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Metaphorizing the Philippine Presidency: Schemas of Presidential Leadership in the Post-Marcos State of the Nation Addresses (1987-2009)

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Metaphorizing the Philippine Presidency: Schemas of Presidential Leadership in the Post-Marcos State of the Nation Addresses (1987-2009) View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarBank@NUS METAPHORIZING THE PHILIPPINE PRESIDENCY: SCHEMAS OF PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP IN THE POST-MARCOS STATE OF THE NATION ADDRESSES (1987-2009) By GENE SEGARRA NAVERA M.A. Speech Communication, University of the Philippines A dissertation submitted to the Department of English Language and Literature Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE March 2012 i Acknowledgments This thesis would not have been possible if not for the contributions and significant assistance given me by institutions and people for whom I will forever be grateful. I would like to thank Professor Michelle Maria Lazar, my supervisor, whose thoughtful and careful supervision enabled me to reconsider and distill my initial thoughts about the data and the subject matter. I am grateful to Professors Lionel Wee, Ismail Talib, and Bao Zhiming for their thought-provoking questions and invaluable suggestions during my thesis defense. Their comments, together with those of my anonymous external examiner, have been most helpful in enabling me to think further about the theoretical concerns of my research and in sharpening my critical argument. I am indebted to the National University of Singapore and the Department of English Language and Literature for granting me the research scholarship and for providing an educational environment conducive to independent study. My sincere thanks also go to the staff of the University of the Philippines (UP) Main Library, the UP National College of Public Administration and Governance, IBON Foundation, the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism (PCIJ), and the Congressional Library of the Philippine House of Representatives for making accessible archives and reference materials during my three-month library work in the Philippines. My gratitude extends to the staff of the UP School of Labor and Industrial Relations in Diliman, Quezon City for the accommodation during my research overseas. I thank Professor Emeritus Edelwina C. Legaspi and Professor Patricio B. Lazaro of the University of the Philippines for their inspiration in my pursuit of scholarship in Singapore. I also wish to thank my friends at NUS, UP Los Baños, and colleagues both from the Centre for Research in Pedagogy and Practice at the National Institute of Education and the NUS Centre for English Language Communication for their support and encouragement during the various stages of my doctoral work. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Estrella and Glenn, and my siblings Maricel, Edelynn and Gil for their constant prayers and moral support. ii Contents Acknowledgments i List of Figures and Tables v Thesis Summary vii 1 Political Discourse and the Presidency 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Philippine political system and the presidency 5 1.3 The State of the Nation Addresses 6 1.4 Aims and objectives 9 1.5 Rationale of the study 11 1.6 Overview of the thesis chapters 14 2 Studies on Rhetoric, Discourse, and Philippine Presidential Leadership: A Review of Related Literature 19 2.1 Rhetorical theory and criticism of public address 19 2.2 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) 21 2.3 Metaphor studies in cognitive linguistics 29 2.4 Political discourse analysis 33 2.5 Philippine presidential leadership 35 2.6 Presidential rhetoric studies 39 2.7 Summary 40 3 Towards a Schema Theoretic Framework for the Analysis of Philippine Political Speeches 42 3.1 The dialectics of text and context 42 3.2 Schemas as mediating mental structures 45 3.3 Metaphors and the construction of political reality 48 3.4 Conceptual frames and conceptual metaphors 52 3.4.1 Conceptual metaphors 52 3.4.2 Conceptual frames 53 3.5 Metaphors and political speeches 55 3.5.1 Metaphors and the pisteis—logos, pathos, ethos 57 3.5.2 Metaphors and strategies of self-representation and othering 60 3.5.3 Metaphors and political myths 60 3.5.4 Metaphors and ideographs 62 3.6 Analytical framework 64 3.6.1 Analytical categories and some terminological Clarifications 64 3.6.2 Identification of themes 68 3.6.3 Method of analysis 70 4 Ferdinand Marcos, Martial Law, and His ‘Democratic Revolution’ 77 4.1 The Marcos presidency before martial law 77 4.2 The martial law of 1972: Rhetoric and reason 80 4.2.1 The theory of democratic revolution 81 4.2.2 Legal imperatives 86 4.2.3 Marcos’ agency 87 iii 4.2.4 The U.S. connection and conflict 89 4.3 The socio-economic and political situation at the time of authoritarianism (1972-1985) 91 4.4 The leadership after Marcos: Issues and concerns 98 4.5 Metaphors in Marcos’ rhetoric (1972-1985) 103 5 Cory Aquino and the Framing of Philippine Democracy 126 5.1 Introduction 126 5.2 Historical milieu of the Corazon C. Aquino presidency (1986-1992) 129 5.3 Democracy 132 5.4 National economy 154 5.5 Peace and security 162 5.6 The presidency 179 5.7 Summary 184 6 Fidel V. Ramos and the Construction of ‘Global Competitiveness’ 189 6.1 Introduction 189 6.2 Historical milieu of the Fidel V. Ramos presidency (1992-1998) 191 6.3 Democracy 192 6.4 National economy 197 6.5 Peace and security 212 6.6 The presidency 220 6.7 Summary 228 7 Joseph ‘Erap’ Estrada and the Rhetoric of Toughness 231 7.1 Introduction 231 7.2 Historical milieu of the Joseph Estrada presidency (1998-2001) 233 7.3 Democracy 235 7.4 National economy 238 7.5 Peace and security 252 7.6 The presidency 261 7.7 Summary 268 8 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and the Recontextualization of ‘War on Terror’ 272 8.1 Introduction 272 8.2 Historical milieu of the Gloria Macapagal Arroyo presidency (2001 to 2004) 277 8.3 Democracy 279 8.4 National economy 284 8.5 Peace and security 293 8.6 The presidency 300 8.7 Summary 308 9 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and the Assertion of Presidential Legitimacy 313 9.1 Introduction 313 9.2 Historical milieu of the Gloria Macapagal Arroyo presidency iv (2005-2009) 317 9.3 Democracy 322 9.4 National economy 326 9.5 Peace and security 338 9.6 The presidency 346 9.7 Summary 354 10 Schemas of the State of the Nation: Continuities and Discontinuities in the Post-Marcos Presidential Rhetoric 359 10.1 Introduction 359 10.2 The key emphases in post-Marcos presidential SONAs 360 10.2.1 The SONAs of Corazon C. Aquino (1987-1991) 360 10.2.2 The SONAs of Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1997) 363 10.2.3 The SONAs of Joseph Estrada (1998-2001) 366 10.2.4 The SONAs of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001-2009) 368 10.3 Conceptualizations of themes in post-Marcos SONAs: Commonalities and variations 375 10.3.1 Democracy 376 10.3.2 National economy 380 10.3.3 Peace and security 384 10.3.4 The presidency 386 10.4 Summary 388 11 Conclusion: Insights, Reflections, and Possibilities for Future Research 391 11.1 Review of the present study 391 11.2 Insights on the analyses of the post-Marcos SONAs 392 11.3 Reflections on the limitations and challenges of the study 400 11.4 Possibilities for future research 405 Appendix A List of Ferdinand Marcos’ State of the Nation Addresses and Presidential Proclamations 409 Appendix B List of Post-Marcos State of the Nation Addresses (1987-2009) 412 Bibliography 415 v List of Figures and Tables Figure Page 3.1 An illustration of the levels of metaphorical analysis 73 3.2 Diagram of the schema-theoretic framework 76 Tables 4.1 Frames and Conceptual Metaphors during Martial Rule (1972-1981) 122 4.2 Frames and Conceptual Metaphors after Martial Rule (1981-1985) 123 4.3 Conceptualizations of Focal Themes as Derived from Marcos’ Rhetoric during the Period of His Authoritarian Rule 124 5.1 Conceptual Frames in Corazon C. Aquino’s SONAs 129 5.2 Patterns of Causality between Democracy and Economic Development 153 6.1 Conceptual Frames in Fidel V. Ramos’ SONAs 190 6.2 Ramos’ Framing of the National Economy in the Global Economic Order 199 7.1 Conceptual Frames in Joseph Estrada’s SONAs 233 8.1 Conceptual Frames in Gloria Macapagal Arroyo’s SONAs (2001-2004) 276 9.1 Conceptual Frames in Gloria Macapagal Arroyo’s SONAs (2005-2009) 316 10.1 Conceptual Frames and Metaphors in Corazon C. Aquino’s SONAs (1987-1991) 361 10.2 Conceptual Frames and Metaphors in Fidel V. Ramos’ SONAs (1992-1997) 364 10.3 Conceptual Frames and Metaphors in Joseph E. Estrada’s SONAs (1998-2000) 367 10.4 Conceptual Frames and Metaphors in Gloria Macapagal Arroyo’s SONAs (2001-04) 369 10.5 Conceptual Frames and Metaphors in Gloria Macapagal Arroyo’s SONAs (2005-09) 370 vi 10.6 Framing of Philippine Democracy in the Post-Marcos Presidential SONAs (1987-2009) 376 10.7 Framing of the National Economy in the Post-Marcos Presidential SONAs (1987-2009) 380 10.8 Framing of Peace and Security in the Post-Marcos Presidential SONAs (1987-2009) 384 10.9 Framing of the presidency in the post-Marcos presidential SONAs (1987-2009) 386 11 Summary of presidential schemas from Marcos to Arroyo (1972-2009) 389 vii Thesis Summary This research is a socio-political discourse analysis of Philippine presidential rhetoric after the country’s re-democratization in 1987. The period under investigation—1987 to 2009—is significant in that it departs from 14 years of authoritarianism under Ferdinand Marcos. It is a period characterized by democratic restoration as well as the challenge to sustain basic freedoms, civil liberties, and democratic institutions amid the changing socio-political and economic landscape both in the national and global fronts.
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