Zayamchay and Goshgarchay

Environmental Protection of International River Basins Project

Contract No. 2011/279-666 This project is funded by A project implemented by a Consortium The European Union led by Hulla & Co. Human Dynamics KG

WATER RESOURCE USE STUDIES IN SELECTED TRANSBOUNDARY TRIBUTARIES (ZAYAMCHAY AND GOSHGARCHAY) IN THE CENTRAL KURA PILOT BASIN OF AZERBAIJAN COMBING IWRM AND WFD OBJECTIVES THROUGH ESTABLISHMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS AND EQOs PROJECT Final report

Prepared by PERIOD LLC

Baku 2016

CONTENT

ABBREVIATIONS 4

1.EXECUTİVE SUMMARY 5

2. DESCRİPTİON OF THE BASINS 7

2.1. Goshgarchay river 7 2.2. Zayamchay river 8

3. WATER ALLOCATION METHODOLOGY 10

4. WATER RESOURCES OF ZAYAMCHAY AND GOSHGARCHAY RIVERS 16

4.1. Water monitoring 16 4.1.1 General notions 16 4.1.2 Monitoring of quality of surface waters 16 4.1.3 Hydrological monitoring 16 4.1.4 Hydrogeological monitoring 19

4.2. Surface and Ground Water Resources 20 4.2.1 Surface water resources 20 4.2.2 Environmental flow and Ecosystem flow requirements 21 4.2.3 Groundwater resources 21

5. HUMAN ACTIVITY AND IMPACT ON WATER RESOURCES 24

5.1. Human activity 24 5.1.1 Population and demography 24 5.1.2 Agriculture 28 5.1.3 Industry and mining 28 5.1.4 Hydropower generation 29 5.1.5 Tourism 29

5.2. Water use and impact on the flow of rivers 30 5.2.1. Introduction 30 5.2.2 Water abstraction for domestic water supply and irrigation 30 5.2.3 Water abstraction impact on the flow of rivers 37 5.2.4 Climate Change impact to the run-off 46 5.2.5. Deforestation 49 5.2.6. Tailing dams 50 5.2.7. Hydrological and morphological changes of water bodies 50 5.2.8. Water quality of rivers of the pilot region 51 5.2.9. Human impact on ground waters 53 5.2.10. Main pressures and significance of their impact 54

6. DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED WATER ALLOCATION PLAN ACCORDING TO CURRENT AND FUTURE WATER DEMAND 58

6.1. Current and future water demand and allocation 58

6.2. Water allocation in the basins of Zayamchay and Goshgarchy rivers based on current water abstraction and use structure 60

6.3. Program of measures for integrated water allocation and their economic assessment 77 6.3.1 Introduction 67 6.3.2 Priority measures to be implemented in Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers basins and their cost. 68 6.3.3 Economic assessment of measures 72

6. 4. Provision of Integrated water allocation through of implementation of priority measures 74

LIST OF REFERENCES 81

Annex 1. Methodology for Assessment of Environmental flow and Ecosystem water needs 83 Annex 2. Ongoing reservoir construction projects 85

ABBREVIATIONS 1. EC – European Commission 2. EPIRBP – Environmental Protection of International River Basins Project 3. EU – European Union 4. GDP – Gross Domestic Product 5. CIS – Commonwealth of Independent States 6. GIS – Geographic Information Systems 7. GWBs – Ground water bodies 8. HMWBs - Heavily modified water bodies 9. HPPs – hydropower plant 10. IRBMP- Integrated River Basin Management Plan 11. IWRM- Integrated Water Resources Management Plan 12. JFS- Joint Field Survey 13. MAC – Maximum Allowable Concentration 14. MENR- Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources 15. NEMD-National Environmental Monitoring Department 16. MHD- Hydrometeorology Department 17. NEGE- National Geological and Engineering Geological Expedition 18. OJSC- Open Joint Stock Company 19. PoM – Programme of Measures 20. SWBs – Surface Water Bodies 21. ToR- Terms of Reference 22. UNDP – United Nations Development Program 23. USAID - United States Agency for International Development WFD 24. WFD – Water Framework Directive

1. EXECUTİVE SUMMARY The concept of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) on the basin level is reflected in Water Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In order to assist to Government of Azerbaijan to apply EU WFD and IWRM in Central Kura region as a pilot area within EU funded Environmental Protection of International River Basins(EPIRB) project is being developed RBMP and also are being implemented several pilot project. Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers, where there is a compositing water use and high pressure on water resources are selected to conduct IWRM studies Main undertaken in this report steps, which are important for development of water allocation plans through IWRM and EU WFD RBMP approach are: 1. Collection and collation of information and data on state of water resources of the river, water users, impacts on the surface and groundwater bodies relating to anthropogenic pressures (hydromorphological alterations, point/diffuse source pollution, from agriculture/irrigation, mining, industry, wastewater, energy generation, pollution by hazardous substance etc.) at the water body level. 2. Assessment of water demand and supply 3. Assessment of ecological flow and establishment of environmental objectivities 4. Economic analyses 5. Develop programmer of measures , including preparation of proposal on construction of water reservoir near river to regulate water resources 6. Development of IWRMP for Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers

Therefore in this report more detailed analyses of status of surface water resources, water uses, pressures and impacts in Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers basins and also is made attempt on combing IWRM and WFD objectives through establishment of environmental flows and EQOs. By use of available monitoring data on flow regime has been applied different models to identify antropogenic changes of the flow. Was compared flow information and water abstraction data collected from Hydromet, Amelioration JSC and also during the field trip to the basin and also other economic activity data in the basin (agriculture/irrigation, mining, industry, energy generation, hydromorphological alterations etc.) to assess flow regime changes by human impact/1-10 /. Assessments show that in result of impact of human activities(agriculture/irrigation, mining, industry, drinking and industrial water supply , energy generation and etc) and also climate change significant change in status of ground and surface water resources of Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers basins take place. As result based on current situation analyses it was discovered that in the low flow years and seasons environmental and human water demands aren’t fully met in different sections of these rivers and also this is expected to be more critical in the future(mostly in Zayamchay river basin). Water is mainly abstracted from rivers during the vegetation period which starts in spring and last till autumn. Water abstraction often leads to drying of river. Therefore there is assessed ecological flow requirements and water needs for human consumption for each of rivers . Ecological flow has been assessed by application of new methods used worldwide. Was reviewed different environmental flow calculation methods and choisen the proper one for Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers. In order to solve water supply problems in this report based on IWRM approach described in Cap-Net guiding document(which consider use of integrated water allocation methods) through implementation of identified Programme of Measures(PoM) different demand management option have been considered. For both of rivers current and future (3035) in different their sections have been made up water economy balances and developed water allocation plans fro each section taking into account water demands and available surface and ground water yields.

In order to manage water demand in each sections of Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers different options have been analysed and relevant programs of Measures(PoM) have been considered. Main measures included integrated use of surface and ground waters in different sections of rivers, reduction of water losses and water conservation by use of water saving technologies and improvement of capacity of water related institutions according to principles of IWRM and RBMP required by EU WFD Proposed methodology is supposed to be used by project beneficiary organizations in their activities in the sphere of use and protection of water resources of Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers basins. The project beneficiaries and stakeholders who will need to be consulted during implementation of this project include: - Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources - State Water Resources Agency, under the Ministry of Emergency Situations - National Environmental Monitoring Department, under the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources - National Hydro-meteorology Department, under the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources - Hydro-geological Expedition, under the Ministry of Ecology and Natural resources - Azerbaijan Amelioration and Water Farm OJSC - Azersu JSC on Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation - Water users in the pilot areas - All other stakeholders and general public of Zayamchay and Goshgarchay river basins.

2. DESCRİPTİON OF THE BASINS

Available literature and monitoring data on river basin and flow characteristics have been used in this report to assess status of water resources and their use. In addition to assess human impact on water resources have been analysed also economic activity data in the basins (agriculture/irrigation, mining, industry, energy generation, hydromorphological alterations etc.) described in different sources /1-10 /.

2.1. Goshgarchay river Goshgarchay River starts from the northern slope of Goshgar Mountain (3368 m) of Murovdagh ranges of the Smaller Caucasus and is created as result of conjunction of 2 small rivers – Hamamchay and Khanbulaghchay Rivers. The altitude in the conjunction site is 1605.5 m. . Hamamchay is made by strong well collections. The area of Goshgarchay River is 798 km2, the length is 736 km. It flows into Kura River in the distance of 736 km above Kura delta (83 m). Average width of the basin is 10,7 km, average height is 769 m. Overall fall of the river is 2277 m and average tendency is 30%. Goshgarchay River has 10 tributaries. 4 of them are right and 6 are left tributaries/11/. River network in the basin till Kheyrechay River is well developed and network density 0.7 km/km2. As well as surface flow is formed in this part. The river does not have nay tributary below Kheyrechay River (except Sansu) and the length is 35 km. River network density of the basin is 0,39 km/km2. The river valley is V formed above and the width is 1-2 m from the bottom and attitude of the slope is 10-30 m. the valley becomes wider along the flow. Its extension continues till Dashkesen city and width of the valley from the bottom is 30-70 km. The largest width of the valley is nearby Guney-Zagali town. Altitude of the slopes is 200 m, steep side is 20-600. Valley below Saritepe village is formed trough-like, width from the bottom 120-200 m, sleep side is 20-300 with the slopes above 20-30m. Water richness in water regime phases of Goshgarchay River starts in March and ends in May. Rain floods are replicated very frequently when water richness in Goshgarchay River end. However water lack in water regime phases are observed in November-February months. In 1962-1964, 1966-1999 years observations were made in Goshgarchay River nearby Sarıtap, Qızılja, Sarkar villages. Average multiyear water consumption is 1,64 cub.m/s, flow module is 6,75 l/s.km2, the highest water consumption in observation years was 152 cub.m/s on June 5, 1978. The lowest water consumption in observation years was 0,049 cub.m/s on august 10, 1962. Floods are formed during summer-autumn seasons. Average multiyear rate of water temperature is 1.40 S in January and is 19,50 S in July. The highest temperature in the river was 27,70 S on July 18, 1962. River bank ices appear during December-February months. Above the conjunction area with Khachbulagh the surface of the river becomes icy in January-February months. The thickness of ice is 5 m. The river is covered with ice 2-40 days. The river becomes free from ise by middle of March. Main tributaries of the river is given in Table 1. Table 1. Main tributaries of Goshgarchay River

River name Joining side ML, km L, km F, km2 Hamamchay Right 68 8 18 Xoshbulaq Left 68 11 36 Dashkasan Left 62 6 11

Mollahasanlichay Right 62 7 14 No name Left 55 9 17 Qushichay Left 54 11 33 Ziaratchay Right 50 10 15 Zagalıchay Left 41 17 31 Xeyrachay Left 35 24 77 Sarisu Right 6 11 -

Water reservoir becomes icy within 63 days. Water reservoir was icy 107 days during 1971-1972. Waters of Goshgarchay River are used in industry and agriculture.

2.2 Zayamchay river Zayamchay starts from the northern slope (the conjunction of Shekerbeychay and Chetindere rivers) of Shahdagh ranges of Smaller Caucasus. The size of the basin is 942 km2, the length is 90 km. Its basin is in the territories of Gadabey, Tovuz and Shamkir rayons. Average width of the basin is 10.5 km. Average density of river network in the basin is 0,78 km/km2 Average attitude of the basin is 850 m. overall fall of the river is 1894 m, average density is 21%. Zayamchay has 14 tributaries. 6 of them are right and 8 of them are left tributaries(Table 3). Table 3. Main tributaries of Zayamchay River

River name Joining side ML, km L, km F, km Shakarbaychay Right 81 9 30 Qaramuradchay Left 81 8 18 Lashkarchay Left 76 6 7 Kichikqaramuradchay (Daryudarchay) Left 74 11 32 Agiranchay Left 71 10 16 Erkinazbulaqchay Right 71 5 6 Chatindara Left 68 24 102 Bajanka Left 66 25 236 Chanakhchıchay Right 57 8 30 Shamlıkhchay Left 54 7 27 No name Right 46 6 11 Ahmadabadsu Left 44 9 20 Kilisasuyu Right 40 14 33 Babachay Right 29 26 99

There is 28 km2 forest area in the river basin. The forest mainly is in the water collector towards Tatarlu village. Average density of the river network in Zayamchay Basin is 0,78 km/km2. The river becomes extended after flowing into it Chetindere river. In some parts the width of extended part is 150-200 m. Valley tightness is 5 m in Agbashlar. Starting from Chobansiginagh village Valley tightness becomes trough-like. The valley loses its shape in the distance of 1.5 km from the delta and the river is divided in the first terrace of Kura River (as 0.5 km surround shape). The attitude of Zayamchay River forms distributor cone in the attitude of 5-25 m. Zayamchay is a river type having spring water richness. Its main feeding sources are ground waters, rain and snow. Average multiyear water consumption is 5,23 cub.m/s. rainfall floods also frequently happen in the river. Water richness usually starts in late April and ends in early May. Maximal water consumption of rain floods is usually higher than maximal water consumption of water richness. During observation years the highest water consumption in Agbashlar point was 313 cub.m/s on 24 July 1963 and the lowest water consumption was 0,1 cub.m/s on 21-27 august, 1951. The lowest monthly water consumption was 0,56 cub.m/s in 1951. Water of lower river is widely used in irrigation. The data got by Yanikhli water measuring point covers short term and substances consumption is 0.58 kg/s and turbidity rate is 134 g/cub.m

3. WATER ALLOCATION METHODOLOGY

It is logical that IWRM should be focused on a set of basic water resources management functions. This includes a description of the basic water resources management functions and introduces water management objectives as a way for performing these functions/15-16/. According to Cap-Net Program/17/ main water management objectives and their implementation indicators should be like those given in Table 5 Table 5. Minimum Indicator Set for Water Resources Management Function Water Management Progress indicator Unit/ definition Objectives Major water users 1. Number of surface Number. are known and are and groundwater Number of licenses issued. managed through a users licensed May be further subdivided by licensing (or permit) according to the use. system. regulations.

WATER ALLOCATION 2. Water allocation Review. Allocating water to major water criteria include use Examine allocation criteria for users and uses, maintaining efficiency, economic compliance with IWRM Water allocation is in minimum levels for social and benefit and social principles. environmental use while line with sustainable goals. addressing equity and use, economic development needs of society. efficiency and social equity principles. 3. % of time %. environmental and Number of records from water social reserve is resource monitoring stations maintained in major with flows lower than the water courses. reserve divided by the total records x 100. A determination of the reserve is required. The water allocation 4. Proportion of water %. system is effective allocation permit From monitoring visits the and permits are being holders complying number not complying with complied with. with permit conditions divided by the total conditions. MONITORING number of visits. Implement effective monitoring 5. systems that provide essential management data and identify 6. Number of water Number. and respond to infringements of Knowledge of water resource monitoring Number of stations with laws, regulations and permits. resource availability stations producing reliable data records. is a basis for reliable data. management. 7. Total water storage Mm3.

capacity. The water storage capacity in artificial storage structures

Function Water Management Progress indicator Unit/ definition Objectives above a minimum size (say 5,000 m3). 8. % groundwater %. monitoring stations Comparison of water levels with declining water over a 5 year period. levels. Water use efficiency 9. Charges and fees for Review. improving through water allocation favor ECONOMIC AND Examine for the application of use of economic and the poor and promote FINANCIAL economic and financial tools financial instruments. efficient water use. MANAGEMENT in water allocation.

Applying economic and 10. Bill collection %. financial tools for cost recovery ratio. Total revenue divided by the and behavior change to support total amount billed. the goals of equitable access and sustainable benefits to society from water use. Essential data is 11. Data base is Review. processed and established in formats Data base is transferable across INFORMATION packaged as compatible with other basins in the country and for MANAGEMENT information at the river basin transboundary systems. Provide essential information right level for organizations. necessary to make informed and specific managers transparent decisions for and stakeholders to 12. Water Review. development and sustainable support transparent management Examine availability of basin management of water resources decision making and information is information and reports on in the basin. to gain commitment available to managers water resource management and political support and other indicators. for the decisions stakeholders as made. required.

Effective cooperation 13. Number of Number. between government meetings of Number of formal or ad hoc agencies with Government agencies meetings at interagency level. STAKEHOLDER responsibilities for with water interests PARTICIPATION water management or to consult and Implement stakeholder water use in the collaborate on water participation as a basis for basin. management. decision making that takes into Review. account the best interests of Stakeholder 14. Formal society and the environment in participation is stakeholder structures Examine basin water the development and use of institutionalized in established with clear management structure for water resources in the basin. the management of roles and stakeholder organizations and the river basin. responsibilities in allocated management roles. water resources

Function Water Management Progress indicator Unit/ definition Objectives management. 15. Basin Number. stakeholders (male Representatives from and female) stakeholders serving in represented in government water decision making management structures. bodies at all levels.

Water management objectives for Water Allocation in the basin are: • Assess available water resources and environmental and human water needs • Ensure major water users are known and are managed through a licensing or permit system. • Implement water allocation in accordance with sustainable use, economic efficiency and social equity principles In river basins such as Zayamchay and Goshgarchay, where there is water scarcity, or will be in the future, there is a need to regulate the water usage to ensure sustainable, equitable and efficient utilization of the resource. The regulation of the water resources is normally made through a permit or licensing system, which enable the government or state authorities to allocate the resources taking into account all stakeholder interests, including the environment. According to international practices water allocation is about allocating water to users and uses while maintaining necessary levels for basic human needs and the environment. In water scarce regions, equitable and reasonable utilization of the water resources is one of the key parts of IWRM and is normally expressed explicitly as a water governance principle in international and national water laws and policies. Equity in this sense does not mean that everyone should be given an equal amount of water. It means that everyone has fair opportunities to access, use and control of the water resources. It also means that everyone must take the responsibility for the negative side effects of abstracting water so that no part of the society will be disadvantaged. In regions of water scarcity or competition the first water resources management objective linked to allocation is therefore to have a water permit system in place to enable the authorities to control water usage. This allocation system or procedure is also the appropriate vehicle to implement other water management objectives related to equity and efficiency. The first water management objective identifies the need for an allocation system and the second water management objective prescribes some of the criteria that should be used when making allocation decisions. One of the fundamentals of water allocation is that any form of abstraction, transfer, storage or other influence on a natural stream has effects in the entire downstream river system. To analyze the effects of a new requested activity in a river for authorization purposes, the whole river system must therefore be analyzed as one unit. In Cap-Net Program(www.cap-net.org) is clearly described below elements of system analyze indicating that the main principles that have to be understood by the RBO and have to be educated to the stakeholders are: 1. Water allocation has to take into account the temporal variation of river runoff; 2. Water allocation must be made on the appropriate scale;

3. Water allocation is influenced by the assumed future socio-economic development, especially in water- scarce regions; and 4. Water allocation is in almost all cases based on uncertain input data and can therefore not provide guarantees. System analysis is to compare all water demands in a river basin with the water availability in the system, both for existing and future water conditions, as well as with current and possible future water infrastructure. When analyzing a water permit application it is therefore essential to choose the correct scale. This scale has to be chosen so that effects of the water abstraction on downstream stakeholders are not overlooked but at the same time keeping the system small enough to be workable and understandable. Again for individual stakeholders, the explanation that his/her abstraction is only one of many and that the accumulated effects of all abstractions may be affecting others located very far away is important to accept water allocation decisions. Groundwater resources are an important part of the system analysis. Although normally small compared to surface water resources, the availability of groundwater does not vary as much with the seasons. During dry periods, which govern the allocated amount of water, the contribution from groundwater may be significant. An essential part of the system analysis is to predict the future socio-economic development. In general terms, the more development, the more water demand although improved economic conditions also provides for water demand management. The assumed economic development thus directly influences how much water can be allocated to guarantee a sustainable situation also during future conditions. Since socio- economic development is very difficult to forecast, the normal procedure is therefore to do system analysis under different scenarios. This means that the decision on water allocation also has to include a choice of which scenario of economic development to adopt. The basic information that needs to be included in an application for a water permit and which provides the base for the approving process is: • Where is the water abstracted and from what source; • How much and when is water abstracted; • How is water abstracted; and • What is the abstracted water used for. In cases of Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers with water scarcity if there is a purpose to abstract large volume of water or if a significant storage is to be built with large outtakes and altering of the river regime a full system analysis must probably be made covering all downstream river reaches. As a minimum a hydrological assessment must be made for all water permit applications where the abstraction is compared with the available water resources taking into account water use for basic human needs and environment. The next step involves a comparison with the available water resources taking all other outtakes into account. This analysis involves prioritization, reliability of supply and certification issues of water and is therefore much more complicated. This step is where the water management objective of equity and social priorities is addressed. Allocation mechanisms should be applied that promote efficient use and favor uses that have greater impact on social and economic development. These criteria may be more difficult to apply initially but will become necessary as water resources become more limited.

The setting of criteria for water allocation should include all the above issues; prioritization, reliability of supply and efficiency of use. At the same time it must be simple enough to be applicable and understandable for the stakeholders. In development of the water allocation plan first of all there is need to take into consideration environmental and social aspects of water use and then analyze different use by involvement of stakeholders from entire basin to be sure that water allocation to users is carried in equitable and efficiency way. According to Cap-Net IWRM/17/tool following elements might be included into river water allocation plan: • Natural flow in the considered area • Available water resources • Information about upstream flow abstraction • Water for human needs • Ecosystem flow requirements • Water yields • Information on water use and users in the section • Climate change impacts • Downstream water discharge Main water scarcity is observed in downstream of rivers, where is taking place water abstraction for different purposes. In upstream of rivers water abstraction isn’t high and doesn’t have significant impact on water status. Therefore it is reasonable to pay more attention at water allocation plans for areas of Zayamchay river below Yanigli village and for Goshgarchay river below Sarkar village, where there is problem of significant flow reduction in these area as result of water abstraction and requirements of environmental flow isn’t met. Water allocation plan first should be drown based on available water resources, flow needs for ecosystem and human consumption and then other user can be prioritized for water allocation. As National Water Supply and Sanitation Program and also draft water strategy is aimed to be cover near 15- 20 years therefore it would be reasonable to develop efficiency water allocation plan for similar period of time/18/. Therefore summing all above requirements main water management objectives by 2035 in Goshgarchay and Zayamchay river basins should be provision of efficiency water allocation plan by 2035 taking into account resources availability , prioritized water uses, that takes into account such important elements as ecosystem and human water needs, downstream and upstream relationship and etc. To reach goals below tasks need to be implemented: • Assessment of all available surface and ground water yields and water demand of different sectors, including environmental flow of rivers and rechargeable capacity of ground waters (2016-2018) • Development of water allocation criteria taking into account social, environmental and economic aspects, including cost effectiveness of water use and downstream water needs (2016-17). • To respond to main flow requirements for rivers to estimate possibility of use of local ground waters instead of transferring it from river by different means to large distance (2016-2017) • Development and enforcement of permit and licensing system(2016-2025) • Rehabilitation of existing water infrastructure to provide efficiency water supply and reduce water losses(2017-2020) • Application of best available technology, modern irrigation methods and good agricultural practices to save water(2016-2035) • Assessment of need and construction of new water abstraction and storage infrastructure based on cost effectiveness criteria (2017-2025)

• Development of water supply and sanitation system for large settlements in the 2 river basins(2017- 2030) • Treatment and reuse of waste waters entering from waste water treatment plants(2016-2035) • Develop and implement IWRM plans which takes into account availability of water resources, is based on demand management from social, economic and environmental aspects, consider possible trends of water use connected with climate change, population increase, agricultural and economic development (2016-2035) According to these water management objectives in following sections are described possible water allocation plans and also Programme of Measures for their effective implementation.

4. WATER RESOURCES OF ZAYAMCHAY AND GOSHGARCHAY RIVERS

4.1. Water monitoring 4.1.1 General notions Activity on the monitoring and protection of water bodies is carried out under the Laws of the Republic of Azerbaijan on “Approval of the Water Code”, “Hydro-meteorological activity” and the Statute on the “Rules of conduction of the monitoring of the environment and natural resources” (approved by the Decision No. 90 of the Cabinet of Ministers dated to July 1, 2004) issued for implementation of these laws. State monitoring of water bodies is carried out within the state water cadastre boundaries. Water cadastre comprises following components of the state water fund: • surface water bodies (rivers, lakes, water reservoirs, canals, ponds and glaciers); • ground water bodies (wells, underground water-supply, riverbed water withdrawal facilities etc.) • transboundary water bodies; The section of the Caspian Sea (lake) belonging the Republic of Azerbaijan. Each of the above mentioned sections is divided into three series: directory data – one time publication; annual information – annual publication; long-term data – published once in 5 years.

4.1.2 Monitoring of quality of surface waters Main purpose of the monitoring of status and pollution of surface water bodies (water flows and riverbeds) is performance of control of water quality on the scientific basis focused on protection of water resources, their effective use and optimal management of surface water bodies. The Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Azerbaijan is authorized on water resources monitoring programs which are performed by the National Environmental Monitoring Department (NEMD) on water quality, the National Hydrometeorology Department (NHD) on water quantity, the Caspian Complex Ecological Monitoring Administration on coastal water resources and the National Geological Exploration Service on ground waters. Samples for monitoring of surface water quality are taken from water bodies and later, analyzed at the laboratory of the National Environmental Monitoring Department. Since 2005, two analytical laboratories for monitoring of water quality of trans-boundary rivers and a modern laboratory for taking samples and physical and chemical analysis have been equipped in Gazakh and Beylagan regions/19/. Surface water pollution monitoring network covers 43 water bodies – 72 observation points with 27 rivers, 4 water reservoirs, 11 lakes and a port, 65 vertical and 66 horizontal (sampling points) .Of the these stations 6 are located on the rivers flowing through Gazakh-Ganja pilot area (except for Kura)/19/.

4.1.3 Hydrological monitoring 93 hydrological stations of the stationary hydrological observation network of the National Hydrometeorology Department (NHD) operate in the water bodies of the Republic – rivers, lakes and water reservoirs. In those points, in accordance with the instructions, it is conducted standard hydrological observations on the state of the water body, water level, temperature, water discharge, fluctuations and other elements of water regime. Water level and discharge are measured in 68 of the aforesaid hydrological points.

Water discharge data is measured 3-6 times a month and 35 – 70 times a year. It is used connection established between water discharge and level for defining the daily water runoff. Water level in water reservoirs is measured with automated devices. Water discharge in the 5 stations located on the Kura River is also measured with automated devices (ADCP). It is required to purchase new devices and calibration of older ones/19/. In some stations hydrological observations have already been carried out since the beginning of the century and observed data have been published in hydrological annuals and perennials (during the Soviet period). Posting of information at the electronic database worked out by the USAID project of water management in the Small Caucasus is not realized for various reasons. Data are typed to computer using Excel format. Of 22 hydrological observations stations located on rivers and lakes located in Gazakh-Ganja region 3 are located on Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers and have monitoring data for different periods (Table 6). Table 6. Hydrological observation stations operating in various periods in Gazakh-Ganja area

№ Distance Average Catchment Observation from the height of the area period Water body Station mouth, water km2 catchment, km m a.s.l. 1 Zayamchay Aghbashlar 60 511 1720 1941,1942, since 1944 2 Goshgarchay Sarkar 32 286 1962-64,1966- 95 3 Goshgarchay Zaghali - Since 1970 water reservoir

Currently some of those stations are closed or not in operation for some reason. There are also 3 operational hydrological stations on rivers and lakes of the region (Table 7). Table 7. Hydrological observation stations currently operating in pilot area Water N Hydrological station Level Daily discharge 1 Sarkar - Goshgarchay' + + Zaghali - Goshgarchay 2 + water reser.' Aghbashlar – 3 + + + Zayamchay

Figure 1. Hydrological observation stations located in Gazakh-Ganja During the observation period some stations have been closed and others opened. Comparison of long term annual changes of water shows that the fluctuation of flow in general have same character at different station on rivers only flow values differ. This can be seen from figure 2-3.

11 10 9 Q, m3/s 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Zeyemchay-Aghbashlar Zeyemchay - Yanikhly 0 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year Figure 2. Long term changes of flow of Zayamchay river at Agbashlar and Yanikhli stations

3,5 3 Goshqarchay - Dashkesen 2,5

Q, m3/s 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year Figure 3. Long term changes of flow of Goshgarchay river at Dashkesan and Sarkar stations

4.1.4 Hydrogeological monitoring According to the Statute approved by the Decision 90 of the Ministerial Cabinet dated to July 1, 2004, monitoring is conducted to study and forecast the degree of pollution as a result of natural and anthropogenic factors, their chemical elements and combinations, organic matter bacteria (microorganisms), and prepare measures against pollution/19/. Monitoring of pollution of ground water bodies is conducted in regional and special network. The regional network of monitoring of the pollution of ground water bodies is the same with the observation points of the State support regime network which organizes monitoring of the state of ground water bodies – wells, glaciers, underground water-pipes, horizontal drains, etc. and a separate network is not established in this respect. Special network is established aiming at conducting monitoring of pollution of ground waters in the field of ground water abstraction facilities used for water supply of cities, settlements and facilities of agricultural sector, impact zones of objects contaminating ground waters, impact zone of contaminated surface waters which are the source of groundwater supply and also contaminated ground waters supplying surface waters by taking into consideration hydrogeological, geological, geomorphological condition of the area, direction of surface and ground water runoff, boundaries of the object in a plan and a section. Special chemical, biological and radioactive analysis of water samples taken from regional and special networks is a part of pollution of ground waters. Existing monitoring network: 1. Unconfined ground waters: There are 27 wells in Ganja-Gazakh region 1.1. Water levels are measured manually 3 times/month with mechanical level meter. 1.2. Chemical monitoring is conducted once a year in all wells (depending on financial means?). 1.3. Macro-elements (anions and cations), mineralization, hardness, pH indicators and others are defined by chemical analysis of taken samples. 2. Artesian groundwaters: There are 26 wells in Ganja-Gazakh region Information on the monitoring of ground waters is preserved in written and electronic form herein, as well as in the National Geological and Engineering Geological Expedition(NEGE). Serious problems occur in relation with the existence and protection of the monitoring network and conduction monitoring observations as a result of privatization of state lands where the monitoring points are located. Lot of observation wells have been demolished. Demolished wells are replaced with new ones in possible areas.

4.2. Surface and Ground Water Resources 4.2.1 Surface water resources Currently there are 23 hydrological observation points of the National Hydrometeorology Department in the basins of Gazakh – Ganja region (18 of them are located on rivers flowing into Kura River within the region, 3 on Kura River and 1 on Iori River). Hydrometeorology Department of MoE designed them in different height zones of basins/19/. Total water resources of Gazakh- Ganja region change between 1.4-1.5 cub km/20/. Information on water flow and water balance of 2 rivers is given in Table 8.

Table 8. Water balance of river basins

№ River Point mm (P), mm (P), (E), mm (E), Runoff (R), (R), Runoff Evaporation Evaporation Precipitation Precipitation Watershed Watershed area, km the of Height m catchment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 Zayamchay Agbashlar 511 1720 610 302 308 2 Zayamchay Yanikhli 740 1520 570 262 308 3 Qoshqarchay Dashkasan 105 1850 630 258 272

Change of flow by the height in Gazakh-Ganja region assessed by the observation materials is given in table 9. Table 9. Change of the flow by height in Gazakh – Ganja region Height, m 200 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 10 mm 20 mm 70 mm 180 mm 400 mm 800 mm 850 mm

Water runoff increases with the altitude. In elevation below 200m the water runoff layer makes up 10 mm, but in the elevation 3000 m it exceeds 800mm. There is in average around 0.6 degree increase of annual air temperature in the region. In relation to the change of precipitation it has been decreased in recent 15 years. This changes have to be taken into account in calculation of evapotranspiration and also water regime of agricultural products. Mostly rivers of the region are flooding in spring, when around 40-50% of annual water discharges is formed. Summer low flow is higher than winter low flow. In autumn some rain floods also may take place. Annual distribution of water resources for some of region rivers is given table 10.

Table 10. Annual and seasonal distribution of water flow No. River/ destination Unit Winter Spring Summer Fall Annual XII-II III-IV VI-VIII IX-XI 1 Goshqarchay cub.m/sec. 0,93 3,31 1.40 0,90 1,63 Sarkar % 14,4 50.1 21.6 13.9 100 2 Zayamchay – cub.m/sec. 2.97 10.0 4.77 3.02 5.19 Agbashlar % 14,3 48,2 22,.9 14.6 100

4.2.2 Environmental flow and Ecosystem flow requirements Among the natural resources providing a living environment, water resources play a specific role. Using water resources negatively influences the ecological conditions of rivers/21-/ Water abstraction leads significant impact on quantity and quality of water resorcess. In low flow periods often both rivers dry after significant water abstraction. In order to solev this problem it is important to establish and implement environmental flow requirements. Exist different methods/21-25/. Methodology for calculation of Environmental flow and Ecosustem water demands for 2 rivers is described in the Annex 1 In order to assess ecosystem water demand for each month in this report was used minimal monthly water discharges observed in natural period, during which minimal ecosystem requirements have been fulfilled. Results of calculated monthly and annual ecosystem flow needs is given in Table 11 and 12 Table 11. Ecosystem water demands for Zayamchay river ( cub.m /sec ) River- I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Annual station Zayam 0,94 0,99 1,44 3,97 1,05 2,73 1,44 0,79 1,04 1,32 0,99 0,96 1,33 chay Agbash lar

Table 11. Ecosystem water demands for Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers( cub.m /sec )

River- I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Annual station Goshqa 0,21 0,27 0,58 0,66 0,53 0,48 0,40 0,19 0,21 0,47 (0,29) 0,24 0.44 rchay

Sarkar ,5

4.2.3 Groundwater resources Ganja-Gazakh ground water aquifer which is trans-boundary ground water aquifer is situated between Kura River and Jeyranchol plateau along the north-east slopes of the Lesser Caucasus and bordered with the state boundaries with Georgia in the North-West and conditionally with Inja River along the Karabakh steppe in the South-East. The area of location of aquifer is 3737 km2 , while its elevation above sea level is 700 m in the South-West and 30 m in the Kurakchay river basin area. Mountain rivers (Zayamchay and Goshgarchay) lose 46% their flows in infiltration. Despite that infiltration of river waters comparatively decreases at the center of the plain in the direction of ground waters, this remains the main source of groundwater, as well. Average 27,2% of ground water resources is formed due to infiltration of river waters in the foothill plains of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In the fields where an intensive irrigation is carried out 23,2% ground water resources due to leaks from main channels and infiltration of river waters. Totally, near 60% of ground water resources emerge at the result of infiltration of river waters in Ganja-Gazakh plain. Ground waters have been used in water supply of people by digging underground water-pipes since ancient times. Their consumption has usually been 5-20 l/s, while sometimes up to 30-70 l/s. Later, some of them were filled because of neglect, digging of numerous exploitation bore-wells made some of them completely useless and caused decrease of consumption of others. Water supply of Gazakh is partly met from Aghstafachay, Tovuz city and its villages from Akhinchay and Zayamchay, Shamkir from Shamkirchay, Ganja from Ganjachay and others through horizontal drainages from ground waters. Yield of those drainages is from 3-6 l/s to 50-60 l/s. Ground waters are mostly used scattered and line water withdrawal facilities –bore wells. Their total amount exceeded 2000 and their depths are 25-70m, mostly 120-150m, sometimes 300-400m, while with pumps and gravity 50-70 l/s, mostly 5-30 l/s water is taken from wells/2/. They are widely used for irrigation purposes. According to UNECE environmental Performance report(Azerbaijan) regional exploitation of fresh and weak mineralized ground waters was approved in the amount of 4219 thousand cub.m/day for all water complexes. Ground water resources used for domestic water supply makes 211,8 thousand cub.m/day in Gazakh Ganja region and for irrigation 1121,0 thousand cub.m/day(Table 13). Table 13. Groundwater reserves and their use Reservoir Estimated Typical Typical Domestic Irrigation Total capacity, borehole borehole usage and usage, cub.m/day depth, m yield , l/s cub.m/day Industrial cub.m/day x 1000 x 1000 usage, x 1000 cub.m/day x 1000 Ganja-Gasakh 4,219 120-200 15-25 211.8 1.121.0 1,332.8 pre-mountain plains

Ground water exploitation is intensively carried out in Ganja-Gazakh plain. Especially, the number of sub- artesian wells dug for irrigation increases year-by-year. This causes decrease of ground water level, water reduction in rivers and occurrence of negative situations in the ecosystem. For example, intensive exploitation of ground waters (usually ground and I-II pressure water horizons) in Ganjachay cone reduced fast to 0,3-0,5m, sometimes 2,0m per year According to long-term information of the monitoring wells, ground water levels in this part of the plain have not undergone any serious changes. Annual level amplitude is 0,70-1,0m at regime observation points,

22 perennially, depth of ground water level almost remains stable herein. Water consumption in fountain observation wells that opened pressure horizons has remained stable in perennial scale. By classification of EPIRB project all GW bodies in the region have good environmental status and there are only local pollutions near residential areas and economic activities. By use of assessments carried in different work/2. 26/ ground water resources of Goshgarchay river basin is assessed to be 107 mln. cub.m and Zayamcchay river basin is 123 mln. cub.m. Currently ground water abstraction from Zayamchay river basin is about 51.4 and from Goshgarchay river basin about 48.3 mln. cub.m By E. Mamamdova (News of BSU, 2011) about 25 % of annual precipitations which is about 120-130 mm take part in recharge of ground waters, which alos confirms means that annually about 80-90 mln. cub.m of ground water can be abstracted from Zayamchay and 60-70 mln. cub.m from Goshgarchay river basin.

5. HUMAN ACTIVITY AND IMPACT ON WATER RESOURCES 5.1. Human activity 5.1.1 Population and demography As mentioned above Goshgarchay and Zayamchay rivers are located in Ganja- Gazakh economic region. In Goshgarchay river basins river basin are located Goy-gol, Dashkasan and Samukh rayons and in Zayamchay river basin are located Gadabey, Tovuz abd Samkir rayons. By information of State Statistic Committee and other sources/8. 27/ total number of population in Ganja Gazakh region in 2014 is as in table 14. Table 14, Population of Ganja-Gazakh region Territory Population\ Region (thousands sq.km) (thousands persons)

economic region – total 12.30 1234,1 of which: t.d. of Ganja city 0,11 327,4 Gazakh region 0,70 93,2 Aghstafa region 1,50 84,1 Tovuz region 1,94 167,3 Shamkir region 1,66 205,5 Gadabay region 1,23 97,2 Dashkasan region 1,05 33,9 Samukh region 1,45 55,2 Goygol region 0,92 61,1 Goranboy region 1,70 99,6 t.u. of Naftalan town 0,04 9,6 Total population in the 2 basins is considered according to number of population of part of regions that is located in the basin(Figures 4 and 5).

Figure 4 Population of Zayamchay river basin

Figure 5. Population of Goshgarchay river basin

By our calculation by use of statistical information from State Statistic Committee( stat.gov.az ) in 2014 on number of population in settlements and towns located in the basin these figures are as in table 15 Table 15 Population of Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers basins River basins Population Part of admistrative region № 1 Zayamchay 87500 Gadabay( 25000) Tovuz( 22500) Shamkir( 40000)

2 Goshgarchay 63000 Samukh (9500) Shamkir (28000) Goygol (5500) Dashkasan (20000)

According to statistical information from State Statistic Committee/8/ number of population of Ganja- Gazakh region, wher are located 2 basins increases every year. This can be clearly seen from below Table 16. Table 16 .Increase of population in Ganja- Gazakh region Increase of population

Years natural increase

per 1000 population 1995 2320 7,9 2000 1182 3,9 2001 1257 4,2 2002 1188 4,0 2003 1230 4,1 2004 1589 5,3 2005 1898 6,2 2006 2045 6,7 2007 2116 6,8 2008 2086 6,7 2009 1991 6,3 2010 1969 6,3

2011 4917 15,5 2012 2138 6,6 2013 1829 5,7 2014 2351 7,1

As one can see from above table ib average this increase makes 5 persons per 1000 persons or 0,05% per year(excluding 2011 when significant population increase took place for other reason than natural increase).

5.1.2 Agriculture The region shares 13 percent of land used for agricultural purposes of the republic. 15 percent of cattle and 28 percent of vineyards are in this area (Flash floods, 1999). The main agricultural fields are potato, grain and wine growing. Cotton is cultivated only in Shamkir and Samukh regions are specialized in wine growing, Gadabey, Shamkir, Tovuz in potato grain growing. Horticulture, fruit-growing, vegetable-growing and cattle-breeding are also developed in Ganja-Gazakh economic region. The main economic field is agriculture in Tovuz. Generally the agriculture of the region encompasses cattle- breeding, horticulture and wine growing. During the recent two years local entrepreneurs were credited over $20 million loans for construction of settlement areas, social and cultural project, development of infrastructure constrains investment eagerness of a business community. The most popular brand of Tovuz is widely-known "Tovuz-Baltic" LLC. company which is a producer of alcohol and natural juice. The company, producing products with tens of names, performs the wide-scale production of Azerbaijani cognacs under classical French technology, without polluting the environment, with making use of spring waters and through the double-distilled method. The "Tovuz-Baltic" is the greatest and perspective company for the CIS market. Alongside with domestic ones, European, Canadian and Japanese companies also pay great attention to oil extracted from pomegranate fruit seeds and conclude agreements for its production in recent years/26/ Successful reforms that have been carried out since the 1995 in the agricultural sector have imposed a serious impact on the region’s economy, the creation of market relations, the effective use of land and property, the improvement of the branch structure of agricultural fields, business formation, and the change of the general portrait of the area. It is worthy to note that the social and industrial service of agriculture have undergone serious changes. Thus, numerous economic fields of a various origin have been replaced by greater economic forms. According to present large-scale privatization policy, the private ownership has replaced the state ownership which governs lands, cattle, productive and non-productive spheres, as well as agricultural machinery. In total irrigative lands in the basins of Goshgarchay rive rbasin is 5.0 thousands ha and in Zayamchay river basins 9.7 thousands ha.

5.1.3 Industry and mining Industrial water demand in Goshgarchay river basin is not high . Small industries use water from drinking water supply systems. In total water use for communal and industrial purposes is in Zayamchay river basin -650th.cub.m and In Goshgarchay river basin -1300 th.cub/m/26/. Annually from Goshgarchay river 0.25 cub.m/sec water is abstracted for metallurgy factory of which 0.20 cub.m ./sec return back to river after use.

Industrial water use in the region isn’t so significant as water use for irrigation. Used in industry water currently is about 2.0 mln.

5.1.4 Hydropower generation In 30-40 years of the last century small hydroelectric power stations were constructed on the rivers. The hydropower station of capacity of 50 KW is constructed on the river Goshgarchay. It is constructed below Zagala village (63 km from the mouth). The length of a Ferro-concrete dam is 15 m, width on a crest - 1,5 m, and a pressure of 3 m. Below a dam from the river the channel for hydroelectric power station work branches off. The fulfilled water arrives back in the river Goshgarchay/26/. Now construction of new non-polluting power sources, small hydropower stations for the purpose of use of capacity of the small rivers hydraulic power is planned.

5.1.5 Tourism There are 4 natural monuments - Govdu, Gedekdere, Gamış and Chamlıq tracts of forests and Gızılja Reserve in Gadabey rayon. There is a beautiful waterfall, as well as Kechi-kechi, Jarja, Juyur and Aylı rings and Jaldash, Gızılja Narzan, Mor-mor mineral water springs near Kechi Deresi ravine. The monuments located in Gadabey rayon are the consisting part of Gadabey-Xojalı culture. There are lots of monuments that involve tourists there. These monuments include towers such as Beyuk gala, Galakend qalası (XVI century) and Gız qalası (IX century) as well as Taglı kerpu – bridge (XIX) and other various archeological monuments. There are pedestrian tourist routes in the rayon. Fresh air, richness of green zones, rich fauna and tracts of forests located along Murovdag ridge attract nature lovers in summer season. There is also capacity for improvement of rural tourism. Alpine meadows and cool springs of Xoshbulag pasture are better known. Fish hunting lovers can try Xoshbulag and Geygel artificial lakes located in Zagalı and Zivlan villages. Mainly, 2 historical bridges over Goshgar River, mausoleum in Ahmadli village and various patterns of folk handicrafts involve tourists to this region. It should be noted that in both river basins there are many springs with good quality of water which can be used in drinking purposes. There are also some infrastructure with tap to make easy to use waters from springs.

5.2. Water use and impact on the flow of rivers 5.2.1. Introduction The water resources in the Zayanchay and Goshgarchay river basins are underground waters and surface waters. There is interaction between these waters. During flooding the filtrated into soil waters from rivers increase the underground water reserves. Main areas that impact on water resources of 2 rivers are :  Water abstraction for the irrigation and domestic needs;  Domestic and industrial wastewater;  Agriculture and crop production;  Industry, food and non-food products;  Solid waste disposal;  Deforestation;  Strengthening the river banks, hydro morphological changes etc. Irrigational and domestic water use assumes great importance in terms of impact to water resources quantity. Discharge of untreated waste water to the rivers (point source of pressure) is considered to be more powerful pressure in terms of impact to the water resources quantity. Other areas,such as water use for industry(which are very small) and and other purposes use ony small amounts of water from centralized domestic water supply systems or other sources. The only notable amount of water abstraction for industry takes place from Goshgarchay river, which makes 0.25 mln cub.m of which 0.20 mln cub.m return to the river after use and only 0.05 mln cub.m water is taken for use.

5.2.2 Water abstraction for domestic water supply and irrigation

5.2.2.1. Total amount of abstracted waters. Dry climate, non-uniform distribution of limited water resources, population growth and steadfast development of the economy in recent ten years gradually increase the need for water on the plains of Ganja- Gazakh region. The key aspect of economic activity consists of irrigation farming and water use for domestic needs. In figure 6 is given water abstraction points in Zayamchay river basin

Figure 6. Water abstraction points in Zayamchay river basin

Total amount of abstracted from rivers water is given in Table 17 Table 17. Average annual water abstraction from rivers during 2000-2014 № River basins Population Part of admistrative Volume of water intake from region rivers , mln. cub.m

6 Zayamchay 87500 Gadabay( 25000) 58.7 (in the basin) Tovuz( 22500) Shamkir( 40000)

6 Zayamchay Tovuz region 54.5 (water transfer by pipe) Shamkir region

9 Goshgarchay 63000 Samukh (9500) 22.25 Shamkir (28000) Goygol (5500) Dashkasan (20000)

As one can see from this figure in addition to local use of water for irrigation and drinking water supply there are also huge water transfer for irrigation(by earth canals) and domestic and drinking water supply purposes to Tovuz region (by pipes of 600, 500, 300, 150mm diameters) and Shamkir region(1000mm pipe) in different sections of the river. In area of near and below Yanigli village water abstraction is very intensive and almost all water of river is abstracted. In Goshgarchay river basin water is abstracted for industry, irrigation and local communal use . There is no basin transfer. But as result of this transfer and also water filtration from riverbed to soil in downstream of river (in section Sarkar-Mouth) this river also dries. Water abstraction scheme from Goshgarchay river is given in figure 7.

Figure 7. Water abstraction scheme from Goshgarchay river.

In addition to this ground waters in the basins of above rivers are used for irrigation and also domestic and household water supply purposes. This information is given in Table 18. Table 18 Ground water use, N River Groundwater abstraction for Groundwater abstraction for irrigation domestic and drinking water 1 Zayamchay 139.9 th.cub.m/day 1.1 cub.m/day 2 Goshgarchay 130.1 th.cub.m/day 1.41 cub.m/day

As one can see in total amount of abstracted ground water resources in each of basin is close to 50 mln. cub.m of water anually

5.2.2.2 Water intake for irrigation For purposes of water use in the region there are canals to transport water to users from river or reservoirs. The mass construction of water reservoirs in Azerbaijan has been started in 50s of last century. Water reservoirs were built mainly in purpose of irrigation (Ahmadzade, 2003). Currently on reservoir is on Goshgarchay river and other is planned to be constructed on Zayamchay river Water resources in both basins are used in irrigation (table 19).

Table 19. Average annual surface and ground water intake for irrigation (mainly in spring and summer months) during 2010-2014 River basins Irrigated Admistrative Water abstraction from rivers Ground area, region water № thousand Volume of Volume of Volume of mln. hectare water water use water losses intake, for mln. cub.m cub.m mln. cub.m irrigation, mln. cub.m 1 Zayamchay (local 9.7 Gadabey, 55.0-59.0 43.0-46.0 12.0-13.0 51,1 water use within the Tovuz, basins) Shamkir 2 Zayamchay (water Shamkir , 27.0- 30.0 21.0- 23.0 6.0-7.0 transfer by ground Tovuz canals to areals of region znd Shamkir and Tovuz some areas region (outside of the basin ) and uncontrolled water use 9 Goshgarchay 5.0 Dashkasan, 20.0-22.0 9.5-10.5 10.5-11.5 47,45 Goygol

Water is mainly used for irrigation in plain area, as main cultivated lands are located here. Impact of irrigation on flow of Zayamchay River is given below based on flow information of 2 points located in Agbashlar and Yanigly villages. Water discharges for both stations are available since 1954(Table 20).

Table 20. Assessment of the impact of irrigation to the water discharges of Zayamchay river cub.m/sec) Months I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Station Agbashlar 1.81 1.84 4.94 11.2 10.6 5.22 4.42 3.59 2.18 1.87 1.93 1.79 Yanigly 1.01 0.6 4.84 12.3 11.8 6.21 6.97 2.82 1.46 0.79 0.69 0.52

Based on these data is drown hydrograph of the river in both points (Agbashlar station in blue and Yanigly in red color). As one can see from below figure 8 during January-February and August-December water discharges of river in lower station were less than in upper stations, which can be considered as an indicator of impact of water use.

14 12 10 8 6 4

Water disharge Water 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Month

Figure 8.. Hydrographs of monthly water discharges in Agbashlar(blue color) and Yanigl(red color)y stations of Zayamchay River: 1.- Hydrograph in Agbashlar stations 2. Hydrograph in Yanigly stations

5.2.2.3 Drinking water abstraction Drinking water in Goshqarchay and Zayamchay rivers basins is abstracted form both surface and ground water sources In settlements where there is no centralized water supply system population use ground water wells, springs or take water from main rivers or their tributaries. For example there are drenage on Zayamchay river to provide water by pipe to Agbashlar, Tatar , Yaniqli settlements and Tovuz district and other residential areas located on route of pipelines. Average annual surface and ground water intake for drinking and communal water supply purpose during 2010-2014 is given in table 21

Table 21 Average annual surface and ground water intake for drinking and communal water supply purpose during 2010-2014 River basins Populati Part of Water abstraction from rivers Ground on admistrative water № region Volume of Volume Volume water of water of water mln. intake, mln. use for use for cub.m cub.m drinking, commun mln. al cub.m services. mln.cub. m 6 Zayamchay 87500 Gadabay( 25000) 1.65 1,00 0.65 0.4 (in the basin) Tovuz( 22500) Shamkir( 40000)

6 Zayamchay Tovuz region 15.5 2,50 13.0 10.0 (water 10.5 1.5 9.0 transfer by pipes) Shamkir region

9 Goshgarchay 63000 Samukh (9500) 1.95 0.65 1.30 0.5 Shamkir (28000) Goygol (5500) Dashkasan (20000)

Below is described water existing state of supply system in basins. It should be noted that during soviet period only city centers were provided by water supply and sanitation system which covered only part of cities and after collapse of former soviet union most of them have been damaged. The systems be recent years were very un-reliable and the risk of further damages and failures was very high. Currently under new National Water Supply and Sanitation Programs(NWSSP) of Azerbaijan almost in all rayon centers work on rehabilitation of WSSS is about completion and in future this is planned to be implemented I large settlements of Azerbaijan, including those located at these 2 rivers basin/18/. Within the NWSSP it is considered to extend water allocation to entire rayon center and increase amount of water supplied per person to 180 l/day. Treated waste waters also is planned to be used in irrigating of trees/18/.

5.2.3 Water abstraction impact on the flow of rivers

5.2.3.1 Impact of domestic and drinking water use on the flow of rivers According to statistical information on drinking water use in regions of Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers basins amount of abstracted drinking water is about 7- 40 liter per day per person. (Table 18). It should be noted that these figures are based on official water abstraction data and many people in region take water from nearby ground and surface water sources directly and there is no account of this. This looks as is indicated in below table. Table 22. Water abstraction for domestic and drinking purposes from different sources

2005-2014

Regions Total, Per mln cubic resident, m per day

Tovuz region 1.2 22 Shamkir region 1.5 18 Gadabey region 0.2 29 Dashkasan region 0.4 40 Samukh region 0.4 20

It should be noted that these figures are based on official water abstraction data and many people in region take water from nearby ground and surface water sources directly and there is no account of this. By information of Azersy JSC currently in average water use per person in Zayamchay river basin doesn’t exceed 80 l./p and in Goshgarchay 60l/p as many residential areas don’t have centralized water supply system and only after reconstruction of existing water supply and sanitation system and construction of new ones these figures will be around 180l/p. Therefore taking this into account according to this figures in Goshgarcjay and Zayamchay river basins currently(without rehabilitation of WSSS) looks like as in table 23. Table 23. Water use for domestic and drinking purposes from different sources Current water use for Current water demand for domestic and drinking domestic and drinking Region part of purpose purpose which is located Basin in the basin Number of Total, population Total, Per resident Per resident, thousands living in per day th cubic m (l/day) cubic m the basins Tovuz region 22500 657 80 1478 180 Zayamchay Shamkir region 40000 1168 80 2640 180 river basin Gadabey region 25000 735 80 1687 180 Total 87500 2560 5805

Shamkir region 28000 616 60 1848 180

Goshgarchay Goy-gol region 5500 121 60 363 180 rive rbasin Dashkasan region 20000 440 60 1320 180 Samukh region 9500 209 60 627 180 63000 1386 4158

As one can see from this table by rehabilitating of water supply system current water use can be increased and reach level of real water demand considered by Azersy. In this case as result of increasing supplied water from 2,56 mln cub.m to 5.81 mln cub.m in Zayamchay river basin and from 1.39 mln cub.m to 4.16 mln cub.m in Goshgarchay river basin drinking water supply can be close to its demanded volume. In future by 2035 taking into account of annual population increase by 0.05% one can expect 10% increase of population in total. In that case drinking water use(demand ) also will be increased according to table 24. Table 24. Expected water demand for domestic and drinking purposes by 2035 in Zayamchay and Goshgarchay river basins Expected water demand for domestic and drinking Region part of purpose ewhich is located Basin in the basin Expected number of Total, Per resident, population thousands per day living in cubic m the basins Tovuz region 24750 1628 180 Zayamchay Shamkir region 44000 2980 180 river basin Gadabey region 27500 1856 180 Total 96250 6454 Shamkir region 30800 2032 180

Goshgarchay Goy-gol region 6500 399 180 rive rbasin Dashkasan region 22000 1452 180 Samukh region 10450 690 180 69300 4573

Considering that there can be also 10% increase of water transfer from Zayamchay river basin to areas of Shamkir and Tovuz regions outside the basin ( according to 10 % population increase) from 26 mln cub.m to 27.6 mln cub.m (Table 21). Then in total abstraction for domestic and drinking water in Zayamchay river basin in 2035 may reach 34 mln cub.m and in Goshgarchay river basin 4.6 mln cub.m this in turn may have significant impact to the river in low flow years and periods.

5.2.3.2 Impact of irrigation water use on the flow of rivers Dry climate in the flat terrain part of the pilot area, uneven distribution of the limited water resources in the area, the local demography and the rapid development of economy during the last decade is gradually increasing the water demand. Gradual increase of the water amount taken from the water sources, especially from the rivers without restitution causes the serious changes in the rivers’ regime, resulting in the reduction of low flows. The intensive impact of economic activity to the run-off of regional rivers started from the 1950’s. The water abstraction for irrigation and domestic needs is the main anthropogenic factor affecting the river flows, which are the main sources of water in the area. According to F.A.Imanov’s studies the minimal summer-autumn flow of the river decreased around 28%/ [Imanov, 2000]. It is also defined that natural regime started to be changed in Saritepe point of Goshgarchay since 1959, in Aghbashlar point of Zayamchay since 1978. Along all the rivers of the Small Caucasus from source to outfall anthropogenic impact is increased. In summer months there is no water in the downstream of the rivers, even in the rivers without water reservoirs on it e.g. Rivers Goshgarchay, Zayamchay , which is because the water is used for different purposes, particularly for irrigation of croplands. The water resources of the rivers should be used more rationally and quantity of environmental flow should be ensured. Unfortunately in statistical data sources information on water abstraction is given by entire regions not per basins , where are located parts of regions. For example amount of abstracted water by regions is given in Table 25 Table 25. Water abstraction for irrigation (million cubic meters) Regions / Years 2000 2005 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Tovuz region 44.0 59.0 79.6 84.9 84.9 90.9 90.4 Shamkir region 72.0 130.5 165.7 156.5 168.6 163.9 165.2 Gadabey region - - - - - 0.0 - Dashkasan region 0.3 - - - - 0.01 - Samukh region 61.0 100.0 128.0 131.0 131.7 141.0 147.6 1) According to information obtained from Melioration and Water Industry OJSC It is hard to assess by use of this table the amount of water abstracted from Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers. Therefore in this work we used different data from regional offices of Amelioration JSC to assess water abstraction in different sections of these rivers, Main irrigative areas in two basins are located in lower stream of rivers. As one can see from above table in Dashkesan and Gedabey regions, which are located in upper and middle flow of river irrigation water abstraction isn’t significant. Therefore impact of irrigation water use to water resources of these rivers can be assessed for their middle and lower sections . As is shown above( table 21) total water use for irrigation from surface and groundwater sources together is in Zayamchay river basin about 108.1 mln. cub.m and in Goshgarchay river basin about 68.5 mln. cub.m. For irrigation of subsequently 9.7 and 5.0 th. ha area in their basin . According to study of ADB in Azerbaijan in total 500-600 mm annually irrigation water is needed .

If we multiply this to the irrigated areas in the basin we can see that in Zayamchay river basin water demand is about 53.3 mln. cub.m. and for Goshgarchay 27.5 mln. cub.m. As one can see from table 21 in order to provide this volume of water, from rivers and ground water sources is taken almost 2 times more water and up to half of water is lost in distribution network, during water transfer from Zayamchay basin to other basins(other parts of Tovuz and Shamkir regions )and also water loss in field because of old irrigation technology and methods. One can say that if use modern irrigation infrastructure and technology then abstracted water can be significantly reduced. Therefore main action in irrigation water use would be to reduce water losses and use water saving technology in irrigation(for example application of drip irrigation and etc). In order to keep in rivers environmental and human water need requirements and provide main users with secure water there will be need to use more ground waters for drinking and communal needs and in irrigation.

5.2.3.3 Impact of inductrial water abstractionon the flow of rivers Asmentioned in the introduction section industrial water use in the region isn’t so significant as water use for irrigation. As it is shown in Table 26 abstracted water discharges from most of region rivers are significantly less than those of Irrigation water use. Table 26. Water use covering industry needs (million cub.m) Regions / Years 2000 2005 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Tovuz region - 0.7 0.0 0.0 - 0.03 0.04 Shamkir region 5.1 8.0 6.0 8.2 9.9 7.2 1.8 Gadabey region 0.2 ------Dashkasan region 0.4 - 0.0 - 0.01 0.01 0.01 Samukh region - - 0.0 0.0 0.2 - 0.01 1) According to information obtained from Amelioration and Water Farm OJSC The abstracted industrial water from Goshgarchay river makes 0.25 mln cub.m of which 0.20 mln cub.m return to the river after use and only 0.05 mln cub.m water is taken for use.

5.2.3.4 Impact of water use on Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers at their different sections In order to assess water use basin of different rivers are divided into several sections, such as most upstream area, middle section lower area and mouth. This can be seen from Figures 9-10

Figure 9. Different sections of Goshgarchay river vasin

Figure 10 Different sections of Zayamchay river basin In order to assess status of water supply and provision of environmental flow requirements for different sections of the basins water balance have been assessed.

Based on information of Amelioration JSC, Azersy JSC, MENR and their regional offices in the basins and also on information collected during the field trips to region compiled annual water use schemes of Zayamchay and Gohgarchay rivers (tables 27-28). It should be noted that water for human needs is based on actual level of drinking water abstraction(50- 80l/person/day) and doesn’t meet drinking water demand identified by Azersy(180l/person/day). Table 27. Water economy balance of Goshqarchay basin , cub.m/s (Annual) Element of balance Sub basins Full basin Source – Zagali water Lower New Sarkar- Zagali reservoir – Dashkesan- Gizilca – Mouth water Lower New Gizilca Sarkar reservoir Dashkasan Water income Almost natural flow 0.60 0.70 1.35 1.56 1.63 163 - - - Flow observed in the 0.60 0.63 1,05 0.95 0.50 0.50 end of the section Return water 0.20 Outflow - Water intake: - Industry - 0.25 - - 0.05 Agriculture - - 0.23 0.29 0.26 0.78 Drinking(communal) - 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.06 water supply Uncontrolled water - 0.24 0.0.24 abstraction and water filtration at the river bed in downstream Environmental flow 0.16 0.18 0.27 0.31 0.36 0.36

Balans +0.44 + 0.45 + 0.78 +0.64 +0.14 +0.14

Table 28. Annual water economy balance of Zayamchay basin , cub.m/s Element of balance Sub basins Full basin

Source – Agbashla Yanıkhlı- Tatar mouth Agbashlar r- Tatar Yanıkhlı Iwater income

Almost natural flow 5.18 5.66 5.80 5,83 5.83 Flow observed at the 5.17 3,69 1.14 0.87 0,87 end of the section Outflow Water intake: Agriculture - 1.02 0.72 0.08 1.82 Drinking water supply 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.07 Water transfer to 0.92 1.95 0.20 3,07 areals of Shamkir and Tovuz regions (outside of the basin ) and uncontrolled water use Environmental flow 1.04 1.13 1.17 1.17 1.17 Balans +4.13 +2.56 -0.03 -0.40 -0.40

As one can see from above tables in Goshgarchay current level of annual water abstraction against annual flow volues isn’t high and proper water demand management can allow to provide water to users and also to ecosystem within the year. Only in summer months near mouth in addition to water abstraction water also evaporates and filtrates from riverbed to soil , which leads to drying of river. This problem should be managed through water regulation and other technical work so that water is observed all yearround in the river and environmental flow demands are met. For example using capacity of Zagali reservoir to keep environmental flow in downstream in summer. Regarding annual water use in Zayamchay basin it should be noted that in section between Agbashlar and Yanigli main water abstraction occurs when in parallel to local water supply 3 pipes transfer water to Tovuz region for domestic and drinking water supply . In spite of this one can say that in annual scale by good flow regulation and water use management in this section environmental flow requirements can almost be fulfilled. Below Yanigli for irrigation and domestic and drinking water abstraction and also as result of water transfer to other parts of Tovuz and Shamkir regions environmental flow and water requirement can be met only in high flow periods and in low flow summer months below Yanigli water abstraction often lead to drying of rivers. This can be seen from tables 29-30 describing water use in Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers in August Table 29. Water economy balance of Goshqarchay basin , cub.m/s (August) Element of balance Sub basins Full basin Source – Zagali water Lower New Sarkar- Zagali reservoir – Dashkesan Gizilca – Mouth water Lower -New Sarkar reservoir Dashkasan Gizilca Imcome Natural flow / 0.30 0.51 1.41 1.51 1,51 observed flow - - = - 1.51

Flow observed in the 0.30 0.44 1.10 0.89 0.06 end of the section

- - - - 0.20 120 Return waters Outflow - Water intake: - Industry - 0.25 - - 0.05 Agriculture - - 0.23 0.29 0.46 0.98 Drinking water supply - 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.06 Uncontrolled water - 0.34 0.34 abstraction and water filtration at the river bed in downstream Environmental flow 0.06 0.09 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27

Balans +0.24 + 0.35 +1.83 +0.62 -0.21 -0.21

Table 30 Water economy balance of Zayamchay basin , cub.m/s (August) Element of balance Sub basins Full basin

Source - Agbashlar- Yanikhli- Tatar- Agbashlar Yanıkhlı Tatar Mouth Imcome Natural flow 3.97 4.50 4.76 4,76 4.76 Flow observed in the end of 3.96 2.23 0.10 0 0 the section Outflow Water intake: Agriculture - 1.02 0.72 0.08 1.82 Drinking water supply 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.07 Water transfer to areals of 1.22 1.65 0.20 3,07 Shamkir and Tovuz regions (outside of the basin ) and uncontrolled water use Environmental flow 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 Balans +3.17 +1.44 -0.69 -0.99 -0.99

As one can see from tables in summer in downstream of Goshgarchay river water significantly reduces because of their use and filtration to the soil. As result of abstraction of all available water resources the Zayamchay river dries in its downstream and it becomes impossible to provide environmental flow. In order to assess water balance against water demand in August there is need to have information about water needs of different sectors in that month. But even without having such information one can see from above table that for example in Zayamchay river in Agbashlar- Yanigli section of available 4.49 cub.m/s water discharges 2.26 cub.m/s have been abstratced for irrigation and drinking water supply and in lower located Yanikhli- Mouth section all availabale water discharges have been abstracted from river for use. Considering that current water abstratcion level in this section is higher(as many irrigated areas and irrigation canals and also water supply pipelines are locatd in this section) one can see that in this section both environmental flow requirements and also water needs of different sectors also aren’t met. This issue can be solved be finding of alternative water sources and good flow regulation by reservoir, where collected during the spring season waters can be used in summer. Same can be done for Goshgarchay river to provide in summer to downstream, where limited waters filtrate in riverbed and river dry before it reach mouth. In conclusion it should be noted that water use for irrigation (locally and by canals to Tovuz region and Shamkir region) has high impact on quantity of water resources of rivers. There are high water losses and uncontrolled water allocation. Water use fro drinking purposes is lower than drinking water demand and there is need to construct new WSSS to meet it. Part of treated waste waters can be used then for irrigation of green areas instead of using fresh water in those areas. There is need to develop and enforce regulations, including permit and licensing of water use..

5.2.4 Climate Change impact to the run-off Increase of air temperature and decrease of precipitations lead to1 decreasing of water resources of the Gazakh-Ganja region rivers(from around 1.5 billion cub.m to 1,3 billion cub.m). This can be clearly seen from change of flow of Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers during 1991-2013 compared to 1961-1990 (Table 31 and Figure 11)) Table 31. Change of flow of Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers during 1991-2013 compared to 1961-1990 River Period Winter Spring Summer Autumn Annual Station Goshqarchay 1961-1990 0.93 3.61 1.50 0.95 1.75 Sarkar Average 0,93 3,31 1.40 0,90 1,63 1991-2013 0.94 3.30 1.30 0.85 1, 60 Zayamchay 1961-1990 2,05 8,37 7,06 3,68 5,29 Agbashlar Average 2.13 8.40 4.55 3.49 5.18 1991-2013 2,20 8.45 6.00 3.30 5,00

Comparison of monthly flow amounts change also show that only mostly winter and also in a certain capacity in spring as result of snow melting some increase in water flow is observed. In summer and autumn water discharges reduce.

Figure 11. Change of monthly flow of Zayamchay river during 1991-2013 compared to 1961-1990 (м3/с) In order to undertake the assessment of climate change impact on water resources below is given comparison of change of water discharges and meteo elements for the above periods. Main elements used are water discharges, precipitations and air temperature which for above periods have been assed for some meteorological stations. The table 32 shows the decrease of precipitations in Gadabey and Dashkasan meteorological stations Table 32 Change of amounts of precipitations (mm) in Gadabey station during 1991-2013 compared to 1961-1990 (cub.m/s) Period Winter Spring Summer Autumn Annual XII-II III-V VI-VIII IX-XI XII-XI

1961-1990 78,7 216,1 257,1 137,3 689

1991-2013 65,21 209,7 240,4 127,7 643

Difference (%) -17,0 -3,0 -6,5 -7,7 -6,7 Assessment of change of air temperature during 1991-2013 compared to 1961-1990 has also been carried for above stations (See tables 33-35 and ) Table 33. Change of air temperature in Dashkasan station (0 C) Period Winter Spring Summer Autumn Annual XII-II III-V VI-VIII IX-XI XII-XI 1961-1990 -1,5 5,5 15,6 8,2 6,9 1991-2013 -0,6 6,8 16,9 8,4 7,9 Difference (0 C) -0,9 1,3 1,2 0,2 1,0

In order to undertake the assessment of climate change impact on water resources in below tables are given comparison of change of water discharges and meteo elements for the above periods. Table 34.Change of flow of Goshgarchay river compared to change of air temperature and precipitation at Dashkasan station during 1991-2013 compared to 1961-1990 Elements Winter Spring Summer Autumn Annual XII-II III-V VI-VIII IX-XI XII-XI Air temperature, (0 C) -0,9 1,3 1,2 0,2 1,0 Precipitation, (%) -13 -5,2 -7,1 -1 -6.2 Water discharge of Goshgarchay river, (%) 1 -10 -15 -12 -9

Table 35. Change of flow of Zayamchay river compared to change of air temperature and precipitation at Gadabey station during 1991-2013 compared to 1961-1990 Elements Winter Spring Summer Autumn Annual XII-II III-V VI-VIII IX-XI XII-XI Air temperature, (0 C) 0.17 0.39 1.2 0.72 0.7 Precipitation, (%) -17,0 -3,0 -6,5 -7,7 -6,7 Water discharge of Zayamchay river, (%) +8 1,4 -14 -11 -6

Figure 12. Change of flow of Zayamchay river compared to change of air temperature and precipitation at Gadabey station during 1991-2013 compared to 1961-1990

As one can see from above comparison increase of air temperature in the basin lead to reduction of the river flow. Assessment carried by National Climate change center show that currently in average about %% of water resources reduction is observed compared to 1990 and further increase of air temperature by different climate change sceneries lead to 10% by 2035 15% by 2055 and 20% by 2075 reduction of flow in the basin. Therefore during preparation of water allocation plan programs of measures should also take into consideration this and include some adaptation actions.

5.2.5. Deforestation There are 2 kinds of forest in the territory: mountainous forests and plain forests. The area of forest is 14,3 km2 in Gosgar river basin and 97,1 km2 in Zayamchay river basin (figure 13). A plan for reforestation is proposed for the basin. Reforestation has to be restored in the natural vegetation cover in the areas where human activities have resulted in deforestation, in turn lead to: • Increase of soil erosion, • Difficulties for recharge of important aquifers, • changed the runoff regime of the rivers (increasing number and severity of landslides, mudflows and flooding and reduction of the minimum flow), • Reduction of capacity of forest services for the local population and which makes the area less attractive for tourists. The restoration of forests will result in formation of forests with the basic biodiversity. The activities which can be included in reforestation project: 1. Development of the map of basic vegetation cover within the basin. 2. Identification of appropriate areas where forests can be restored. 3. Protection of newly planted forests.

Figure 13. Forestry in the pilot area

5.2.6. Tailing dams Concentrate is obtained by the processing of the iron ore extracted in Dashkesen iron ore plant and wastes emerged in the result of such processing process are stored in the special tailing dams. The tailing dam of the plant is located in Goshgarchay valley. River water is transmitted through underground tunnel. In that way, pollution of the river is minimized. However, there are no quantity indicators on water used for extraction of ore and discharged into the tailing dams. This impacts to environmental flow of river.

5.2.7. Hydrological and morphological changes of water bodies Adverse economic impact of human on a nature has led to an increase in the frequency, duration and change of maximum flood in recent years. Flood and mudflow phenomena affect significant areas of meadows which are subjected to flooding and silting. As a result, the soil looses its topsoil [Guliyev,1992]. In addition, there is engineering protection from flood and mudflow damage in majority of industrial and agricultural facilities in floodplain lands. Currently new water dams are being constructed and a number of dams are under planning. Water abstraction often leads to drying of rivers Zayamchay and Goshgarchay in downstream areas where ecosystem water requirements aren’t implemented. The EPIRB Project identifies hydromorphological alterations as Significant Water Management Issues besides organic pollution, nutrient pollution and pollution caused by hazardous substances in. Hence, hydromorphological alterations are tackled in the EPIRB pilot river basins to be part of the RBMPs. During the undertaken EPIRB Project Joint Field Surveys 2013 the following hydromorphological elements have been addressed aligned to the WFD requirements (see Table above): • Interruption of river and habitat continuity; • Hydrological alterations; • Modification of river morphology. More specific parameters have been surveyed within the EPIRB Project include channel geometry, substrate composition, channel vegetation and organic debris, bank structure and related modification, flow conditions, interruption of longitudinal continuity by artificial structures, vegetation type, adjacent land use, and channel- floodplain interaction. Alteration of river morphology has been taken into account for a preliminary pressure analysis. Result of assessment of hydromorphological status of Wbs of 2 rivers are given in Table 36. Table 36. JFS sites characteristics and hydromorphological assessment results in Central Kura pilot basin Avera Min Meas. Basin Mean M H Site Altitude, WB ge flow, flow, Water Site name area, flow, score/ score/ No. m type slope, cub.mcub.m/ use km2 cub.m/3 status status m/km /s s SW Qoshqarchay WW, 668 5 246 24.3 -05 Yalqishlaq 1.63 0.558 0.64 WA 2.1 3.0 SW Qoshqarchay 1665 5 17.3 29.4 0.21 0.085 0.51 WW 1.3 1.0 -06 Khoshbulaq SW Gushchu 1200 5 19.7 58.1 -07 Gushchuchay 0.13 0.093 0.037 WA 1.1 2.0

SW Jovdarchay 1257 1 12.1 62.5 -08 Jovdar 0.09 0.066 0.026 WA 1.0 2.5 SW Vocanchay 1232 5 138 27.2 1.3 1.0 -13 Chobankend 1.31 0.371 1.43 NO SW Zayamchay 648 4 740 6.7 -14 Yaniqli 5.32 1.220 3.45 WA 2.2 3.0

SW-05 and SW-14 have “moderate” water conditions due to the significant changes in the hydrological regime from the water abstraction;

5.2.8. Water quality of rivers of the pilot region Above mentioned human activities impact not only quantity, but also quality of river waters. This leads to increase of chemical elements in rivers, which creates danger for human health and the environment. Source and diffuse sources of pollution lead to worsening of water quality in both rivers. This include pollution by household and industrial waste waters, from agricultural fields and etc. Waters of Goshgarchay River are polluted by mining industries in upper stream. In intermediate regime phase magnesium 5,8 mq/l, sulfate 170,4 mq/l, Mineralization 583 mq/l, phosphorus compounds 0,073 mq/l, silisium 5,6 mq/l, iron 0,12 mq/l are in the river. Results of JFS conducted by EPIRB project in 2014 shows that some pollutants in rivers are high(Table 37)

Table 37. Chemical data from the Central Kura River Basin July 2014 JFSs - EPIRB

)

2 - Location 7

Sampling O

2 of

site River C o /l pH

sampling 2 Date number Total Oxygen Oxygen

site Dissolved Suspended BOD5, mg/l BOD5, solids, mg/L Conductivity oxygen, mg/L saturation, % saturation, Temperature, Temperature, Transparency COD (Cr mg O Ammonium mg/L_N, 1 Zayamchay Agbashlar 22.7.2014 25 26 72,2 9 0,262 9 0,7 1,40 0,28 2 Zayamchay Yaniqli 22.7.2014 23,9 29 68,4 8,9 0,293 3 0,7 1,28 0,25 3 Zayamchay Kohnogalo 23.7.2014 27,2 29 68,5 8,7 0,311 2 0,5 1,15 0,15 4 Qoshkachay Khoshbulaq 23.7.2014 21 28 78,4 8,2 0 4 0,3 2,13 0,29 5 Zaylilchay Gushchu 23.7.2014 26 6,63 75,6 7,92 1 7 1,1 2,23 0,11 6 Qoshkachay Bayan 23.7.2014 21,6 29 70,2 8,7 0 0,9 0,8 0,55 0,18 7 Qoshkachay Met-factory 24.7.2014 26 6,52 72,3 8,17 1 7 1,2 2,46 0,58

Location

Sampling

of site River sampling Date number mg/L Copper, Arsenic, Arsenic, Cl, mg/L microg/L site microg/L Phosphates, Nitrate_N, mg/L Nitrate_N, SO4, mg/L Cadmium, microg/L microg/L Nickel, microg/L Lead, microg/L Zinc, 1 Zayamchay Agbashlar 22.7.2014 4,61 0,08 6 48 2,09 0,38 6,12 1,97 0,92 1,79 2 Zayamchay Yaniqli 22.7.2014 4,17 0,09 7,8 57,6 1,23 0,48 3,23 2,35 0,73 2,58 3 Zayamchay Kohnogalo 23.7.2014 4,14 0,08 11,2 30,9 2,35 0,56 5,43 1,83 0,63 1,38 4 Qoshkachay Khoshbulaq 23.7.2014 1,0 0,1 6,5 12,3 0,5 0,2 0,8 3,3 4,1 1,7 5 Zaylilchay Gushchu 23.7.2014 2,0 0,1 40,9 217,1 3,1 0,1 3,3 1,9 1,4 5,3 6 Qoshkachay Bayan 23.7.2014 5,840 0,36000 12,4 74.9 2,01 0,11 0,91 2,19 0,42 9,37 7 Qoshkachay Met-factory 24.7.2014 1,450 0,12000 14,5 115.3 2,24 0,19 0,81 2,95 3,94 1,72

Unfortunately as indicated above there is only one water quality observation station on each river, therefore it is hard to make comparative analyze of each of sector to the water quality of rivers.

5.2.9. Human impact on ground waters Potential ground waters pollution sources include areas where pollutants can enter aquifers through surface waters, and various industrial and agricultural wastes are discharged, collected and stored at storages or fields (sludge collectors, ash-spilled place, filling reservoirs, basins, infiltration fields, etc.), agricultural irrigation areas (where fertilizers and pesticides are utilized), areas mining works and geological-exploration works and others are carried out. Pollutants are divided into the followings according to their origin and quality: -domestic (economy – phenol); -industry (production); -agriculture; -with floods. According to their chemical compositions pollution of ground waters takes place through chemical, bacteriological, radioactive and thermal ways. Ground waters pollution occurs through each of the aforesaid ways. But, chemical pollution is considered a feature that is very dangerous and difficult to remove. Pollution sources of ground waters in the Republic and the plain and information on their amount found in ground waters in contemporary time are explained briefly under the actual materials. Agricultural pollutants include intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides for many years (except for recent 5-6 years) in areas of irrigation farming in the Republic. In 1960-1985 fertilizers and pesticides were applied to the soil almost in a record amount every year, regardless of necessity. Despite of great assortment of mineral fertilizers, it was nitrogen (nitrates, nitrite and ammonium) compounds entered nitrogenous fertilizers which endangered ground waters. Those substances (compounds) are very persistent and well migrating in the underground hydrosphere. In relation with this, numerous diseases – mutagenic property, deformed (moron) birth of children (teragen feature), in other words, deterioration of the gene pool take place. Phosphorous fertilizers are also considered toxic. However, movement (migration) of phosphorous fertilizers in the ground hydrosphere is limited by their high sorption and creating non-water-soluble compounds. Potassium fertilizers and various microelements are used for yielding high agricultural harvest in the Republic, as well. But their danger to ground waters is comparatively smaller because of comparatively less use of those fertilizers and their better absorption by plants. According to the results of studies critical environmental situation was recorded in samples taken from the centralized ground water supply facilities with various (50-150m) depths. For example, amount of iron (mg/l) changes in wide-range in waters for centralized water abstraction facilities of Tovuz (0,3)city oil products were 11-118 mg/l, nitrate 1,5-12,5 mg/l, etc. Alongside with a number of factors, amount of a pollutant in ground waters depends on whether that pollutant is constant or casual, on the depth at which ground waters are located and sorption character of rocks in aeration zone, as well. Pollution with cattle-breeding complexes – cattle-breeding, sheep-breeding, poultry-breeding, horse-breeding and somehow pig-breeding, especially cattle-breeding and sheep-breeding farms were developed in recent 30-40 years. In connection with this, stables were built for farms in all administrative regions. As a result of studies it was observed migration of pollutants to ground waters depending on thickness of aeration zone in areas located farms in Karabakh plain which is next to Ganja-Gazakh plain.

Flooding processes are also widely spread in the Region. Mining drilling, mining, bore-wells drilling and other works, as well as industrial, agricultural, other chemical wastes and technical substances being brought with floods can become direct or indirect potential pollution source for the surrounding environment and ground hydrosphere. It was mentioned that ground waters have been used in water supply of people by digging underground water-pipes since ancient times. Their capacity has usually been 5-20 l/s, while sometimes up to 30-70 l/s. Later, some of them were destroyed because of neglecting, digging of numerous exploitation bore-wells made some of them completely useless and caused decrease of consumption of others. Water supply of Tovuz city and its villages from Akhinchay and Zayamchay. Yield of those drainages is from 3-6 l/s to 50-60 l/s. Ground waters are mostly used scattered and line water withdrawal facilities –bore wells. Their total amount exceeded 2000 and their depths are 25-70 m, mostly 120-150 m, sometimes 300-400 m, while with pumps and gravity 50-70 l/s, mostly 5-30 l/s water is taken from wells. They are widely used for irrigation purposes. Regional exploitation of fresh and weak mineralized ground waters of Ganja-Gazakh region was approved in the amount of 4075 thousand cub.m/day rechargeable waters for all water complexes. This mean that this amount can be extracted from ground water reserves every year and there won’t be any impact to ground water reserves. Ground water exploitation is intensively carried out in Ganja-Gazakh plain. Especially, the number of sub- artesian wells dug for irrigation increases year-by-year. This causes decrease of ground water level, water reduction in rivers and occurrence of negative situations in the ecosystem. Ganja-Gazakh plain is bordered with the hydro-geological basin of Georgian Republic in the west. Production through scattered exploitation wells drilled in the west of the plain no negative impact on ground water resources of the neighboring Republic. According to long-term information of the monitoring wells, ground water levels in this part of the plain have not undergone any serious changes. Annual level amplitude is 0,70-1,0 m at regime observation points, perennially, depth of ground water level almost remains stable herein. Water consumption in flowing observation wells that opened artesian aquifers has remained stable in perennial scale. The expected significant economical activities affected of water quantity and quality in pilot area are the following: • Water intake for irrigation purposes • Increasing of fertilizer use in agriculture • Development of mining industry • Development of tourism

5.2.10. Main pressures and significance of their impact Based on above description human activity significantly affects quality and quantity of water resources in both of 2 pilot river basins. Impact of water abstraction leads of significant reduction of water flows in rivers, which often results with drying of rivers, in residential areas construction of walls leads to heavy modification of water bodies. Waste waters from households, solid wastes, agriculture and industry lead to chemical pollution of rivers. Existing data also show that some chemicals elements exceed existing water quality standards. Unfortunately as indicated above there is only one water quality observation station on each river, therefore it is hard to make comparative analyze of each of sector to the water quality of rivers.

In total are analyzed 15 types of pressures by their impact to water resources of 2 selected pilot rivers by the level of their impact are grouped into 3 groups: very significant(VS), significant(S) and non significant(NS) and described in Table 38 Table 38. Level of significance of human pressures to water resources of pilot rivers. N Pressure Pressure on water bodies(NS) not significant, S- significant, VS- very significant) Zayamchay Goshgarchay 1 1. Water abstraction Upstream of Yanigly(NS) Till Bayan village(NS) Yanigly-Kohnaqala (S) Bayan- Metallurgy factory(S) Below Tatarli(VS) Below Factory(VS)

2 1.1. Water abstraction for Upstream of Yanigly(NS) Till Bayan village(NS) communal-household Yanigly-Kohnaqala (NS) Bayan- Metallurgy factory(NS) purposes Below Tatarli(VS) Below Factory(NS)

3 1.2. Water abstraction for Upstream of Yanigly(NS) Till Bayan village(NS) irrigation purposes Yanigly-Kohnaqala (S) Bayan- Metallurgy factory(S) Below Tatarli(VS) Below Factory(VS)

4 1.3. Water abstraction for Upstream of Yanigly(NS) Till Bayan village(NS) industrial purposes Yanigly-Kohnaqala (NS) Bayan- Metallurgy factory(NS) Below Tatarli(NS) Below Factory(NS)

5 1.4 . Hydropower plants Upstream of Yanigly(NS) Till Bayan village(NS) Yanigly-Kohnaqala (NS) Bayan- Metallurgy factory(NS) Below Tatarli(NS) Below Factory(NS)

6 2. Point sources of pollution Upstream of Yanigly(NS) Till Bayan village(NS) Yanigly-Kohnaqala (S) Bayan- Metallurgy factory(S) Below Tatarli(VS) Below Factory(VS)

7 2. 1. Urban wastewater Upstream of Yanigly(NS) Till Bayan village(NS) discharge, including Yanigly-Kohnaqala (S) Bayan- Metallurgy factory(S) wastewater wells Below Tatarli(VS) Below Factory(VS)

8 2.2 Discharge from industrial Upstream of Yanigly(NS) Till Bayan village(NS) and mining activities Yanigly-Kohnaqala (NS) Bayan- Metallurgy factory(S) Below Tatarli(NS) Below Factory(VS)

9 3. Diffused source of Upstream of Yanigly(NS) Till Bayan village(NS) pollution Yanigly-Kohnaqala (S) Bayan- Metallurgy factory(S) Below Tatarli(S) Below Factory(S)

10 3.1 Processing of agricultural Upstream of Yanigly(NS) Till Bayan village(NS) crops and use of fertilizers Yanigly-Kohnaqala (S) Bayan- Metallurgy factory(S) Below Tatarli(S) Below Factory(S)

11 3. 2 Animal husbandry and Agstafachay(On the territory Significant overgrazing of Armenia and Azerbaijan)

Tovuzchay( On territory of Armenia and Azerbaijan ) Significant Shamkirchay( Residential areas along the river) Significant Ganjachay(Zurnabad- Samukh) Significant 12 3.3 . Automobile transport Upstream of Yanigly(NS) Till Bayan village(NS) (Car washing in rivers) Yanigly-Kohnaqala (S) Bayan- Metallurgy factory(S) Below Tatarli(VS) Below Factory(VS)

13 3.4. Solid wastes Upstream of Yanigly(NS) Till Bayan village(NS) Yanigly-Kohnaqala (S) Bayan- Metallurgy factory(S) Below Tatarli(S) Below Factory(S)

14 3.5. Tailing dams Upstream of Yanigly(NS) Till Bayan village(NS) Yanigly-Kohnaqala (NS) Bayan- Metallurgy factory(S) Below Tatarli(NS) Below Factory(VS)

15 4. Physical morphological Upstream of Yanigly(NS) Till Bayan village(NS) changes of water bodies Yanigly-Kohnaqala (S) Bayan- Metallurgy factory(S) Below Tatarli(S) Below Factory(S)

In this report more detailed analyses of water demands and use issues have been conducted and modern approach on improved water allocation planning by use of IWRM principles have been applied for water management in Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers basins. This report is about programmer of measures , including preparation of proposal on construction of water reservoir near river to regulate water resources The project beneficiaries and stakeholders who will need to be consulted during implementation of this project include: - Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources - State Water Resources Agency, under the Ministry of Emergency Situations - National Environmental Monitoring Department, under the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources - National Hydro-meteorology Department, under the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources - Hydro-geological Expedition, under the Ministry of Ecology and Natural resources - Azerbaijan Amelioration and Water Farm OJSC - Azersu JSC on Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation - Water users in the pilot areas - All other stakeholders and general public of Zayamchay and Goshgarchay river basins. Has been conducted water economy balances for each of rivers. The water balance compose such components as surface water flow ground water inflow , water use data and etc. Included into equations are also ecological flow amounts for each of rivers for different locations. According to established watermanagement objectives developed water allocation shcemes, which is based on consideration as a first priority the environmental flow values and human water consumption and also water demand management for priority sectors in different sections of Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers.. In order to meet flow requirements of ecosystems, population water demand, and integrate water users across the basin within the water allocation plan covering 2015-2035 has been identified number of pilot projects to conduct study of feasibility of basin wide priority measures to be implemented in coming years. As each year depending of increase of population, climatic changes and for other reasons impact on water resources are increasing therefore planned measures take into account these impacts and need to be implemented immediately to meet IWRM requirements.

6. DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED WATER ALLOCATION PLAN ACCORDING TO CURRENT AND FUTURE WATER DEMAND

6.1. Current and future water demand and allocation According to description in Chapter 4 Annual increase of population in Zayamchay and Goshgarchay river basins makes 0.5 % percent. This may lead to average 10 % population increase in total by 2035. Industrial development also takes place in the region. Main industrial water use takes place in Goshgarchay river basin, but it doesn’t have significant impact on water resources quantity of rivers. Small industries are connected to household water supply systems and therefore their demand is included in above 10% human water demand increase.

As mentioned in previous chapter total irrigated area as around 9.7 th. lands in Zayamchay river basin and 5.0 th. ha in Goshgarchay river basin. Water demand to irrigate these lands is about 53.3 mln. cub.m. and 27.5 mln. cub.m.subsequently according to ADB assessment. It should be noted that after collapse of former soviet union part of irrigated lands weren’t used in agriculture for some economic and technical reasons. But as mentioned in previous chapter area sown for agricultural products are has increased last years and in future agricultural development programs it is expected to extend areas of vineries , grain and vegetables in lands allocated to farmers, which currently used in different purposes or aren’t used in agriculture(economy.gov.az). In different state programs it is supposed to improve state of irrigation network, use modern irrigation technologies and methods to provide efficiency water use and reduce losses. This is expected to be done in coming years/agro.gov.az/.

It should be noted that available water yields should be taken into account when developing of agriculture as it is expected water resources reduction in both rivers which is about 5% now compared to 1990 and by 2035 may reach 10%. Therefore water demand shouldn’t exceed water yields available by 2035. Presuming that in future additional irrigation water needs will be covered by use of water saved in result of implementation of above measures and there will be no need to abstract extra water from surface and ground water sources to irrigate new lands and also water transfer to Tovuz region (from Zayamchay river ) will not be increased then current and future water demands in 2 river basins and available surface water resources can be described according to table 39

Table 39 Current and future water demands in Zayamchay and Goshgarchay river basins. River Water demand Available Difference surface between Period Irrigation Human Wate Ecosyst Total available water water r em water waters and demand demand trans water resources water fer demand demands s Zayamchay Curren 53,3 5,80 74,5 36,90 170.5 174,73 4,23 River t 2035 53,3 6,45 74,5 36,90 171.15 165,59 -5,56 Goshgarchay Curren 27,5 4,16 11,35 43.01 48,89 5,88 River t 2035 27,5 4,57 11,35 43.42 46,68 3,26

As one can see from table above currently water demand can be met even only by abstraction of surface waters from rivers if efficiency use of available resources is carried. In this case in order to meet water demands in low flow season(years) there will be need to construct water reservoirs for seasonal flow regulation or use additional amounts of ground waters in low those seasons (or years) to cover water demands all year-round. As mentioned before , because of water losses and also uncontrolled water use current water abstraction is higher than water demand and this in turn causes reduction of amount of water, left in river to the level lover than environmental flow(Table 40). Therefore current state of water allocation system doesn’t allow to cover water demand now and in the future even in spite of the fact that currently in addition to use of surface waters certain amount of ground waters also are used to meet current water needs. Actual irrigation water abstraction from Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers and ground water sources (108.1 mln. cub.m and 68.5 mln. cub.m subsequently) which almost 2 times exceed current irrigation water demand. In addition to this water transfer from Zayamchay river by pipes and canals to different areas of Tovuz and Shamkir regions makes 74,6 mln. cub.m.

Current water demand and situation with allocation of surface waters(incluiding water deficiet and excess) is given in table below

Table 40 Current and future (2035) surface water use in Zayamchay and Goshgarchy river basins to meet water demand River Surface water use Period Available Irrigation Human Water left Ecosyste resources water use, water in river m water water demands Consumpt transfer and deficit ion uncontrolled (excess) water use Zayamchay Current 174,73 144,23, 5,36 25,14 -11,76 River 2035 165,59 144,23 6,45 14,91 -21,99 Goshgarchay Current 48,89 12,6 1,95 25,94 13,34 River 2035 46,68 12,6 1,95 23,73 11,73

As one can see from the table current water abstraction from rivers is higher than above demands and is close to rivers water yields available fro use by different sectors ( after covering of environmental and human water needs). As mentioned above in order to manage all year-round water demand there is need to construct reservoirs to distribute water from high flow seasons or years to low flow seasons or years. If modern irrigation methods aren’t applied and infrastructure isn’t rehabilitated to reduce losses and increase water use efficiency then in result of further reduction of water resources by impact of climatic changes there will be difficult to cover water demands in near future. Also if there will be some new lands to be added into agricultural circulation then extra irrigation water will be required. This also may lead to additional difficulties in managing of increasing agricultural water demands in conditions of impact of future climatic changes. In this regards in parallel with the use of the amount of water, saved in the result of above actions there will be need to use additional amount of water from ground water sources. Available ground water resources and their use currently and in future(without increasing of irrigation water demands ) s given in Table 41. 59

Table 41 Current and future(2035) ground water use in Zayamchay and Goshgarchy river basins to meet water demand River Ground water use Period Available Irrigation Human Ground Remained resources water water resources Use Transfer Zayamchay Current 123 51,1 0,40 10.0 61,6 River 2035 115 51,1 0,40 10.0 55,5 Goshgarchay Current 107 47,5 0,51 - 58,9 River 2035 102 47,5 0,51 - 53,9

If minimize water losses, strengthen water allocation system and provide seasonal water regulation and use additional ground waters locally in low flow seasons current water allocation system can be improved to the level to cover water demands now and in the future even taking into account increase of human water needs and reduction of surface and ground waters by impact of climatic changes. In cases of need for more irrigation water in the future there will be need to provide deeper flow regulation(by constructing of water reservoirs) and use of additional ground water resources. Different options for water allocation annually and in summer(august) are considered in next chapter for different sections of rivers. 6.2. Water allocation in the basins of Zayamchay and Goshgarchy rivers based on current water abstraction and use structure According to Cap-Net program/17/, GWP IWRM tool, EU WFD /37/ and other international documents water allocation plan should be based on ecosystem approach taking into account requirements of IWRM principles. In development of the water allocation plan first of all there is need to take into consideration environmental and social aspects of water use and then analyze different use by involvement of stakeholders from entire basin to be sure that water allocation to users is carried in equitable and efficiency way. In order to develop water allocation plan there is need to assess water economy balance for surface and ground waters. According to Cap-Net IWRM tool following elements might be included into river water allocation plan: • Natural flow in the considered area • Available water resources • Information about upstream flow abstraction • Water for human needs • Ecosystem flow requirements • Water yields • Information on water use and users in the section • Climate change impacts • Downstream water discharge

As mentioned in previous chapters main water scarcity is observed in downstream of river s where is taking place water abstraction for different purposes. In upstream of rivers water abstraction isn’t high and doesn’t have significant impact on water status. Therefore it is reasonable to pay more attention at water allocation plans for areas of Zayamchay river below Yanigli village and for Goshgarchay river below Sarkar village, where there is problem of significant flow reduction in these area as result of water abstraction and requirements of environmental flow isn’t met. Flow for ecosystem can be taken from Table 10. Available water resources will show the water resources available in the section without any abstraction. Water for human consumption can be calculated based on multiplying daily rate of water allocated for consumption (180 per person) to the number of population in each section(see tables 42-43) Table 42. Human water demands in Goshgarchay river basin Tytle Source – Zagali water Lower New Sarkar- total Zagali reservoir – Dashkesan- Gizilca – Mouth water Lower New Gizilca Sarkar reservoir Dashkasan Number of population 15.1 14,0 8.2 6.1 19.6 63.0 thousands persons - - - Water for hyman needs 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.13

Table 43. Human water demands in Zayamchay river basin Tytle Sub basins Full basin

Source Agbashla Yanıkhlı- Tatar mouth – r- Tatar Agbashl Yanıkhlı ar Number of population 18.1 14.0 10.2 45.2 87.5 thousands persons Water for hyman needs 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.17

To calculate water balance for 2016 was taken into account climate change impact n water resources occurred during last 25 years and also full drinking water demand of population according to rates of Azersy (180l/person/day). Based on the information on ecosystem and human water demands according to modern water allocation plan requirements first has been calculated water yields as difference between flow available in the river and above two. After was assessed water balance as difference between water yield and water amounts abstracted for different use (Tables 44-45).

Table 44. Annual water economy balance of Goshqarchay basin , m3/s Element of balance Sub basins Full basin Source – Zagali water Lower New Sarkar- Zagali reservoir – Dashkesan- Gizilca – Mouth water Lower New Gizilca Sarkar reservoir Dashkasan Imcome Almost natural flow / 0.60 0.70 1.35 1.56 1.63 1.63 - - - Available in section river 0.60 0.67 1,24 1,20 0.97 flow Water for hyman needs 0.030 0.031 0.020 0.010 0.041 0.133 Ecosystem flow demands 0.20 0.22 0.32 0.37 0.44 0.44 Water yields 0.37 0.42 0.90 0.82 0.49 1.03 Water use Agriculture - - 0.23 0.29 0.26 0.78 Industry - 0.05 0.05 Uncontrolled water - 0.24 0.24 abstraction and water infiltration at the river bed in downstream

Balance +0.37 + 0.37 + 0.67 +0.53 -0.01 -0.01.

Table 45. Annual water economy balance of Zayamchay basin , m3/s Element of balance Sub basins Full basin

Source – Agbashlar- Yanıkhlı- Tatar mouth Agbashlar Yanıkhlı Tatar Imcome Almost natural flow 5.18 5.66 5.80 5,83 5.83 Availabale in section river 5.18 5,62 3.79 1.45 flow Outflow Water for hyman needs 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.17 Flow for ecosystem 1.11 1.27 1.33 1.33 1.33

Water yield 4.03 4,34 2,43 0.04 4.33 Water intake: Agriculture - 1.02 0.72 0.08 1.82 Water transfer to areals of 0.92 1,63 0.20 2,75 Shamkir and Tovuz regions (outside of the basin ) and uncontrolled water use

Balance +4.03 +2.40 0.08 -0.24 -0.24

As one can see from above tables these water allocation systems first of all take into account ecosystem flow demands and human water needs and then based on them available water yields provision of water supply to different sectors. It also is clearly seen form these tables that annual ( in summer as well) deficit of water balance increases (compared to previous water balances calculated above in previous chapters )when instead of real water use for drinking purposes is used proposed by Azersy within National Water Supply Project water demand rate for population and also when instead of ecological flow is used ecosystem water requirements. In order to solve the water scarcity problem in river downstream one can consider ways of reduction of abstracted flow losses and also use of good irrigation technology and methods. The other options such as use of more ground waters in water supply and irrigation and also use of treated waste water for technical purposes should also be considered. As mentioned in Chapter 4 as result of climatic changes in 2016 flow is reduced about 5% compared to 1990 and is expected to be reduced by 10% in 2035 compared to 1990. In water allocation plans for both rivers as result of population increase by 10% by 2035 values of abstracted drinking water should also be increased by 10% consequently . As mentioned in previous chapters in total 55 mln cub.m water should be enough for irrigated areas of Zayamchay river basin (9.7 th.ha) and 35 Mln cub.m for Goshgarchay river basin irrigative lands (5.0 th.ha). As over 30%.of currently abstracted waters go to losses therefore one can presume that not all lands are used in agriculture today and therefore if no water losses then r above shown water volumes can be enough to increase currently irrigated areas till the level of above shown size of total irrigated areas . Therefore by improving of state of irrigation system and application of modern irrigation technology amounts of water abstraction from river can be reduced at the amount equal to current water losses( which can be left in river to improve its ecosystem) and some more irrigation waters to provide above volumes of irrigation water demand for nearby areas can be taken from rechargeable ground water sources. Then in water allocation plan for 2035 area of irrigation can be accepted to be 9.7 th. ha for Zayamchay and 5.0 th. ha for Goshgarchay presuming that because of taking of water allocation improvement measures areas of currently used lands will be increased to that size. In tables(46-47) are given water allocation plans for 2015 and 2035 taking into account all above issues

Table 46. Water allocation plan for Goshqarchay basin , m3/s for 2015 and 2035 years Element of balance Sub basins Full basin Source – Zagali water Lower New Sarkar- Zagali water reservoir – Dashkesan- Gizilca – Mouth reservoir Lower New Gizilca Sarkar Dashkasan Imcome Almost natural flow 0.60 0.70 1.35 1.560 1.63 1.63 - - - Flow 2016 0.570 0.665 1,277 1.486 1.549 1.549 impacted by climatic 2035 0.540 0.630 1,215 1,404 1.476 1.476 changes Available in 2016 0.570 0.635 1,166 1,125 0.888 section river flow 2035 0.540 0.597 1,098 1,035 0.806

Flow required for ecosystem and human needs Water for 2016 0.030 0.031 0.020 0.010 0.041 0.132 hyman needs 2035 0.033 0.034 0.022 0.011 0.045 0.145 Ecosystem flow demands 0.20 0.22 0.32 0.37 0.44 0.44 Water yields 2016 0.34 0.384 0.826 0.745 0.407 0.977 2035 0.307 0.343 0.756 0.654 0.321 0.891

Water use by sectors Agriculture - - 0.230 0.290 0.260 0.780 Industry - 0.050 0.05 Uncontrolled water - 0.240 0.240 abstraction and water infiltration at the river bed in downstream Balance 2016 +0.340 +0.334 +0.596 +0.455 -0.093 -0.093

2035 +0.307 +0.293 +0.526 +0.364 -0.179 -0.179

Table 47. Water allocation plan for Zayamchay river basin , m3/s for 2015 and 2035 years Element of balance Sub basins Full basin

Source – Agbashlar- Yanıkhlı- Tatar mouth Agbashlar Yanıkhlı Tatar Imcome Almost natural flow 5.18 5.66 5.80 5,83 5.83 Flow impacted 2016 4.921 5.377 5.510 5.538 5.538 by climatic changes 2035 4.662 5.094 5.220 5.247 5.247 Flow available 2016 4.921 5.337 3.500 1.158 in the section 2035 4.662 5.050 3.203 0.858 Outflow Water for 2016 0.040 0.030 0.020 0.080 0.170 hyman needs 2035 0.044 0.033 0.022 0.088 0.187 Flow for ecosystem 1.11 1.27 1.33 1.33 1.33 Water yield 2016 3.771 4.037 2.150 -0.252 4.038 2035 3.508 3.747 1.851 -0.550 3.730 Water intake: Agriculture -- 1.02 0.72 0.08 1.82 Water transfer to areals 0.92 1.63 0.20 2,75 of Shamkir and Tovuz regions (outside of the - basin ) and uncontrolled water use Balance 2016 3.771 2.097 -0.20 -0.532 -0.532 2035 3.508 1.807 -0.50 -0.84 -0.84

As it is seen from above tables in both rivers currently( by 2016) exists water scarcity problem and in the future there will be not enough water to cover all demands without implementing relevant PoM In August this situation is more bad. Water scarcity is high in down stream of both rivers. This can be seen from tables 48-49.

Table 48. Water allocation plan for Goshqarchay basin in August, m3/s for 2015 and 2035 years Element of balance Sub basins Full basin Source – Zagali water Lower New Sarkar- Zagali water reservoir – Dashkesan- Gizilca – Mouth reservoir Lower New Gizilca Sarkar Dashkasan Imcome Natural flow 0.30 0.51 1.41 1.51 1,51 1.51 - - = Flow 2016 0.285 0.484 1.339 1.434 1.434 1.434 impacted by climatic 2035 0.270 0.459 1.269 1.359 1.359 1.359 changes Available in 2016 0.285 0.454 1.228 1.073 0.773 section river flow 2035 0.270 0.426 1.152 0.990 0.689 Flow required for ecosystem and human needs

Water for 2016 0.030 0.031 0.020 0.010 0.041 0.132 hyman needs 2035 0.033 0.034 0.022 0.011 0.045 0.145 Ecosystem flow demands 0.19 0.21 0.30 0.34 0.40 0.40 Water yields 2016 0.065 0.213 0.908 0.723 0.332 0.902 2035 0.047 0.182 0.830 0.639 0.244 0.814 Water use by sectors Industry - 0.25(0.20 - - 0.05 returned) Agriculture - - 0.23 0.29 0.46 0.98 Uncontrolled water - 0.34 0.34 abstraction and water infiltration at the river bed in downstream Balance 2016 0.065 0.163 0.678 0.433 -0.468 -0.468

2035 0.047 0.132 0.600 0.349 -0.556 -0.556

Table 49. Water allocation plan for Zayamchay river basin , m3/s for 2015 and 2035 years in August Element of balance Sub basins Full basin

Source – Agbashla Yanıkhlı- Tatar mouth Agbashlar r- Tatar Yanıkhlı Imcome Almost natural flow 3.97 4.50 4,76 4.76 4.76 Flow impacted 2016 3.771 4.275 4.522 4.522 4.522 by climatic changes 2035 3.573 4.050 4.284 4.284 4.284 Flow available 2016 3.771 4.235 2.212 -0.178 in the section 2035 3.573 4.006 1.967 -0.425 Outflow Water for 2016 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.170 hyman needs 2035 0.044 0.033 0.022 0.088 0.187 Flow for ecosystem 0.790 0.790 0.790 0.790 0.790 Water yield 2016 2.941 3.415 1.402 -1.048 3.562 2035 2,739 3.183 1.155 -1.303 3.307

Water intake: Agriculture - 1.02 0.72 0.08 1.82 Water transfer to areals 1.22 1.65 0.20 3,07 of Shamkir and Tovuz regions (outside of the basin ) and uncontrolled water use Balance 2016 2.941 1.175 -0.968 -1.328 -1.328 2035 2,739 0.943 -1.215 -1.583 -1.583 As one can see from these tables there is need to take particular actions to save water in summer. In addition to above measures presumed for annual water balance there should also be needed to regulate flow within the year as well and etc. 6.3. Program of measures for integrated water allocation and their economic assessment 6.3.1 Introduction To improve water allocation system in Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers basins it is necessary to conduct measures implementation of which may allow to provide needed amount of water for ecosystem, social needs and for all priority users.

Therefore identified in pervious chapter main directions to develop efficiency water allocation plan during 2015-2035 are: • reducing of water losses during transportation(by rehabilitating of irrigation infrastructure) and • reducing of water losses during irrigating of crops(using modern irrigation methods), • construction of centralized water supply system to increase efficiency of drinking water supply • treatment and reuse of waste waters • increase volume and efficiency of use of ground waters where there is high need for that and where recharging capacity allows it • construction of small reservoirs to keep environmental requirements and provide all year- round water supply • improvement of permit and licensing system

In order to realize identified water demand management work there is need to identify and implement measures in different sections of rivers , including those on reduction of water losses by rehabilitation of existing and construction of new irrigation and drinking water supply infrastructure, water necessary use of ground waters for water supply, strengthening of water use permit system and tariffs reforms. Main possible measures are identified in following sections of this chapter.

6.3.2 Priority measures to be implemented in Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers basins and their cost. In order to identify and priorities measures to meet environmental objectives following existing and planned actions have been taken into consideration: • State of water resources and needed action to meet environmental objectives • Ongoing state programs in water sector and related other areas like improvement of water supply and sanitation system, improvement of irrigation water use efficiency, reduction of water pollution through improved solid waste management, programs for protected areas etc • Implementation of IWRM approach and different water related EU Directives through development of relevant legal and institutional basis(EU WFD 2000) As under different state programs work on improvement of water supply and sanitation system in main cities of the region and also improvement of irrigation water use efficiency, rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructure to reduce water losses has already started and also under National Solid Waste Management program there will be conducted improvement of solid waste management in the region in coming years according to international standards therefore in this document cost effectiveness assessment for those activities hasn’t been carried as funding for this projects is already decided by government, instead of that was estimated cost of measures identified to provide efficiency water allocation in the basins.. From this perspective in the sphere of water supply and sanitation can be developed proposal on improvement/ creation of water supply and sanitation system for residential areas with population over 2000 and over 5000 inhabitants. There is also need to conduct study on ways for improvement of water use control system, development of relevant tariff for different water uses, identification of pollution control and water conservation methods. Below list of pilot projects on some technical projects have been identified in Goshgarchay and Zayamchay rivers basins.

Table 50. Program of Measures to improve water allocation in Zayamchay and Goshgarchay river basins N Water issue Main objectives PoM Zayamchay river 1 The Zayamchay Provide ecosystem water 2016-2018 River section from and human demands by - Construction of centralized water supply the Tatarli implementing of system by use of ground waters and settlement to the measures on water construction of system of waste water confluence with the quality and quantity collection, treatment and use for Tatar Shamkir Reservoir improvement according village(4790persons), Zayam is significantly to national standards and village(7645) and other villages in the affected by water EU legislation section by use of ground waters and abstraction and develop proposals where necessary and the waste water possible to collect , treat and use the waste discharge. waters from these areas 2018-2025 Construction of WSSS for above villages and treatment and reuse of waste waters 2016-2025 -Improve water use permit and abstraction control system according to requirements of National and EU legislation - study how planning to be constructed Zayamchay water reservoir will affect flow regime of river and improve water allocation in downstream 2020-2035 Rehabilitate water infrastructure to reduce water losses and application of modern irrigation technology and methods 2 The Zayamchay Provide ecosystem water 2016-2018 river section from and human demands by - - Construction of centralized water Yaniqli to Tatarli implementing of supply system by use of ground waters and settlement. Both measures on water construction of system of waste water water abstraction quality and quantity collection, treatment and use for Yaniqli for the irrigation improvement according village (4894) and Kohnaqala purposes and waste to national standards and village(7020) and other villages in the water from the EU legislation section and develop proposals where several settlements necessary and possible to collect , treat can have an impact and use the waste waters from these areas on the river water. 2018-2025

Construction of WSSS for above villages 69

and treatment and reuse of waste waters 2016-2020 -Improve water abstraction control system according to requirements of National and EU legislation - study how planning to be constructed Zayamchay water reservoir will affect flow regime of river and improve water allocation in downstream 2020-2035 Rehabilitate water infrastructure to reduce water losses and application of modern irrigation technology and methods 3 The Zayamchay 2016-2020: river section from Agbashlar to Improvement of water - study how planning to be constructed allocation in downstream Zayamchay water reservoir will affect flow Yaniqli assessment and provision of regime of river and improve water of role of necessary quantity of allocation in downstream Zayamchay water water in river to meet reservoir planned 2016-2018 requirements of by Amelioration ecosystem and human Prepare proposal on taking into account JSC in water needs developed water allocation plan during improvement of exploitation of water reservoir water allocation in downstream and 2020-2035 meeting of Rehabilitate water infrastructure to reduce requirements of water losses ecosystem and human water needs and application of modern irrigation technology and methods 4 In the basin of the improvement of water Zayamchay river at allocation in downstream different sections and i provision of 2016-2020 study of ground necessary quantity of - Study how use of rechargeable good water yields and water in river to meet quality ground waters will help to reduce possibility of their requirements of water abstraction from Zayamchay river use for local water ecosystem and human and its tributary rivers and improve supply and water needs water allocation in downstream and irrigation to reduce meeting of requirements of ecosystem and

water abstraction human water needs from Zayamchay 2020-2035 river and its tributary rivers Develop and implement sceneries on local and improve scale ground water use for irrigation and water allocation in drinking purposes downstream and

meeting of requirements of ecosystem and human water needs Goshgarchay river 5 The Qoshqarchay 2016-2018 River from the - Construction of centralized water supply Hachaqaya Improve quality of water according to system by use of ground waters and settlement to to the national standards and construction of system of waste water confluence with the collection, treatment and use for Kura River is EU legislation and provision of necessary Hachaqaya and other villages in the significantly quantity of water in section affected by the river to meet anthropogenic requirements of activities of water 2018-2025 abstraction for ecosystem and human water needs irrigation and the Construction of WSSS for above villages waste water and treatment and reuse of waste waters discharge 2016-2020 - -Improve water permit and abstraction control system according to requirements of National and EU legislation 2020-2035 Rehabilitate water infrastructure to reduce water losses and application of modern irrigation technology and methods 6 The Qoshkachay Improve quality of water 2016-2020 river section from according to national - Study how can treatment of industrial the Bayan to standards and EU waste waters be provided before Metallurgic factory. legislation and provision discharging into river In this part of the of necessary quantity of river water is water in river to meet 2016-2020 abstracted for requirements of --Improve water permit and abstraction industrial purposes ecosystem and human control system according to requirements and also waste water needs of National and EU legislation water from the factory is discharge 2020-2035 directly to the Rehabilitate water infrastructure to reduce river.* water losses and application of modern irrigation technology and methods

7 In the Goshgarchay improvement of water 2016-2019 river section from allocation in downstream - study how increasing of capacity of Zagali 71

mouth to Zagali and i provision of reservoir and also small reservoirs water necessary quantity of construction on Goshgarchay tributary reservoir(lake) and water in river to meet rivers will affect flow regime of river and tributaries of requirements of improve water allocation in downstream Goshgarchay river ecosystem and human 2020-2035 assessment of water needs possibility of Rehabilitate water infrastructure to reduce

increasing of water losses capacity of Zagali and application of modern irrigation reservoir and also technology and methods possible small reservoirs construction on Goshgarchay tributary rivers for improvement of water allocation in downstream and meeting of requirements of ecosystem and human water needs 8 In the basin of improvement of water 2016-2020 Goshgarchay river allocation in downstream - study how use of rechargeable good at different sections and i provision of quality ground waters will help to reduce study of ground necessary quantity of water abstraction from Goshgarchay river water yields and water in river to meet and its tributary rivers and improve possibility of their requirements of water allocation in downstream and use for local water ecosystem and human meeting of requirements of ecosystem and supply and water needs human water needs irrigation to reduce

water abstraction 2021-2035 from Goshgarchay Implementation of measures on use of river and its ground waters for local irrigation wan water tributary rivers supply needs and improve water allocation in downstream and meeting of requirements of ecosystem and human water needs

6.3.3 Economic assessment of measures As mentioned in chapter 6 in area of domestic and drinking water supply increase of drinking water per person from 60-80l/day to 180L/day may lead to increasing of drinking water abstraction values from 1.8- 2.0 mln cub.m to 4.0-5.0 mln cub.m. Therefore there will be need to see if instead of further increasing of water abstraction from rivers can be used local ground waters in centralized water supply systems in villages. Waste waters also can be treated by construction of waste water treatment plan and used for technical purposes. Total cost of construction of centralized water supply system in average can be 150 USD per

72 person and waste water collection and treatment system 180 USD per person according to different water supply and sanitation programs implemented in Azerbaijan(NWSSP 2007). All this work may help to save about 2.0-3.0 mln cub.m of river water cost of transportation and treatment(before drinking) of which is higher than extraction and use of ground waters locally. For the residential areas in the basins average cost of rehabilitation of WSSS are given in Table below. Table 51. Approximate cost of construction of centralized WSSS in residential areas of Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers basins River basins Population Part of Cost of WSSS admistrative Mln, USD № region 1 Zayamchay 87500 Gadabay( 25000) 7,5

Tovuz( 22500) 7,5

Shamkir( 40000) 12

2 Goshgarchay 63000 Samukh (9500) 2,8 Shamkir (28000 8,5

Goygol (5500) 1,7

Dashkasan 6,0 (20000) 4 In 2 basins 150500 Total 46,0

As one can see from above table total cost of construction of WSSS in 2 basins will be about 46,0 Mln USD. Similar will be cost of extraction of additional amount of ground water for irrigation locally ( 15,0 mln. m3 in Zayamchay river basin and for 10 mln. m3 in Goshgarchay river basin) but this will lead to saving of some water in river to meet demand and also avoiding of water transportation. In order to improve water allocation in summer and other low flow periods there can help construction of new water reservoir on Zayamchay river planned by Amelioration JSC and construction of new small water reservoirs on tributaries of rivers can also be considered. For reservoirs with capacity of few millions cost should be about 5 USD per cub. m of stored water, for relatively larger reservoirs 4 USD and for big reservoirs 3 USD. To assess cost of measure for construction of reservoir can be used the average costing system used during planning of reservoirs. For example Technical characteristics and cost of construction of planned water reservoirs is given in Annex.2 According to the annex total cost of Zayamchay reservoir should be about 325 Mln USD and also there are some small reservoirs designed to be constructed with totalcost of around 10 Mln USD.

Regarding the precise cost of planned measures it should be assessed during implementation of feasibility study for them. To conduct the feasibility studies may last from 6 month to one year will be required around 50 thousands USD for each of them. 6. 4. Provision of Integrated water allocation through of implementation of priority measures In order to improve water allocation there is need to find more efficiency way of water management in Goshgarchay and Zayamchay river basins. There is need to analyze different sources, available resources, improve state of used water supply infrastructure, consider basin level water management taking into account all users and stakeholders from upstream to downstream. Based on analyze of existing water sources used for water supply and status of infrastructure on water supply one can say that to improve water allocation Programm of Measures described above should cover below areas: • reducing of water losses during transportation(by rehabilitating of irrigation infrastructure) and • reducing of water losses during irrigating of crops(using modern irrigation methods), • construction of centralized water supply system to increase efficiency of drinking water supply • treatment and reuse of waste waters • increase volume and efficiency of use of ground waters where there is high need for that and where recharging capacity allows it • construction of small reservoirs to keep environmental requirements and provide all year- round water supply • improvement of permit and licensing system In area of domestic and drinking water supply it should be noted that increase of drinking water per person from 60-80l/day to 180L/day may lead to increasing of drinking water abstraction values from 1.8-2.0 mln cub.m to 4.0-5.0 mln cub.m. Therefore there will be need to see if instead of further increasing of water abstraction from rivers can be used local ground waters in centralized water supply systems in villages. This can be done through implementation of priority measures selected in previous chapter.

There also is need to implement PoM to check if waste waters impact to the ground and surface water and consider possibility of their treatment and use for different purposes. In total during construction (rehabilitation) of WSSS in residential areas of basins as part of total water demands can be considered possibility of use of additional ground water resources in volume of 2.5 mln. m3 in Zayamchay river basin and 2 mln. m3 in Goshgarchay river basin, which may in turn allow to reduce of abstratcion of surface water for the same amount. In relation to water use for irrigation purposes it should be noted that water resources in both basins are widely used in irrigation. Unfortunately water losses are also high. Of abstracted from Zayamchay river 55- 59 mln. m3 water 12-13 mln. m3 is being lost during transportation in irrigation canals and in addition in the field water losses makes around 20%. In Goshgarchay river basin of 20-22 mln. m3 abstrated water 10.5-11.5 mln. m3 is beeing lost . In this regards implementation of PoM on use of modern irrigation technology to reduce water losses for about 10 mln. m3 in Zayamchay river basin and 5 mln. m3 in Goshgarchy river basin will be necessary. As result this value can be left in rivers by the same level reducing the surface water abstraction. Of 107 mln. m3 ground water resources of Goshgarchay river basin currently 48.0 mln. m3 and of 123 mln. m3 ground water resource of Zayamchay river basin 51.4 mln. m3 is currently used for irrigation. This values can be increased for about 15,0 mln. m3 in Zayamchay river basin and for 10 mln. m3 in Goshgarchay river basin and water abstraction from rivers then can be reduced by this value as well. As from Zayamchay water is transfered to areals of Tovuz regions (outside of the basin ) and some flow is abstracted for uncontrolled water use therefore as an alternative option for the future most part of this

74 amount(12.5 mln. m3 ) can be provided by ground water sources of Zayamchay river basin(which makes just 13% of the total rechargable water resources of the basin) and small part (2.5 mln. m3 ) provided by ground waters of those areas outside of Zayamchay river basin where waters of the reiver by ground canals is transferred for irrigation purposes. In total as result of realization of above actions in Zayamchay river basin use of surface water can be reduced by 27.5 mln. m3 and in Goshgarchay river basin by 17.5 mln. m3. In order to improve water allocation in summer and other low flow periods there can help construction of new water reservoir on Zayamchay river planned by Amelioration JSC and construction of new small water reservoirs on tributaries of rivers can also be considered, Finally all above described measures to updated water allocation plans can look like as in tables 52-53 Table 52. PoM to improve water allocation in Zayamchay river basin , m3/s for 2015 and 2035 years Element of balance Sub basins Full basin

Source – Agbashla Yanıkhlı- Tatar mouth Agbashlar r- Tatar Yanıkhlı Construction of 0.018 0.013 0.009 0.039 0.079 WSSS and useing GW for drinking purposes Increasing of GW 0.100 0.150 0.145 0.395 use in irrigation Reduction of water 0.16 0.14 0,015 0.315 losses in irrigation

Table 53. PoM to improve water allocation in Goshgarhay river basin , m3/s for 2015 and 2035 years Element of balance Sub basins Full basin Source – Zagali water Lower New Sarkar- Zagali water reservoir – Dashkesan- Gizilca – Mouth reservoir Lower New Gizilca Sarkar Dashkasan Imcome Reduction of impact on river as result of implementation of PoM Increasing of GW use in - 0.055 0.130 0.130 0.315 irrigation Reduction of water losses - 0,052 0.052 0.053 0.157 in irrigation Construction of WSSS 0.014 0.015 0.009 0.005 0.020 0.063 and useing GW for drinking purposes

There is need to conduct study for economic feasibility for above actions and the develop Programm of Measures according to them. Finally after all above measures updated water allocation plans can look like as in tables 54-55 (to haveone single unit all water resources are transferred into m3/s). Tabale 54. Water allocation plan for Zayamchay river basin , m3/s for 2016 and 2035 years Element of balance Sub basins Full basin

Source – Agbashlar- Yanıkhlı- Tatar Agbashlar Yanıkhlı Tatar mouth Surface Waters(SW) Almost natural flow 5.18 5.66 5.80 5,83 5.83 Flow impacted 2016 4.921 5.377 5.510 5.538 5.538 by climatic 2035 4.662 5.094 5.220 5.247 5.247 changes Flow available 2016 4.921 5.355 4.021 1.968 in the section 2035 4.662 5.068 3.724 1.668

Water for hyman 2016 0.022 0.017 0.011 0.041 0.091 needs 2035 0.026 0.02 0.013 0.049 0.108 Flow for ecosystem 1.11 1.27 1.33 1.33 1.33 Water yield 2016 3.789 4.068 2.680 0.597 4.117 2035 3.526 3.778 2.381 0.289 3.809

Agriculture water use -- 1.02 0.72 0.08 1.82 Water transfer to areals of -- 0.43 1.35 0.18 1.96 Shamkir and Tovuz regions

(outside of the basin ) and uncontrolled water use Surface water 2016 3.789 2.618 0.610 0.337 0.337 Balance 2035 3.526 2.328 0.311 0.029 0.029 Ground Waters(GW) 2015: GW yields: 3.940, GW use for Irrigation: 1.619; GW transfer to Tovuz region and local use for drinking and communal purposes:0.334 , Available resources: 1.987 mln.cub,m PoM on increasing of GW use: Construction of WSSS 0.018 0.013 0.009 0.039 0.079 and useing GW for drinking purposes Increasing of GW use in 0.100 0.150 0.145 0.395

irrigation GW Balance 2016 GW yields: 3.940, GW use for Irrigation: 2.014 (including 0.395 m3/s GW (5% reduction in use increase in irrigation); GW transfer to Tovuz region and local use for 2035 in result of drinking and communal purposes:0.413 , Available resources: 1.513 climate change) 2035 GW yields: 3.740, GW use for Irrigation: 2.014(including 0.395 m3/s GW use increase in irrigation); GW transfer to Tovuz region and local use for drinking and communal purposes:0.413 , Available resources: 1.313 Total Water 2016 SW:5.538; GW: 3.940; Total: 9, 478 Resources 2035 SW:5.247; GW: 3.740; Total: 8, 987 Water Balance 2016 SW:0.382; GW: 1.513; Total: 1, 895 2035 SW:0.024; GW: 1.313; Total: 1, 337

Table 55. Water allocation plan for Goshqarchay basin , m3/s for 2015 and 2035 years Element of balance Sub basins Full basin Source – Zagali water Lower New Sarkar- Zagali water reservoir – Dashkesan- Gizilca – Mouth reservoir Lower New Gizilca Sarkar Dashkasan Imcome Almost natural flow 0.60 0.70 1.35 1.560 1.630 1.630 - - - Flow 2016 0.570 0.665 1,277 1.486 1.549 1.549 impacted by climatic 2035 0.540 0.630 1.215 1.404 1.467 1.467 changes Available in 2016 0.570 0.649 1.195 1.215 1,035 section river flow 2035 0.540 0.611 1.127 1.125 0.944 Flow required for ecosystem and human needs

Water for 2016 0.016 0.016 0.011 0.005 0.021 0.069 hyman needs 2035 0.019 0.019 0.013 0.006 0.025 0.082 Ecosystem flow demands 0.200 0.220 0.320 0.370 0.440 0.440 Water yields 2016 0.354 0.413 0.864 0.840 0.574 1.04 2035 0.321 0.372 0.794 0.749 0.479 0.945 Water use by sectors Agriculture - - 0.178 0.238 0.207 0.623

Industry - 0.050 0.050 Uncontrolled water - 0.240 0.240 abstraction and water infiltration at the river bed in downstream Surface 2016 0.354 0.363 0.686 0.602 0.127 0.127 water blance 2035 0.321 0.322 0.616 0.511 0.032 0.032 Ground Waters(GW) 2015: GW yields: 3.400, GW use for Irrigation: 1.506; Use of GW for drinking and communal purposes:0.016 , Available resources: 1.878 PoM on increasing of GW use: Construction of WSSS 0.014 0.015 0.009 0.005 0.020 0.063 and useing GW for drinking purposes Increasing of GW use in - 0.055 0.130 0.130 0.315 irrigation GW Balance 2016 GW yields: 3.400, GW use for Irrigation: 1.821; Use of GW for drinking and communal purposes:0.079 , Available resources: 1.500 (5% reduction in 2035 in 2035 GW yields: 3.230, GW use for Irrigation: 1.821 Use of GW for drinking and result of communal purposes:0.079 , Available resources: 1.330 climate change) Total Water 2016 SW:1.549; GW: 3.400; Total: 4, 949 Resources 2035 SW:1.467; GW: 3.230; Total: 4, 697 Water Balance 2016 SW:0.127; GW: 1.500; Total: 1, 627 2035 SW:0.032; GW: 1.330; Total: 1, 362

As is seen from table in spite of fact that in 2016 there will be some positive balance in river (in addition to ecological flow also some extra water will be left in river ) this may not guaranty all year round water supply. In order to avoid demand management problems in low flow period, there will be need to plan ground water use according to water regime of the river and seasonal water demand requirements. This issue can be easily solved if there will be constructed new reservoirs to regulate flows. But in their absence the accurate water use schemes , which are based on precise flow forecasts and demand plans for different sections of the river can allow to provide efficiency water allocation if above measures are conducted and water use is based on procedures considered in water allocation systems.. Same work can be done to reduce river water use in August as well. In result of taking of above PoM may change water use balance in basins in August as it is shown in tables 56-57.

Table 56. Water allocation plan for Goshqarchay basin , m3/s for 2015 and 2035 years in August Element of balance Sub basins Full basin Source – Zagali water Lower New Sarkar- Zagali reservoir – Dashkesan- Gizilca – Mouth water Lower New Gizilca Sarkar reservoir Dashkasan Imcome Almost natural flow 0.30 0.51 1.41 1.51 1,51 1.51

Flow 2016 0.285 0.484 1.339 1.434 1.434 1.434 impacted by climatic 2035 0.270 0.459 1.269 1.359 1.359 1.359 changes Available in 2016 0.285 0.468 1.257 1.218 1.105 section river flow 2035 0.270 0.440 1.181 1.135 1.021 Flow required for ecosystem and human needs

Water for 2016 0.016 0.016 0.011 0.005 0.021 0.069 hyman needs 2035 0.019 0.019 0.013 0.006 0.025 0.082 Ecosystem flow 0.19 0.21 0.30 0.34 0.40 0.40 demands Water 2016 0.079 0.242 0.946 0.873 0.684 0.965 yields 2035 0.061 0.211 0.868 0.789 0.596 0.877 Water use by sectors Agriculture - - 0.123 0.108 0.277 0.508 Industry - 0.050 0.05 Uncontrolled water - 0.34 0.34 abstraction and water infiltration at the river bed in downstream Balance 2016 0.079 0.192 0.823 0.765 0.067 0.067

2035 0.061 0.161 0.745 0.681 -0.021 -0.021

Tabale 57. Water allocation plan for Zayamchay river basin , m3/s for 2015 and 2035 years in August Element of balance Sub basins Full basin

Source – Agbashla Yanıkhlı- Tatar mouth Agbashlar r- Tatar Yanıkhlı Imcome Almost natural flow 3.97 4.50 4,76 4.76 4.76 Flow impacted 2016 3.771 4.275 4.522 4.522 4.522 by climatic changes 2035 3.573 4.050 4.284 4.284 4.284 Flow available 2016 3.771 4.253 2.603 0.912 in the section 2035 3.573 4.025 2.358 0.665 Outflow Water for 2016 0.022 0.017 0.011 0.041 0.091 hyman needs 2035 0.026 0.02 0.013 0.049 0.108 Flow for ecosystem 0.790 0.790 0.790 0.790 0.790 Water yield 2016 2.959 3.446 1.802 0.081 3.641 2035 2.757 3.214 1.555 -0.174 3.386 Water use by sectors Agriculture - 1.02 0.72 0.08 1.82 Water transfer to 0.86 0.96 0.145 1,965 Tovuz and Shamkir and uncontrolled flow abstraction Balance 2016 2.959 1.566 0.122 -0.144 -0.144 2035 2.757 1.334 -0.125 -0.399 -0.399

As one can see from above table implementation of PoM for Goshgarchay river should be enough to address water scarcity problem in future and no special actions will be needed to be taken in summer. In 2035 there will be in river less than ecosystem water demand for 5% only. But in Zayamchay river basin in summer there will be a some water deficiency, but as in total annual water use balance would meet water demands and environmental requirements in the basin. There will be need to have water allocation plans in place and conduct use of ground waters to cover water demand as flow of river won’t be sufficient to cover it. Also it should be noted that construction of Zayamchay water reservoir and regulation of flow can help to solve this problem more easier..

LIST OF REFERENCES 1. Ahmedzade A.J. Heydar Aliyev and water industry of Azerbaijan. Baku, 2003. 2. Adishirin B.Alakbarov. GROUNDWATER OF AZERBAIJAN http://www.hydrology.nl/images/docs/ihp/groundwater_governance/Groundwater_of_Azerbaijan.pdf 3. Aliyeva İ.S. Impacts of landscapes of Small Caucasus on river regimes. Thesis submitted for the Ph. D degree in geography. Baku, 2005. 4. Azerbaijan today. Reference materials. M, 1995 5. Economic and social geography of Azerbaijan. Baku, 2010 (in azeri). 6. Ganjachay Azerbaijan Draft River Basin Management Plan. European Union funded project: Trans- Boundary River Management Phase II for the Kura River 7. Imanov F.A. Minimal flow of the Caucasus. Baku - 2000, p. 298. 8. www.stat.gov.az 9. Guliyev S.S. The rational layout and design of protection and control structures on the mountain and foothill areas of rivers: Author. ... Candidate of technical sciences. Moscow, 1992, 22p. 10. Jesper Ansbaek, Anatoli Pichugin, Peter Roncak, Vafadar İsmayılov, Farda İmanov and Rafig Verdiyev. Pilot River Basin Management plan of Ganjachay basin. Baku, 2011 11. Mamedov M.A. Hydrography of Azerbaijan Baku. – 2012, p253 12. Rustamov S.G., Kashkay R.M. Water resources of the rivers Azerbaijan SSR, Baku, Elm 1989, p. 180. 13. Museyibov M. Physical Geography of Azerbaijan. Baku 14. Protection of The Small Rivers Flowing Into The Caspian Sea, With Participation of Public. Manual. NGO IHPA. Baku 2006 15. Project of UNDP/SIDA: Reducing trans-boundary degradation of the Kura-Aras river basin. Institutional devices of water sector of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, Tbilisi 2005. 16. Project of UNDP/SIDA: Reducing trans-boundary degradation of the Kura-Aras River Basin. An estimation of Legislative needs for reducing of degradation of the Kura-Aras River Basin, Tbilisi 2005. Public Participation in River Basin Management. Guidelines for Decision Makers. European Union funded project: Trans-Boundary River Management Phase II for the Kura River 17. www.cap-net.org 18. National Water Supply and Water Sanitation Project,2007, Baku, www.azersu.az 19. www.eco.gov.az 20. Verdiyev R. G. Water resources of the Eastern Caucasus rivers, in the conditions of climate changes. Baku 2002, Elm, p. 224. 21. Технический отчет по комплексному использованию водных ресурсов Азербайджана. Азгипроводхоз. Баку, 2007 22. Fashchevskiy B., Fashchevskaya (2003) T. “Water Management Budget as a Basis for Assessment Water Priorities”, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Hydrology and Water resources in Asia Pacific Region, Kyoto, Japan, Vol.1, – pp. 357–360. 23. Imanov F.A. (2000) Minimum flow of Caucasus river, Baku.

24. Imanov F.A., Abbasov R.Kh., (2007) Environmental flow and recommendations for their estimations. Proceedings of the international symposium “Natural Cataclysms and global problems of the modern civilization”. Baku–Innsbrusk, –pp. 588–593. 25. Verdiyev R.H., İmanov F.A. (1998) Estimation of changes of natural and ecological runoff of Kur river for different climate change models// Workshop “Ecological problems of Caspian Sea and ecological education in Caspian Countries”-Baku, Azerbaijan, -pp.62-63. 26. River Basin Management Plan for Central Kura Pilot Basin District (Agstafachay, Tovuzchay, Shamkirchay and Ganjachay Rivers Basins). Component A – River basin analysis. March 2013 27. www.economy.gov.az 28. EU Water Framework Directive, (2000/60/EC), European Communities, 2000

Annex 1. Methodology for Assessment of Environmental flow and Ecosystem water needs Because of water extractions, the equilibrium of the river ecosystem is broken down. On the one hand, human activities in river basins influence the biological characteristics of river ecosystems including discharge, thermal properties, radiation regime, sediment discharge and riverbed processes. Variables contributing to the hydrological regime of a river then influence biotic characteristics of the ecosystem. Therefore determination of optimum flow in rivers and proper river treatments are essential for meeting sustainable environmental development goals. Environmental flows are considered as a quantification and qualification indicator that provides water so that no serious changes occur in river ecosystems during the period of using water and that enables the river to be protected and to remain as a natural landscape element. Because of the development of irrigated agricultural lands and other needs for water, the amount of extracted water from the rivers of Republic of Azerbaijan is being increased. From an ecological point of view water shortages are generally observed at the downstream end of the rivers in the country. The quantity of water extracted from rivers should be determined in such a way that the remaining flow must be sufficient for allowing ecological processes to survive and allow the bio organics to live in the river. Moreover, chemical and biological content of released waste water to the riverbeds should be controlled so that flow in a river meets a certain level of standards and ecology norms. In other words, for different levels of flows any quantity of waste water to a river or extraction of any amount of water from river, the amount and volume of environmental flow should be reviewed and recalculated/23/. In spite of the passing of more than a half century, various researchers are still using different terms for expressing environmental flow analysis. The terms “Sanitary flow”, “riverbed flow”, “minimum accepted flow” and “environmental flow” are the most popular terms which are used. Although there are various terms and research principals used, it can be stated that the environmental flow is accepted as that part of river flow which has to be saved for survival of ecosystems in the river. The research focused on environmental flow conducted by different authors implies that the most frequently used terms are: "ecological flow" and "environmental flow"//23-25/ . Environmental flow research was started in the 1970s in the former Soviet Union. These methods were basically applied downstream of dams on regulating rivers in order to provide needs for sanitary flow/22/. Not enough attention was given to learn about environmental flows before the 1990s in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Existing recommendations from the former USSR are still being used in identification of different water projects and compilation of water balances. The following recommendations of the scientific research institute for complex use of water resources in Byelorussia have been used in former USSR for estimating environmental flows: - For small rivers (having mean annual discharge of 1 cub.m/sec) 95% of guaranteed quantity of minimum monthly flow should be used; and - For medium rivers about 75% of guaranteed quantity of minimum monthly flow is accepted as ecological flow; Caucasus Rivers of Azerbaijan studied for estimating environmental flows by F.A. Imanov through the application of the above-mentioned method and based on field observation and hydrological data/23-25/. In order to the estimate environmental flow was used formula .

Qef=Qmin-ΔQ1-ΔQ2 (1) Where:

Qef is environmental flow;

Qmin is minimum value of the average water discharge for the natural regime condition;

ΔQ1 is representing possible natural decrease in the measured data; and

ΔQ2 is a possible decrease of the daily water discharges in monthly statistics. n of environmental flows. Based on this method, environmental flows(in cub. m/sec) of a Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers are estimated (Table 11, Figures 4-5).

4,5

/s 4 3 3,5

Q, m 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month

Figure 1. Hydrograph of environmental flow of Zayamchay river (Aghbashlar station) (1961 year)

0,6

0,5

0,4 /s 3 0,3 Q, m 0,2

0,1

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month Figure 2. Hydrograph of environmental flow Goshgarchay river (Dashkesen station) (1961 year) The calculated volume of annual environmental flow based on the method proposed by F.A. Imanov (2000) coincides with winter and summer-autumn minimum runoff with probability exceedance of 93.3-97.5%. In order to assess ecosystem water demand for each month in this report was used minimal monthly water discharges observed in natural period, during which minimal ecosystem requirements have been fulfilled. Results of calculated monthly and annual ecosystem flow is given in Table 1 and 2 Table 1.Environmental flow of Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers ( cub.m /sec )

River- I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Annual station Goshqa 0.16 0.21 0.41 0.49 0.42 0.37 0.32 0.17 0.19 0.34 0.22 0.19 0.36 rchay Sarkar Zayam 0.70 0.73 1.10 1.12 0.71 2.12 1.05 0.59 0,66 0.99 0.65 0.64 1.17 chay Agbash lar

Table 2. Ecosystem water demands for Zayamchay and Goshgarchay rivers( cub.m /sec ) River- I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Annual station Goshqa 0,21 0,27 0,58 0,66 0,53 0,48 0,40 0,19 0,21 0,47 (0,29) 0,24 0.44 rchay

Sarkar ,5

Zayam 0,94 0,99 1,44 3,97 1,05 2,73 1,44 0,79 1,04 1,32 0,99 0,96 1,33 chay Agbash lar

Annex 2. Ongoing reservoir construction projects

Below are shown water reservoirs which are under construction and planned to be constructed

TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC PARAMETERS

Zayamchay Water Reservoir Total water capacity 115 mln.m³; Irrigated areas: 9900 ha; A) The areas under strengthening of water supply

B) Planned areas for irrigation 4600 ha; Approximate cost 300-350 Mln AZN(325 Mln USD;

A. Rain water reservoirs planning to be constructed (in Shamkir rayon) by Amelioration JSC

Total capacity, Water Title of water mln m3 m/ Total capacity, surface N Height of dam reservoirs approximate mln m3 territory, cost(Mln AZN) ha

1 Cayari 3,5/8 3,5 26 9

2 Goygol 6,6/15 6,6 44 12,5

Morul- 3 0,01/0.02 0,01 2,5 4 Alpoud

4 Dallar-Cayir 0,11/030 0,11 21,5 5

Dallar- 5 0,12/030 0,12 6 9 Cırdakhan