), previous offenses, previous interventions, current offense, judge or master, legal representation, and parental representation in court. The most significant finding was that race was significant for secure placement with only age, sex, previous violent offenses and prior residential placements better predictors for secure placement. PROPOSITION 21: SEPARATING THE MINNOWS FROM THE KILLER WHALES Cindy E. Darby, Bossier Parish Community College Proposition 21 remains a controversial issue in numerous children, educational, legal, social service agencies and associations. Since many prosecutors and proponents of Proposition 21 base their opinion of gangs and juveniles on their moral, ideological extremist beliefs and/or juvenile laws, knowledge of the juvenile laws' content of these issues is of value for the American public. The extensive media reports on Proposition 21 are frequently distorted because the media fails to consider accurate statistical information on Proposition 21 compiled by the California Department of Corrections. The purpose of this paper is to examine the dynamics of Proposition 21 in California. EXAMINING JUVENILE ARRESTS AS ORGANIZATIONAL OUTPUTS John D. McClusky, Michigan State University; Sean P. Varano, Michigan State University; Beth M. Hubner, Michigan State University; Timothy S. Bynum, Michigan State University The importance of juvenile crime data for shaping policy debates and choices has increased in recent years (Bernard 1999; Snyder and Sickmund, 1999). The processing of juveniles through different police organizations, however, has been a neglected area in recent research. The goal of our paper is to use juvenile homicide patterns in four Michigan cities as a baseline for juvenile criminal activity. We will then analyze the underlying juvenile arrest patterns in those cities using pOlice records. We will develop hypotheses regarding the police organization as a "filter" in producing juvenile crime rates by combining those analyses with commentary from key personnel (Director of the Juvenile Unit etc.) in each city. Implications for research and directions for future inquiries will be discussed. PUNISHING YOUTHFUL OFFENDERS IN CALIFORNIA: AN ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM LOS ANGELES AND SACRAMENTO COUNTIES Jesus A. Gutierrez, California State University at Sacramento; Ricky S. Gutierrez, California State University at Sacramento In the past few years, the public's confidence in the juvenile justice system has eroded. This is partly due to the public's misperception that violent juvenile crime is on the rise. In response many states are passing legislation that mandates transfer to adult court using prosecutorial discretion. Following Males and Macallair's (2000) research, this study will supplement data from Sacramento County in order to examine the juvenile waiver process both locally and statewide. This will allow a more thorough understanding about factors that precipitate waiver to adult court in the state of California.
Panel 245: Juvenile Justice Saturday April 7, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 13
Chair: Richard Lawrence, Sf. Cloud State University STUDENT SOCIAL BONDING, POLICE AND COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS IN A MIDWESTERN SCHOOL DISTRICT Gordon Frissora, Youngstown State University; Joe Wa ldron, Yo ungstown State University; Matt Williams, Youngstown State University This paper is a preliminary report of current research involving students attending a school district in the Midwestern US. Data are being collected from the students using a social bonding scale and feelings of safety in and around the facility. Additionally, researchers collected data from residents to indicate their identification with the district and what they perceive as problem areas, which are compared to actual problem areas as identified in police reports and school incident reports. Additionally, data are collected from the police department to indicate gang related activities. SCHOOL CRIME AND PUBLIC POLICY: COMMUNITY, JUSTICE SYSTEM & SCHOOL RESPONSES Richard Lawrence, Sf. Cloud State University School violence has received considerable national attention by the news media, and many believe that schools are becoming more violent. Policy makers are under pressure to respond to the problem. This paper examines the absence of collaborative and comprehensive school violence prevention policies among communities, law enforcement agencies, and school administrators. The paper recommends implementation of a comprehensive public policy for school violence prevention that incorporates the principles of Community Justice, focusing on community involvement, problem solving, collaboration among schools and justice agencies, and restorative justice. THE COMMUNITY IN COMMUNITY JUSTICE: WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, WHY, AND HOW? Joanna B. Cannon, Florida State University It is recognized that the community justice model is evolving, and it is also recognized that the model poses challenges. Community justice calls for involvement of the parties most affected by a crime in the administration of justice. These parties include the victim, the offender, criminal justice personnel, and community citizens. In this presentation, I focus on issues surrounding the inclusion of community citizens in justice processes, which is an exciting concept for exploration, albeit a challenging concept, both theoretically and practically. The determination of who the community is, methods for recruiting community members, and the identification of the roles of community members are analyzed and discussed. Throughout, I reference preliminaryfi ndings from research being conducted at the Southside Restorative Justice Project in Tallahassee, Florida, which operates as a juvenile diversion program using community sanctioning panels. AN EXPERIMENT IN JUVENILE DIVERSION Steven Patrick, Boise State University; Robert Marsh, Boise State University; Wa de Bundy, Boise State University; Susan Mimura, Boise City Attorney; Tina Perkins, Boise City Victim Witness Coordinator Juvenile diversion methods have been tested in many nations in an effort to reduce recidivism. This paper reports on one experimental juvenile diversion program and evaluates the program to assess the effects on recidivism during the experimental period. First-time juvenile status offenders were randomly assigned to three experimental groups or a control group: Juvenile Accountability, youth Court, Magistrate Court, or the Educational Control group. The data revealed that Juvenile Accountability, which diverted offenders from the justice system and held them accountable for their offenses, showed positive signs for reducing recidivism.
Roundtable 246: Varieties of Crime Saturday April 7, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 17
Moderator: Ronald Holmes, University of Louisville Di cussants: Jack Levin, Northeastern University; David Rivers, University of California at Fresno; Eric Hickey, University of California at Fresno; Steve Egger, Illinois State University at Springfield; David Fabianic, University of Central Florida The current state of research concerning serial murder as well as the emerging understanding of the serial killer will be examined. Each discussant will bring a perspective to the panel with an emphasis on their own research and experience. Time will be allowed to react to questions and comments.
Panel 247: Varieties of Crime Saturday April 7, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 18
Chair: John Kane, National White Collar Crime Center BEYOND THE UCR: MEASURING DIMENSIONS OF WHITE-COLLAR CRIME USING THE NATIONAL INCIDENT BASED REPORTING SYSTEM (NIBRS) Rya n Brown, National White Collar Crime Center This paper will explore the characteristics of various white-collar offenses using the National Incident Based Reporting System. Although economic and high technology crimes are still vastly under-represented in official crime statistics, the implementation of NIBRS allows for a more in-depth analysis of such offenses as fraud and embezzlement, including the use of computers in committing crime. In addition, the data allows for deeper understanding of the dynamics between victim, offender, and the offenses. By comparing white-collar offenders to the 'traditional' violent and property offenses, this study hopes to uncover both the similarities and differences between groups, and address the concerns involving the explosive growth of economic and high technology crime in the twenty-firstcentury. FROM PIN-STRIPES TO JAIL STRIPES: USING PRISON INMATE DATA TO CHALLENGE THE STEREOTYPES OF THE WHITE-COLLAR OFFENDER John Kane, National White Collar Crime Center Disparity in sentencing for white-collar offenders, as opposed to other types of offenders, often prohibits a widespread analysis of those incarcerated for such crimes as embezzlement and fraud. The public portrayal of such criminals tends to be of a white, affluent, middle-age executive servinga light sentence in a minimum security, 'country-club' correctional facility. Despite information that suggests a shift in the demographic trends of white-collar offenders, these stereotypes persist. Using data from the 1997 Survey of Prison Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, this paper will explore the characteristics of both white-collar and 'traditional' offendersto determine similarities and differences in demographic background and criminal history. ORGANIZED CRIME: FROM THE GODFATHER TO THE FRAUDSTER Paul M. Klenowski, National White Collar Crime Center This paper will attempt to touch on the dynamic nature of organized crime both domestically and transnationally. This article, starting with the 'old paradigm' of organized crime in the last century to the highly complex infrastructure of these new criminal syndicates, will offer some insight on the evolution of organized criminal groups and the extent to which their illegal operations have transpired. This work will also make specific reference to the new threats posed by organized criminals, specifically the realm of white collar crime areas that have they have chosen to exploit. The major white collar areas that these syndicates have chosen to embark upon will be mentioned in more detail to explain the distinct point of the evolution of the illegal operations from traditional violent crimes to more lucrative elusive crimes. IDENTIFYING TRENDS IN WHITE COLLAR CRIME: TWENTYYEARS OF FBI/UCR DATA JeffLybar ger, National Wh ite Collar Crime Center This paper will show arrest data from the FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR) Program. The arrest data describes trends in the U.S. for white collar crime and violent crimes over a twenty-year period 1978-1998. Age, race and gender are compared for the offenses of fraud, embezzlement, forgery/counterfeiting, and violent crimes. The violent crime category includes arrest data for murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. This research will expand our knowledge of criminal trends in the United States and help us better understand why certain demographic variables are presently constituting higher arrest rates than in previous years. VIRTUAL GAMING FRAUD Scott Hage, National Wh ite Collar Crime Center The theft of on-line property, or property that exists only in cyberspace, is the latest in a long line of fraud schemes made possible by the World Wide Web. This type of fraud targets the enthusiasts or hobbyists who indulge in extensive and detail oriented games such as Ultima Online or Everquest. These types of games are labor intensive and time consuming. Players devote hours each day to developing and improving their characters, some players even going so far as to spend thousands of dollars in order to accomplish this goal. With literally hundreds of thousands of people participating in this universe, the potential for fraud is huge.
Panel 248: International and Comparative Criminal Justice Saturday April 7, 2001 9:30-1 1 :00 am Room 19
Chair: Sharon L. Larson, Johns Hopkins University PURSUING A RULE OF LAW: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE REVISED CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA William P. Bloss, The Citadel In 1997, a revised "Criminal Procedure Law" was implemented in the People's Republic of China justice system. Ostensibly, these changes were designed to develop a Fundamental rule of law within Chinese criminal procedure. This paper describes the elements of the revised criminal procedures and analyzes their affecton the investigation and prosecution of crime. The findings suggest that although formal statutory provisions have been reformulated, the practical result is a gradual transition to a rule of law posture. Police practices in the prosecution of crime continue to rely on longstanding informal investigatory methods that afford minimal deference for the procedural rights of the suspect. A RELIGIO-POLITICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LIKELIHOOD OF BEING STOPPED, SEARCHED, DETAINED AND QUESTIONED IN THE NORTH OF IRELAND Sharon L. Larson, Johns Hopkins UniverSity; Darlene Hall, Old Dominion University Great Britain has repeatedly implemented strict policing efforts in the North of Ireland. Some reports of government policing activities suggest that Republicans and/or Catholics are more likely to be detained, questioned, threatened and held than other members of the population. Nearly 600 respondents in the North of Ireland responded to questions about their experiences of harassment and discrimination. They detailed their history with respect to threats of violence, detention, and other abuse. Demographic characteristics, religious and political affiliationswere obtained. SEM models are used to explore which characteristics increase the likelihood of this policing involvement, with particular attention to religious vs. political affiliation. CONFESSION IN ISLAMIC CRIMINAL PROCEDURE Fida Mohammad, State University of New York The paper will explore the admissibility of confessional statement under the Islamic criminal procedure. The paper will also focus on circumstances where confessional statement could be excluded as a piece of evidence. I will also analyze the role of a judge in evaluating confession. SNITCHING: INFORMERS FOR THE EAST GERMAN STASI AND THE MISSISSIPPI STATE SOVEREIGNTY COMMISSION Martin Gruberg, University of Wisconsin I am struck by the coincidence of revelations about informing to the East German Intelligence and Security Service (the Stasi) and the MiSSissippi State Sovereignty Commission. Communist snooping and segregationist snooping wouldn't seem to the casual observerto have much in common. Yet there was in each situation surprise at the identity of some of the collaborators. Some PARTICIPANTS
PANEL LISTING
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DIRECTORY Belcher, Dusty 253 Bundy, Wade 245 Belenko, Steven 111 Burke, Tod W. 165 Abbott, Barry P. 90 Benedict, Wm. Reed 52 Burnett, James T. 213 Abdul-Ra'UF, Bakhitah 141 Benekos, Peter J. 183 Burns, Avon 159 Acker, James R 23 Bennett, Richard R. 2, 104, 170, 172 Burrow, Linda 99 Adams, Jennifer 138 Benningfield, Melissa 129 Bush, Arthur 159 Adinkrah, Mensah 171 Benomar, Jamal 180 Bush-Baskette, Stephanie 228 Afrasiabi, KathyZ. 156 Berner, Cindy N. 172 Butcher, Kristi 147 Agozino, Biko 81 Bernlohr, George M. 151 Butzin, Clifford 107 Ahmad, Janice 142 Berry, Phyllis E. 210, 229 Byers, Bryan D. 14, 54 Ahn, Jacqueline 130, 196 Bhati, Avinash S. 85 Bynum, Timothy S. 113, 244 Alan, S. Bruce 57, 70 Bikle, Bruce 63 Albanese, Jay 71, 111 Billingsley, LatoyaC. 156 Albrecht, James F. 165, 199 Binder, Amy 218 Alexander, Jr., Rudolph 200 Binder, Norman E. 15 Caeti, ToryJ. 12, 186 Ali, Lorraine 249 Bing, Robert 1. 195 Calder, James D. 5 Alpert, Geoffrey P. 2 Birzer, Michael 151, 236 Callahan, Richard 29 Alvi, Shahid 67 Bishop, Donna 216 Calnon, Jennifer M. 136 Amendola, Karen 78 Bivens, Nicola D. 139 Camp, Damon 227 Ammar, Nawal H., PhD. 139,162 Bj erregaard, Beth 31 Campbell, John H. 131, 199 Anderson, Ralph 210 Blackman, Paul 30 Campbell, Robin 124 Anderson, Sean 36 Blakenship, Angie 253 Cancino, JeffreyM. 196 Andrews, Larry D. 41, 235 Blakenship, Michael 182 Cannon, Joanna B. 245 Andzenge, Dick T. 81 Blakenship, Susan E. 167 Canton, Cecil E. 152 Angel, Earl 47 Blevens, Kristie H. 113 Caplan, Joel 43 Annahij, Tomisa 249 Block, Heidi J. 242 Capowich, George E. 2, 127 Anno, B. Jaye 3 Block, Kathleen 169 Capsambelis, Christopher R. 149 Appiahene-Gyamfi, Joseph 127 Blocker, Tyree C. 83 Caputo, Gail 56, 99 Applegate, Brandon 13, 188 Bloss, William P. 248 Caputo, Tullio 231 Archer, Cassandra A 101 Blough, Scott 13 Carlson, Joseph 129 Archimandritou, Maria 171 Bohm, Robert M. 182 Carp, Deanne 197, 214, 240 Ardovini-Brooker, Dale J. 155 Bolton, Michael J. 24 Carter, Andrea M. 74 Armstrong, Gaylene Styve 155, 224 Bomar, Guy Jr. 158 Carter, David F. 93 Armstrong, Todd A 36 Bond-Maupin, Lisa 86 Carter, David 1. 21, 93, 153 Arnold, Elizabeth M. 45 Bond, Sandra Cox 80 Castellano, Thomas 112, 138 Artigiani, Erin 108 Bontrager, Stephanie 105 Catlin, Shelagh E. 1, 81 Athaide-Victor, Elizabeth 243 Boss, Marion 217 Caulfield, Susan L. 184, 201 Atkins, Holly 163, 138 Bourns, William 45 Cemkovich, Steve 74 Atwell, MaryW. 229 Bowers, William J. 23 Chamberlin, Mike 10, 179 Auerhaln, Kathleen 16 Boyd, Lorenzo M. 213, 223 Champion, Dad H. Sr. 1, 24 Austin, James 109, 115, 251 Braga, Anthony 30 Chandek, Meghan 117, 140 Avner, Allen 4 Branch, Kathryn A 36 Chard, Sarah 177 Brand, Michael J. 236 Chesney-Lind, Meda 104 Brennan, Pauline 110 Chiles, Sonya 198 Brewster, Mary 144 Chilton, Bradley Stewart 56 Baggett, Ryan K. 47 Bright, Laurie 252 Chiricos, Ted 90 Bailey, Laura 19 Brightman, Hank J. 220 Choi, Kyubum 165 Bailey, Terri 19, 198 Brillinger, Paula 171 Choi, Yuno 113 Baker, Ralph 63 Brinkley, William C. 65 Chon, Don S. 215 Baker, ThomasE. 1 Britt, Chester L. 68, 90 Choo, Tae 12 Bakken, Tim 179 Brock, Deon 136 Choudry, Jayanto 180 Ball, Jeremy D. 102 Brockett, Ramona 192 Chung, Larry 146 Ball, Richard, A 133 Brody, David 2 Cinoglu, Huseyin 186 Ballard-Mack, Margie 4 Bronson, Eric F. 51, 74 Cintron, Myrna 62 Band, Steve 131 Brooks, Marvie 38, 175, 251 Clark, John 187 Bannan, Rosemary S. 56 Broussard, Paula M. 42, 162 Claus, Lawrence 205 Bannister, Andra J. 21 Brown, Alison McKenney 25 Clear, Todd 87, 89 Barbrey, John 238 Brown, Ben 52 Clement, Keith 238 Barker, Tom 132 Brown, Kelly 1. 129 Close, Billy R 120 Barnes, Allan 16 Brown, Margaret Phipps 198 Cochran, John K 36 Barrett, David 249 Brown, Michael 158 Cockfield, Angela D. West 64 Barrow, Lauren M. 204 Brown, Ryan 247 Cohn, Ellen G. 75 Bass, Gordon A, Jr. 27, 83 Brown, Stephen F. 93 Collins, Jack 146 Battjes, Robert 225 Brown, Terri 96 Collins, Judith Collins 132 Beard, Jonathan 148 Bruce, Alan D. 57, 70 Collins, Patricia 181 Becker, Harold K. 9, 199 Brumfield, David 149 Colvin, Mark 75 Becker, Paul 14, 132 Bryant, Kevin 50, 100 Connell, Nadine 93 Becker, Ursula Ann 128 Buerger, Michael 83, 236 Conser, James A 27, 83 Beito, Linda Royster 141 Bufkin, Jana 10, 113 Cook, Phillip J. 125 Belbot, Barbara 49, 98 Bui, Hoan N. 101 Cook, William J. 183 Cooper, Steve 68, 141, 203 Dolny, H.Michael 223 Fogel, Sondra 31 Cordner, Ann Marie 34 Donahue, Michael E. 67 Foglia, Wanda 185 Cordner, Gary 10, 189 Dorich, Annmarie 145 Ford, Marilyn Chandler 74 Corsaro, Nick 188 Dorman, Laura G. 164 Ford, Robert E. 74, 174 Coston, Charisse 204 Dome, Clifford 79, 166 Foreman, Sharon B. 156 Cote, Sue 48 Dorsey, Valerie 218 Fornango, Rob 228 Cottral, Robert 30 Dorworth,Vicky 198 Forst, Brian 25 Counts, M. Reid 54 Dotremon, Delilah 20 Forst, Linda 242 Couture, Heather 242 Dowling, JerryL. 53 Fost, Elisabeth 108 Cowles, Ernest L. 22, 164 Drager, Linda 22 Foster, Burk 166 Cowper, Thomas J. 27, 83 Drake, Christiana 151 Fowles, Tony 210 Cox, Raymond W. III 121 Driver, Erika K. 156 Frank, James 178 Craig, Paul 22 Dunkel, Heather 183 Franklin, Nicole Jeanette 156 Cremin, Brian 56 DuPont-Morales, MA 140 Frazier, Charles E. 216 Cretacci, Michael 75 DuPree, Cheron 190 Free, Kenisha 110 Crews, Gordon A 12, 54, 88 Duvall, Janet 106 Freeburg, Diamantia 53 Critzer, John W. 192 Freeman, Marvette 37 Crowley, Joan E. 170, 176 Freng, Adrienne 157 Crumpton, Andrew 20 Friday, Paul C. 249 Cullen, Francis T. 75, 113, 242 Eck, John 97 Fridell, Lorie A 21 Cunningham, Eamonn 23 Edelbacher, Maximilian 19, 180, 199 Friedrichs, David O. 202 Curran, Jeanne 75, 149 Edwards-Harver, Cynthia 156 Frissora, Gordon 245 Edwards, Steven M. 7 Fritsch, Eric J. 12, 197 Egger, Steve 246 Fritza, Jan Bau 173 Eigenberg, Helen M. 210, 229 Froyland, Irene 123 Dabdoub, Louis 35 Ekeh, Kaylene Richards 144 Fu, Qianwei 196 Dabney, Dean 249 Elechi, Oko O. 202 Fyfe , James J. 153 Dahlgren, Daniel C. 162 Elover, Neal A 17, 79 Daigle, Leah E. 113, 242 Empie, Kristine 57 Dammer, HarryR. 89, 174, 185, 199 Engel, Robin Shepard 136, 195 D'Angelo, Jill 216 English, Scott H. 116 Gabbidon, Shaun L. 150 Daniels, Karalee 96 Engvall, Robert P. 98, 211 Gaffney, Michael J. 17 Danner, TerryA 143 Erickson, Patricia E. 80 Gahli, Jennifer 82 Dantzker, M.L. 53, 100 Esbensen, Finn-Aage 157 Gaines, LarryK. 189 Darby, Cindy E. 244 Espinosa, Dula J. 54 Gale, Kathleen 94 Darling, Jennifer J. 41 Ethridge, Philip A 136 Gallego, Fabian 82 Das, Dilip K. 180, 226 Exum, Lynn 34 Gamble, Thomas 183 Davenport, Kenneth 79 Garcia, Vanessa 216 Davila, Carlos 249 Garland, Tammy S. 46, 62 Davila, Mario 62, 89 Garner, Randall 33 Davis, James R. 139, 163 Fabianic, David 246 Garofalo, Robert 33 Dawkins, Russell 139 Fadley, Melissa 122 Garrett, Flossie 204 Dawson, Jodi 172 Fan, Juanjuan 151 Garrison, Carole 9 De La Luz Lima, Maria 249 Farkas, MaryAnn 126, 188 Geary, Jason 217 De Li, Spencer 196 Farmer, Rick 167 Geary, William 80 Dean, D. Joshua 113 Farrell, Graham 59, 178, 210 Gebo, Erika 51, 223 Deaton, Steve 15 Faso, Nina 102 Gentile, John R 137 Decker, Lisa Kay 205 Fattah, David 120 Geoghagan,Angel D. 123 Decker, Scott H. 189 Feder, Lynette 50 Georges-Abeyie, Daniel E. 64 De Frances, Carol J. 16 Fein, Karen R 46 Gest, Ted 95 DeKeseredy, Walter 67 Felix, Tammy 242 Getz, William J. 162 Del Carmen, Alejandro 24, 195 Fenwick, Melissa E. 62, 168 Gewerth, Kenneth 79 Del Carmen, RolandoV. 98 Ferguson, Gerard 44 Giacomazzi, Andrew L. 2 Delaney, Nicholas R 148 Fernandez, Raphael 15 Giblin, Matt 97, 164 Della-Giustina, Jo-Ann 177 Ferreira, Angie M. 29 Gibson, Camille 194 Dellasoppa, Emilio E. 12 Ferreira, Bertus R 33, 130, 150, 170 Gibson, Chris 168 DeMichele, Matthew 9 Ferreira, Carol 201 Gibson, Pamela 243 Demirci, Suleyman 197 Ferrell, Linda 112 Giever, Dennis 233 Dempsey, John S. 58, 213 Feuerstein, Elise 172 Gilbert,Evelyn 38 Denisova, Tatyana 71 Finch, Melisa 169 Gilbertson, James N. Denq, FUljen 146 Finckenauer, James 71, 160, 199 Gilbertson, D. Lee 92 DeVall, Kristen 184 Finley, Laura 201 Giordano, Peggy 74 Dietz, Erik 51, 138 Finn, MaryA 101 Glaspie, Roberta 173 DiFulvio, Gloria 200 Firman, John 7 Glymph, Jack 72 Doane, Amy 183 Fish, Linda 156 Go, Ellen 32 Dobrin, Adam 65 Fisher, Bonnie S. 242 Godsey, Timothy W. 127 Dodge, Mary 51 Fisher-Giorlando, Marianne 251 Golden, James 35 Dodson, Kimberly D. 93 Fitzpatrick, Colleen 184 Goldstein, AbbyL. 153 Doerner,William G. 1 Flanigan, Amy 99 Gomme, Ian M. 153 Dolce, Phillip C. 47 Fletcher, Robin 249 Gonsaves, Marianne Walsh 100 Gooslin, Michele 253 Hetrick, Laura 20 Johnson, Scott L. 64, 77, 102 Gordier, Paige H. 47 Hewitt, John 63, 104 Johnson, Stephen S. 54 Gordon, Jill 129 Hickey, Eric 98, 246 Johnson, Terrance A 121 Gosselin, Denise Kindschi 100 Hickey, Thomas J. 98 Johnson, W. Wesley 60, 208, 232 Gould, Laurie A 210 Hickman, Matthew J. 137 Johnson Sr., William W. 60, 232 Gouvis, Caterina 85 Higgins, George F. 57 Johnston, C. Wayne 152 Gover, Angela R 200 Hill, Pamela 11 Johnstone, Travis S. 148 Grant, Heath B. 193 Hiller, Matthew L. 155 Jones, David M. 205 Grant, Otis B. 139, 196 Hinduj a, Sameer 221 Jones, Mark 80 Grant, Patricia 224 Hirst, Alexa M. 16, 37 J ones, Marshall Alan 9 Greaves, Elaine 17 Hochstein, Lucy Edwards 143, 177 Jones, Richard S. 251 Greek, Cecil 203 Hoff, Robert 58 Jordan, Michael L. 33 Green, Egan Kyle 133 Hoffman, Harry 11 Joseph, Janice 135, 170, 204, 251 Greene, Helen 141 Hoffman, Gary L. 4, 91 Joseph, Jennifer 99 Greene, Jack R 137 Hoffman, Jessica 42 Josi, Don A 67 Grieme, Bridget Illichmann 128 Hoffman, Tricia L. 211 Joyce, Nola 85 Griffin, Timothy 90 Holcomb, Jefferson E. 49 Griset, Pamela 94 Holden, Richard N. 4, 21 Grossi, Elizabeth L. 143, 170 Holguin-Pena, Aracelis 32 Gruberg, Martin 248 Holmes, Ronald 246 Kaci, Judy Hails 207 Gunes, Ismoil Dincer 186 Holscher, Louis 104 Kaczynski, Dan 201 Gutierrez, Ricky 2 Holtfreter, Kristy 46, 122 Kahl, Jay 169 Guttendorf, C.M. 48 Hooper, Michael 139 Kain, George F. 241 Hoover, Larry T. 33 Kakar, Suman 6 Hotaling, Gerald 140 Kalinich, David 104 Houston, E. 221 Kallergis, Sophia 11 Haberfeld, Maria 100, 170, 239 Houston, James 37 Kaminski, Tanya 237 Haffner, Kari Huang, Wilson 39 Kane, John 247 Hague, James L. 17 Huebner, Beth M. 244 Kane, Robert J. 153
Haley, Keith N. 13, 146 Hughes, Donna M. ' 71 Kang,Yoon-Hee 113 Hall, Darlene 211, 248 Hughes, Timothy 12 Kania, Richard R.E. 215 Hall, Missi 253 Hughes, Tom "Tad" 207 Kappeler, Victor E. 48, 62 Hall, William 229 H ulderman, Mike 4 Kappllaj, Angie 20 Hallett, Michael 66 Hunt, Kim S. 49 Karp, David R 81 Hamilton, MaryJane 35 Hurley, David 143 Keeler, Elizabeth 129 Hamlin, Leon 4 Hurwitz, Steven 31, 166, 172 Kelly, Katherine 231 Hansen, Tracy P. 56 Hyman, Eugene (Hon) 225 Kelly, Katie 63 Harding, Roberta 134 Kenny, James 221 Harkins, Jr., Lawrence 173 Kepford, Lori 253 Harmon, Ronnie B. 243 Kerle, Ken 3 Harper-Wood, Dee 35 Inderbitzen, Michelle 211 Kethineni, Sesha 171 Harrell, Adele 16, 37 Ioimo, Ralph E. 59 Keveles, Gary N. 76, 211 Harris, John 22 Ireland, Timothy o. 34 lChurana, Amulya 212 Harrison, Ed 3 Irlbeck, Dawn 176 Kidd, Scott 11 Harrison, Paige M. 12 Irwin, Darrell 124 Kiehela, Hannu 212 Hart, Barbara 167 Irwin, John 251 King, Eric 159 Harter, Carrie M. 88 Ismaili, Karim 67 King, Kate 191 Hartman, Jennifer L. 242 Israel, Mike 18, 23 King, Ryan D. 29 Hartz,Halvor A 180 ltuarte, Silvina 241 King, Robin 145 Hasara, Karen 22 Ivkovich, Sanja Kutnjak 174, 239 King, Tammy A 181 Havis, Leanne r. 244 Izzo, Jessica 82 King, William R 17 Hawkins, Homer C. 68 Kinlock, Timothy 225 Hayes, William 217 Kirchner, Robert A 151 Hayslett-McCall, Karen L. 168 Klein, lloyd 72, 193, 234 Healy, Ian 41 Jacobs, Pearl 209 Klenowski, Paul M. 247 Helland, Eric A 6 Jacobson, Caron 69 Klockars, Carl B. 239 Hemmens, Craig 97, 107, 170 J aneksela, Galan 228 Knepper, Paul 141 Henderson, Claudia 209 Janikowski, Richard 50, 98, 182 Knight, Kevin 252 Henderson, Lajuana 156 Jarrell, Melissa L. 42 Kocasakal, Umit 197 Henderson, Martha 107, 155 Jenkins, JeffreyA 98, 163 Koleszar, William 174 Hendricks, Cindy 66 J enkot, Robert 112 Koons-Wit, Barbara 119 Hendricks, James 66 Jensen, Carl J. III 27, 83 Koper, Christopher Henriques, Zelma 175 Jipson, Arthur 14, 132 Kordzek, Andrea L. 23 Henry, Phylliss J. 7 Joffer, Patricia A 209 Kozak, Jeffery 59 Henry, Richard A 86, 179 Johnson, Barry 225 Kramer, David 69 Hensarling, Melissa 24 Johnson, Calvin C. 85 Kraska, Peter B. 9 Hensley, Christopher 51 Johnson, Ida M. 26 Kratcoski, Peter C. 162 Henthorne, Leslie 96 Johnson, Kathy 24 Kreisel, Betsy 119, 147, 164, 187, 238 Herwig, Carissa 177 Johnson, Lili K. 100 Krimmel, John T. 221 Herz, Denise 176 Johnson, Matthew B. 121 Krumholz, Susan T. 190 Krzewinski, Michael G. 178 Lynskey, Dana Peterson 157 Merlo, Alida 111, 183 Kubrin, Charis E. 168 Lyons, William 134 Meyer, Bernie 50 Kubu, Bruce 21 Meyer, Fred 63 Kuehnle, Kristen 230 Meyer, Jon'a F. 146 Kulpa, RobertE. Jr. 102 Micucci, Anthony J. 153 Kunselman, Julie C. 193 Mabry,Alan 138 Mielke, Jaymie M. 11 Kunz, Phillip R. 94 MacDonald, John 2 Miller, Dane C. 79, 147, 169, 238 Kunzman, Linda 195 MacKenzie, Doris Layton 196 Miller, J. Michell 119 Kurki, Leena 44 Madden, Sean 19 Miller, Karen 134 Kusha, Hamid R. 212 Madriz, Esther 196 Miller, Milo 76, 112, 207 Kushner, Harvey W. 56 Magers, Jeff 137 Mimura, Susan 245 Mahaffey-Sapp, Carla J. 123 Minor, Kevin I. 47, 129, 138 Mahan, Sue 110 Minor, Shawn 99, 163 Maher, Patrick T. 100, 153 Mitchell, David 145 Lab, Steven P. 177 Mahmood, Marcus 35 Mitchell, Ojmarrh 37 Lafontaine, Tracy 225 Malkia, Matti 180, 212 Mizrahi, Stephanie 17 Lahm, Karen 13, 155 Mallory, Stephen L. 212 Moak, Stacy 190, 228 Lane,Jodi 216 Marche, Gary E. 33 Mobley, Alan 115 Lang, Patrick H. 180 Marenin, Otwin 127 Mohammad, Fida 248 Langworthy, Robert H. 84, 97 Marion, Nancy 167 Monk, Richard 24 Lanier, Charles S. 23, 115 Markowitz, Michael W. 191 Montgomery, Reid H. 224 Lanza-Kanduce, Lonn 216 Marlow, Alan 33, 124 Moon, Byongook 99 Larson, Sharon 248 Marsh, Robert 245 Moore, Gretchen E. 124 Laster, J. Dennis 65, 169 Marshall, Dwayne 137 Moore, Heidi 173, 187 Latessa, Edward 104, 107 Marshall, Ted A 73 Moran, Nathan R. 194 Latimer, Phyllis 217 Marske, Charles E. 2, 87 Morash, Merry 46 Laufersweiler-Dwyer, Deborah L. 35 Martin, Jamie 233 Morgan, Etta F. 26 Lavery, Cathryn F. 204 Martin, Steven S. 150 Morin, Robert P. 1, 61, 158, 244 Lawrence, FUchard 245 Martinette, Kristen 122 Morley, Harvey N. 153 Lawton, Brian A 137 Maruna, Shadd 81 Morn, Frank 224 Layne, Mary 71 Mason, FUchard P. 60, 232 Morrison, Gregory B. 47, 202 Ledbetter, Jr., James F. 15 Matthews, Betsy A 25 Morrison, Lee Ann 47 Lee, Ernest 249 Matthews, Stephen A 168 Morse, Christopher 134, 202 Lee, Lou-Jou 146 Matthews, Timothy 25 M uedeking, George 124 LeGrand, Scott 181 Maume, Michael o. 67 Mullen, Matthew N. 148 Leip, Leslie A 37 Maupin, James R. 86 Mullendore, Kristine 94, 229 Lenhart, Carol Cagwin 79 Maxwell, Christopher D. 49 Munson, Alice 8 Lepine, Brian 223 Maxwell, Sheila Royo 99, 147 Murphy, David 208, 223 LeRoy, Francois 215 Mays, Larry 105 Muscat, BernadetteT. 156 Lersch, Kim Michelle 195, 201 Mazerolle, Lorraine 143 Myers, Laura 89 Letman, Sloan 11 Mazurkiewicz, Angel 42 Leukefeld, Carl 155 McCabe, Kimberly A 221 Levin, Bernard 27, 236 McCarthy, Bernard J. 13 Levin, Brian 27, 83, 179 McClellan, Janet 55 N alIa, Mahesh 221 Levin, Dr. Jack 246 McClelland, Scott Taylor 121 N arevic, Egle 155 Levine, Richard 151 McClusky,John D. 244 Neff, Joan L. 156 Lewis, Parella 42 McConnell, Elizabeth H. 10 Neild, Jill 158 Libennan, Akiva 34 McConnack, Robert J. 40 Nelligan, Peter J. 43, 61, 118, 191 Liddick, Don 19 McCoy, Mark R. 236 Nelson, Christopher E. 94 Liederbach, John 178 McCoy, Tana 187 N estlerode, J ana 5 Lilly, J. Robert 134, 215 McCrystle, Michael J. 30 Newhart, Lynn 35 Lim, Helen Ahn 196 McDevitt, Jack 178 Newton, Julie 154 Linn, John R. 80 McDonald, William F. 174 Ngo, Fawn T. 208 Linn, Joseph 173 McElreath, David 151, 165 Nicholson, Donna J. 92 Listwan, Shelley 31, 107 McGee, Zina T. 52, 200 Nickoli, Angela 66 Litras, Marika F.X. 16 McGinley, Tracy Goss 132 Niederkohr, Jeremy 230 Liu, Jiabo 57, 240 McGuffee, Karen 229 Nieliwocki, Walter J. 178 Liu, Jianhong 194 McKee, Adam J. 151 Nilson, Chad 165 Liu, Lin 97 McKenzie, Douglas G. 229, 235 Nolan, James A 206 Liu, Peter 33 McKenzie, Ian K. 4, 40 Norris, Michael R. 57 Lizotte,Alan 111 McMorris, Michael A 21 Long, Lydia M. 61, 238 McNeece, Aaron 45 Longmire, Dennis 182 McNulty, Betsie 165 Loper, D. Kall 132 McQuade, Sam 189 Oberweis, Trish 183 Lord, Vivan B. 59 McShane, Marilyn 170, 223 Obinyan, Evaristus 184 Louden, Robert J. 136, 161 McVey, Randolph T. 127, 155, 208 O'Boyle, Meredith E. 150 Lovell, Rick 126 Mealia, Robert M. 16 O'Callaghan, Karl 123 Lutze, Faith E. 208 Melton, Heather C. 74 O'Connell, Daniel J. 225 Lybarger, Jeff 247 Melzer, Sharon A 148 O'Connor, Tom 203 Lynch, James P. 85 Menton, P. Christopher 163 Oliver, Darryl L. 206 Oliver, Willard M. 142, 167 Proctor, Jon L. 48 Ryan, Kevin 4 Oliver, William 192 Proper, Diana 23 Ryan, Patrick 58 Olson, Stephanie 122 Przybylski, Roger K. 151 O'Neill, Brian F. 244 Pulley, Thomas 48 Opolot, Ej akait 86 Purvis,Darcy 228 Orrick, David 103 Sabol, William J. 85, 109 Orvis, Gregory P. 167 Sagatun-Edwards, Inger 225 Osgood, Emily 66 Sainio, Mikael 212 O'Shea, Tim 65 Quinn, Susan 105 Samuel, Laurie J. 123 Osnick, Stacy L. 112 Sapp, Allen D. 27, 83, 123 Otto, Charles 110, 145 Saum, Christine 107 Outlaw, Maureen C. 168 Saunders, Joe 146 Owen, Steven S. 165 Savage, Joanne 85, 230 Owens, Charles E. 235 Rainville, Gerard 45 Scarborough, Kathryn 9 Owens, David 58, 213 Rariden, Jude 77 Scarpitti, Frank 107, 138, 224 Ozdogan, AJi 197, 214, 240 Ray, James 217 Schaefer, Marny 110 Ozeren, Sulleyman 186 Ray, Kenyatta 37 Schafer, Joseph A 142, 106 Reddington, Frances P. 164, 187 Schafer, Nancy 61, 104, 223 Reed, Thomas E. 179, 231 Schain, Linda 209 Reed, Winifred 6, 157 Scheb, John M. II 134 Padgett, Kathy 90 Regoli, Robert M. 104 Scheidegger, Arnie R. 10 Palacios, Wilson R. 62, 168, 175 Rehling, William R. 17, 114 Schernock, Stan 118, 130, 9 Pallone, Nathaniel J. 204 Reid, Sue Titus 104, 182 Schmallenger, Frank 203 Palmiotto, Michael J. 154, 180, 236 Reimund, Mary Ellen 76 Schram, Pamela J. 231 Palombo, Bernadette Jones 234 Reisner, Ronald 68, 191 Schreck, Christopher J. 93 Paparozzi, Mario 43 Renaud, Emily 172 Schrink, Jeff 46 Paquette, Paul 217 Rennison, Callie 63, 149 Schwartz, Martin D. 67 Parker, Joe 39 Repenning, Kari 183 Schwartzman,Judith B. 156 Parker, Lee 25 Reynolds, Michael K. 158 Sealock, Miriam D. 249 Pascarella, Joseph E. 53 Rhoades, Phillip W. 35, 52 Sechrest, Dale K. 119, 231 Pastier, Matt 237 Richards, Stephen C. 115 Secret, Phillip E. 81 Patchin, Justic W. 113 Richter, Michelle Y. 62 Seddon, Ayn Embar- 8 Pate, Anthony M. 6 Riley, John 53 Sefcik, Elizabeth 35 Patenaude, Allen 119, 163 Rivera-Vazquez, Omara 148 Seiter, Richard P. 87 Patrick, Steven 245 Rivers, David W. 246 Seklecki, Richard M. 133, 154 Paylor, Ian 158 Robbins, Cynthia A lSO Selke, William 188 Payne, Brian K. 117 Robbins, Kelly 43 Sellers, Christine S. 36 Pearl, Natalie 174 Robertiello, Gina 144 Sen, Osman N. 214 Peat, Barbara 50, 67 Roberts,Albert R. 52, 102 Senjo, Scott R. 5, 37 Pelz, Beth 216 Roberts,Jenn ifer Johnson 133 Sever, Brion 6, 68 Penly, Gina R. 23 Roberts, Reta 198 Severance, Theresa A 51, 70 Pepinsky, Hal 75 Robertson, Cliff 65 Sgarzi, Judith M. 137 Perez, McCluskey, Cynthia 113 Roby, Clare 126 Shacklock, Howard 128 Perkins, Craig 149 Robyn, Linda 86 Shaffer, Deborah 107 Perkins, David 25 Rodrigues, Rose P. 243 Shansky, Ron 3 Perkins, Elizabeth 189 Rodriguez, John J. 41 Sherley, Alison J. 234 Perkins, Tina 245 Rojek, Jeffrey 189 Shemock, Stan 9, 118, 130 Perry, Kenneth 217 Roman, John 210 Shichor, David 11, 119 Pervushina, Lyuba 215 Rose, Dina R. 87 Shields, Glenn 177 Petrocelli, Matthew 10 Rosenfeld, Jake 176 Shields, Theodore 24 Petrucci, CarrieJ. 152 Rosenmerkel, Sean P. 196 Shon, Phillip Chong Ho 35 Phillips, Peter W. 118 Ross, Darrell 1. 13 Shook, Lyle L. 24 Picarelli, John T. 71 Ross, Debra 240 Shuker, Nan J. 152 Pierce, Glenn 125 Ross, Jeffrey Ian 115 Sigler, Robert Thomas 9 Piquero, Alex R. 10, 93, 137, 185 Ross, Lee E. 202 Silman, Sheila A 31 Piquero, Nichole Leeper 34, 59 Roth, Dwight 149 Silverman, Eli B. 124, 161 Planty, Mike 63, 149 Roth, Frederick P. 39 Simon, Kathleen 188 Poe, J.J. 81 Roth, Mitchell R. 118 Sims, Barbara 101, 177, 218 Pogrebin, Mark 51, 126 Rotton, James 75 Six, Tamson 1. 241 Poland, Amy 176 Rouse, John 209 Skelton, David T. 235 Poland, James M. 215 Ruback, R. Barry 168 Skillman, Gemma 169 Pollock, Jocelyn 26 Rubenser, Lorie L. 118 Skoll, Geoffrey R. 5 Postle, GregoryJ. 150 Ruberry,Joan 184 Slate, Risdon 208 Potter, GaryW. 48, 134 Ruddell, Rick 105 Small, Kevonne 85 Potter, Karen 48 Ruefie, William 105 Smallwood, Arni 122 Potter, Roberto Hugh 162, 200 Ruiz, James 77, 213, 237 Smith, Beverly A 66 Powell, Heather 183 Rummel, Scott 42 Smith, Christopher E. 94 Powell, Natasha D. 10 Rush, Jeffery P. 88, 118, 190 Smith, Cindy J. 12 Pratt, Travis C. 113, 127 Rutz-Burri, Lore 205 Smith, Howard 205 Price, Daniel 8 Ryan, James E. 190 Smith, J. Steven 13 Smith, Jeremiah 237 Taylor, Terrance J. 157 Wagner, Camille 206 Smith, Jimmy L. 1 Terrill, William 206 Wagner, William F. 206 Smith, M. Dwayne 31, 185 Terry, Chuck 115 Wainwright, Anita 181 Smith, Michael R. 10 Terry, Karen J. 193 Waldron, Joe 245 Snell, Clete 19 Teske, Raymond H. C., Jr. 36, 54 Walker, Jeffrey T. 26, 78 Soderstrom, Irina R. . 79, 138 Tewksbury, Richard 51 Walker, Roy o. 4 Solomon, Amy 85, 109 Thacker, Beverly 253 Wallace, Donald H. 134 Song, John 146 Thibault, Edward A. 213, 227 Wallace, Lisa Hutchinson 52, 228 Soper, Josef 37 Thomas, George 129 Walpole, Holly 56 Sorensen, Jonathan R. 134, 188 Thompson, R. Alan 117 Walsh, John 112 Sorensen, Tamara D. 148 Thompson, Andre James 80 Walton, Sterling 156 Souryal, Sam S. 80, 126 Thompson, Bankole 134 Wang, Hsiao-Ming 231 Spader, Dean J. 241 Thompson, Robert 253 Wang, Xinhao 97 Spence, Deborah L. 101 Thompson, Titus 11 Ward, Sara E. 23 Sperber, Kimberly 138, 163 Thomson, Ernie 90 Warner, Barbara D. 130 Spohn, Cassia 99 Thomson, J. Michael 134 Waters, Sean 218 Squeo, Michael C. 82 Thornton, William E. 150 Watkins, R. Cory 158 Sridharan, Sanjeev 32 Thrift, Nicole R. 150 Webb, Gary L. 94 St. Jean, Peter KB. 168, 231 Thurman, Quint C. 143 Webb, Sandra 78 Stack, Steven 81, 149 Time, Victoria 117 Weidner, Robert R. 61 Stacy, Amanda 253 Tobolowsky, Peggy M. 176 Weisheit, Ralph A. 92 Stafford, Howard 97 Tomaszewski, E. Andreas 36 Weiss, David P. 6 Stanley, Beth 253 Tontodonato, Pamela 139 Weiss, Michael Scott 187 Stein, Judy B. 140 Torres, Sam 138, 208 Welch, Robert 89 Steiner, Benjamin D. 23 Totten, Mark 231 Wells, James 25, 47 Steinman, Rick M. 202 Travis, Jeremy 109 Wells, L. Edward 92 Stephens, Gene 45 Travis, Lawrence F. III 97, 143, 178 Wells, Terry 208 Stephens, Joyce 101 Tregea, William S. 115 Wells, William 133, 208 Sterling, Eric E. 30 Turner, Craig 88 Welter, Sarah 44 Stevens, Dennis J. 142, 207, 234 Turner, Michael G. 113, 242 Whelan, David C. 235 Stichman, Amy 188 Turner, KB. 81 Whetstone, Thomas S. 53, 154 Stinchcomb, Jeanne B. 65 Turner, Tammy 146 White, Jill 24 Stockner, JefiTy 31 Tymony, Jeff 236 White, Joe 20 Stohr, MaryK 107 White, John H. 133, 234 Stojkovic, Stan 3, 126 White, Jonathan R. 56 Stokes, Larry D. 108 White, Ruth 125, 189 Strickland, Ruth 188 Uekert, Brenda K. 190 White, Vidella 26 Strom, Kevin K 12 Ulrich, Erin 237 Whitehead, John 89, 99 Stuckhoff, David R. 171 Urick, Bradley B. 122 White-Perry, Giselle 50, 175 Stuccio-Lendy, Donna 58 Uwazie, Ernest E. 69, 152 Whitus, Stephanie A. 36 Sturges, Judith E. 13 Wiinamaki, Lizabeth 219 Sullivan, Anne 230 Wilde, John L. 172 Sulton, Anne T. 120 Wilkinson, William V. 15 Sumter, Melvina 89 Valadez, Francisco 33 Will, Jeffry A. 235 Sun, Ivan Y. 195 VanBrunshot, Erin Gibbs 76 Willcutts, Kathryn 91 Sun, Key 138, 163 VanHouten, Amy 92 Williams, Frank P. 170, 223 Sundt, Jody L. 129 Van Ness, Shela R. 72, 108 Williams, Hubert 78, 120 Supancic, Michael 19, 93 Van Stelle, Kit 252 Williams, Jimmy J. 37 Suresh, Geetha 143 Van Voorhis, Patricia 31, 155 Williams, Matt 245 Surette, Raymond 13 Vandiver, Donna M. 26 Williams, Marian 177 Suzuki, Toyo 11 Vandiver, Margaret 182 Williams, Phil 71 Svitkovich, Thomas 159 Varano, Sean P. 196, 244 Williams, Tammy 11 Swanson, Jessica 101 Vardalis, James 6 Williamson, Che D. 187 Swaroop, Korni Kumar 227 Vaughn, Heidi 32 Williamson, Frank E., Jr. 162 Sweet, Kathleen M. 69 Vaughn, Joseph B. 79, 109, 118 Willis, Cecil L. 124 Sylver, Peter 202 Vaughn, Michael S. 146 Wilson, Fred G. 78 Veitenheimer, Amber 20 Wilson, George 175 Veneziano, Carol 181 Wilson, William J. 235 Veneziano, Louis 181 Winfree, Thomas L. 104 Tafoya, William 203 Venters, Kenneth 72 Winston, Craig N. 142 Takata, Susan R. 75, 149 Victor, Michael I. 68 Winston, Roschelle 181 Tannehill, Ronald 236 Visher, Christy A. 109 Wintemute, Garen 125, 151 Targonski, Joseph 35 Vito, Gennaro 104, 182, 227 Wish, Eric D. 108, 119 Tartaro, Christine 191 Viverette, Mary Ann 7 Woker, Melinda 112 Tatum, Becky 54, 86, 175 Vizzard, Will 30 Wood, Steven R. 147 Taxman, Faye 252 Voigt, Lydia 150 Woodiel, LoftinC. 66, 130, 143 Taylor, David 227 Woods, Jr., DeVere D. 117 Taylor, Dorothy 251, 120 Woods, James 56 Taylor, Lisa D. 144 Wooldredge, John 90, 93 Taylor, Robert W. 56, 118, 214 Wade, John 112 Worden, Robert E. 1, 206 Wright, Benjamin 164 Wright, John Paul 93, 113 Wright, RichardA. 8 Wright, Richard G. 192, 193 Wylie, Ruth 198
Yacoubian, George S., Jr. 108, 119 Yanarella, ErnestJ. 167 Yearwood, Doug 88 Yeh, Yenli 171
Zambrano, Kristina 52 Zeigler, Dianna L. 218 Zeigler, Frank 229 Zevitz, Richard 234 Zhang, Hongwei 194 Zhang, Van 49 Zhao, Jihong 168 Ziembo-Vogl, Joanne 117 Barry P. Abbott Lorraine Ali BrandonApplegate James Austin 7 Lyreleaf Place 1135 UniversityAvenue University of Central Florida George Washington University The Woodlands, TX77382 Apartment 5G Criminal Justice Dept Institute on Crime, Justice &
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(813) 974-6862 • (813) 974-2803 Northeastern University Tim Bynum Marvelous Brooks College of Criminal Justice Michigan State University Michael Brand John Jay College of Criminal Justice 204 Churchill Hall School of CriminalJustice East Central University LibraI}' Department 360 Huntington Avenue 560 Baker Hall Department of Human Resources 899 Tenth Avenue Boston, MA 02115 East Lansing, MI 48824 (517) Social Work Program New York, NY10019 (617) 373-2176 • (617) 373-8998 355-2796· (517) 432-1787
Ada, OK 74820 (212) 237-8106 • (212) 237-8221 [email protected] [email protected] mbbjj @cunyum.cuny.edu Pauline Brennan Jana Bufkin Tory J. Caeti University of North Carolina at Kelly Brown DruI}'University University of North Texas Charlotte Indiana State University Department of Behavioral Sciences Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminology 900 North Benton Avenue Box 305130 9210 University City Boulevard Holmstedt Hall Springfield, MO 65802 Denton, TX76203-5130 Charlotte, NC 28223 Terre Haute, IN 47809 (417) 873-6942 (940) 565-4591 . (940) 565-2548
(704) 547-2766 • (704) 547-3349 (812) 237-2199 • (812) 237-8099 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Hoan N. Bui James D. Calder Mary Brewster Terri Brown Michigan State University University of Texas at San Antonio West Chester University Ohio University at Chillicothe School of Criminal Justice College of Urban Professional Department of Criminal Justice Deaf Studies and Interpreting 560 Baker Hall Programs 200 Ruby Jones Hall 571 West 5th East Lansing, MI 48824 501 West Durango West Chester, PA 19383 Chillicothe, OH 45601 (517) 432-7159 ' (517) 432-1787 FS 4.528 (610) 436-2630· (610) 436-2889 [email protected] San Antonio, TX78249-0655 [email protected] Margaret Phipps Brown (210) 458-5605· (210) 458-4629 Marshall University Wade Bundy [email protected] Laurie Bright Department of Criminal Justice Boise State University National Institute of Justice 400 Hal Greer Boulevard Department of Sociology RichardB. Callahan 810 7th Street, Northwest Huntington, WV 25755 1910 University Avenue Virginia Department of Room 7327 Boise, ID 83725 Corrections Washington, DC 20531 1208 Norwood Street 24141 (202) 616-3624 • (202) 616-0275 Radford, VA (540) 831-5850 (540) 831-6136 [email protected] .gov • Jennifer M. Calnon Susan Caringella- McDonald Sarah Chard John W. Clark Pennsylvania State University Western Michigan University Bowling Green State University University of Alabama Crime, Law& Justice Program Department of Sociology Department of Human Services Department of Criminal Justice 211 Oswald Tower 2414 Sangren Hall Bowling Green, OH 43403 Post Office Box 870320
University Park, PA 16802 Kalamazoo, MI 49008 (419) 372-2326 • (419) 372-2400 Tuscaloosa, AL35487
(814) 863-8868 (616) 387-5279 · (616) 387-2882 (205) 348-7795 • (205) 348-7178 [email protected] [email protected] Meda Chesney-Und [email protected] University of Hawaii at Manoa Damon Camp Joseph Carlson Department of Women's Studies LawrenceN. Claus Georgia State University University of Nebraska at Kearney Honolulu, HI 96822 Indiana University of Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice Pennsylvania Box 4018 3111 Country Club Lane Sonya Chiles Department of Criminology Atlanta, GA 30302-4018 Kearney, NE 68849 Montogomery College G-1 McElhaney Hall
(404) 651-2449 • (404) 651-3658 (308) 865-8961 • (308) 865-8567 Department of Criminal Justice 441 North Walk [email protected] carlsonj @unk.edu 51 Mannakee Street Indiana, PA 15705
Rockville, MD 20850 (724) 357-5931 • (724) 357-4018 J"hn Campbell Deanne Carp [email protected] st. Cloud State University 1420 West McDennott Drive Bradley Stewart Chilton 720 Fourth Avenue, South Apartment 323 University of North Texas Todd R. Clear Stewart Hall 242 Allen, TX 75013 Department of Criminal Justice John Jay College of Criminal St. Cloud, MN 56301-4498 (214) 547-0380 Chilton Hall 359M Justice (320) 255-2985 · (320) 255-2993 [email protected] Post Office Box305130 Department of Law and Police [email protected] Denton, TX76203-5130 Science
David F. Carter (940) 369-8860 • (940) 565-2548 899 lOth Avenue Robin Campbell University of Cincinnati [email protected] New York, NY10019
14 Alexander Road Division of Criminal Justice (212) 237-8470 • (212) 237-8383 CarrickFergus, County Antrim, Cincinnati, OH 45226-0389 Ted Chiricos [email protected]. cuny.edu Northern Ireland Florida State University (2890) 561-651 David L. Carter School of Criminology and Criminal Keith Clement [email protected] Michigan State University Justice School of Criminal Justice 634 West Call Street Billy R. Close Jeffrey Michael Cancino 560 Baker Hall Tallahassee, FL 32306-1127 Florida State University Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824-1118 167 Bellamy Drive
103 Oxford Road (517) 355-9308 • (517) 332-1055 Yuno Choi Building 2025 East Lansing, MI 48823 [email protected] Dongguk University Tallahassee, FL 32306-2025
(517) 272-7793 (850) 644-5344 • (850) 644-9614 [email protected] AndreaM. Carter Kyubum Choi University of Arkansas at Little Rock Florida State University John Cochran Joanna B. Cannon 2801 South University Avenue School of Criminologyand Criminal University of South Florida Florida State University Little Rock, AR 72204 Justice Department of Criminal Justice School of Criminologyand 634 West Call Street and Sociology Criminal Justice Thomas Castellano Tallahassee, FL 32306-1127 4202 East Fowler Avenue
The Hecht House Southern Illinois University (850) 644-4746 • (850) 644-0337 Tampa, FL 33620-8100
Tallahassee, FL 32306-1127 Department of Crime and Delinquency [email protected] (813) 974-9569 • (813) 974-2803 (850) 644-4050 · (850) 644-9614 Carbondale, IL 62901-4504 [email protected] [email protected] (618) 453-5701 · (618) 453-6377 DonSoo Chon [email protected] Florida State University Angela D. west Cockfield Cecil Canton School of Criminology and Criminal University of Louisville California State UniversIty at Shelagh Catlin Justice Department of Justice Sacramento 59 Edenburg Avenue 634 West Call Street Administration 6000 J Street Albany, NY12203 Hecht House Brigman Hall
Sacramento, CA95819-6085 (518) 442-4446 • (518) 442-5603 Tallahassee, FL 32306-1127 Second Floor
(916) 278-5059 • 916-278-7692 [email protected] (850) 644-7379 Louisville, KY40292 [email protected] [email protected] Susan L. Caulfield Ellen G. Cohn Joel Caplan Western Michigan University Tae Myung Choo Florida International University Department of Sociology Mississippi Valley State University School of Policy and Management George E. Capo�ch Kalamazoo, MI 49008 Department of Criminal Justice 11200 Southwest 8th Street
Washington State University (616) 387-5291 • (616) 387-2882 14000 Highway 82 West Suite 411 Department of Political Science [email protected] Box 7237 Miami, FL 33199 and Criminal Justice Itta Bena, MS 38941 (305) 348-5848
Post Office Box 644880 Stephen A. Cernkovich (662) 254-3366 • (662) 455-3041 [email protected] Pullman, WA 99164-4880 Bowling Green State University [email protected]
(509) 335-8929 • (509) 335-7990 Department of Sociology Jack Collins [email protected] 222 Williams Hall Jayanto Choudhury Tiffin University Bowling Green, OH 43402 Embassy of India School of CriminalJustice
Chris Capsambelis (419) 372-2743 • (419) 372-8306 2107 Massachusetts Avenue, NW 155 Miami Street University of Tampa [email protected] Washington, DC 20008 Tiffin, OH 44883
401 West Kennedy Boulevard (800) 968-6446 • (513) 825-3536 Box 103-F Mike Chamberlin Larry Chung Tampa, FL 33606 North Carolina Central University International Foundation for the Patricia Collins
(813) 253-3333 • (727) 319-6463 2806 Percussion Drive Peaceful The College of New Jersey [email protected] Hillsborough, NC 27278 Elimination of Opium Crops Post Office Box 7718 (919) 643-0303 12 F. Suite A Ewing, NJ 08628-0718
Tullio Caputo [email protected] 171 Rossevelt Road Section 3 (609) 771-2956 • (609) 637-5141 Carleton University Taipeo, 106 [email protected] Department of Sociology Darl H. Champion, Sr. TAIWAN Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6 Methodist College Judith Collins CANADA Department of Criminal Justice Studies Huseyin Cinoglu Michigan State University
(613) 520-2600 • (613) 520-4062 5400 Ramsey Street University of North Texas School of Criminal Justice [email protected] Fayetteville, NC 28311 Department of Criminal Justice Baker Hall 560
(910) 630-7050 • (910) 630-7679 Box 305130 East Lansing, MI 48824 Gail Caputo [email protected] Denton, TX76203-5130 University of North Texas (940) 382-4961 Mark Colvin Department of Criminal Justice Meghan S. Cbandek [email protected] George Mason University Post Office Box 305130 Michigan State University Department of Sociology Denton, TX 76203 School of Criminal Justice Myrna Cintron 6030 Bryant Street
(940) 565-2758 • (940) 565-2548 560 Baker Hall Sam Houston State University Pittsburgh, PA 15206 gcaputo(a'scs.emm.nnt .(�du East Lansing, MI 48824 College of Criminal Justice (703) 993-1428 • (703) 993-1446 (517) 432-7160 · (517) 432-1787 Post Office Box 2296 [email protected] [email protected] Huntsville, TX 77341-2296 (409) 294-1637 · (409) 294-1653 [email protected] Nadine Connell Heather Couture Concetta Culliver Jennifer Darling Northeastern University Northeastern University Benedict College Western New England College College of Criminal Justice College of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice 1215 Wilbraham Road 360 Huntington Avenue 400 Churchill Hall Columbia, SC 29206 Post Office Box 1333
Boston, MA 02115 Boston, MA 02115 (803) 253-5200 • (803) 253-5328 Springfield, MA01119 (617) 373-3327 · (617) 373-8998 (617) 578-7239 [email protected] EamonnCunnin gham Dilip Das Ernest L Cowles State University of N.Y. at James A. Conser University of Illinois at Springfield Jeanne Curran Plattsburgh Ohio Peace Officer Training Center For Legal Studies Ca. State University at Dominguez 101 Broad Street Commission Post Office Box 19243 Hills Plattsburgh, NY12901
Post Office Box 309 Springfield, IL 62794-9243 Department of Sociology (518) 564-3045 • (518) 564-3333
London, OH 43140 (217) 206-6343 • (217) 206-7394 1000 East Victoria [email protected]
(614) 466-7771 • (614) 728-5150 [email protected] Carson, CA90747 [email protected] (310) 516-3831 Kenneth Davenport Thomas J. Cowper [email protected] Phillip J. Cook New York State Police Carlos Davila Duke University 6 C Executive Park Drive Louis Dabdoub 2292 Loring Place Sanford School Public Policy Stuyvesant Plaza New Orleans Police Department Apartment IN Post Office Box 90245 Albany, NY12203 4317 Magazine Street Bronx, NY 10468-5813 Durham,NC 27708 New Orleans, LA 70118 (212) 558-4000 Raymond W. Cox, III [email protected] William J. Cook, Jr. The University of Akron Dean Dabney Westfield State College Department of Public Administration and Georgia State Unviersity Mario Davilla Department of Criminal Justice Urban Studies Post Office Box 4018 Sam Houston State University Post Office Box 21 The Polsky Building, 265 Atlanta, GA 30302 College of Criminal Justice WesternAvenue Akron, OH 44325-7904 (404) 651-0747 · 404-651-3658 Huntsville, TX77341 Westfield, MA 01086 (330) 972-7618 · (330) 972-6376 [email protected] (936) 294-1637 · (936) 294-1653 (413) 572-5729 · (413) 572-8524 [email protected] [email protected] Daniel C. Dahlgren James Davis Paul Craig Kent State University St. Peters College Stev n Cooper University of Illinois Stark Campus Inwood Station California State University at Institute for Government and Public Affairs 6000 Frank Avenue, Northwest Post Office Box 499 Fullerton Post Office Box 17243 Canton, OH 44720-7599 New York City, NY 10034-0499 Department of Criminal Justice Springfield, IL 62704 (330) 499-9600 ·330-494-6121 (212) 567-9896 800 North State College Boulevard [email protected] Fullerton, CA92834-6848 Brian Cremin Russell Dawkins (714) 389-1010 Crime Management Group Leah E. Daigle Southern University at Baton [email protected] Regus House University of Cincinnati Rouge Harcourt Road Department of Criminal Justice Department of Sociology and Gary Cordner Dublin 2, Post Box 210389 Criminal Justice Eastern Kentucky University IRELAND Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 Post Office Box 10051
College of Law Enforcement (353) 1-417-4242 • (353) 1-402-9590 (513) 556-3033 • (513) 556-3303 Baton Rouge, LA 70813
354 Stratton Building [email protected] [email protected] (504) 771-2011 • (225) 771-5675 Richmond, KY40475 [email protected]
(606) 622-2344 • (606) 622-6561 Michael Cretacci Harry Dammer [email protected] The citadel Niagara University Jodi Dawson Department of Political Science and Department of Criminal Justice Tiffin University AnnMarie Cordner Criminal Justice Niagara, NY 14109 1244 Walker Street
641 Cooper Drive Capers Hall, Room 415 (716) 286-8095 • (716) 286-8061 Mansfield, OH 44906-1419 Lexington, KY40502 171 Moultrie Street [email protected] [email protected] Charleston, SC 29409 Maria de la luzlima Jill M. D'Angelo CONSEGU Nicholas A. Corsaro Gordon A. Crews AlfredUniversity Bajio 234, casi esq con Manzanilla Indiana University Jacksonville State University Division of Social Sciences Col. Roma Sur. 302 Sycamore Hall Department of Criminal Justice 6501 Whitford Road C.P. Mexico, D.F., Bloomington, IN 47405 700 Pelham Road, North Alfred Station, NY14803 MEXICO
(812) 855-9325 • (812) 855-5522 Jacksonville, AL36265 (607) 871-2434 (52) 5264-7379 [email protected] (256) 782-5335 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Charisse Coston Karalee Daniels Spencer De Ii University of North Carolina at John W. Critzer Ohio University at Chillicothe Universityof Maryland Charlotte Southern Connecticut State University Deaf Studies and Interpreting Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice Building Department Political Science 571 West 5th Criminal Justice 226 Garinger Building 501 Crescent Street Chillicothe, OH 45601 2220 LeFrak Hall Charlotte, NC 28223 New Haven, cr06515 College Park, MD 20742
(704) 687-2008 (203) 392-5658 • (203) 392-5670 Terry Danner [email protected] [email protected] Saint LeoCollege D. Joshua Dean Department of Criminal Justice Northeastern University Suzette Cote Joan E. Crowley Post Office Box 6665 410 Churchill Hall California State University at New Mexico State University Saint Leo, FL 33574-8289 Boston, MA 02115
Sacramento Department of Criminal Justice (352) 588-8402 • (352) 588-8289 (617) 373-3618 · (617) 373-8998 Department of Criminal Justice MSC 3487 [email protected] and Sociology Post Office Box 30001 Steve Deaton 6000 J Street Las Cruces, NM 88003-0001 Mark L. Dantzker Florida State University
Sacramento, CA95819-6085 (505) 646-5376 • (505) 646-2827 University of Texas at Pan American School of Criminology
(916) 278-6437 • (916) 278-7692 [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice Tallahassee, FL 32306-1127 [email protected] 1201 West University Drive (850) 644-4050 Andrew Crumpton Edinburg, TX 78539-2909 [email protected] Robert Cottral Midwestern State University (956) 381-2967 · (956) 381-2490 George Washington University Criminal Justice Program [email protected] Scott H. Decker Law School 3400 Taft Boulevard University of Missouri at St. Louis 2000 H. Street, NW Wichita Falls, TX 76308 Cindy E. Darby 8001 Natural Bridge Road Washington, DC 20052 2687 Village Lane St. Louis, MO 63121-4499
Francis Cullen Apartment B-12 (314) 516-5038 • (314) 516-5048 M. Reid Counts University of Cincinnati Bossier City, LA71112 [email protected] University of North Carolina at Department of Criminal Justice (318) 746-9851 ext. 450 Wilmington Post Office Box 210389 [email protected] LisaDecker Department of Sociology and Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 Indiana State University
Criminal Justice (513) 556-5834 • (513) 556-3303 Department of Criminology 601 South College Road [email protected] 233 Holmstedt Hall Wilmington, NC 28403 Terre Haute, IN 47809
(910) 962-7691 · (910) 962-7385 (812) 237-2180 • (812) 237-8099 [email protected] [email protected] Carol DeFrances FUIjen Denq Laura Gransky Dorman John Eck United States Department of Sam Houston State University University of Illinois at Springfield University of Cincinnati Justice Department of Sociology Center for Legal Studies Department of Criminal Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics Post Office Box 2446 Post Office Box 19243 Post Office Box 210389 810 Seventh Street, Northwest Huntsville, TX77382 Springfield, IL 62794-9243 Cincinnati, OH 45221
Washington, DC 20531 (936) 294-1515 • (936) 294-3573 (217) 206-6050 • (217) 206-7397 (513) 556-5833 • (513) 556-3303
(202) 307-0777 • (202) 307-5846 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Clifford Dome Kristen DeVall Saginaw Valley State University Max Edelbacher Walter DeKeseredy Western Michigan University Department of Criminal Justice Federal Police Ohio University Department of Sociology 7400 Bay Road Rossauerlandes 5 Department of Sociology and Kalamazoo, MI 49008 Wickes 359 Vienna, 1090, Anthropology (616) 327··2879 Univeristy Center, MI 48710 AUSTRIA
Athens, OH 45701 [email protected] (517) 790-5601 • (517) 790-7656 (43) 1-31346-36002 • 1-31346- (740) 593-1376 · (740) 593-1365 [email protected] 36008 [email protected] Eric Dietz [email protected] University of Delaware Valerie Dorsey Rolando V. del Carmen 15 Westerly Street University of Louisville Steven M. Edwards Sam Houston State University Newark, NJ 19713 Department of Justice Administration National Institute of Justice College of Criminal Justice (302) 283-1050 Brigman Hall 810 7th Street, NW Post Office Box 2296 Louisville, KY40292 Washington, DC 20531
Huntsville, TX77341 Gloria DiFulvio (502) 852-0974 • (502) 852-0065 (202) 307-0500 • (202) 616-0275 (409) 294-1656 · (409) 294-1653 Universityof Massachusetts at Amherst [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] School of Public Health Arnold House, Third Floor Vicki Dorworth Cynthia Edwards-Harver Alejandro del Carmen Amherst, MA 01003 Montgomery College The Univ. of Texas at Arlington (413) 549-1813 51 Mannakee Street Steven Egger Criminology and Criminal Justice [email protected] Rockville, MD 20874 University of Illinois at Springfield Program (301) 428-3092 · (301) 251-7481 College of Public Affairs and Post Office Box 19595 Amy K. Doane [email protected] Administration Arlington, TX76019-0595 Mercyhurst College Criminal Justice Program
(817) 272-2498 • (817) 272-5673 4010 Lewis Avenue Delilah Dotremon PAC 483 [email protected] Apartment 2 Midwestern State University Springfield, IL 62794-9243 Erie, PA 16504 Criminal Justice Program (979) 233-1782
Nicholas R. Delaney (814) 825-4793 • (814) 824-2182 3400 Taft Boulevard [email protected] Mount MercyCollege [email protected] Wichita Falls, TX76308 1330 Elmhurst Drive NE (940) 397-4671 · (940) 397-4865 Helen Eigenberg Mullany No. 1 Adam Dobrin [email protected] University of Tennessee at Cedar Rapids, IA52402 Florida Atlantic University Chattanooga Department Criminal Justice Jerry L. Dowling Department of Social and JoAnn DeIla-Giustina Department of Criminology and Criminal Sam Houston State University Community Services CUNY John Jay College Justice Department of Criminal Justice 615 McCallie Avenue 322 West 57th Street 2912 College Avenue Post Office Box 2296 Chattanooga, TN37403
Apartment 33J Davie, FL: 33314 Huntsville, TX77341 (423) 755-4270 • (423) 785-2228 New York, NY 10019 (954) 236-1168 (409) 294-1658 · (409) 294-1653 [email protected] (212) 757-1667 · (212) 757-1667 [email protected] [email protected] MaryDodge Kaylene Richards Ekeh University of Colorado at Denver Linda Drager California State University at Emilio E. Dellasoppa Graduate School of Public Affairs University of Illinois Sacramento Center for the Study of Violence Post Office Box 173364 Regional Institute for Community Department of Criminology and Rua Eng. Gama Lobo 244 Campus Box 142 Policing Criminal Justice Apt. 502 Denver, CO 80217 2930 Montvale Drive, Suite B 6000 J Street Rio De Janeiro-RJ, 20551-100, (303) 556-5987 · (303) 556-5971 Springfield, IL 62704 Sacramento, CA95819
BRAZIL [email protected] (217) 206-6029 • (217) 206-6063 (916) 278-6505 • (916) 278-7692 55 21-587-7359 ·5521 587 7632 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Kimberly Dodson East Tennessee State University ChristianaM. Drake O. Oko Elechi Matthew DeMichele Department of Criminal Justice and University of California at Davis University of Wisconsin at Western Michigan University Criminology Department of Statistics Parkside 1201 Oliveri Street Post Office Box 70555 One Shields Avenue 900 Wood Road, Box 2000 Kalamazoo, MI 49008 Johnson City, TN 37614 Sacramento, CA 95616 Kenosha, WI 53141-2000
(423) 439-5346 · (423) 439-4660 (530) 752-8170 · (530) 752-7099 (262) 595-2486 • (262) 595-2471 Suleyman Demirci cj [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] University of North Texas 521 East Windsor Drive William Doerner Erika Driver Neal A. Elover Apartment 111 Florida State University American Criminal Justice Denton, TX76209 School of Crime and Criminal Justice Heather Dunkel Administration (940) 384-7705 2912 College Avenue Mercyhurst College 3442 Carriage Hill Circle Tallahassee, FL 32306-1127 5048 Iroquois Avenue Apartment 203
John S. Dempsey (850) 644-7372 • (850) 644-9614 Erie, PA 16511 Randallstown, MD 21133
Suffolk County Comm. College [email protected] (814) 899-3405 • (814) 824-2182 (410) 665-1192 533 College Road [email protected] Selden, NY 11784 Philip Dolce M.A. Toni DuPont-Morales (631) 451-4338 · (631) 451-4660 Bergen Community College Penn. State University at Harrisburg Kristine Empie [email protected] Social Science Department School of Public Affairs Indiana University at Paranus, N.J 07652 777West Harrisburg Pike Pennsylvania Furjen Deng (201) 447-7468 · (201) 612-8225 Middletown, PA 17057 2327 Byron Court Sam Houston State University (717) 948-6319 · (717) 948-6320 Indiana, PA 15701 Department of Sociology H. Michael Dolny [email protected] (724) 464-0269 · (724) 357-4018 Post Office Box 2446 [email protected] Huntsville, TX 77341 Michael Donahue Cheron DuPree (936) 294-1515 · (936) 294-3573 Armstrong Atlantic State University Institute for Law and Justice Robin Shepard Engel [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice 1018 Duke Street The Pennsylvania State University 11935 Abercorn Street Alexandria, VA 22304 Department of Sociology
TatyanaDenisova Savannah, GA 31406 (703) 684-5300 • (703) 739-5533 211 Oswald Tower
Zaporozhye State Unviersity (912) 927-5296 • (912) 921-5876 [email protected] University Park, PA 16802
146 Lenina Prospect [email protected] (814) 865-6256 • (814) 863-7216 Apartment 100 Janet Duvall [email protected] Zaporozhye, 30095 Annmarie Dorich Ohio University at Cincinnati UKRAINE Wheeling Jesuit University 571 West 5th Street Scott H. English 316 Wsahington Avenue Chillicothe, OH 45601 Kean University
Box 286 (740) 774-7200• (740) 774-7214 4 Franklin Avenue Wheeling, WV 26003 [email protected] Cranford, NJ 07016
(304) 243-2705 (908) 276-4574 • (908) 276-2262 Robert Engvall Rick Fanner Linda Ferrell Robin Fletcher Roger Williams University University of Akron Southeast Missouri State University Metropolitan Police 1 Old Ferry Road Department of Political Science Department of CriminalJustice Hendon Training School Bristol, RI 02809 Akron, OH 44325-1904 One University Plaza Peel Centre
(401) 254-3394 ' (401) 254-3431 (330) 972-7983 • (330) 972-8841 MS 8200 Aerodrome Road [email protected] [email protected] Cape Girardeau, MO 63701 Hendon, London NW9 SJE,
(573) 986-6162 • (573) 986-6417 UNITEDKINGDOM Patricia Erickson Graham Farrell [email protected] Canisius College Police Foundation Sondra Fogel Criminal Justice Program 1201 Connecticut Avenue NW Elise Feuerstein 2001 Main Street Suite 200 Tiffin University Wanda Foglia Buffalo, NY14208 Washington, DC 20036 85 Adams Street Rowan University
(716) 888-2749 ' (716) 888-2525 (202) 833-1460 • (202) 659-9149 Tiffin, OH 44883 Department of Law and Justice [email protected] [email protected] Studies Melissa L. Finch 201 Mullica Hill Road Finn-Aage Esbensen Nina Faso Universityof South Dakota Glassboro, NJ 08028-1701 University of Nebraska at Omaha Buffalo State College 115 North Harvard (609) 256-4500 · (609) 256-4919 Departmentof Criminal Justice Department ofCriminal Justice Apartment 201 fo [email protected] 540 North 16th Street Buffalo, NY14222 Vermillion, SD 57069 Lincoln, NE68588-0630 (605) 624-6649 Robert E. Ford (402) 472-6383 ' (402) 472-6758 David Fattah [email protected] University of Central Flordia [email protected] House of Urnoj a Departmentof Criminal Justice 1410 North Frazier Street James Finckenauer 1200 International Speedway DulaEspinosa Philadelphia, PA 19131 National Institute of Justice Boulevard University Colorado (215)473-5893 810 7thStreet, Northwest Daytona Beach, FL32120
Department of Sociology Washington, DC 20531 (904) 254-4412 • (904) 947-3127
Columbine Hall Lynette Feder (202) 626-1960 • (202) 307-6394 [email protected] 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway University of Memphis [email protected] Colorado Springs, CO 80933-7150 Departmentof Criminologyand Criminal Marilyn Chandler Ford (719) 262-4137 ' (719) 262-4450 Justice Laura Finley Volusia County Department of [email protected] 405 Mitchell Hall Western Michigan University Corrections Memphis, TN 38152 Department of Sociology 1300 Red John Drive
Philip Ethridge (901) 678-8155 • (901) 678-5279 3922 Wild Meadow Caller Service 2865 Univ. of Texas at Pan American [email protected] Kalamazoo, MI 49048 Daytona Beach, FL 32120-2865
1201 West University (616) 349-2974 • (616) 948-8081 (904) 254-1534 ' (904) 254-1560 Edinburg, TX 78539 Karen R. Fein [email protected] [email protected]
(956) 381-3660 • (956) 381-2490 The Richard Stockton College of New [email protected] Jersey Mary Finn Sharon B. Foreman School of Behavioral Sciences Georgia State University University of Richmond M. Lyn Exum Post Office Box 195 One University Plaza 2250 Chalkwell Drive University of North Carolina at Pomona, NJ 08240-0195 Post Office Box 4018 Midlothian, VA 23113 Charlotte (609) 748-6837 ' (609) 748-5559 Atlanta, GA 30303-4018 (804) 794-9356
Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] (404) 651-6515 • (404) 651-3658 [email protected] 9201 University City Boulevard [email protected] Charlotte, NC 28223 Tammy Felix Rob FOnlango (704) 687-3657 ' (704) 687-3349 Northeastern University John Firman University of Missouri at St. Louis [email protected] College of Criminal Justice Int1 Association of Chiefs of Police 1529 Oak Forest Spur Drive 400 Churchill Hall 515 North Washington Street Apartment E David Fabianic Boston, MA 02115 Alexandria, VA 22314 St. Louis, MO 63146
University of Central Florida (617) 373-2813 • (617) 373-8827 (800) 843-4227 ' (703) 836-4543 (314) 983-9271 Departmentof Criminal Justice firmanj @theiacp climbin�[email protected] and Legal Studies Melissa E. Fenwick Post Office Box 161600 University of South Florida Linda Fish Brian Forst Orlando, FL 32816-1600 Department of Criminology Montgomery CountyJuvenile Court American University (407) 823-5940 ' (407) 823-5360 4202 EastFowler Drive Probation Services School of Public Affairs [email protected].(�dll Tampa, FL 33620 303 West Second Street 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW
(8l3) 974-9907 • (813) 974-2803 Post Office Box 972 Washington, DC20016-8043
Carol Facella [email protected] Dayton, OH 45422-4240 (202) 885-6270 • (202) 885-2907
Salem State College (937) 496-6972 • (937) 225-5800 [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice Gerard Fergerson 352 Lafayette Street Council on Crime and Justice Bonnie Fisher Linda Forst Salem, MA 01970 822 South 3rd Street University of Cincinnati 12417 Inronwood Lane (508) 741-6485 Suite 100 Department of Criminal Justice Mukilteo, WA 98275-5028 [email protected] Minneapolis, MN 55415 Post Office Box 210389 (425) 493-8316
(612) 596-7626 • (612) 348-7872 Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 [email protected]
·Melissa Fadley fergersong@crimeand justice.org (513) 556-5828 • (513) 556-3303 Tiffin University [email protected] ElisabethFost Department of Forensic Raphael Fernandez Center for Substance Abuse Psychology Universidad Autonomas de Tamaulipas Marianne Fisher-Giorlando Research tie Elizabeth Athaide-Victor Facultad de Derecho Grambling State University 4321 Hartwick Road nftift, OH 44883 Tampico, Tamaulipas, MX 204 South Hazel Suite 501 (100)968-6446 ext. 3446 Ruston, LA 71270 College Park, MD 20740
[email protected] BertusR. Ferreira (318) 255-6900 • (318) 274-3101 (301) 403-8329 • (301) 403-8342 East Carolina University [email protected] [email protected] .Nan Fan School of Social Work and Criminal Justice Ulliversity of California at Davis Studies Colleen Fitzpatrick Burk Foster Department of Statistics 204 Ragsdale Building University of Northern Colorado University of Louisiana at One Shields Avenue Greenville, NC 27858-4353 Department of Sociology Lafayette o.vis, CA95616 (252) 328-4205 • (252) 328-4196 501 20th Street Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] Greeley, CO 80639 Post Office Box 41652 MaryAnn Farkas (970) 351-2575 ' (970) 351-1527 Lafayette, LA70504
Marquette University Carol Ferreira [email protected] (337) 482-6172 • (337) 482-5694 Department of Social and Cultural East Carolina University [email protected] Sciences School of Nursing Amy Flanigan Lalumiere Hall-340 219D Rivers Building University of North Texas Tony Fowles Post Office Box 1881 Greenville, NC 27858-4353 2136 Eldorado Way University of Central Lancashire
Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881 (252) 328-4318 • (252) 328-2332 Carrollton, TX75006 Liuesey House
(414) 288-3438 • (414) 353-1177 fe [email protected] (972) 306-0854 Preston, PRl 2HE, [email protected] amy_flanigan@y ahoo.com UNITEDKINGDOM Angie M. Ferreira 44 1772-893981 • 44 1772-892966 Western New England College [email protected] 1215 Wilbraham Road Box 2072 Springfield, MA 01119-2684 University Center. MI 48710 James Frank Jan Bau Fritza Tammy S. Garland Andrew Giacomazzi University of Cincinnati University of South Dakota Sam Houston State University Boise State University Division of Criminal Justice 47281 Li�coln Trail College of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice 600-E Dyer Hall Renner. SD 57055 208 Normal Park 1910 University Drive Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 Huntsville, TX77320 Boise, ID 83725-1955
(513) 556-5832 · (513) 556-3303 Irene Froyland (936) 294-0473 · (936) 294-1671 (208) 426-4162 • (208) 426-4371 frankj @email.uc.edu Edith Cowan University [email protected] [email protected] Centre for Police Research Nicole Jeanette Franklin 43 Southbourne Street Randy L. Garner Matthew Giblin Scarborough. Sam Houston State University University of Alaska at Anchorage Charles E. Frazier Western Austalia 6019 College of Criminal Justice Justice Center University of Florida (61) 8-9400-5415 • (61) 8-9400-5406 Post Office Box 2296 3211 Providence Drive 235 Tigert Hall [email protected] Huntsville, TX 77341-2296 Anchorage, AK99518
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(352) 392-1301 • (352) 392-8735 University of Maryland Department of Criminology and Criminal RobertGarof alo Camille Gibson Kenisha Free Justice West Windsor Police Department Prairie View A&M University The University of North Carolina 2220 LaFrak Hall Princeton Junction, NJ 08550 School of Juvenile Justice and at Charlotte College Park, MD 20742 Psychology Department of Criminal Justice (301) 405-4358 Flossie Garrett Department of Criminal Justice 9210 University City Boulevard [email protected] Richard Stockton College of New Post Office Box 4017 Charlotte, NC 28223-0001 Jersey Houston, TX77446
(704) 687-2864 • (704) 687-3349 James J. Fyfe Student Services (936) 857-4950 • (936) 857-4952 [email protected] Temple University Pomona, NJ 08240 cami11e�[email protected] Department of Criminal Justice Diamantia Freeberg 1115 West Berks Street Carole Garrison Chris Gibson Universityof Texas at Brownsville Philadelphia, PA 19122 Eastern Kentucky University University of Nebraska at Omaha 80 Fort Brown (215) 204-1670 · (215) 204-3872 467 Stratton Building Department of Criminal Justice Brownsville. TX 78520 [email protected] Richmond, KY40475 60th and Dodge Street (956) 544-8869 (859) 622-4994 · (859) 622-1549 Omaha, NE 68182-0149 [email protected] Shaun L. Gabbidon [email protected] Pennsylvania State University Pamela Gibson Marvette Freeman School of Public Affairs Jason Geary Virginia Commonwealth University of Alabama 777West Harrisburg Pike The University of Toledo University Post Office Box 870320 Middletown, PA 17057-4898 Department of Criminal Justice Department of Political Science
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(402) 472-6753 • (402) 472-6758 [email protected] [email protected] 441North Walk [email protected] McElhaney Hall, Room G-1 Jennifer Gahli Erika Gebo Indiana, PA 15705-1087 Paul C. Friday Fairleigh Dickinson University 23 Old Stagecoach Road (724) 357-2720 · (724) 357-4018 University of North Carolina 473 Hamilton Street Unit 9 [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice Hackensack, NY07601 Epping, NH 03042 9201 University City Boulevard (603) 862-2757 · (603) 862-4140 Evelyn Gilbert Charlotte, NC 28223 Larry K. Gaines [email protected] 1600 Big Tree Road
(704) 547-4776 • (704) 547-3349 California State University at San Apartment 1-3 [email protected] Bernardino John Gentile Daytona Beach, FL 32119 Department of Criminal Justice New York City Police Academy (386) 760-7756 · (386) 760-8176 Lorie Fridell 5500 University Parkway Post Office Box 140459 [email protected] Police Executive Research Forum San Bernardino, CA92407-2397 Staten Island, NY10314
1120 Connecticut Avenue. (909) 880-5508 • (909) 880-7025 (718) 876-0944 James N. Gilbertson Northwest [email protected] University of Nebraska at Kearney Suite 930 Angel D. Geoghagan Department of Criminal Justice Washington. DC 20036 Kathleen Gale Chattanooga Police Department Kearney, NE 68849
(202) 466-7820 • (202) 466-7826 Elmira College 3300 Amnicola Highway [email protected] Department of Sociology and Criminal Chattanooga, TN 37406 D. Lee Gilbertson Justice (423) 493-2825 · (423) 493-2800 St. Cloud State University David Friedrichs 1 Park Place [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice University of Scranton Elmira. NY14901 720 Fourth Avenue South
Department of Sociology and (607) 735-1933 • (607) 733-9952 Daniel E. Georges-Abeyie 269 Stewart Hall Criminal Justice [email protected] Arizona State University west Saint Cloud, MN56301-4498 800 Linden Street Administration of Justice Department (320) 255-4935 Scranton, PA 18510-4605 Fabian Gallego Post Office Box 37100 [email protected] (570) 941-7467 · (570) 941-4201 Bergen Community College Phoenix, AZ85069-7100 [email protected] 161 Slocum Avenue (602) 543-6628 · (602) 543-6658 PeggyGiordano Englewood, NJ 07631 [email protected] Bowling Green State University Gordon Frissora (201) 692-3396 Department of Sociology Youngstown State University [email protected] Ted Gest 222 Williams Hall Department of Criminal Justice University of Pennsylvania Bowling Green, OH 43402 One University Place Thomas Gamble 1015 18th Street NW (419) 372-2320 Youngstown, OH 44555 Mercyhurst College Suite 925 [email protected] (330) 742-3279 Department of Criminal Justice Washington, DC 20036 [email protected] 501 East 38th Street (202) 955-2549 • (202) 955-2549 Roberta Glaspie Erie. PA 16546 Central Missouri State University
Eric J. Fritsch (814) 824-2325 • (814) 824-2182 Wi lliam J. Getz Humphreys 300 University of North Texas [email protected] York College of Pennsylvania Warrensburg, MO 64093 Department of Criminal Jm.1:ice 828 South Beaver Street (660) 543-4950 · (660) 543-8306 Post Office Box 305130 Venessa Garcia York, PA 17403 [email protected] Denton. TX76203-5130 Monmouth University [email protected]
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Columbia, SC 29201 2100 M Street, NW Legal Studies 615 McCallieAvenue
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TimothyGodsey (803) 777-0562 • (803) 777-3619 Louisville, KY40292
University of Cincinnati [email protected] (502) 852-6567 • (502) 852-0065 Michael A. Hallett Post Office Box 210389 [email protected] Universityof NorthFlorida Cincinnati, OH 45221 Heath Grant Department of Criminal Justice
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Rock (212) 237-8302 • (212) 237-8644 (920) 424-0146 • (920) 424-0739 MaryJane Hamilton Department of CriminalJustice [email protected] [email protected] Texas A&M University at Corpus 2801 South University Christie Little Rock, AR72204 Patricia Grant Ismoil Dincer Gunes 6300 OceanDrive (501) 569-3195 Virginia Commonwealth University University of NorthTexas Corpus Christi, TX72204 [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice 816 West Franklin Street 1959 Colorado Boulevard Leon Hamlin Abby 1- Goldstein Box 842017 Suite A Missouri Southern State College Richmond, VA 23284-2017 Denton,TX 76209 3950 East Newman Road Ian Gomme (804) 828-1050 · (804) 828-1253 (940) 565-5470 Joplin, MO 64801-1595 University of Southern Colorado [email protected] [email protected] Department of Sociology and Tracy P. Hansen Anthropology OtisGrant Ricky Gutierrez University of North Texas 2200 Bonforte Boulevard Indiana University California State University at Department of Criminal Justice Pueblo, CO 81001-4901 1800 Mishawaka Avenue Sacramento Post Office Box 305130
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(617) 373-3327 • (617) 373-8723 Keith Haley DeniseKindschi Gosselin [email protected] Tiffin University John Harris Western New England College School of Off-Campus Learning SpringfieldPolice Department Department of Criminal Justice Bridget Wichmann Grieme 155 Miami Street 800 East Monroe and Sociology Universityof Alaska at Fairbanks Tiffin, OH 44833 Springfield; IL 19243 350 Batchelor Street Department of Justice (800) 968-6446 ext. 3431 · (419) 447- Granby, MA01033 Post Office Box 146 9605 Paige Harrison (413) 467-7843 · (520) 752-1677 Delta Junction, AK99717-0146 [email protected] Bureauof Justice Statistics [email protected] 810 7thSteet, NW Timothy Griffin Missi Hall Washington, DC20531 Laurie A. Gould University of North Texas Pikeville College (202) 514-0809 · (202) 514-1757 Universityof Central Florida Department of Criminal Justice CPO 507 [email protected] 1700 Woodbury Road Post Office Box 305130 147 Sycamore Street Apartment 1802 Denton, TX76203-5130 Pikeville, KY41501 EdwardHarrison Orlando, FL 32828 (940) 369-8868 • (940) 565-2548 (606) 639-0405 NCCHC (407) 207-1811 [email protected] 1300 West Belmont [email protected] Chicago, IL 60657
(773) 880-1460 • (773) 880-2424 [email protected] Barbara Hart Claudia V. Henderson John D. Hewitt Jessica Hoffman University of Texas at Tyler Sacred Heart University Grand Valley State University west Virginia State College Department of Social Science 5151 Park Avenue School of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice 3900 University Boulevard HC 219 401 WestFulton Street Post Office Box 1000 Tyler, TX75799 Fairfield, IT06432 Grand Rapids, MI 49503 Campus Box 37 (903) 566-7426 • (903) 566-7377 (203) 365-7507 • (203) 365-7542 (616) 336-7145 • (616) 336-7155 Institute, WV25112 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Harry Hoffman Carrie M. Harter uyuana Henderson Thomas J. Hickey The University of Texas at Project IMPACT- Dayton, Inc. Cerilli,McGuirl & Bicki JeffHolcomb Arlington 115 EastThird Street Providence, RI 02809 Bowling Green State University
1700 Oak Creek Lane Dayton, OH 45402 (401) 682-1319 • (401) 254-3419 CriminalJustice Program Apartment D (937) 222-5683 [email protected] 223 Health Center Bedford, TX 76022 [email protected] Bowling Green, OH 43403 (817) 280-0156 · (817) 358-1875 Eric Hickey (419) 372-9540 [email protected] Martha Henderson University of Califronia at Fresno [email protected] Illinois State University Department of Criminology Jennifer L. Hartman Campus Box 5250 225 East San RamonAvenue Richard Holden Northeastern University Normal, IL 61790-5250 Fresno, CA93740-8029 Central Missouri State University College of Criminal Justice (309) 438-3221 • 309-438-7289 Departmentof Criminal Justice 427 Churchill Hall [email protected] Matthew Hickmann 300 Humphreys Boston, MA02115 Temple University Warrensburg, MO 64093
(617) 373-3619 James Hendricks 505 East Braddock Road (660) 543-4952 • (660) 543-8306 Ball State University Apartment 104 [email protected] Halvor A. Hartz Department of Criminal Justice and Alexandria, VA 22314
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Center (817) 257-7226 • (817) 257-7290 (517) 432-1109 · (517) 432-1787 429 Michigan Street Melissa Hensarling [email protected] [email protected] Toledo, OH 43624 University of Texasat Arlington (419) 213-6898 Criminology and Criminal Justice Program Sameer Hinduja Michael Hooper [email protected] Post Office Box 19595 Michigan State University California Department of Justice Arlington, TX 76019-0595 450 EastOwen Graduate Center 1406 Gold Circle Karen L. Hayslett-McCall (214) 823-9355 EastLansing, MI 48825-1109 Rocklin, CA95765
Pennsylvania State University [email protected] (517) 355-4109 · (517) 432-1787 (916) 315-8040 • Department of Crime, Law and [email protected] [email protected] Justice Christopher Hensley Population Research Institute Morehead State University Alexa Hirst LarryT. Hoover 601 OswaldTower 114 Rader Hall The Urban Institute Sam Houston State University University Park, PA 16802-6211 Morehead, KY40351 Justice PolicyCenter Department of Criminal Justice
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Valdosta, GA 31698-0060 Niagara University, NY14109 Tampa, FL 33620 (205) 348-8090 • (205) 348-7175
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(517) 347-7167 Omaha, NE 68182 Bristol, RI 02809-2921 (409) 294-1674 0 (409) 294-1653
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(417) 625-9519 • (417) 625-9796 Union, NJ 07083 [email protected] Mount Mercy College [email protected] (908) 527-2508 • (908) 352-0485 l330 Elmhurst Drive NE [email protected] Lili K.Johnson Mullany No. 1 Kim S. Hunt California State University at Long Cedar Rapids, lA52402 Advisory Commission on Silvina Ituarte Beach Sentencing Kean University Department of Criminal Justice Mark Jones 800 K Street NW Department of Public Administration 1250 Bellflower Boulevard East Carolina University Suite 450 S and Criminology Long Beach, CA90840-4603 Criminal Justice Studies Washington, DC 20001 1000 MorrisAvenue 212 Ragsdale Hall Union, NJ 07083 Stephen S. Johnson Greenville, NC 27858
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(208) 885-6117 · (208) 885-2034 (212) 237-8m 0 (973) 763-9193 Post Office Box 6934 [email protected] Galan Janeksela [email protected] Radford, VA 24073
University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (540) 831-6761 • (540) 831-6075 Ralph E. Ioimo College of Health Calvin C. Johnson [email protected] Album University 615 McCallie Avenue the Urban Institute 1092 Old Wear Road Chattanooga, TN37403 Justice Policy Center Jennifer Joseph
Wetumpka, AL36093 (423) 755-4133 • (423) 755-4132 2100 M Street, NW (253) 735-6411 0 (253) 804-5626 Washington, DC 20002 Janice Joseph [email protected] Richard Janikowski Richard Stockton College of NJ Univeristy of Memphis Criminal Justice Program 405 Mitchell Hall Jim Leads Road Memphis, TN38152 Pomona, NJ 08240
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(714) 628-7310 Pembroke, NC 28372-1510 Scott Kidd (302) 368-1109 • (302) 368-1337 [email protected] (910) 521-6232 Wright State University [email protected] [email protected] 4419 Bascule Bridge Drive Nola Joyce Apartment 1322 Paul Knepper Metropolitan Police Department VictorKappeler Beavercreek, OH 45440 East Carolina University Office of Organizational Eastern Kentucky University (937) 427-0919 School of Social Work & Criminal Development Department of Criminal Justice Justice Washington, DC 20023 521 Lancaster Drive Hannu Kiehela Ragsdale Building (202) 727-2900 Richmond, KY40475 The Police College of Finland Greenville, NC 27858-4353
(606) 622-8016 · (606) 622-8015 Post Office Box 13 (252) 328-4572 • (252) 328-4196 Judy Hails Kaci [email protected] Espoo 02151, [email protected] CaliforniaState University FINLAND Department of Criminal Justice Angie Kappllaj (358) 9-8388341 · (358) 9-83883500 Kevin Knight 1250 Bellflower Boulevard Midwestern State University [email protected] Texas Christian University Long Beach, CA90840-4603 Criminal Justice Program Institute of Behavioral Research (562) 985-2341 • (562) 985-8086 3400 Taft Boulevard Robin King Post Office Box 298740 kacij @csulb.edu Wichita Falls, TX 76308 University of Central Florida Fort Worth, TX76129 Department of Criminal Justice and (817) 257-6472 - (817) 257-7290 Dan Kaczynski David Karp Legal Studies [email protected] University of West Florida Skidmore College Post Office Box 161600 Office of Juvenile Studies Department of Sociology Orlando, FL 32816-1600 Umit Kocasakal 11000 University Parkway Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 Istanbul Galatasaray University B 78 R 136 (518) 580-5426 • (518) 580-5429 Eric King Deparment of Law Pensacola, FL 32514-5750 [email protected] 5447 Bicentennial Parkway Galatasaray Universtiesi Hukuk (850) 474-2618 · (850) 474-2777 Mt. Moms, MI Fakultesi Ogretim [email protected] Elizabeth Keeler (810) 785-1311 Gorevlisi Besiktas, Istanbul, 5001 Rollingway Road TURKEY Jay Kahl Chesterfield, VA 23832 Kate King University of South Dakota (804) 692-0864 Boise State University WI lliam Koleszar 412 Franklin Street Criminal Justice Department University of Central Florida Vermillion, SD 57069 Katie C. Kelly 1910 University Drive Department of Criminal Justice !indiana University of Pennsylvania Boise, ID 83725 428 Bouchelle Drive George Kain 324 Blairton Avenue (208) 426-3769 • (208) 426-4371 Unit No. 103 Western Connecticut State Indiana, PA 15701 [email protected] New Smyrna Beach, FL 32169 University (724) 349-6275 (904) 426-6007 · (904) 947-3127 Department of Justice and Law [email protected] Ryan S. King [email protected] Administration 169 Branch Avenue 181 White Street Katharine Kelly Apartment G Barbara Koons-Wit Danbury, cr06810 Carleton University Red Bank, NJ 07701-2276 University of South Carolina (203) 837-8514 • (203) 837-8527 Department of Sociology (732) 933-1319 College of CriminalJustice [email protected] 1125 Colonel By Drive [email protected] Columbia, SC 29210 Ottawa, Ontario KlS 5B6, (803) 777-0107 · (803) 777-8600 Suman Kakar CANADA William King [email protected]
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(508) 999-8370 • (508) 999-8808 Department of Administration Justice [email protected] [email protected] San Jose, CA95192-0050 Sloan Letman Cathryn Lavery 1461 East 56th Street Michael Krzewinski Karen F. Lahm John Jay College of Criminal Justice Chicago, IL 60637 Marquette University University of Kentucky CUNYGraduate Center Criminology and Law Studies 3345 Post Road 804 Wolfs Lane Carl Leukefeld 8527 West Holt Avenue Apartment 79 Pelham Manor, NY 10803 University of Kentucky Milwaukee, WI 53227 Lexington, KY40503 (914) 738-3979 Center on Drug & Alcohol (414) 545-0257 (859) 257-1338 · (859) 323-1956 [email protected] Research [email protected] [email protected] 643 Maxwelton Court Richard Lawrence Lexington, KY40506-0350 Charis E. Kubrin Jodi Lane St. Cloud State University George Washington University University of Florida Department of Criminal Justice Brian Levin Department of Sociology Center for Studies in Criminology and Law 720 4th Avenue South California State University at San 2129 G Street, Northwest 201 Walker Hall St. Cloud, MN 56301-4498 Bernardino Washington, DC 20052 Post Office Box 115950 (320) 255-3974 · (320) 255-2993 Department ofCriminal Justice
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(202) 261-5633 • (202) 659-8985 Bernadette Muscat [email protected] Laura Moriarty York College of Pennsylvania Angela Nickoli Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Behavioral Sciences Ball State University David Mitchell College of Humanities and Science York, PA 17405 Department of Criminal Justice University of South Dakota 923 West Franklin (717) 815-1914 · (717) 849-1653 and Criminology 807 Cottage Avenue Richmond, VA 23284-2019 [email protected] NQ 248 Apartment 11 (804) 828-1674 • (804) 828-1253 Muncie, IN 47306
Vermillion, SD 57069 [email protected] Laura Myers (765) 285-5984 • (765) 285-5912 Sam Houston State University [email protected] Stephanie Mizrahi Robert Morin College of Criminal Justice Washington State University California State University at Chico Post Office Box 2296 Jeremy Niederkohr Department of Political Science Department of Political Science Huntsville. TX77341 Tiffin University
Post Office Box 2144 Chico, CA95929-0455 (409) 294-1654 • (409) 294-1653 Department of Forensic Johnson Tower 725-WSU (530) 898-0455 · (530) 898-6910 [email protected] Psychology Pullman, WA 99165 [email protected] 155 Miami Street (509) 335-2544 · (509) 335·2362 Mahesh NaIla Tiffin. OH 44883 [email protected] Harvey N. Morley Michingan State University California State University at Long Beach School of Criminal Justice Walter J. Nieliwocki StacyC. Moak Department of Criminal Justice 560 Baker Hall Greenfield Community College Northeast Louisiana University 8111 Irondale Avenue East Lansing, MI 48824-1118 Department of Criminal Justice
Stubbs Hall 211 Canoga Park, CA 91306 (517) 355-2197 • (517) 432-1787 One College Drive Monroe, LA 71209 (818) 341-3305 • (818) 709-3919 [email protected] Greenfield, MA01301
(318) 342-1404 • (318) 342-1458 [email protected] (413) 775-1136 cj [email protected] Egle Narevic [email protected] Frank Morn Alan Mobley Illinois State University Joan Neff Chad Nilson University of California at Irvine Department of Criminal Justice Sciences Univeristy of Richmond Radford University Departmentof Criminology, Law Campus Box 5250 Departmentof Sociology 307 Adams Street & Society Normal, IL 61761-5250 28 Westhampton Way Radford, VA 24142 School of Social Ecology (309) 438-7853 · (309) 438-7289 Richmond, VA 23173 (540) 831-6148
Irvine, CA 92697-7080 [email protected] (804) 289-8070 • (804) 287-1278 [email protected] [email protected] Fida Mohammed Greg Morrison James A. Nolan State of University of New York at Ball State University JUl Neild Norfolk State University Oneonta Department of Criminal Justice & University of Central Lancashire Department of Sociology Department of Sociology Criminology Department of Education & Social 700 Park Avenue Ravine Parkway College of Sciences and Humanities Studies Norfolk, VA 23504 Oneonta, NY13820 2000 West UniversityAvenue Livesy House (757) 823-8435 • (757) 823-2512 (607) 436-2166 · (607) 436-2689 Muncie, IN 47306 Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, [email protected] [email protected] (765) 285-5979 • (765) 285-5912 ENGLAND [email protected] [email protected] Michael R. Norris Richard Monk Franklin College Coppin State College Lee AnnMorrison Peter Nelligan Department of Sociology 6709 Collinsdale Road Eastern Kentucky University University of Texas at Tyler 501 East Monroe Street Baltimore, MD 21234-5931 Justice andSafety Center Department of Social Science Franklin, IN 46131-2598 (410) 383-5685 · (410) 383-2198 245 Stratton Building 3900 University Boulevard (317) 738-8276 • (317) 736-6030 521 LancasterAvenue Tyler, TX 75799 [email protected] Reid H. Montgomery, Jr. Richmond, KY40475 (903) 566-7414 • (903) 565-5537 University of South Carolina [email protected] Trish Oberweis College of Criminal Justice Christopher J. Morse American Justice Institute Columbia, SC 29208 John Jay College of Criminal Justice Christopher E. Nel�on 870 Market Street
(803) m-4412 • (803) m-9600 899 Tenth Avenue Michigan State University Suite 957 [email protected] Suite 422-T Department of Criminal Justice San Francisco, CA94102 New York City, NY10019 530 Baker Hall (415) 772-9952 • (415) 772-9956
Byoongook Moon (212) 237-8403 • (212) 237-8383 East Lansing, MI 48824-1118 [email protected]
Gretchen E. Moore Matthew N. Mullen Jana Nestlerode Evaristus Obinyan The Urban Institute Mount MercyCollege West Chester University Benedict College 2100 M Street NW 1330 Elmhurst Drive, NE Department of Criminal Justice 8lO0 Bayfield Road Washington, DC 20037 Mullany No. 1 200 Ruby Jones Hall Apartment 29C Cedar Rapids, IA52402 West Chester, PA 19383 Columbia, SC 29223 Heidi Moore (610) 436-2647 • (610) 436-2889 (803) 419-7543 • (803) 419-7543 Central Missouri State University Kristine Mullendore [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice Grand Valley State University LynnNewhart 300 Humphries School of Criminal Justice and Legal Rockford College Meredith E. O'Boyie Warrensburg, MO 64093 Studies 5050 East State Street University of Delaware (660) 543-4350 · (660) 543-4950 271 C DeVos Center Rockford, IL 60115 Center for Drug and Alcohol 401 West Fulton (815) 294-5212 Studies Nathan R. Moran Grand Rapids, MI 49504-6431 [email protected] Newark, DE 19716-2582 Sam Houston State University (616) 895-2918 • (616) 895-2915 1440 Brazos Drive [email protected] Julie Newton Karl O'CaIlaghan Apartment 37 The University of Southern Mississippi WesternAustralia Police Service Huntsville, TX 77340 AliceAnn Munson Department of Criminal Justice Post Office Box 234
(936) 294-4483 • (936) 294-1653 University of Arkansas at Little Rock Post Office Box 5127 Guildford. Western Australia [email protected] Department of English Hattiesburg. MS 39406-5127 6935, 2801 South UniversityAvenue (601) 266-4509 AUSTRALIA
Merry Morash Little Rock, AR72204 [email protected] (61) 8-94510100 • (61) 8-
Michigan State University (501) 569-3161 • (501) 569-8185 94773476 School of CriminalJustice aamullson(tj'uall'.edu Fawn T. Ngo [email protected] 560 Baker Hall California State University at Long East Lansing, MI 48824-1118 Roslyn Muraskin Beach Dan O'Connell (517) 355-2192 · (517) 432-1787 Long Island University lO431 Compson 8 Palmer Place [email protected] CWPost Campus Garden Grove, CA 92840 Newark, DE 19713 720 Northern Boulevard (714) 530-6491 (302) 369-1305 Brooksville, NY 11548-1300 (516) 299-3146 · (516) 299-2640 [email protected] Thomas R. O'Connor Charles Otto Mario Paparozzi Brian Payne North Carolina Wesleyan University of Central Florida The College of New Jersey Old Dominion University 3400 North Wesleyan Boulevard Department of Criminal Justice and Legal Department of Law and Justice Department of Sociology and Rocky Mount, NC 27804 Studies Post Office Box 7718 Criminal Justice
(252) 985-5166 • (252) 985-5236 2338 River Park Ewing, NJ 08628-0718 Norfolk, VA 23505 [email protected] Suite 1816 (609) 637-5141 • (609) 771-2288 (757) 683-3935 Orlando, FL 32816 [email protected] [email protected] Darryl L. Oliver (407) 382-2603 ' (407) 823-5360 Norfolk State University [email protected] Paul Paquette Natalie Pearl Department of Sociology The University of Toledo San Diego State University 700 Park Avenue Maureen C. Outlaw College of Health and Human Services School of Public Administration Norfolk, VA 23504 The Pennsylvania State University 2801 West Bancroft and Urban Studies (757) 823-8435 ' (757) 823-2512 Department of Crime, Lawand Justice MS 119 College of Professional Studies [email protected] 211 Oswald Tower Toledo, OH 43606 and Fine Arts University Park, PA 16802-6211 (419) 530-5333 ' (419) 530-5541 5500 Campanile Drive Wi llard Oliver (908) 789-2007 [email protected] San Diego, CA92182-4505 Radford University [email protected] (619) 594-1948 · (619) 594-1165 Department of Criminal Justice Joe Parker [email protected] 307 Adams Street Steven S. Owen Sam Houston State University Radford, VA 24142 Radford University College of Criminal Justice Barbara Peat (540) 831-6334 ' (540) 831-6075 Department of Criminal Justice Huntsville, TX 77341-2296 Inidana University at South Bend [email protected] Post Office Box 6934 (936) 294-3629 ' (936) 294-1653 SPEA Radford, VA 24142 [email protected] Post Office Box 7111
Wi lliam Oliver (540) 831-6786 • (540) 831-6075 South Bend, IN 46634
Indiana University [email protected] Lee E. Parker (219) 237-4549 • 219-237-6514 Department of Criminal Justice Wichita State University [email protected] 302 Sycamore Hall Charles E. Owens School of CommunityAff airs Bloomington, IN 47405 University of North Florida 1845 North Fairmount Beth Pelz
(812) 855-9325 • (812) 855-5522 Department of Psychology and Criminal Campus Box 135 University of Houston at [email protected] Justice Wichita, KS67260-0135 Downtown
Jacksonville, FL 32224 (316) 978-6679 • (316) 978-3626 Department of Criminal Justice Stephanie Olson [email protected] One Main Street Rutgers University David Owens Room S1001 1625 Q Street, NW Onondaga CommunityCollege Mary Parker Houston, TX77002
Apartment 104 4941 Onondaga Road University of Arkansas at Little Rock (713) 221-8943 • (713) 221-2726 Washington, DC20009 Syracuse, NY13215-2099 Department of Criminal Justice [email protected]
(202) 234-2758 ' (202) 234-1901 (315) 469-2670 • 315-498-2264 2801 South University [email protected] Little Rock, AI<72204 Gina R. Penly
Brian F. O'Neill (501) 569-3195 • (501) 569-3075 State University of New York at Westchester University AIi Ozdogan [email protected] Albany Department of Criminal Justice 316 Fry Street 29 Woodlake Road Ruby Jones Hall Apartment 254 Joseph E. Pascarella Apartment 7 Room 201 Denton, TX76201 596 Morgan Avenue Albany, NY12203 Westchester, PA 19383 Brooklyn, NY11222 (518) 452-2679 (610) 436-2682 · (610) 436-2889 Suleyman Ozeren (718) 997-2800 [email protected] [email protected] University of NorthTexas [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice Harold E. Pepinsky E;jakait Opolot 521 EastWindsor Drive Matt Pastier Indiana University Texas Southern University Suite 52 Youngstown State University 1412 Nancy Street Southern University Denton, TX 76209 Department of Criminal Justice Bloomington, IN 47401 Department of Public Affairs One University Plaza (812) 339-4303 3100 Cleburne Street KathyPadgett Youngstown, OH 44555 [email protected] Houston, TX77009 Florida State University
(713) 313-7444 • (713) 313-7833 1935 TruettDrive Justin W. Patchin Cynthia Perez McCluskey Tallahassee, FL 32303 5125 Buckden Way Michigan State University David Orrick. (850) 383-1634 Apartment 9 School of Criminal Justice New Hampshire Technical [email protected] EastLansing, MI 48823 560 Baker Hall
Institute (517) 432-2274 • East Lansing, MI 48824-1118 Department of Criminal Justice Wl lson R. Palacios [email protected] (517) 432-4233 ' (517) 432-1787 11 Institute Drive Universityof South Florida [email protected] Concord, NH 03301-7412 Department of Criminology Antony M. Pate
(603) 271-6952 • 603-271-7139 4202 EastFowler Avenue COSMOS Corporation Craig Perkins [email protected] SOC 107 3 Bethesda Metro Center Bureau of Justice Statistics Tampa, FL 33620 Suite 950 810 7th Street NW
GregoryOrvis (813) 974-7026 • (813) 974-2803 Bethesda, MD 20814 Washington, DC 20531 Universityof Texas at Tyler [email protected] (301) 215-9100 Tina Perkins Department of Social Sciences [email protected] Boise City Attorney's Office 3900 University Boulevard Nathaniel J. Pallone 101 South Capitol Boulevard Tyler, TX75799 Rutgers University AI Patenaude Boise, ID 83702
(903) 566-7458 • (903) 565-5537 Center of Alcohol Studies 504-9300 Treasure Hill Road (208) 388-4722 • (208) 388-4776 [email protected] 215 Smithers Hall Little Rock, AR 72227 607 Allison Road (501) 569-3195 Elizabeth Perkins Emlly Osgood Piscataway, NJ 08854 [email protected] University of California at Irvine
Ball State University (732) 445-6292 • (732) 445-3500 5694 Mission Center Road Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] Steve Patrick. Apartment 20 and Criminology Boise State University San Diego, CA92108 Muncie, IN 47306 Michael J. Palmiotto Department of Sociology (909) 889-8145 ' (909) 880-7025
(765) 285-5979 • (765) 285-5912 Wichita State University 1910 University Drive [email protected] School of Community Affairs Boise, ID 83725 Timothy O'Shea 1845 FairmountStreet (208) 385-3225 Kenneth Perry University of SouthAlabama Wichita, KS 67260-0135 [email protected] Lucas County Ohio
DepartmentPofolitica1 Science (316) 978-6524 • (316) 978-3626 1622 SpielbuschAvenue and Criminal Justice [email protected] Ian Paylor Toledo, OH 43624 221 Humanities Building Lancaster University (419) 213-2002 Mobile, AL36688 Bernadette Jones Palombo Department of Social Science [email protected] (334) 460-7193 ' (334) 460-6567 Louisiana State University, Shreveport Cartmel College [email protected] Department of History/Social Sciences Lancaster, LAl Lyuba Pervushina One University Place ENGLAND Minsk State Linguistics University Stacy L. Osnick. Bronson Hall 339 I.paylorl @Lancaster.ac.uk 2-Schorsa Institute for Law and Justice Shreveport, LA 71115 1-26 1018 Duke Street (318) 797-5343 • (318) 797-5122 20089 Minsk, Belarus, Alexandria, VA 22314 [email protected] (336) 316-2239 ' (336) 316-2944
(703) 684-5300 • (703) 739-5533 [email protected]. [email protected] Michael Petrocelli Amy Poland Roger K. Przybylski Winifred Reed California State University at University of Nebraska at Omaha Kent Group Consulting National Institute of Justice Hayward 6001 Dodge Street 1042 DeweyAvenue 810 7thStree t, NW Department of Criminal Justice DSC 208 Evanston, IL 60202 Washington, DC20531
25800 Carlos Bee Boulevard Omaha, NE 68182 (303) 949-8551 (202) 307-2952 • (202) 616-0275 Hayward, CA 94542-3044 (402) 554-2610 • (402) 554-2326 [email protected] [email protected] (510) 885-3269 [email protected] [email protected] Thomas Pulley Robert Regoli James M. Poland Eastern Kentucky University University ofColorado Carrie Petrucci California State University 535 Mahaffey Drive Department of Sociology University of California at Los Department of Criminal Justice Apartment A-3 Boulder, CO 80309-0327 Angeles 6000 J Street Richmond, KY40475 (303) 492-7088 Department of Social Welfare Sacramento, CA95819 (859) 626-3530 [email protected] 18375 Ventura Boulevard (916) 278-6437 · (916) 278-7692 [email protected] Private Mail Box 408 [email protected] Wi lliam Rehling Tarzana, CA91356 DarcyPurvis Western Illinois University (818) 829-9331 . (818) 886-9149 Joycelyn Pollock University of California at Irvine Department of Law Enforcement [email protected] Southwest Texas State University 4052 Van Buren Boulevard and Justice Administration Department of Criminal Justice Riverside, CA92503 1 University Circle Peter W. Phillips HAC 120 (949) 422-8366 Stipes Hall 456 University ofTexas at Tyler San Marcos, TX 78666 [email protected] Macomb, IL 61455
Department of Social Sciences (512) 245-7706 • (512) 245-8063 (309) 298-2167 · (309) 298-2187 3900 University Boulevard [email protected] Susan Quinn [email protected] Tyler, TX 75799 Florida State University (903) 566-7442 · (903) 566-5537 GregoryJ. Postle 1327 High Road Sue Titus Reid [email protected] University of Deleware Apartment Y8 Florida State University Center for Drug and Alcohol Studies Tallahassee, FL 32304 7524 Preservation Road John T. Picarelli Newark, DE 19716-2582 (850) 580-1721 Tallahassee, FL 32312 American University atq989:[email protected] (850) 688-6836 · (850) 893-7138 Transnational Crime and Roberto Hugh Potter [email protected] Corruption Center Center for Disease Control and Prevention Nicole Rafter 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW 2192 Deering Circle 155 College Hill Mary Ellen Reimund Washington, DC 20016-8178 Atlanta, GA 30345 Johnson, VT05656 Central Washington State
(202) 885-2656 · (202) 885-1389 (770) 488-1288 • (770) 488-4349 (802) 635-1246 · (802) 635-1447 University [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 25025 SE Klahanie Boulevard Apartment C-204 Glenn Pierce Karen Potter Gerard Rainville Issaquah, WA 98029
Northeastern University Eastern KentuckyUniversity American University (206) 439-3800 • (206) 439-3809 360 Huntington Avenue Department of Criminal Justice 17 Kinsman View Circle [email protected] 25 Richards Hall Stratton Building Silver Spring, MD 20901 Boston, MA 02115 Richmond, KY40475 (301) 681-5005 Ronald L. Reisner (617) 373-3702 (859) 622-6211 [email protected] Monmouth University [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice Robert M. Pignatello Jude Rariden 400 Cedar Avenue John Jay College Gary W. Potter Saginaw Valley State University W Long Branch, NJ 07764-1898 899 10th Avenue Eastern Kentucky University 7400 Bay Road (732) 571-3529 · (732) 263-5148 New York, NY 10019 Department of Justice and Police Studies University Center, MI 48710 [email protected]
(212) 237-8500 467 Stratton Building (517) 790-5601 • (517) 790-7656 Richmond, KY40475 mridtm(.vsvsu.edu Emily Renaud
AlexPiquero (859) 622-2009 • (859) 622-1549 Tiffin University Northeastern University [email protected] Christine Rasche 16 Franklin Street College of Criminal Justice University of North Florida Tiffin, OH 44883 360 Huntington Avenue Heather Powell Department of Sociology, Boston, MA02115 Mercyhurst College Anthropology and Criminal Justice Callie Rennison
(617) 373-3327 • (617) 373-8998 5966 Jodie Lane 4567 St. Johns BluffRoad Bureau of Justice Statistics [email protected] Apartment 14 Jacksonville, FL 32224 810 7th Street, NW
Erie, PA 16509 (904) 620-2850 • (904) 620-2540 Washington, DC20531 Nicole Leeper Piquero (814) 860-8455 · (814) 824-2182 [email protected] (202) 307-5889 · (202) 514-1757 Northeastern University [email protected] [email protected] College of Criminal Justice James Ray 360 Huntington Avenue Natasha D. Powell Lucas County Court of Common Pleas Claire Renzetti Boston, MA02115 North Carolina Central University 429 Michigan Street St. Joseph University (617) 373-7457 · (617) 373-8998 Department of Criminal Justice Toledo, OH 43624 Department of Sociology [email protected] 301 Criminal Justice Department (419) 213-6898 5600 City Avenue Durham, NC 27703 [email protected] Philadelphia, PA 19131-1395
Michael G. Planty (919) 560-6280 • (919) 560-5195 (610) 660-1564 · (610) 660-1688 Bureau of Justice Statistics [email protected] Kenyatta Yvonne Ray 9408 Ocala Street University ofAlabama Karl E. Repenning Silver Spring, MD 20901 TravisC. Pratt Department of Criminal Justice Mercyhurst College (202) 514-3214 · (202) 514-1757 Rutgers University Box 870320 452 East 35th Street [email protected] School of Criminal Justice Tuscaloosa, AL35487 Erie, PA 16504
123 Washington Street (205) 507-0041 • (205) 758-8025 (814) 825-8785 • (814) 824-2182 Jennifer J. Poe Newark, NJ 07102-3094 [email protected]
State Universityof New York at (973) 353-3289 • (973) 353-5896 Fran Reddington Albany [email protected] Central Missouri State University K. Michael Reynolds School of Criminal Justice Criminal Justice Department University ofCentral Florida 135 Western Avenue Daniel Price Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice Albany, NY12222 Kent State Unviersity Humphreys 300 and Legal Studies
(805) 588-3938 • (805) 325-0528 4314 Mahoning Avenue, Northwest Warrensburg, MO 64093 4000 Central Florida Boulevard [email protected] Warren, OH 44483-1998 (660) 543-4961 · (660) 543-8306 Post Office Box 161600
(330) 675-8981 • (330) 847-6610 [email protected] Orlando, FL 32816-1600 Mark Pogrebin [email protected] (407) 823-2943 · (407) 823-2938 University of Colorado at Denver Thomas E. Reed [email protected] Graduate School of Public Affairs Jon L. Proctor Eastern Kentucky University and Criminal Justice Indiana University of South Bend Department of Criminal Justice and Philip W. Rhoades Campus Box 142 School of Public Environmental Affairs Police Studies Texas A&M at Corpus Christi Post OfficeBox 173364 1800 Mishawaka Avenue Stratton 467 Department of Criminal Justice Denver, CO 80217-3364 South Bend, IN 46615 Richmond, KY40475- 3102 6300 Ocean Drive
(303) 556-5995 • (303) 556-5971 (219) 237-4136 • (219) 237-6514 (606) 622-1159 · (606) 622-6561 Corpus Christi,TX 78412 [email protected] [email protected] (361) 825-2637 · (361) 825-6098 [email protected] Diana Proper University of Albany Stephen C. Richards Clare Roby Freci Roth Jeffrey P. Rush NorthernKentucky University California State University at Chico Universityof Connecticut The Univ of Tenn. at Chattanooga Department of Sociology Center for Regional and Continuing Department of Sociology School of Social and Community LA 234 Education 344Mansfield Road Services Highland Heights,KY 41099 Chico, CA95929-0250 Post Office Box U-68 Department3203
(859) 572-5525 • (513) 481-5105 (530) 898-6105 · (530) 898-4020 Storrs, cr06269 615 McCallie Avenue [email protected] [email protected] (860) 486-4422 . (860) 486-6356 Chattanooga, TN37403
[email protected] (423) 755-4509 • (423) 785-2228 Michell Richter Linda Robyn [email protected] Sam Houston State UniverSity NorthernArizona University Mitchell R. Roth 208 Norman Park Department of Criminal Justice Sam Houston State University Lore Rutz-Burri Huntsville, TX 77320 Post Office Box 15005 College of CriminalJustice Southern Oregon University (936) 294-3636 Flagstaff,AZ 86004 Huntsville, TX77341-2296 Department of Criminology [email protected] (520) 523-9519 · (520) 523-8011 (936) 294-1649 · (936) 294-1653 1250 Siskiyou Boulevard [email protected] [email protected] Ashland. OR 97520 John Riley University of Alaska at Anchorage Rose P. Rodrigues Dwight Roth Patrick J. Ryan 3221 Spinnaker Drive Fairfield University Hesston College Long Island University Anchorage, AI<99508 Department of Sociology andAnthropology Post Office Box 3000 Rural Route 1 (907) 786-1879 · 907-786-7Tl7 North Benson Road Hesston, KS Post OfficeBox 177 [email protected] Fairfield, cr06430 Hobart, NY13788
(203) 254-4000 ext. 2784 James Rotton (607) 538-1400 • 607-538-1400 Marny Rivera [email protected] Florida International University [email protected] Indiana University of Department of Psychology Pennsylvania John J. Rodriguez Miami, FL 33199 James E. Ryan 650 Grant Street University of Texas - Pan American Norwich University Indiana, PA 15701 Department of Criminal Justice John Rouse Justice Studies (724) 465-0808 1201 West University Drive Sacred HeartUniversity 158 Harmon Drive [email protected] Edinburg, TX78539 5151 Park Avenue Northfield. vr 05663 Fairfield,cr 06432 (802) 485-2360 · (802) 485-2252 Omara Rivera-Vazquez JeffRoj ek [email protected] Michigan State University University ofMissouri at St. Louis Barry Ruback 1370 Deer Path Lane 8001 Natural Bridge Road Pennsylvania State University Kevin F. Ryan Apartment 22 st. Louis, MO 63121-4499 Department of Sociology Vennont Bar Association East Lansing, MI 48823 (314) 516-4561 · (314) 516-5048 211 Oswald Tower Post Office Box 100 cnljjr.ao1.com University Park, PA 16802 Montpelier, vr05601-0100
David W. Rivers (814) 863-3214 · (814) 863-7216 (802) 223-2020 • (802) 223-1573 Metro-Dade Police Department John Roman [email protected] [email protected] 13719 S.W. I03 Terrace Urban Institute Miami, FL 33186 2100 M Street, Northwest Lorie Rubenser William J. Sabol (305) 775-2144 Washington, DC 20037 SuI Ross State University Center on Urban Povertyand [email protected] (202) 261-5774• (202) 659-8985 Department of Criminal Justice Social Change [email protected] Post Office Box C-12 Case Western Reserve University Cynthia A. Robbins Alpine, TX79832 10900 Euclid Avenue
Universityof Delaware Dina R. Rose (915) 837-8166 • (915) 837-8273 Cleveland, OH 44106-7164
Center for Drug and Alcohol [email protected] (216) 368-0206 • (216) 368-5158 Studies Jake Rosenfeld [email protected] Newark, DE 19716-2258 Urban Institute Joan Ruberry 2100 M Street, Northwest Rocky Mountain High School Inger Sagatun-Edwards Kelly Robbins Washington, DC 20037 Department of LanguageArts San Jose State University
(202) 261-5869 • (202) 659-8985 Poudre School District Administration of Justice Gina Roberti 110 [email protected] Fort Collins, CO 80526 MH 508 Seton Hall University (970) 223-5397 One Washington Square Department of Criminal Justice SeanP. Rosenmerkel [email protected] SanJose, CA95192 Artsand Science Hall, Room 210 University of Maryland (408) 924-2945 • (408) 924-2953 400 South OrangeAvenue Department of Criminologyand Criminal Rick Ruddell [email protected] South Orange, NJ 07079 Justice University of Missouri at St. Louis
(973) 275-5883 • (973) 275-2336 2220 LeFrak Hall Department of Criminology and Mikael Sainio [email protected] College Park, MD 20742 Criminal Justice The Police College of Finland
(301) 403-8338 • (301) 403-4404 494 Lucas Hall Post Office Box 13 Jennifer Johnson Roberts [email protected] 8001 Natural Bridge Road Espoo 02151, Indiana University of St. Louis, MO 63121 FINLAND Pennsylvania Jeffrey Ian Ross (314) 516-3051 · (314) 516-5048 Department of Criminology 2447 Tunlaw Road [email protected] Laurie J. Samuel G-l McElhaney Hall Washington, DC 20007 Institutefor Lawand Justice Indiana, PA 15705 (202) 337-4532 Wtl liam Ruefle 300 Indiana Avenue, Northwest (402) 554-3084 [email protected] University of South Carolina Room 4145 [email protected] College of CriminalJustice Washington, DC 20001 Darrell L. Ross Columbia, SC 29208 (202) 727-1449
Reta Roberts East Carolina University (803) m-6517 • (803) m-9600 [email protected] Florida Community College at Criminal Justice Studies [email protected] Jacksonville 210 Ragsdale Kimberly Sanforo Criminal Justice Center Greenville, NC 27858 Jim Ruiz West Virginia State College
4501 Capper Road (252) 328-4203 • (252) 328-4196 Pennsylvania State at Harrisburg 222 BerryHills Est. Jacksonville, FL 32218 [email protected] School of Public Affairs Winfield, WV25213 m West Harrisburg Pike AlbertR. Roberts Debra Ross Middletown, PA 17057 Allen D. Sapp Rutgers University Buffalo State College (717) 948-6292 . (717) 948-6320 Central Missouri State University Administration of Justice Department of CriminalJustice [email protected] Criminal Justice Department Livingston College Campus 1300 ElmwoodAvenue 234 NW 41 Road Lucy Stone Hall B-261 Buffalo, NY 14222 Scott Rummel Warrensburg, MO 64093 54Joyce Kilmer Avenue (716) 878-6138 · (716) 878-3240 University of Louisiana at Lafayette (660) 747-8640 • (660) 747-0320 Piscataway, NJ 08854 [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] (732) 297-6761 • (732) 297-4160 315 Guilbeau Road [email protected] Lee Ross Apartment 613 Christine Saum University of Wisconsin at Parkside Lafayette, LA70506-6962 CliffRobertson Department of Criminal Justice (337) 981-7007 Joe Saunders Washburn University 900 Wood Road [email protected] Tiffin University Department of Criminal Justice Post Office Box 2000 Department of Law Enforcement Topeka, KS66621 Kenosha, WI 53141-2000 and Corrections
(414) 595-3416 • (414) 595-2471 155 Miami Street [email protected] Tiffin, OH 44886
(800) 968-6446 • (419) 447-9605 [email protected] Joanne Savage Christopher J. Schreck Christine S. Sellers Theodore Shields American University Arkansas State University University of South Florida The College of the Bahamas Department of Justice Law and Department of Criminology, Department of Criminology Law and Criminal Justice Studies Society Post Office Box 2410 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Soc 107 Thompson Bouevard 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW State University, AR72467 Tampa, FL 33620 Suite N-4912
Washington, DC200 16-8043 (870) 972-3705 • (870) 972-3694 (813) 974-9547 • (813) 974-2803 Nassau, (202) 885-2974 [email protected] [email protected] BAHAMAS [email protected] (242) 302-4489 JeffreyLee Schrink Osman N. Sen [email protected] Kathryn Scarborough Indiana State University University of North Texas Eastern Kentucky University Criminology Department 1003 Eagle Drive Phillip Shon Police Studies, Jutice & Safety Department of Criminology Apartment. 138 University Illinois at Chicago Center 206 Holmstedt Hall Denton, TIC76201 Department of Criminal Justice 467 Stratton Building Terre Haute, IN 47809 1007 West Harrison Street Richmond, KY40475 (812) 237··2190 • (812) 237-8099 Scott Senjo Chicago, IL 60607-7140 (606) 622-1464 · (606) 622-8038 [email protected] Weber State University (312) 996-5290 · [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] Martin D. Schwartz 1204 UniversityCircle FrankScarpitti Ohio University Ogden, UT84408-1206 Lyle L. Shook Department of Sociology (801) 626-7851 • (80l) 626-6145 Auburn University at Montgomery MarnySchaefer Athens, OH 45701 [email protected] 7900 University Drive Indiana University of (740) 593-1366 · (740) 593-1365 Montgomery, AL36106
Pennsylvania [email protected] Brion Sever (334) 265-2470 • (334) 244-3826 650 Grant Street Monmouth University Indiana, PA 15701-3145 Judith B. Schwartzman Department of Criminal Justice Robert T. Sigler (724) 465-0808 Wright State University 400 Cedar Avenue University of Alabama [email protected] School of Professional Psychology West Long Branch, NJ 07764 Department of Criminal Justice
117 Health Sciences Building (732) 708-9279 • (732) 263-5148 Post Office Box 870320 Joseph Schafer Dayton, OH 45435 [email protected] Tuscaloosa, AL35487 -0320
Southern Illinois University at (937) 263-0060 · (937) 268-1543 (205) 348-7791 • (205) 348-7178 Carbondale [email protected] TheresaSeverance [email protected] Center for the Study of Crime, Eastern Connecticut State University Delinquency and Corrections Miriam Sealock Department of Sociology Shelia A. Silman Mailcode 4504 Towson University 83 Windham Street Carbondale, IL 62901-4504 Departmentof Sociology, Anthropology Willimantic, CT06226 Eli Silvennan (618) 453-6376 · (618) 453-6377 and CriminalJustice (860) 465-4656 · (860) 465-4610 John Jay College, CUNY [email protected] 8000 York Road [email protected] Law and Police Studies Towson, MD 21252-0001 899 loth Avenue Nancy Schafer (410) 704-5165 Judith Sgani New York, NY10019
University of Alaska [email protected] Mount IdaCollege (212) 237-8375 • (212) 796-9956 Justice Center Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] 3211 Providence Drive Dale K. Sechrest 777Dedham Street Anchorage, AK99508 California State University at San Newton, MA02459 Kathleen M. Simon
(907) 786-1820 · (907) 786-7777 Bernardino (617) 585-1933 • (781) 585-8920 Appalachian State University [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] Department of Political Science 5500 University Parkway and Criminal Justice Linda Schain San Bernardino, CA92407-2397 HowardShacklock Boone, NC 28608
30 Virginia Lane (909) 880-5566 • (909) 880-7025 Youngstown State University (828) 262-6313 • (828) 262-2947 Thornwood, NY 10594 [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] (914) 769-2387 One University Plaza Philip E. Secret Youngstown, OH 44555 Barbara Sims John Scheb Universityof Nebraska at Omaha Pennsylvania State University at University of Tennessee Department of Criminal Justice Deborah K. Shaffer Harrisburg Departmentof Political Science 60th and Dodge Street University of Cincinnati School of Public Affairs 1001 McClungTower Durham, Science Center Department of Criminal Justice 777 West Harrisburg Pike Knoxville, TN37996 Room 247 Post Office Box 210389 Middletown, PA 17057-4898 (423) 974-7047 · (423) 974-7037 Omaha, NE68182 Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 (717) 948-6044 · (717) 948-6320
[email protected] (402) 554-2610 · (402) 554-2326 (513) 556-2617 • (513) 556-3303 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Amie R. Scheidegger Tamson L. Six Charleston Southern University Ayn Embar Seddon Ron Shansky Virginia Commonwealth 9200 University Boulevard Florida MetropolitanUniversity University Post Office Box 118087 10819 Piping Rock Circle Alison J. Sherley Department of Criminal Justice Charleston, SC 29423-8087 Orlando, FL 32817 University of Calgary Post Office Box 842017
(843) 863-7191 • (843) 863-7198 (407) 628-5870 ext. 136 Department of Sociology Richmond, VA 23284-2017 [email protected] [email protected] 2500 University Drive, Northwest (804) 828-1050 · (804) 828-1253 Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, [email protected] Stan Sch mock Elizabeth Sefcik CANADA Norwich University Texas A & M University of Corpus Christi (403) 220-3209 David Skelton Department of Justice Studies 6300 Ocean Drive aj [email protected] Indiana State University Northfield, VT 05663 Corpus Christi,TX 78412 Department ofCriminology [email protected] Stan Shemock Terre Haute, IN 47809
Richard P. Seiter Norwich University (812) 237-2196 • (812) 237-8099 FrankSchmalleger St. Louis University Department of Justice Studies Justice Research Association 1814 Augusta Trail 158 Hannon Drive Gemma Skillman 3 Post Mill Lane Edwardsville, IL 62025 Northfield, VT05663 Universityof South Dakota
Hilton Head Island, SC 29926 (618) 324-0146 • (618) 692-8207 (802) 485-2370 • (802) 485-22�2 Department of Clinical Psychology
(843) 842-2203 • (202) 478-0271 [email protected] [email protected] 414 East Clark Street [email protected] Vermillion, SO 57069 Richard Seklecki David Shichor Pamela J. Schram MinnesotaState University California State University at San Geoffrey R. Skoll California State University at San Department of Political Science andLaw Bernardino Universityof Wisconsin at Bernardino Encforcement Department of Criminal Justice Milwaukee Department of Criminal Justice 26534 25th Street 5500 University Parkway Department of Criminal Justice 5500 University Parkway Waldorf, MN 56001 San Bernardino, CA92407-2397 School of SocialWellfare
San Bernardino, CA92407 (507) 389-1971 · (507) 389-6377 (909) 880-5506 • (714) 990-3307 Post Office Box786
(909) 880-5255 • (909) 880-7025 [email protected] [email protected] Milwaukee, WI53201 [email protected] (414) 229-2319 WI lliam Selk GlennShields [email protected] Indiana University Bowling Green State University 302 Sycamore Hall SocialW ork Program Bloomington, IN 47401 Bowling Green, OH 43403
(812) 855-9325 • (812) 855-5522 (419) 372-2326 • (419) 372-2400 [email protected] [email protected] Risdon Slate Beverly Smith Kimberly GentrySperber Gene Stephens Florida Southern College Illinois State University University of Cincinnati University of South Carolina Department Sociology & Criminal Justice Sciences Department of Criminal Justice College of CriminalJustice Criminology Campus Box 5250 Post Office Box 210389 Columbia, SC 29208
111 Lake Hollingsworth Drive Normal, IL 61790-5250 Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 (803) m-7315• (803) 772-6320 Lakeland, FL 33801-5698 (309) 438-7645 · (309) 438-7289 (513) 751-7747 · (513) 556-3303 [email protected] (963) 680-4339 [email protected] [email protected] Cassia Spohn Eric E. Sterling Clete Snell University of Nebraska at Omaha Criminal Justice Policy Kevonne M. Small Prairie View A & M University Department of Criminal Justice Foundation American University School of Juvenile Justice and Psychology 60th and Dodge Streets 1225 Eye Street, Northwest Department of Justice, Law and Prairie View, TX77 446-4017 DSC 251 Suite 500 Society Omaha, NE 68182 Washington, DC 20005
4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Irena R. Soderstrom (402) 554-3591 • (402) 554-2326 (202) 312-2015 Apartment 355B Eastern Kentucky University [email protected] Washington, DC200 16-8043 Department of Correctional and Juvenile Dennis J. Stevens (202) 885-2974 Justice Studies Michael C. Squeo University of Massachusetts at [email protected] 105 Stratton Building Bergen Community College Boston Richmond, KY40475-2201 126 Sicomac Avenue Department of Criminal Justice Ami Smallwood (606) 622-1156 · (606) 622-6650 Midland Park, NJ 07432 290 Quarry Street Tiffin University [email protected] Suite 415 Department of Forensic Sanjeev Sridharan Quincy, MA02169 Psychology Amy Solomon Caliber Associates (617) 287-7399 Tiffin, OH 44883 The Urban Institute 10530 Rosehaven Street [email protected] Justice Policy Center Fairfax, VA 22030 J remiah Smith 2100 M Street, Northwest (703) 385-3206 Amy Stichman Pennsylvania State University at Washington, DC 20002 [email protected] 1485 North Farwell Avenue Harrisburg (202) 261-5385 ApartmentU School of Public Affairs [email protected] .Peter K.B. St. Jean Milwaukee, WI 53202 m west Harrisburg Pike Chicago Area Project (414) 288-7913 Middletown, PA 17057 John Song 1337 Madison Place [email protected] State University of New York College at Apartment 3 Michael R. Smith Buffalo Chicago, IL 60615 Jeanne Stinchcomb Virginia Commonwealth Department of Criminal Justice (312) 663-3574 • (312) 663-5873 Florida Atlantic University University 1300 Elmwood Avenue Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice Buffalo, NY14222 Steven Stack 2912 College Avenue
816 West Franklin Street (716) 878-4512 • (716) 878-3240 Wayne State University Room 468 Post Office Box 842017 [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice Davie, FL 33314 Richmond, VA 23284-2017 656 West Kirby (954) 236-1242 · (954) 236-1065
(804) 828-1050 • (814) 828-1253 Josef Soper 2305 Faculty Administration Building [email protected] [email protected] 6lst District Court Detroit, MI 48202
333 Monroe, Northwest (313) 577-3281 • (313) 577-9977 JeffStockner Cindy Smith Room 261J [email protected] Tiffin University University of Baltimore Grand Rapids, MI 49503 61 North Tecumseh Trail Department of Criminal Justice Amanda Stacy Tiffin, OH 44883 8227 Bayside Drive Tamara Dawn Sorensen Pikeville College (419) 448-1561 Pasadena, MD 21122-5703 California State University at San CPO 507 [email protected] (410) 837-6087 · (410) 837-6051 Bernardino 147 Sycamore Street [email protected] 5280 North Little Mountain Drive Pikeville, KY4150 1 Mary K. Stohr Apartment T-11 (606) 218-5834 Boise State University Jimmy L. Smith San Bernardino, CA 92407 Department Criminal Justice Florida State University (909) 887-2729 Howard Stafford Administration School of Criminology and [email protected] University of Cincinnati 1910 University Drive Criminal Justice Department of Geography Boise, ID 83725 Tallahassee, FL 32306-1127 Jonathan Sorenson Post Office Box 210389 (208) 426-1378 · (208) 426-4371 (850) 644-7372 Vera Institute Cincinnati, OH 45221-0131 [email protected] New York, NY Brenda Smith (212) 376-3163 Elizabeth Stanko Stan Stojkovic California State University at [email protected] University of London, Royal Holloway University of Wisconsin at Sacramento Department of Social and Political Milwaukee 3945 Tarmigan Drive Sam Souryal Sciences Criminal Justice Program Anteldpe, CA 95843 Sam Houston State University Egham, Surrey TW20 OEXLONDON Post Office Box 786 (916) 344-8288 College of Criminal Justice [email protected] Milwaukee, WI 53201-0786
Post Office Box 2296 (414) 229-6038 • (414) 229-5311 Dwayne Smith Huntsville, TX77341 Beth Stanley [email protected] University of South Florida (936) 294-1643 · (936) 294-1653 Pikeville College Department of Criminology CPO 507 Larry D. Stokes 4202 East Fowler Drive Mittie Southerland 147 Sycamore Street Hampton University Tampa, FL 33620 Murray State University Pikeville, KY41501 Department of Sociology Department of Public Safety (606) 437-7978 Hampton, VA 23668
J. Steven Smith 101 Public Safety Building (757) 727-5338 • (757) 727-5084 Ball State University Murray, KY42071-3317 Judy B. Stein [email protected]
Department of Criminal Justice (270) 762-2222 • (270) 762-3692 San Diego State University IYC NQ 248 [email protected] 104 East Jasper Road RuthAnn Strickland Muncie, IN 47306 Heber, CA 92249 471 Schaffer Road
(765) 285-5102 • (765) 285-5912 Dean Spader (760) 768-5614 Boone, NC 28607 [email protected] University of South Dakota [email protected] (828) 262-6169 • (828) 262-2947 Criminal Justice Studies [email protected] Howard Smith 414 East Clark Benjamin Steiner Indiana University of Vermillion, SD 57069 Kevin K. Strom
Pennsylvania (605) 677-5708 • (605) 677-6302 Rick M. Steinmann Bureau of Justice Statistics Department of Criminology [email protected] Lindenwood University 810 7thStree t, Northwest G-1 McElhaney Hall 209 South Kings Highway Washington, DC 20531 441 North Walk Deborah L. Spence st. Charles, MO 63301- 1695 (202) 616-9491 • (202) 616-1351 Indiana, PA 15705 Institute for Law and Justice (636) 949-4729 · (636) 949-4822 [email protected] (724) 357-1250 · (724) 357-4018 1018 Duke Street [email protected] Alexandria, VA 22314 David Struckhoff
Christopher E. Smith (703) 684-5300 • (703) 739-5533 B. Joyce Stephens Loyola University Michigan State University [email protected] State University of New York at Justice Research Institute School of Criminal Justice Fredonia 687 Springfood Drive 530 Baker hall Department of Sociology Joliet, IL 60431 East Lansing, MI 48824 Fredonia, NY14063 (815) 730-7803 • (815) 730-7804
(517) 353-0735 • (517) 432-1787 (716) 673-4611 · (716) 673-3332 [email protected] [email protected] Donna Stuccio-Lendy Komi Kumar Swaroop Terrance J. Taylor R.Alan Thompson Onondaga Community College State University of New York College at University of Nebraska of Omaha University of Southern Mississippi 4941 Onondaga Road Potsdam Department of CriminalJustice Department of Criminal Justice Syracuse, NY 13215 Department of Sociology 110 Neihardt-Love Post Office Box 5127 (315) 469-2673 44 Pierrepont Avenue 540 North 16th Street Hattiesburg. MS 39406-5127
[email protected] Potsdam, NY13676 Lincoln, NE 68588-0630 (601) 266-6048 • (601) 266-4391
(315) 267-2568 • (315) 267-2743 (402) 472-6753 · (402) 472-6758 [email protected] Judith E. Sturges [email protected] [email protected] RDI Box 302.1\ Bankole Thompson Derry, PA 15627 Kathleen M. Sweet Lisa D. Taylor Eastern Kentucky University St. Cloud State University 1611 Craven Street Department of Police Studies Anne Sullivan Department of Criminal Justice Columbia, SC 29203 Department of Police Studies Salem State College 720 Fourth Ave, South (803) 253-5252 521 LancasterAvenue Department of Criminal Justice St. Cloud, MN 55303 Richmond, KY40475
352 laFayette Street (320) 255··2158 • (320) 255-2993 Dorothy Taylor (606) 622-2906 · (606) 622-1549 Salem, MA 01970 [email protected] University of Miami [email protected] (978) 542-6485 Departmentof Sociology [email protected] Peter Sylver Post Office Box 248162 Ernie Thomson Hofstra University Miami, FL 33124-2208 University of Houston at Clear
Anne T. Sulton School of Law (305) 284-6039 • (305) 284-5310 Lake New Jersey City University 121 Law S(:hool [email protected] 2700 Bay Area Boulevard Post Office Box 445 Hempstead, NY 11549 UHCL Box329 West Windsor, NJ 08550 William Terrill Houston, TX77058
(201) 200-3492 • (609) 716-6388 William L. Tafoya Northeastern University (281) 283-3310 • (281) 283-3397 Governers State University College of Criminal Justice [email protected] Melvina T. Sumter Department of Criminal Justice 421 Churchill Hall North Carolina Central University University Parkway & Stuenkel Road Boston, MA02115 J. Michael Thomson Department of Criminal Justice University Park, IL 60466-0975 (617) 373-7462 · (617) 247-7847 Northern Kentucky University 301 Criminal Justice Building (708) 534·-4022 · (708) 534-7895 [email protected] Department of Political Science Durham, NC 27707 www.govst.edu/tafoya Nunn Drive (919) 560-5197 · (919) 560-5195 Chuck Terry Landrum 217A [email protected] Susan Takata University of Michigan at Flint Highland Heights, KY41099
University of Wisconsin at Parkside Department of Sociology (859) 572-5526 • (859) 572-6184 Ivan Sun Department of Criminal Justice Flint, MI 48502 [email protected] Old Dominion University 370 Molinaro Hall (810) 762-3340 322 Hagen Spring Road Post Office Box 2000 [email protected] William E. Thornton Chesapeake, VA 23320 Kenosha, WI53141-2000 Loyola University
(757) 683-3819 • (757) 683-5634 (414) 595-2116 • 414-595-2471 Karen J. Terry Departmentof Criminal Justice [email protected] [email protected] John Jay College of Criminal Justice 6363 St. Charles Avenue Department of Law and Police Science Post Office Box 55 Key Sun Ronald L. Tannehill 899 Tenth Avenue New Orleans, LA 70118 2510 Woods Drive Washburn University New York, NY 10011 (504) 865-2134 · (504) 845-0387 Apartment L Department of Criminal Justice (212) 237-8040 [email protected] Steilacoom, WA 98388 1700 Southwest College [email protected] (253) 964-6260 206 Benton Hall Nicole R.Thrift: [email protected] Topeka, KS 66621 RaymondTeske, Jr. University of Delaware
(785) 231-1010 ext. 2218 • (785) 231-1027 Sam Houston State University Center for Drug and Alcohol Jody Sundt [email protected] Criminal Justice Center Studies Southern Illinois University at 304 Elkins Lake Newark, DE 19716-2582 Carbondale Joseph R. Targonski Huntsville. TX 77341 Center for the Study of Crime University of Illinois at Chicago (936) 294-1667 · (936) 294-1653 Quint Thurman Mailcode 4504 Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] Wichita State University Carbondale, IL 62901-4504 1007 West Harrison Street 1845 Fairmount (618) 453-6371 · (618) 453-6377 Chicago, II. 60607-7140 Richard Tewksbury Wichita, KS 67260-0135 [email protected] (847) 433-2354 University of Louisville (316) 978-6962 · (316) 978-3626 [email protected] Department of Justice Administration [email protected] Michael Supancic 204 Brigman Hall Southwest Texas State University Christine Tartaro Louisville, KY40292 Victoria Time
Department of Criminal Justice 66 Club Place (502) 852-6567 • (502) 852-0065 Old Dominion University San Marcos, TX 78666-4616 Absecon, NJ 08201-3407 [email protected] 430 Delaware Avenue
(609) 748-6035 • (609) 748-5559 Apartment 312 Geetha Suresh [email protected] Beverly Thacker Norfolk, VA 23519 University of Louisville Pikeville College (757) 683-6100 Department of Justice BeckyTatum CPO 507 [email protected] Administration Georgia State University 147 Sycamore Street 220 Brigham Hall Department of Criminal Justice Pikeville, KY41501 Peggy Tobolowsky Louisville, KY40292 Post Office Box 4018 (606) 433-9030 University of North Texas GOsureO [email protected] Atlanta, GA 30302-4018 Department of Criminal Justice
(404) 651-1379 • (404) 651-3658 Edward Thibault Post Office Box 305130 Raymond Surette [email protected] SUNY Oswego Denson, TX76203
Department of Sociology (940) 565-4085 • (940) 565-2548 Toyoichiro Suzuki Faye S. Taxman 402 West Broadway [email protected] Wright State University University of Maryland Fulton, NY13069-2103
3002 Sagebrook Drive Department of Criminologyand (315) 593-8183 • (315) 312-5423 E. Andreas Tomaszewski Miamisburg, OH 45342 Criminal Justice [email protected] Ohio University (937) 436-1473 2220 LeFrak Hall Department of Sociology and [email protected] College Park, MD 20742 George Thomas Anthropology (301) 405-4781 · (301) 405-4733 3119 Savannah Court 209 Lindley Hall Thomas Svitkovich [email protected] Albany, GA 31707 Athens, OH 45701 2413 Maple Avenue (740) 593-1383 · (740) 593-1365 Flint, MI 48532 David B. Taylor TitusThompson [email protected] (810) 768-4402 700 Wright Avenue North Tonawanda, NY 14120-5640 Robert Thompson Pamela Tontodonato Jessica Swanson (716) 286-8087 · (716) 286-8061 Pikeville College Kent State University Pennsylvania State University at CPO 507, 147 Sycamore Street Department of Justice Studies Harrisburg Robert W. Taylor Pikeville, KY41501 113 Bowman Hall School of Public Affairs University of North Texas (606) 218-5075 Kent, OH 44242-0001 777West Harrisburg Pike Department of Criminal Justice (330) 672-0318 • (330) 672-5394 Middletown, PA 17057 Post Office Box 305130 Andre James Thompson 330-672-5394
(717) 948-6044 • (717) 948-6320 Denton, TX 76203-5130 South Carolina State University [email protected]
(940) 565-4475 • (940) 565-2548 300 College Street, NE [email protected] Hopkins, SC 29061
(803) 536-8786 • (803) 533-3636 [email protected] Sam Torres Bradley Urick Heidi Vaughn John E. Wade California State University Indiana University of Pennsylvania Caliber Associates Southeast Missouri State Department of Criminal Justice Post Office Box 1036 10530 Rosehaven Street University 1250 Bellflower Boulevard Flint, MI 48501-1036 Fairfax, VA 22030 Department of Criminal Justice
Long Beach, CA90840 (810) 235-7000 (703) 385-3206 • (703) 385-3206 One University Plaza (562) 985-5134 • (562) 985-8086 [email protected] [email protected] Cape Girardeau, MO 63701 [email protected] (573) 651-2541 • (573) 986-6417 Ernest Uwazi Michael S. Vaughn [email protected] Mark Totten California State University at Sacramento Georgia State University Youth Services Bureau, Ottawa Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice WI lliam F. Wagner 1338 1/2 Wellington Street 6000 J Street Post Office Box 4018 Minnesota State University at Ottawa, Ontario, KlY 3B7 Sacramento, CA95819-6085 Atlanta, GA 30302-4018 Mankato
CANADA (916) 278-6282 • (916) 278-7692 (404) 651-3688 • (404) 651-3658 Departmentof Sociology and (613) 729-1000 [email protected] [email protected] Corrections [email protected] 113 Armstrong Hall FranciscoValadez Amber Veitenheimer Mankato, MN 56001
Jeremy Travis Universidad de los Andes Midwestern State University (507) 389-5602 • (507) 389-5615 The Urban Institute Departamento de Criminologia Criminal Justice Program [email protected]. Jutice Policy Center Cuidad Merida, Estado Merida, 3400 Taft Boulevard 2100 M Street, Northwest VENEZUELA 5101 Wichita Falls, TX76308 Camille Wagner
Washington, DC 20034 011 58 14 741 2600 (940) 689-8823 • (940) 895-3728 University of New Mexico [email protected] [email protected] Department of Sociology LawrenceTra vis, III Albuquerque, NM 87106 University of Cincinnati Erin Gibbs Van Bnmschot Carol Veneziano (505) 271-5907 Department of Criminal Justice University of Calgary Southeast Missouri State University [email protected] Post Office Box 210389 Department of Sociology MS 8200 Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 2500 University Drive, NW One University Plaza Anita Wainwright
(513) 556-5837 • (513) 556-3303 Calgary, AlbertaT2N 1N4, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701 Child Protective Services [email protected] CANADA (573) 651-2690 • (573) 986-6417 (403) 220-6505 · (403) 282-9298 [email protected] Joe Waldron Bill Tregea [email protected] Youngstown State University Adrian College Louis Veneziano Department of Criminal Justice 110 South Madison Amy Van Houten Southeast Missouri State University One University Plaza Adrian, MI 49221 University of Arkansas at Little Rock Department of Psychology Youngstown, OH 44555 (517) 264-3965 · (517) 264-3827 2801 South UniversityAve nue One University Plaza (330) 742-3279 [email protected] Little Rock, AR72204 MS 8200 [email protected] Cape Girardeau, MO 63701
Tammy Turner Shela R. Van Ness (573) 651-5096 • (573) 986-6417 Roy O. Walker International Foundation for the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga [email protected] University of Illinois Peaceful Department 3203 2316 WinchesterDrive Elimination of Opium Crops 615 McCallie Avenue Ken Venters Champaign, IL 61821
171 Roosevelt Road, Sec 3 Chattanooga, TN37403 University of Tennessee at (217) 333-7806 • (217) 333-780 12th Floor, Suite A (423) 755-4411 · (423) 785-2251 Chattanooga [email protected] Taipei, 106, [email protected] 615 McCallie Avenue TAIWAN Chattanooga, TN 37403 JefferyT. Walker
Kit R.Van Stelle (423) 755-4512 • (423) 785-2228 Univ. of Arkansas at Little Rock Craig Turner Unviersity ofWisconsin kenneth [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice North Carolina Governor's Crime 2710 Marshall Court 2801 South University Commission Madison, WI 53705 Michael Victor Little Rock, AR72204-1099
1201 Front Street (608) 262-5948 • (608) 265-3255 University of Texas at Tyler (501) 569-3195 · (Sol) 569-3075 Suite 200 [email protected] Department of Social Sciences [email protected] Raleigh, NC 27609 3900 University Boulevard
(919) 733-4564 • (919) 733-4625 Donna Vandiver Tyler, TX 75799 Lisa Hutchinson Wallace
[email protected] Sam Houston State University (903) 566-7399 • (903) 565-5537 University of New Orleans College of Criminal Justice [email protected] 2000 Deer Street Michael G. Turner Post Office Box 2296 Ocean Springs, MS 39564 NortheasternUniversity Huntsville, TX7734 1-2296 ChristyVisher (228) 818-0649 College of Criminal Justice (409) 294-3644 The Urban Institute wallace [email protected] 360 Huntington Avenue [email protected] 2100 M Street, Northwest Boston, MA02115 -5055 Washington, DC 20031 Donald Wallace (617) 373-3618 · (617) 373-8998 Margaret Vandiver (202) 261-5593 Central Missouri State University [email protected] University of Memphis Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminology Gennaro F. Vito Humphreys 300 Kelly "K.B." Turner 405 Mitchell Hall University of Louisville Warrensburg, MO 64093 Alabama State University Memphis, TN 38152 Department of Justice Administration (660) 543-8913 • (660) 543-8306
Department of Sociology and (901) 678-3401 • (901) 678-5279 203 Brigman Hall [email protected] Criminal Justice [email protected] Louisville, KY40292 Montgomery, AL63101-0181 (502) 852-6509 • (502) 852-0065 Holly Walpole (334) 229-4321 · (334) 449-8166 Sean Patrick Varano [email protected] Indiana Department of [email protected] Michigan State University Corrections School of Criminal Justice MaryAnn Viverette 302 West Washington Street JeffTymony 560 Baker Hall Gaithersburg Police Department Suite E334 EastCentral University East Lansing, MI 48824 7 E Cedar Avenue Indianapolis, IN 46204
Department of Human Resources (517) 332-8586 · (517) 432-1787 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 (317) 233-4788 • (317) 233-1474 717 East 17th Century [email protected] (301) 258-7048 • (301) 258-6410 [email protected] Ada, OK 74820 [email protected] James J. Vardalis John Walsh Brenda Uekert Florida International University William Vizzard Indiana University Institute for Law and Justice 11200 SW 8th Street Callifornia State University at Department of Criminal Justice 1018 Duke Street Miami, FL 33199 Sacramento Bloomington, IL 47405
Alexandria, VA 22314-3591 (305) 348-5890 • (305) 235-9960 Dh.ision of Criminal Justice
(703) 684-5300 • (703) 739-5533 [email protected] 6000 J Street Sterling Walton [email protected] Sacramento, CA 95819
Joseph B. Vaughn (916) 278-7048 • (916) 278-6213 Xinhao Wang Erin Ulrich Central Missouri State University [email protected] University of Cincinnati Pennsylvania State University at Department ofCriminal Justice Department of Geography Harrisburg Humphrey 30lA-2 Lydia Voigt Post Office Box 210131 School of Public Affairs Warrensburg, MO 64093 Loyola University Cincinnati, OH 45221-0131 777 West Harrisburg Pike (660) 543-4188 · (660) 543-8306 Department of Sociology Middletown, PA 17057 [email protected] 6363 St. Charles Avenue Post Office Box 30 New Orleans, LA 70118 Hsiao-Ming Wang Robert Welch John White Phil Williams University of Louisiana at EastTennessee State University Richard Stockton College of New University of Pittsburgh Lafayette 306 Hilcrest Drive Jersey Ridgeway Center for International Department of Criminal Justice Johnson City, TN 37604 Department of Social and Behavioral Security Studies 118 Old Mouton Hall (423) 926-2312 Sciences Pittsburgh, PA 15206
Post Office Box 41652 [email protected] Jim Leeds Road (412) 648-7408 • (412) 624-7291 Lafayette, LA 70504-1652 Pomona, NJ 08242 [email protected]
(318) 482-6540 • (318) 482-5374 Terry" I•. Wells (609) 652-4614 • (609) 748-5559 hxw0282@louisiana,edu Georgia College and State University Hubert Williams Department of Government and Sociology Jonathan White Police Foundation Sara Ward Campus Box 18 Grand Valley State University 1201 Connecticut Avenue, 107 HollywoodAvenue Milledgeville, GA 31061 School of Criminal Justice Northwest
Albany, �12208-2708 (912) 445-4257 • (912) 445-5273 2173 Ash Suite 200 [email protected] Allendale, MI 49401 Washington, DC20036
Barbara Warner (616) 895-2291 • (616) 895-3288 (202) 833-1460 • (202) 659-9149 Eastern Kentucky University James Wells whitej @gvsu.edu [email protected] Criminal Justice and Policing Eastern KentuckyUniversity 467 Stratton Building College of Law Enforcement John T. Whitehead Tammy C. Williams Richmond, KY40475 103 Stratton Building EastTennessee State University 2206 South Taylor Street
(859) 622-1112 • (859) 622-1549 521 LancasterAvenue Department of Criminal Justice and Little Rock, AR 72207
[email protected] Richmond, KY40475 -3102 Criminology (501) 603-0161 • (501) 569-3075
(606) 622-1158 • (606) 622-6650 Post Office Box 70555 [email protected] SeanWaters [email protected] Johnson City, TN37614-0918 Pennsylvania State University at (423) 439-5604 · (423) 439-7373 Jimmy J. Williams Harrisburg William Wells [email protected] University of Alabama School of Public Affairs Southern Illinois University Post Office Box 870320 777west Harrisburg Pike Department of Crime Studies Giselle White-Perry Tuscalossa, AL35487
Middletown, PA 17057 MailcQde 4504 South Carolina State University (205) 348-7178 • (205) 348-7178
(717) 948-6044 • (717) 948-6320 Carbondale, IL 62901 300 College Street, NE [email protected] [email protected] (618) 453-6362 · (618) 453-6377 Post Office Box 7713 [email protected] Orangeburg, SC 29117 Che D. Williamson
CoryWatkins (803) 536-8803 • (803) 533-3636 Sam Houston State University University of Central Florida L. EdwardWells [email protected] 18 Splitrock Road Departmentof Criminal Justice Illinois State University Woodlands, TX77381 and Legal Studies Department of Criminal Justice Sciences Stephanie Whitus Post Office Box 161600 Campus Box 5250 California State University Sacramento Frank E. Williamson, Jr. Orlando,FL 32816 401 Schroeder Hall 6000 J Street York College of Pennsylvania [email protected] Normal,IL 61790-5250 Alpine Hall 103 1993 Hummel Avenue (309) 438-2989 · (309) 438-7289 Sacramento, CA95819-6085 Camp Hill, PA 17011-5938
Gary Webb [email protected] (916) 278-5062 • (916) 278-7692 (717) 975-7575 · (717) 975-7879 Ball State University [email protected] frank_williamson@lower Department of Criminal Justice Sarah Welter allen.pa.us and Criminology Council on Crime and Justice Lizabeth Ann Wiinamaki 1812 North ManringAvenue 822 South 3rd Street Juniata College Cecil Willis Muncie, IN 47306 Suite 100 Criminal Justice Program University of North Carolina at
(765) 288-6773 • (765) 288-6782 Minneapolis, MN 55415 1700 Moore Street Wilmington
[email protected] (612) 596-7626 • (612) 348-7872 Huntingdon, PA 16652 Department Sociology, [email protected] (814) 641-3671 · (814) 641-3695 Anthropology and Criminal SandraWebb [email protected] Justice Community Policing Consorium David C. Whelan 601 South College Road 1725 M Street, Northwest University of North Florida John L. Wilde Wilmington, NC 28403
Suite 801 Department of Sociology, Anthropology University of Texas - Pan American (910) 962-3785 • (910) 962-7385 Washington, DC 20036 and Criminal Justice 309 East Samano [email protected] (202) 833-3305 4567 St. John's Bluff Road, South Edinburg, TX 78539 [email protected] Jacksonville, FL 32234 George P. Wl lson William Wilkinson North Carolina Central University RobertR. Weidner Thomas Whetstone University of Texas at Brownsville Department of Criminal Justice University of Minnesota Law University of Louisville Department of Criminal Justice 301 Criminal Justice Building School Department of Justice Administration 80 Fort Brown Durham, NC 27707
940 Franklin Terrace 208 Brigman Hall Brownsville, TX78520-4956 (919) 570-7089 • (919) 560-5195 Apartment 211 Louisville, KY40292 (956) 544-8993 · (956) 982-0206 [email protected]
Minneapolis, MN 55406 (502) 852-0331 • (502) 852-0065 [email protected] (612) 340-9264 [email protected] Fred G. Wilson [email protected] Jeffrey A. Will Police Foundation Ruth White University of North Florida 1201 Connecticut Avenue, R.alphA. Weisheit Urban Institute Department of Psychology and Northwest Illinois State University 2100 M Street NW Criminal Justice Washington, DC20036 Department of Criminal Justice Washington, DC 20037 Jacksonville, FL 32234 (202) 721-9773
Sciences (202) 261-5807 • (202) 659-8985 [email protected] Campus Box 5250 [email protected] Kathryn Willcutts Normal, IL 61790-5250 Levy County Sheriffs Office Wl lliam J. Wl lson (309) 438-3849 · (309) 438-7289 Jill White Bronson, FL University of North Florida [email protected] University of West Florida [email protected] Department ofMathematics and College of Professional Studies Statistics Michael Scott Weiss 11000 University Parkway Michael Williams Jacksonville, FL 32224 University of New York at Albany Pensacola, FL 32514 Juniata College 195 Adams Street Box 1597 L. Thomas Winfree, Jr. Apartment 9F Joe White Huntingdon, PA 16652 New Mexico State University Brooklyn, � 11201 Midwestern State University Department of Criminal Justice (718) 852-3093 Criminal Justice Department MattWl lliams MSC 3487 [email protected] 3400 Taft Boulevard Youngstown State University Las Cruces, NM 88003
Wichita Falls, TX 76308 Department of Criminal Justice (505) 646-3316 • (505) 646-2827 David P. Weiss (940) 567-5275 One University Plaza [email protected] Claremont Graduate University [email protected] Youngstown, OH 44555 1010 University Avenue (330) 742-3279 Craig N. Wm ston Apartment 372 Vidella White [email protected] St. Ambrose University San Diego, CA92103 Wayne State University 618 West Locust Street
(714) 278-2506 • (619) 583-6595 Department of Sociology Marian R.Williams Davenport, IA52803 david.wei [email protected] 656 West Kirby Street Bowling Green State University (319) 333-6263 Faculty/Administration Building Criminal Justice Program [email protected] Room 228 223 Health Center Detroit, MI 48202 Bowling Green, OH 43403-0282
(313) 577-2930 • (313) 577-2735 (419) 372-2326 • (419) 372-2400 [email protected] [email protected] Roschelle Winston RichardG. Wright Yan Zhang University of Alabama Education Development Center Michigan State University School of Criminal Justice Children's Safety Network School of Criminal Justice 3906 65th Avenue 55 Chapel Street 560 Baker Hall Tuscaloosa, AL35401 Newton, MA 02458 East Lansing, MI 48895
(205) 759-8054 • (205) 759-8093 (617) 618-2333 • (617) 965-6325 (517) 349-7323 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Garen J. Wintemute John Paul Wright Jihong Zhao University of California at Davis University of Cincinnati University of Nebraska at Omaha School of Medicine Division of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice Violence Prevention Research Post Office Box 210389 60th and Dodge Streets Program Cincinnati, OH 45226-0389 Annex 37 2315 Stockton Boulevard Omaha, NE68182-0149
Sacramento, CA95817 Ruth Wylie (402) 554-2610 • (402) 554-2326
(916) 734-3083 • (916) 734-3063 Mountain State University Adult and Extended Learning Joanne M. Ziembo-Vogl Eric D. Wish Post Office Box AG GrandValley State University Center for Substance Abuse Beckley, WV25802 Department of Criminal Justice Research 241-C DeVos Center 4321 Hartwick Road George S. Yacoubian Grand Rapids, MI49504
Suite 501 Center for Substance Abuse Research (616) 336-7134 • (616) 336-7155 College Park, MD 20740 4321 Hartwick Road, Suite 501 [email protected]
(301) 403-8329 • (301) 403-8342 College Park, MD 20740 [email protected] (301) 403-8329 • (301) 403-8342 [email protected] Melinda Woker Southern Illinois University ErnestJ. Yanarella Center for the Study of Crime, University of Kentucky Delinquency and Corrections Department of Political Science Carbondale, IL 62901-4504 1615 Patterson Office Tower Lexington, KY40506 Steven R.Wood (859) 257-2989 John Jay College of Criminal [email protected] Justice 23-58 Steinway Street YenliYeh Apartment 2R The University of Virginia's College at WIS e Astoria, NY11105 Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences (212) 376-3158 One College Avenue [email protected] WIS e, VA 24293
(540) 328-0174 • (540) 328-0247 LoftinWoodiel yy<.>[email protected] Missouri Baptist College 24 Victoria Drive MargaretZahn Granite City, IL 62040-3019 NorthCarolina State University (618) 931-7973 College of Humanities and Social Science 106 Caldwell Hall James Woods Box 8101..: Federal Bureau of Investigations Raleigh, NC 27695-8107
Department of Criminal Justice (919) 515-2468 • (919) 515-9419 1000 Custer Hollow Road [email protected] Clarksburg, WV26306 KristinaM. Zambrano DeVere Woods, Jr. TexasA & M University at Corpus Christi Indiana State University Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminology 6300 OceanDrive 241 Holmstedt Hall Corpus Christi, TX78412
Terre Haute, IN 47809 (361) 825-2637 • (361) 825-6098
(812) 237-8832 • (812) 237-8099 [email protected] MarjorieZatz Arizona State University John Wooldredge Graduate College University of Cincinnati Tempe, AZ85287-1003 Division of Criminal Justice (480) 965-5906 Post Office Box 210389 [email protected] Cincinnati,OH 41201 (513) 556-5838 Dianna L. Zeigler [email protected] University of Louisville Department of Justice Administration RobertE. Worden Louisville, KY40292 University at Albany School of Criminal Justice FrankZeigler 135 Western Avenue Sam Houston State University Alban;y, NY12222 228 Parkhill Street
(518) 442-5217 • (518) 442-5212 Huntsville, TX77340 [email protected] (936) 291-6868 · (409) 294-0068 [email protected] Benjamin Wright University of Baltimore RichardG. Zevitz Department of Criminal Justice Marquette University 1420 North Charles Street Department of Criminology and Law Baltimore, MD 21201-5779 Lalumiere Hall, Room 414 (410) 837-6088 · (410) 837-6051 Milwaukee, WI 53233 [email protected] (414) 288-6845 · (414) 288-3755 [email protected] RichardWright A. Arkansas State University Hongwei Zhang Department of Criminology and Sam Houston State University Sociology College of Criminal Justice Post Office Drawer2410 1401 Windsor Street State University, AR72467-2410 Suite C15
(501) 972-3705 ext. 218 • (501) Huntsville, TX77340 972-3694 (936) 294-3630 [email protected] [email protected] DISClAIMER: THE ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES IS ABSOLVED OF ANY LIABILITY (ACCIDENTS, ETC.) AT FUNCTIONS HELD DURING THE ANNUAL MEETING WHERE ALCOHOL IS SERVED.