North American Oology. Part I

' S MI T HS O N I A N CO N T RI BU TI O N S TO K N O W L E D G E .

N O R T H A M E R I C A N

O O L O G Y

BEIN G A N A CCO UN T O F T HE HA BITS A N D GEO GRA PHICA L DISTRIBUT IO N O F THE BIRDS O F N O RT H

A MERICA DURIN G T HEIR BREEDIN G S EA S O N ; W IT H FIGURES A N D

ES RI TI N S F T EIR EGGS D C P O O H .

T H O M A M B E W E M D S . R R ; . .

P A R T I .

W A S H I N G T O N C I T Y.

P U B LI S HE D BY T HE S M IT H S O N IA N I N S T IT U T IO N

1 8 5 7 .

W K N E YO : D . A P P L E T O N C O R . C O M M I S S I O N

' I T I S M E M O I- R B E E N E FE D T O W H C H H R R R E .

' JOHN G O U LD,

JOHN CA -SS IN .

S P H N Y JO E H E R ,

e etar S cr y I . S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O K N O W L E D G E .

N O R T H A M E R I C A N

O O L O G Y .

T H O A M . B M M S R E W E R , . D .

— PA R T I . R A P T O R E S A N D FI S SI R O S T R E S .

E P D F O R P B L I C A T I O N F E B R U A R Y [ A C C T E U , , I N T D U C T I O N iv R O .

i at e en a a e t e se n e se ent - n ne s e e n a n N or h s t A m i . pr s t w r , h i clud v y i p ci s i h biti g e r ca

O f t ese the e s of n o ess t an twen are st ent e n n n to him e h gg l h ty ill ir ly u k ow , whil

f s of e e en e he has n o re en m eans v n i B s e o tho e l v oth rs p s t of gi i g llustrations . e id s

ese e en e b e e e a s t a e e is n ot t a e a nt th d ﬁci ci s , it will obs rv d l o h t th r h t c rt i y which is des irable in regard to the illustrations of o the r eggs the parentage of which is T o ese e en e a rathe r probable than po sitive . th d ﬁci ci s nd uncertaintie s he in vite s the a en n all n e ta es and o s e aid and co- O e a n in s u tt tio of of ki dr d st , s licit th ir p r tio p n as m an of e e des idem ta as m a be a t a e in t e n m e in plyi g y th s y pr c ic bl fu ur u b rs ,

t a he r m a be m a e m e nea and m e orde r h t t wo k y d or rly full co pl te .

I n all n tan e the t at on s are ta en e t m the e se and in n ne i s c s illus r i k dir c ly fro gg it lf, o n m een ma e to m a e u se a n s has n has a y atte pt b d k of dr wi g . It bee dem ons trated by

e eate tr a s t a n o ra n of an e o e e m a be the ra ts r p d i l , h t d wi g gg , h w v r skilful y d ugh m an c an be o ta ne in o na a es w h es t s f en a a , b i d , rdi ry c s , hic giv wi h u ﬁci t ccur cy of light

rs t e the s a e and m ar n s of the o I and pe pec iv h p ki g bj e ct represented . t has been eeme a sa e t ere ore a an on ent e the o na e n n n d d dvi bl , h f , to b d ir ly rigi l d sig of i cludi g among the illustration s copies of e ggs of which access c o uld n ot be had to the ’ m ate a e e the r te s m ean na s . s e sent of i s t at n origi l Thi will ri lly r duc w i r pr s llu r io , but en e m m e om ete n m and e a all t a he m a b u will r d r uch or c pl , u ifor , x ct h t y e e a e to e e t me and e o o n es can a a to ti m an bl d giv , whil i futur pp rtu iti h rdly f il s pply y n of his present de ﬁcie cie s .

I n the following p age s ackn owledgments are m ade to the differen t co - labore rs

a e n n t u e to aid him in o and ea in onne t on who h v ki dly co rib t d his w rk , to ch c c i H with the spe cie s they h ave assiste d to illustrate . e has endeavored to give full

st e t o all e c o- o erat on has e ten e e now en and he j u ic whos p i x d d to thos giv , trusts that n one will ﬁnd o ccasion to com plain e ithe r of omis sio n or of want of due app re

ciation t e r se e a a . e e are t e o e e o e e es a e ee n of h i v r l f vors Th r hos , h w v r, wh s s rvic h v b s o a a e ose ass s an e n tant n em tte or so n on t n ed and v lu bl , wh i t c so co s , so u r i d , lo g c i u , from whose aid and sympathizing in teres t he has de rived so much of encourage m n an t as o a for s e a m ent n e e and e d t e e e e . t suppor , c ll p ci l io h r ls wh r

T o o n am e on the te a s the a en and ent a e o ee J h J s Audub , gif d rti t , rd t husi stic d v t a e art and na e the a m - ea e and n m e m an he m t e lik of tur , w r h rt d ki dly i pulsiv , us giv credit for having been the ﬁrst to warm into a p ermanen t and enduring aim the

m of n e es in I t m and o o ne s m earlier ger s i t r t this subj ect . is to his pro pt pp rtu y at ene n n s of ma e a and m an a a e s e men p hy, his g rous co tributio t ri ls of y v lu bl p ci s

o be r e a ea e if o t t at he is n e e for the o n at on which w uld i r pl c bl l s , h i d bt d f u d i of his

r s nt n a he a a a in e e o e e and m n t m e . t e e e the p k wl dg , y of t ri ls for his t sk If, h r for , e the esen it a be o n n e e sa to e t at e t t o cours of pr t work , m y f u d c s ry giv , wi h th ﬁd li y e a t t is the t e e a t e an na e e a n s tatemen s x c ruth which du y of v ry f i hful s rv t of tur , c rt i t and a n on ent in on i e his e ea e en let n ot be f cts i c sist or c ﬂict w th thos of d c s d fri d , it supp ose d t hat they are p resen ted with any ungrateful lack of appreciation e ither of t n e se e en e m an a e s na n his dis i guish d rvic s to sci c , or of his y cts of p r o l ki d n ess a l oss e n for the m os e a and a t s to a o a n . It is h rd y p ibl eve t x ct c u iou v id f lli g

n m ta e and e a a e t at he mse ma n o t be o n e em om e o i to is k s , , w ll w r h hi lf y f u d x pt fr rr r , the e has en ea e e e ment on of t em not be a e ea writ r d vor d , wh r i h could void d , to sp k I N T R O D U C T I O N .

of em an m a n en e t a a the m a e th without y i put tio of c sur , but wi h th t ch rity for ist k s

ot e s he o e a e me e to mse en a on s a a se of h r which h p s to h v t d hi lf wh occ si h ll ri . me ea a es a . a m T o n . n a no e ent m s Dr J s Trud u , h rdly l s th to Mr Audubo , ck wl dg s u t be m a e a a e co- e a n and ass n mo c in i a e . an ea s n e a o c d for v lu bl op r tio ist c M y y rs i c , l st

en t ea es n e at ons the es n was en e a ne a n d t wi h his rli t i v stig i , d ig t rt i d of j oi t work

’ a e me an O o o has n een a an illustr tiv of A ric l gy. It o ly b b done d in con se quen ce of h n n e a n a m the n th t e e e . e e an n e e co ti u d bs c of Dr Trud u fro cou try , w t of k owl dg

e en a e and a o e all the a a n o u se be m a e the of his pr s t ddr ss , , b v , f ct th t could d of ma e a n e e the a n ea the e is in t ri ls j oi tly coll ct d for illustr tio s . To Dr . Trud u writ r e e for a a e n m e a a e and a e e men and for a m a e d bt d l rg u b r of v lu bl r r sp ci s , uch l rg r n m e of a n s are ten e e e to in the te t ann be u b r dr wi g , which of r f rr d x , but which c ot i m ade u se of n illustrating the present work .

n the as een ea no one has e n e a m e on s ant or m e Duri g p t fourt y rs , vi c d or c t or ’ a t e n e e in the e t of the e s n est at n s n t te m ore a c iv i t r st subj c writ r i v ig io , or co ribu d v lu a e aid t an ro s s n a f h m on an n e e e . o t e t t on T he bl , h P f or Sp c r F B ird , S i hs i I s ituti .

el l e ent t o o en e e en nstan e en e the as work its f wi l pr s , hr ugh ut its tir xt t, co t vid c s of sistance and co- o peration which have b een receive d more or les s directly from his ea and e s en a s n a h m an m z lous succ s ful de vor to i cre se t e e s of its co pleteness . ' o the en a man T e e n a D . D . a e s n . C . to o n a n of v r bl Joh B ch , , of Ch rl to , S , J h C ssi

a e a L Heermann now S an n n o e a t o a e s Phil d lphi , to Dr . A . . , of A to i , T x s , Ch rl S . a ne a et e Vt to R e enn ot W es t N o rthﬁeld n s P i of E st B h l , , ob rt K ic t of , Illi oi , to

e K umlien of n n W ns n to am e n L nn a s Thur Fort Atki so , isco i , S u l Jillso of y , M s , o n W e Jr n n a n W a e Lon n Bee n He . b to . e J h oll y , , of sto , E gl d, to ry F lt r of do , e man e e e e to in t e e a es the r te is n e m an and rea sid s y oth rs r f rr d h s p g , w i r u d r y g t o at on t o n e a n a e een m e ne o blig i s , wi h ut which his u d rt ki g would h v b both or o r us and less successful . I n mentioning those to whom sp e cial obligation should be acknowledge d for im

an a an e th a ea e h e of . L e t e e t t e e . H . B a port t ssist c , u hor r f rs wi h pl sur to s rvic s Mr r d

' o ose n en a a n o a o t e aid t a has f rd , wh i g ious pplic tio of ph togr phy t h of li hogr phy n s m a give valuable re ults that could have been reache d by no othe r e n s . T he illus trations which are due to his intelligen t skill are prob ably the mo st perfect repro

e T he e t e sentations of ggs that h ave eve r yet b een achieved . cr dit of his is chi ﬂy he om etenes an due to . a o has ea nt e to t d Mr Br df rd , who thus gr tly co ribut d c pl s n value of the work by furnishing illustrations of unsurpas sed e xcelle ce . Bu t ab ove all, his acknowledgments are du e to the Smith sonian Ins titution for a the aid which it has afforded in the publication and illustr tion of this work .

o the a s tan e the a t has e e e rom s o e the m em o o W ith ut ssi c u hor r c iv d f this urc , ir c uld

a e een the as its os a e een eate an own means n o t h v s light, c t would h v b gr r th his

a t e and e on all o a of em ne a n om a e . would u horiz , b y d pr b bility r u r tio fr s l s be too so n in the esen n t n the en e to see to e e It would o , pr t co di io of sci c , k d t r m ine how far O ology m ay ultimately be the me an s of determining ornithological

t s s e t is eat est te . ass at n . esen our n e e n cl iﬁc io At pr t , k owl dg upo hi ubj c gr ly r ric d

O n in e a e an t a e o on the o a O iflo een s e ly Europ h v y illus r t d w rks up l c l gy b publi h d , e a e no and tho se are chiefly confined to its more northe rn portions . W h v knowl vi I N T R O D U C T I O N .

“ t an one en t the e e of a e a ne to e s edge of the eggs of more h t h of sp ci s birds sc rt i d xi t . a Y i ose o e ene a and e en am e re om a a e un n n . et t Th of wh l g r , v f ili s , c p r tiv ly k ow is n o t difﬁcult to see that O ology promise s to be com e an imp ortant auxiliary bo th in a n eterm ne n at a s n and ena e to e e in e a to idi g to d i ur l divi io s , to bl us d cid r g rd

n t of in . L h varieties the spe ciﬁc ide ti y which is doubt et us take an instan ce . T e Brown Thrush of No rth America ( M imus rufus) is usually classed in the sam e generic

- l of e r s ar n r the C at M inus e ivox . The e t e e e e g oup with Bird ( f ) ggs h s bi d v ry u lik , W t o oo n and apparently demon strate that they do n ot belong toge the r . i h ut l ki g

’ at all to the e e na r e t ese s O o o seem n ate t at xt r l st uctur of h bird , l gy would to i dic h the C at- o se a e to the t e o n - B at ea one e Bird, th ugh clo ly lli d ru M cki g ird , is l st st p , a k ere the orm e and t a the r n r s is e en a t e em e . w e s h t B ow Th u h v f r h r, r ov d If wh f r ’ e on e s nt ou t the W oo the H e m r s and W n s b l gs , its gg poi d Thrush , r it Th u h , ilso

s as nea e and k in t m it n ot a a e . W t the Thru h its r r kith , wi h who is usu lly cl ss d i h

o e re b ut a an e at Brown Thrush the case would be e ven plainer . It w uld r qui gl c

h e of the t mer a s n t em s ea e o e to t e ggs birds of Nor h A ic , upposi g h pr d out b f r us ,

at a w e a e t t es the Bro n s s o be n te as a s isfy us th t , if cc p his t t , w Thru h h uld cou d

s toma an d a se t the T . curoiros tris T . lon iros tris & c . m se Toxo , cl s d wi h , g , , fro who in e ggs its own could hardly be dist guish e d . I n regard to the value of O ology in determining disputed p oints of identity of

m a be as a s r n strat on s e es the ase B uteo monta nus e t . p ci , c of y cit d iki g illu i Much m o e m be s a n ot t e n bu t nt m e has een ea ne in r ight id upo b h h se poi ts , , u il or b l r d

a the e of the s all the t e a of the is at eas reg rd to ggs bird of o h r p rts world , it l t premature to conside r how far O ology m ay b e taken as a s afe guide in classiﬁ

A s its a e in e e m n n e t n of ent e s t on . cati to v lu d t r i i g qu s io s id ity or div r ity , his cann ot w ell b e dispute d . I n pre senting to the consideration of all intere sted in the n atural scien ce s the

es own n e at n a e a e the c o- o e a n t e the r ults of his i v stig io s , l rg ly id d by p r tio of o h rs , hope is indulged th at it will not be forgotten that the ﬁeld has b een one hith erto

ne o e a all has een new and n e and t a e e has een tt e u xpl r d , th t b u tri d , h t th r b but li l in the writings of those who have gone before to lessen the need of his own investi

- ma be o n in the esen a es and a ations . W a e e e en e t e e g h t v r d ﬁci ci s y f u d pr t p g , th t h r m s be ma is ne e ar and ne a e m a be eme e in e n m ers u t ny c ss y i vit bl , y r di d futur u b , if

‘ they who may becom e aware of them will but p oint th em o ut and supply the

- a n ll n in m e an e n t em . T he c o o e a te este the s en e t ro s of r ctifyi g h p r tio of i r d ci c , h ugh dd an t n to o u s ou the Un on n e . T o e ma a r mm on to t i , is i vit d thos who y y hi g co ck

n o e e due e t be om t and a e en e e . of k wl dg , cr di will pr p ly gr t fully r d r d

T r l 18 57 . BOS ON , Ap i , C O N T E N T S

T URKE Y BUZZA RD ( Cathar tes aur a ) BLA CK VULTURE ( Ca thar tes a tr atus)

A V C LI FORNIA N ULTURE ( Ca thar tes califor niana s )

GRE A T - FOOTE D H A WK (Fa lco anatum) A M E RI CA N GYRFA LCON (Hier of a lco s acer )

’ PI GEON H A WK (Hyp otmor chis columbar ius )

’ THE A LC ON ( Hyp otm or chis f emora ll/ s )

S PA RROW - H A WK ( Tinnunculus sp arver ius ) A ME RI CA N GOSHA WK (A s iur a tr i cap illus )

S HA RP - SHI NNE D HA WK ( A ccip iter fuscas ) ’ C OOPER S H A WK (A ccip iter coop er u )

’ RE D - TA I LED HA WK ( B uleo bor ea hs ) ’ S WA I NSON S BUZZA RD (Buteo s wainsoni)

WE STERN RE D - TA I L ( Buteo montanus )

R ED - SHOULDE RE D H A WK ( Buteo Zineatus )

‘ BRO A D - WI NGE D H A WK ( Buteo p ennsylvam cus )

BLA CK R E D - TA I L ( Buteo ca lurus) BROWN BUZZA RD ( Buteo i nsignatus)

BLA CK H A WK (A r chibuteo sancti -johannis)

ROUGH - LEGGE D H A WK (A r chibuteo Zag op us ) — WE STE RN ROUGH LEGGE D H A WK (A r chibuteo ferrugineus)

S WA LLOW- TA I LE D H A WK ( N auclerus fur catus )

BLA CK - SHOULDER E D H A WK ( E lanus Zeucurus)

’ ’ MI SSI SSIPPI K ITE ( I ctim a mis szssipp iensis)

' MA RSH H A WK ( Cir cus huds om cus ) GOLDE N E A GLE (Aquila ckrysaetos)

WH ITE - TA I LE D E A GLE (Halicetus a lbi cilla)

WR I TE - H EA DE D E A GLE ( Haliaztus Zeucocep halus)

FI SH - H A WK ( Pa ndion car olinensis ) CA RA CA RA E A GLE (P olyborus tharus )

’ HA RRI s s BUZZA RD (M orp hnus unicinctus ) V111 C O N T E N T S .

PA G E A MERI CA N BA RN O W L ( S trix p ratincola) GREA T HORNE D O W L ( Buba virginianus) ‘

L ITTLE S CRE ECH - O W L ( S oap s asi a)

‘ WE STE RN MOTTLE D O W L ( S oap s ﬁ z ca llii)

LONG - EA R ED O W L ( Otus wils oni anus)

S HORT - E A RE D O W L (B r achyotus cassinii) C I N E RE OUS O W L ( Sy r nium ciner eam) BA RRE D O W L ( Sym ium nebulasum)

’ R I CHA RDSON S O W L ( Ny cta la r ichar dsani) A CA DI A N O W L ( Ny cta le a cadica) BURROWI NG O W L (A thena hyp ug aea) PI GMY O W L ( G lauci dium i nfuscatum)

’ S NOWY O W L ( N yctea m vea ) H A WK O WL ( S urnia ulula )

C HUCK - W IL L s - WI DOW (A ntr as tamus carolinens is )

WHI P - POOR - WI LL ( A ntros tomus vocifera s) ’ N U T T A L L S WHI P - P OOR - WI LL (A ntrostomus nuttallm)

N I GHT - H A WK ( Chor d eiles virg inia nns )

T E XA N N IGHT - H A WK ( Chor d e iles toxem ia) B A RN S WA LLOW ( Hirund o r ufa) ROCKY M OUNTA I N S WA LLOW (Hirun d o Zunifrans)

VVHIT E - BELLI E D S WA LLOW ( Hirund o bi color)

VI OLET - GRE E N S WA LLOW (Hirund o tha lass ina ) PURPLE MA RT I N ( Pr ag ue p urp urea ) B A NK S WA LLOW ( Ca tyle r ip ar ia )

ROUGH - W IN GE D S WA LLOW ( Catyle s errip ennis ) CH I MN EY S W A LLOW (A canthylis p elasgia) B ELT E D KINGFI SHE R ( Ceryle alcyan)

’ T E KA N KINGFI SHE R ( Ceryle amemcana)

A DDE NDA

C A TA LO GUE o r BI RDS

INDE X

E xPL A N A T I O N OP PLA TE S N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y ;

B E I N G A N A C C O U N T O F

THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA

D U I N T E I E E D I N S E A S O N R G H R B R G ,

IVIT H IGUR ES A N D D ES CRIPT IO N S O F T EIR EGG F H S .

P A R T I .

O R D E R R A P T O R E S .

FA M I Y U L I L V T U R D JE .

CA T HA RT E S A URA .

Vultur aur a LI . S st . N at. 17 66 122 . , NN y I , , 8 O rn. IX . 1 14 . I A m . l l ﬁ . 1 . W LSON , , p xxv , g

a thar tes aur a A PA TE S no s s 1828 . 22 . C , BON R , y p i , , p C A Oz S A a una B me r II I I or. . 18 3 1 4 R H RDSON W NSON , F A , , . TT nual 1 2 N A a 83 43 . U LL , M , I , , A B rn t olo al B o ra 1835 29 6 339 l. c li. UDU ON , O i h gic i g phy , II , , V , , p

G e o . and om . st 8 A P . 18 3 1 . BON g C p Li , , p .

A U D . S no s s 18 39 . 3 . y p i , , p m B r s of e r a 1840 15 l. 11 . _ , i d A ic , I , , , p

H s . . N D E KA Y N at t e w Yor B r s 18 4 . 4 2 l. ﬁ . 12 , i k ; i d , , p , p v , g .

C A I S no s s . . B r s llust. of B r s of al orn a 18 54 . 5 7 . SS N , y p i N A i d (I i d C if i , , p

Catltar tes s e tentri ona lis D E I E e se 18 39 1 62 . p , W D , R i , I , ,

u V l . V l urk e B uz z ar . The rke u ture John Cr ow u tur . VULG . The T y d T y e (GOSSE ) Car ri on

E urn 11 arr i on Vultur e LA T A G e n. n r ow S A o . S . Vautour du C ( LO N , J , C ( H M , y I ,

B r esil D E B FF. O is . ( U I ,

FE w birds are mo e e s t e t o the m e an n nent , r wid ly di ribut d hr ugh North A ric co ti

O n the t ant a e n t e n m a than this Vulture . A l ic co st its high st or h r igr tion has b een e to be e n N ew e e e e a be o n t suppos d south r J rs y, wh r it is s id to f u d hroughout the

fe e - a en a e ns an e e s of its a n n year . A w w ll uth tic t d i t c s xi t h vi g b ee seen on the 1 e as e n a e n s nort e n m t and a e a n o n e s ate t r co st b yo d thi h r li i , v gu but prob bly u f u d d t

1 ’ atalo B s of ut e . s ue of h r n R . I t e o ne t b v ame s H n le S illiman s ournal XL V 18 43 250 . C g i d C c ic , y J Li y , J , , , 2 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y . P A R T I .

‘ m ents n m a te s its a n n m t e en in o a a hav e bee de by wri r of h vi g b ee et wi h v N v Scoti .

W es t of the A lle hanies it has a m es res t te s tr t n rom entra g uch l s ric d di ibu io , f C l

on s I t o n m re e t in all Am erica almost to the Ar ctic regi . is f u d ore o r less f qu n ly the e the o t ern W e ste n and o t es e n a e t o a an Middl , S u h , r , N r hw t r St t s , wi h ut prob bly

I is me t t in a e n m er t ro o ast e xception . t wi h l rg u b s h ugh ut the entire Paciﬁc co of o t m e a m L e a n a W as n d nt the n e . A n N r h A ric , fro ow r C lifor i to hi gto T rritory u il e t a the s e es in t me a h has een e a e as en t a discov ry h t p ci Sou h A ric , whic b r g rd d id ic l

t it is ea st n t Ca tlmr tes am of o na it w as s ose a e an wi h , r lly di i c ( j M li ), upp d to h v

n m an an e I t n ot n o n t e a n w et e the C . e xte de d South A eric r g . is k w wi h c rt i ty h h r a ura is o n in o t me a at all or et e the s e es t it has f u d S u h A ric , wh h r p ci wi h which

t e rt een n n e has e e ossess on of a n e a en t n hi h o b co fou d d xclusiv p i th t ﬁeld . Si c tt io has een a n to the o nt e e s e m en rom t a ar er has een ex b dr w p i , v ry p ci f h t qu t which b ami ned o es to be n ot the n t e n but a s n an d ma e s e es of a pr v , or h r , di ti ct s ll r p ci , 1 m a ur h a h C . a ore uniformly black color . T e doubt n turally arises wh e ther t e is at all o t me an an d nt it c an be s o n os t e to be s o s o S u h A ric , , u il h w p i iv ly , it h uld 2 f n be e xcluded from the lists o that regio .

T he e B a ree a on the entire an as rom N ew er e Turk y uzz rd b ds l g Atl tic co t , f J s y to the of e and ro o o t me a s o t of a ne ex Gulf M xico , th ugh ut N r h A ric , u h li . en n rom the o me tate to the a t s in e ea n ar er n o t as we t di g f f r r S P ciﬁc , hi l r chi g f th r h ° I n s in o o ou n t n o s at 42 no t as earn o ee est . t e t t e pr c d w s C k C y , Illi i , (l i ud r h , ) I l 3 n R nn rom the o se at n s of m r e e t e o tt E s . a o as oss f b rv io y f i d , ob r K ic , q D vid D ugl , p i 4 m en on n ot the m ost n te a t o t in a et e . a n s n t bly u doub d u h ri y , l t r to Mr Sw i o , i s

eein “ ast n m e of t e e in U e ana a nea an and La e s g v u b rs his sp ci s pp r C d , r S dwich k

n m s a e r in a m in 1 2 a d e t e e ee e e t a e . S t . a 8 3 Cl ir, , i pli h t th y w r b d g th r th t ti

n ar son its mm e m a n a in the n e a so t o . R re e Accordi g, l , Dr ich d , su r igr tio s high r i t

a He e a n n a on rior of the continen t than on the P ciﬁc coast . sp ks of ﬁ di g it l g h a an in a a i n t e an s of the as e t e e n the m on of e . b k S k tch w , l ti ud l t th Ju This ,

o e e s a e not m his own e sona e a n on the s en t h w v r, is t t d, fro p r l obs rv tio s , but tr g h ’ a e men in the e m of the H s n Ba om an ta ne in t a ne of sp ci Mus u ud o s y C p y , ob i d h t igh 5 a o s e e e as far the n t as at t e and b orho od . Mr . S y b erv d this sp ci s to or h l i ud

1 ’ ass u s llustrat ons o f the B r s o f al orn a Te as re on Br t s a nd Russ an me r a . C i I i i d C if i , x , O g , i i h i A ic , pp

57 , 58 . 2 S n e the abo e was in t e a fe w a ts a e e e n rou t to m no wle e w to s ome e te nt i c v yp , f c h v b b gh y k dg hich x

’ s e e m to a o r the m re s s o n t at the . aur a is no t a S out me r a n r o r s o onl in o as onal f v i p i h C h A ic bi d , if , y cc i I a a d a ma a but is n in all the W e st n a s lan s . t e sts in u a Tr n n ns tan e s . It is not o u i c f d I di I d xi C b , i id d , J ic ,

o mon a nd is unk nown in Ha t as w e ll as in all the nte rme ate slan s of the a r be a n now h e re c m , y i , i di i d C ib

H ll an o se r ant natural st of S an s - tow n a ma a in s e ak n o f t e s e a ts a n . Mr. a r ch i Rich d i , b v i p i h , J ic , p i g h f c , W e are no o u t n e te fo r it to a n a e ntal olon l wn o e r to us rom u a a nd w rite s d b i d b d ccid c y b o v f C b , " i D a rw in the e rs e l o wes t to s o me s tra s ta nts ro m the n e or n on ne n of lor a . i C uba h f y vi i f i ghb i g c ti t F id Q, d he o ta H. . S . B a le a r II u a an t Z oOlo o f the o a e of e P t I . w le s u os n the . a r gy V y g M g ( , p hi p p i g C j

f ol na to be e nt al not e s e rta n e ul ar t es in the a ts a nd m ark n s o f the S out m er o M i id ic , ic c i p c i i i h bi i g h A ’ ican bi rd s diﬂe ring from those of the north e rn s p e ci e s . 3 Tra ns a t ons o f the ll no s S tate r ultural S o e t 5 80 . c i I i i Ag ic ci y , I , 4 - a una Bore al me r ana ll 4 . F i A ic , , 5 T M D la who u e sts t at e on un e t s s e e s w t . atr a tus . s is oubte r. ou s s t o hi d d by g , gg h h y c f d d hi p ci i h C B r s of n is o we e r n re tl on rme b D r . G a mbe l who in his a e r on the Its c orre c t e ss , h v , i di c y c ﬁ d y , , p p i d — I D . E S A V U L T U R ZE C A T H A R T U R A .

Le and a e m et em nea the a the m a R e in a t wis Cl rk th r F lls of Colu bi iv r, l ti ude T he southern limits of the migrations of the Turk e y Buzzard canno t be I given with p re cision . t is impossible to de termine how far this s pe cies has h C for t e . am een m s ta en as a ea s a e . is e n Lem e e and b i k j , lr dy t t d It giv by b y a d n f . n a as es e o a se as a ama a it was o n Dr Gu dl ch r i t Cub , by Gos bird of J ic ; f u d r ab in en a me a n o D . t s o a n ant a h ra tus s t e C . a t by C ot C tr l A ric , though bu d ly ;

' and a n in the oo the ea e men n it as a n een o ta ne a D rwi , Z logy of B gl , tio s h vi g b b i d s far the so as at e e en the e em e o n e a del e o W e t to uth l itud v xtr p i ts of T rr Fu g , s ern ata on a and h a a a I t is o e e robable ha h t e n s n s . t t t e r P g i , F lkl d I l d , h w v r , p bi d ' of a a but i s n e s e e a rea n S e s is n o t the C . aura t e er e which D rwi p k , ki dr d p ci s l dy r f r d Ho a h to . w f r t e ase t the m et t the t e s name m a this is c wi h birds wi h by o h r d , y a m m e t the a a all the a t es e e e d it of so doubt , hough prob bility is th t u horiti cit d r f r to the n orthern spe cies .

T he e ar n a ab a s on the o n the m os ar in hol Turk y Buzz d i v ri ly l y gr u d , for t p t low re s m s or a n o s ns r s n n s u e os ts th e s e e . t o e t b t e t s , tu p , d c yi g l g It co t uc , d p i gg n m ee with little or n o pre p arato ry p ains for th eir sh elte r . Mr . O rd fou d the br d in as e a as the m nt M a in the ee e e e of the s ta s am s g rly o h of y, d p r c ss s oli ry w p He es e the nes as o m e t o an ai ns a n in N ew e e . of J rs y d crib s t f r d , wi h ut y p t ki g, a n ate w ee and in e a a e m o and m ent on the tru c d hollo tr , xc v t d stu ps or l gs , i s

u in e a o he n m e of e n m e e s as om tw o o . e t t u b r of gg fr to f r Exc pt r g rd u b r ggs , a e e er m o e t an two ese o se at ons s s tant a o es on which is r r ly , if v , r h , th b rv i ub i lly c rr p d I n am a a t all the e a e a o nts a e een of t e ee n . . wi h r li bl cc u I h v s h ir br di g J ic , Mr G os se writes that the Situation s u sually sele cted by the Turkey Buzzard of that

an for a n and at n e are o s and ed es of o s in isl d, l yi g h chi g its ggs , holl w l g r ck ,

dr ras he a s o r a e or na e ss e a s and ffs . tt e se cluded pl c s i cc ibl cr g cli A li l y t h , dd ,

f a n es . m n ns a a in ea es are all the a o o or . n e t on dec y g l v , p l gy t Mr Audubo io , th t

h s an of a e s on e e s t e is en he e e a mes o n t e i l d G lv t , wh r thi Vul ur pl tiful , s v r l ti f u d

ne as a on the n in an n s a a e name on a e e its st , usu l , grou d, but u u u l pl c ; ly , l v l

a the a m a es e t e n e the e- rea an e a t ses o r p rt of s lt rsh , i h r u d r wid sp d br ch s of c c u ,

o n enea low s e T he e s . on among tall gras s gr wi g b th bu h s . gg which Mr Audub C aura a e o ta ne at a es n and he ose t o be o e the . b i d G lv to , which supp d th s of , h v n n a n I s e e ore o n as e a ne e t e to the C . a trutus . t bee c rt i d u qu s io bly to b lo g i , th r f , pr b able th at the nests he has described also belonged to birds of the latter spe cies . H o of e a C a na n o m m e at in his n e o Dr . C . oll ck , Ch r w , South roli , i f r s th ighb r hood both this spe cies and the Black Vulture fre quent place s in the interio r of ’ am s and t s ene a a e B a s o s t t a t e on re ate sw p hick wood , g r lly c ll d uzz rd r o s h t h y c g g

o the ea in a e n m e s and a ee in the mme ate th ere thr ugh y r l rg u b r , usu lly br d i di n f e e nea a es ese a e . . s e one o vicinity of th pl c s Mr Audubo vi it d th s roosts , r Ch rl en re e e ton . C . e en e e a es n e e , S It xt d d ov r two cr of grou d, which w r ti ly d stitut of vegetation . T he e s e e e e a n e a n in e and a na in gg of this sp ci s xhibit c rt i d vi tio s siz , , occ sio lly, t e m a n et the m a t e e e e a a e st s . T he h ir rki gs , y for ost p r pr s rv sp ciﬁc ch r ct ri ic

al orn a ournal of P la el a a e m S e on S e r es Vol. s tate s t at he oun . aur a C if i (J hi d phi Ac d y , c d i , h f d C a s c ommon on the Paciﬁc as on the Atlantic coas t . L Y . P 4 N O R T H A M E R I C A N o o O G A R T I .

n are the n o e men s i e e e en t followi g proportio s of f ur sp ci , which w ll w ll r pr s t heir ‘ — — u s ual variations : in ches by l ﬁl T % by 12 ; As by 1 12 ; by ese s e mens e e m N ew e se o a na L ana and Th p ci w r fro J r y, S uth C roli , ouisi ,

T he m o e omm n a et e a e a o n a Tamaulipas (Me xico ) . r c o v ri i s h v gr u d of light

eam - o o m a e t a e n ent s o O f e s - n o e cr c l r, rk d wi h l rg co ﬂu p ts r ddi h brow or choc lat , e e om nat n at the a e end a s a e a e e e the en chi ﬂy pr d i i g l rg r , but l o sp rs ly sc tt r d ov r

n e m e e e are e e en ma n of tire egg . I t r ix d with th s l ss fr qu t rki gs a light purplish are o e s o a n a or lilac shade of drab . The se ft n f i t s only to be p erceptible on a A n e a en me ea s n e in o e e am na n . N ew e e e an e cl s x i tio gg t k so y rs i c J rs y , by Al x d r i W l n and e a ome a a e r m o na o s is m ar e i so , which p rh ps is s wh t f d d f o its rigi l col r , k d o e the en e s e t n en s of a a reen s - ro n t v r tir h ll wi h co ﬂu t pots d rk g i h b w , but wi h

no er e e s a es of red or e . not e ar e m era . . . 2 p c ptibl h d purpl A h r v i ty fro Ch w, S C (ﬁg ) has a r n nea e te is e n ea ns e and n m a e g ou d of rly pur whi , v ry rly u pott d , is o ly rk d with a few small dots and lines of red and indistinct purple at the larger

end .

CA T HA RT E S A T RA T U S .

S N a . 1 Vultur ata E . st . t 7 8 8 247 . j , GM L y I , ,

W I L . me r. O rn. X 1 s I 8 14 l. l . 2 . A , , p xxv , ﬁg ’

9 1 . l s A T A ra . 1 Vu tur a tr a tu T 7 . 289 , B R R M S v , p ’

l r ubu VI E I L L . O is . d m . S . . Vu lu ur A e t 1807 . 5 3 l 11 . , p , p , p A P S 1 2 . Ca thar zes ota . n . 828 . 3 j , BON y , p

N TT A a nual 18 32 46 . U LL , M , I , ,

A D . O rn B o . II 18 U . 35 3 3 345 l. . i g , , ; V , , p cvi d . e a m s t . A P G o . n o . 18 38 . BON g C p Li , , p I

- athartes a tra ias I C . Oz S wA I N s . a una Boreal me r ana 18 3 1 6 . C , R H F i A ic , II , ,

S n . 1 . A U D . 8 39 . 3 y , p

B r s o f me r a 1840 17 l. . i d A ic , I , , , p iii

B r s o f 1854 . 58 . C A I S n. . B r s llus t. SS N , y N . A i d (I i d , p

’ “

B S . . 11 18 55 17 3 . N a . A st E x s of G illiss s U . . ird v , ,

ll z . V . The ar o Vu t t c ll . G ina o The Bl k l ure . Ja e i o a ULG C r i n Cr ow. ac

T HE di s n t s s e es t o e a s es e ten e i n m e a tributio of hi p ci , h ugh p rh p l s x d d North A ric the s t an a the re e in et o e a e e ten of ter o . on th th t of p c d g , is y v r wid x t rit ry Al g ou h ern and t e e n oas the Un e a e m o t a o n a to e sou hw st r c t of it d St t s , fro N r h C r li M xico , 1 is e omm n W es of h o o n a n s is a be a n an and it v ry c o . t t e R cky M u t i it s id to bu d t , to b e fO Im d as far to the n r W e a e the a t of . o th as O regon Terr itory . h v u hority Mr 2 a as vi s t n th a a o m a R e and the D vid Dougl for its i i g e m rshy isl nds of C lu bi iv r , ’ ° — ° on has an Le and a e s R e at e 45 49 n o t . . b ks of wis Cl rk iv r , l itud r h Mr Audub

1 ate r in e st at ons d h Pa and it is a not e able a t t at in L v ig i o not c onﬁ rm its abundanc e on t e ciﬁc ic f c , h , fe w the nume rous c olle ctions o f birds ma de on the we ste rn coast of North Ame ric a w ithin the last

e ars t e re are no s e mens of . t i y , h p ci C a r a as . 2 - I auna Boreal mer ana I 4 . F i A ic , , — V L T U R I D JE . C A T A T E S A U H R T R A T U S . 5

a e a w as o n as far to the n t on the eas ern a as ar an st t d th t it f u d or h , t co st, M y l d . If so its rren e m s b e e a e and can ﬁnd no sat s a t r on rmat on , occu c u t v ry r r , I i f c o y c ﬁ i of 1 is n ot o ten m t t ar the s atemen t . e t e nort an t W m n on . . A t t It f wi h f h r h h il i gt , N C o rr n a all or o Va . t has n ot een st n s e om the r e N f lk , , if ccu i g , it b di i gui h d fr Tu k y

B a r for was n a e to ﬁnd an on e who had m e t t t s t re t ere uzz d ; I u bl y wi h hi Vul u h , to his no e e t o am l a he r t t tse . on h oas a h k wl dg , h ugh f i i r wi h bi d i lf Al g t e c t of ll t e

o t ern tates om t aro in a to e as it m m ore a n ant t an S u h S , fr Nor h C l T x , is uch bu d h

in dr e s e e e en ere in the n er o the sam e tate it is far ess fre its k d p ci s , v wh , i t i r of S , l

en on h an of h s d its t ar es as far as . t e t e an O o qu t Al g b ks Mis issippi ribut i , hi to the eas and l n o the n t o n m o e or e a n an at e tain t Il i is to or h , it is f u d r l ss bu d tly , c r

a D r am m e t it in r a n m e sons . e t e e on th a oast of a s . G b l wi h g t u b rs e P ciﬁc c C lifor 2 nia n form d it the m os a n r m r a a d . . a o . i n e e e t s e e n e t a . , Dr S C b t , Jr t pr v l p ci s C l A ic A S to a e reme s t ern m s m a be the same o t a e as in re wh t its xt ou h li it y , d ub s ris

a ose the re ed n e a se in o mer a has een nt e g rd to th of p c i g, b c u S uth A ic it b , u il v ry 3 e ent n o n e t a sm a e an d te di stin s e es Ca tha r tes bra sili r c ly, co f u d d wi h ll r qui ct p ci ,

n o as e os r n o rs ensis . It is t y t p sible to dete mine to what e xte t this spe cies ccu in

a e on far e s in ea n of the C . a tratus a e had in vie n th t r gi , or how writ r , sp ki g , h v w o ly

a e m m s m e a he has a for h s e n a en . . a n e e n th t which it b ist k Mr C ssi , how v r, i for th t

een a e m en of the ea C . a tra tus r m e and e men e e a t s sp ci r l f o P ru , sp ci s w r lso brough L e tenan m i e a n e nea an a o e e it was not mm n by i u t Gilliss fro Ch l , obt i d r S ti g , wh r co o ,

h m n a n n f h arw in xe e t m and only foun d in t e ou t i ous regio s o t e interior . D ﬁ s its x re e ° 4 o t ern m t in a t e 41 t n ea the Rio e ro and he n ot m ee t s u h li i l ti ud sou h , r N g , did t wi h

a n a it in Chile or P tago i .

I n the o t e n t an t e es e a a es on and a anna the B a S u h r A l tic ci i s , p ci lly Ch rl t S v h , l ck

ultu e or arr on o as it is as re ent a e is a sem - om es r and V r , C i Cr w , f qu ly c ll d , i d tic bi d, I t is a so to b e o n in h in is n e t e so omm o a n an . t e e n is very bu d t l f u d t rior, but i h r c

I t ee s on or n ea h r n in th same m anne as the e r so am e . t e e n o t br d r g ou d , r Turk y

ar in o o o s e a e n of ee and stum and a so t o thi s Buzz d, h ll w l g , d c y d tru ks tr s , ps , l wi h ut 5 h he a e e a n e n m ad s m a s n o nes . T e e sel o e t n t e u e of. I t e pr t c io , b r rth o ly b i g k t ggs e ee tw o in n m in r en t and dom if e e e . ese are ea e e v r xc d u b r Th gr t r, both th i l g h

a a t an t ose the r e a alt o the m ea remen the r c p ci y, th h of Tu k y Buzz rd , h ugh su ts of bi ds

emse e o seem S o the atte to be a arent the a e of the th lv s w uld to h w l r pp ly l rg r two ,

in 32 n es and A s o e e the a era e en t e a C . a tra ia s but 26 . its l g h b g i ch , th t of , h w v r, v g

e of the arr on ro is a o one o n or fteen er ent reate t an t at w ight C i C w b ut p u d, ﬁ p c , g r h h

f the B a t s s r or t in h f th C a tra tus eases to seem an om a o e t e e s o e . uzz rd , hi up i i y gg c 6 r r d he Rio ran e n s the o . ee e om ar eston a eston an t l us Th ggs , f Ch l , G lv , G d , fur i h

1 A n a e ntal e me n of the Bla ulture was o ta ne in S wa m sc ot assa use tts o e mbe r ccid Sp ci ck V b i d p , M ch , N v , M 18 50 r. S . llson of nn a l e nt and re l a le orn t olo st. , by Ji , Ly , di ig i b i h gi 2 ournal of P la e l a a e m S e on S d e r es 26 . J hi d phi Ac d y , c i , I , 3 ’ C ass in s B r s of al orn a & c . 59 . i d C if i , . , p

1‘ ’ arw n s Z oOlo of the Be a D le Pa rt 111 . 7 . i gy g , , p 5 T he sta e m f Mr o f l ur re e s o n tre e s is not well oun e . N o t e nt o . bb tt o G e o r a t at t s u t e b A gi , h hi V d , f d d w ell- aut e nt ate nstan e is k n h ic d i c own. 6 T he le ngth of a bi rd c annot always be taken as a sa fe guide in d e te rmining the p robable s i z e of ' its e . u e e n s u on h d a a t of the el s and m u also U on the gg M ch d p d p t e shape an relative c p ci y p vi , ch p A P A T . 6 N O R T H A M E R I C N O O L O G Y . R I

— 1 —1 o ow n m eas em ents : n e 3 2 3 1 T he in f ll i g ur 6 i ch s by by 1 ? 1 G by } pr cip al differen ce between the eggs of this and the pre ce din g spe cie s is i n regard to t e r ro n co r is the ame or n ea the same a o is - te r s e . e : e h i iz Th i g u d lo s , rly y ll w h whi

- m ost ne e a re e and so on in a T he or ream o o a e e t on a e . c c l r, l v r pu whit , if , ly xc p i l c s s m on ate in t e a e and th ot a ese e s are o e e e es re a ar e . gg r l g h ir sh p , bl ch usu lly l g r Th

- are of a a e s row n on en and e st e a o n the a e end . d rk r ddi h b , c ﬂu t chi ﬂy di ribut d r u d l rg r

ere are a s m ar n or as e sm alle and e e en la and s Th l o ki gs d h s , r l ss fr qu t , of li c purpli h n ot e in h h Rio ra s m a to t o e t e e of the C . aura A n e om t e d b , i il r h s ic d ggs . gg fr

an e is m a e t a o of e - r n and a n la e a dis Gr d rk d wi h sm ll sp ts r ddish b ow f i t li c , qu lly

r o the o e s a e on a o n of eam - o er ecu t ibute d ver wh l urf c gr u d cr c lo r . This is v y p

a and ro a n ot a omm on ar at on rom the m o e s a m ar n s of the li r, p b bly c v i i f r u u l ki g he m o m f s n e ggs of this Vulture . T re co m o n m arkings o thi s egg are well repre e te d

he e m en was o a n e on on a s an e a . in . 3 . T eston ﬁg sp ci bt i d by A udub G lv I l d , T x s

m n . 4 e resen a e m a e o a n . K oll ck in e a . e o Fig r p ts l ss co o v ri ty , bt i d by Dr Ch r w, C

CA T HA RT E S C A L I FO RNI A NU S .

Vultur li n . r l . a o i ana s S A N at . s . 17 97 1 c f , H W , Mi c IX , , , p ccci ’ Vult u 18 1 5 15 . r columbianus O RD G ut r e s G e o . 3 , , h i g II , ,

ha t l n . . a t r es vu tur i us T E . Pl. C ol. 1820 l C , MM I , , p xxxi

a thar t s c li P S . 8 e a orni anus A . n 182 . 22 . C f , B ON y , p

N TT A anual 1 18 32 . 39 . U LL , M , , , p B 0 A U D . O rn. o . 18 38 24 l. c c c c xi. i g V , , , p

P G a n s 8 . A . e o . d o m . t 1 38 . 1 BON g C p Li , , p

S n . . . A U D . 18 39 2 y , p

12 l. . f . 1840 B r s o A m 8 vo . i d ( ) I , , , p i

B l . A G e n . of r s 1849 . GR Y , i d , , p ii .58 B r s o f 18 54 . C I S . s llust. A n . . B r SS N , y N A i d (I i d , p '

— - . Th Ca l r V l u The a l or nia TW he Buz z ar . VULG e ifo nian u t r e . C if y d

B UT one instance of the po ssession of a well - auth enticated egg of this species by

s w as on e a i n n nem ent a a naturalist has come to my kn owledge . Thi l id co ﬁ by A n a a e ra n s female belonging to the Garden of Plan ts in P aris . ccur t d wi g of thi

me s ea and is n ow in m ossess n . ere seem n o w as a en . a t k by Dr J Trud u , y p io Th s de os reason to doubt that the egg thus laid doe s n ot es sentially vary from tho se p I a ardl oss e at the ar a on et een t ited in a wild state . t cert in ly is h y p ibl th v i ti s b w his and the n a a e can b e so ota and s t i in as et een it and the at r te tur l gg t l r k g , b w t ibu d

‘ r s w os e oun are at e d e gre e of d e velo pme nt pos se s se d by the y oung bi rd wh e n ﬁ rst h atche d . Bi d h y g h ch d in an a an e s ta e o f matur t and c a n s t for t e mse l e s rom the e l k e m an e e s o f dv c d g i y , hif h v f gg, i y Sp ci r s e e s ore - b r s the U r m and ot e rs a e n a r a l ro ort onate l e r lar e e s and vi e ve a , t h i d , i h , h v i v i b y p p i y v y g gg , c xc p o nl w ere the e male e os ts a lar e numbe r as in the Case of the W l Tur e the r n a Qua l, y h f d p i g , i d k y , Vi gi i i the Ru fe G rouse and man ot ers . f d , y h — — V U L T U R I D Z E . C A T II A R T E S C A L I FO R N I A N U S . 7

s a e and ma in the e s of e e w e e t the evi o a n h p rk gs of gg this sp ci s , if cr di pr us ccou ts

n f the e of th a e een e o e a ifo n an Vulttuc . e e es n are which h v b giv ggs C l r i Th s d criptio s ,

e er all ra ea e one so e fa r as am a a e . a o a in the how v , t c bl to urc , so I w r D vid D ugl s ,

’ ' oo o a oru nal s ea of the e of s l r e as nea s e a et- black Z l gic l J , p ks ggs thi Vu tu rly ph ric l , j , and a o the e of o e a o i s a o a se . o o in ll e ho b ut siz th s of G o F ll w g th uth rity, writ rs w have referred to the eggs of the Califo rnian Vul ture have described them in a s imilar

ann r a e s o b s r a o l b a m e . Th t th y h uld e phe ic l w u d e n e xception al case to the wh ole . en and t e e or ar a u n o m n im o e e ea s s e . a g us , is h r f h dly prob bl , tho gh by p s ibl M rkin gs of a et- a o e en to the e en o e s ot or ine are of e ar j bl ck col r, v xt t of bl tch s , p s , l s , v ry r e o r n n m a a e t a an of hi e e ot s t e n no n . a t am ccur c , if po i iv ly u k w Nor I w r h t y s f ily of

t e e e ons t n s s s eason and nti the a emen s o e . e e f . Vul ur s v r c truc t For th r s , u l st t t Mr

o as c an be on rme o t e test m on I ' am n ne to s e t his ac D ugl c ﬁ d by h r i y , i cli d di cr di 1 n of i I t ts ne e and ts in e er es e t. n t n e ie am in a cou s st , ggs , habi , v y r p c his u b l f I p rt

on rm e the test m n n He was n o m as h s u s o of . n e . e e e c ﬁ d by i y Mr Tow s d i f r d, t ll , by the n d ans of the o m a R er t a the a ifo n an lt e e all ot ers of I i C lu bi iv , h t C l r i Vu ur , lik h en s ee on the o n in the a e for a n est in s am un e the its g u , br ds gr u d , ﬁx g pl c w ps , d r

—~ ne o ests e in the a ne o n in thi s on o m n the a of pi f r , chi ﬂy lpi c u try , c f r i g with h bits h a t e f mily.

The e in the a en of an o es on s in eneri a a e gg G rd Pl ts c rr p d , its g c ch r ct ristics , with d a so d the e of the Ca tha rtes aura the C . a tra tus an t se of the ota an ggs , , l wi h tho j

I t is a so em ar a m ar e e t in s e to oc cap brasiliensis of o t m e a . S S u h A ric l r k bly i il , xc p iz ,

S ional m a e ar et es of the e of the n o S arcoram hus r hus rk d v i i gg Co d r ( p g yp ), which , n i in a n h o e e is a te and s ot e . ee e t e e o e e t e h w v r, usu lly whi u p t d I f l j ust ﬁ d , h r f r , cc pti g

a an a n r senta on os of t s s e es drawin g s uthe tic rep e ti of th e hi p ci . — Thi s egg m easure d 3% in ches in length by 212 in its greatest breadth . I ts

o n o o a of all the n o n e s of t en s a eam - o o or a gr u d c l r is th t k w gg his g u , rich cr c l r ,

- n of e s - o n on en e s o n s the ar e yellowish white . A ri g r ddi h br w c ﬂu t blotch s urr u d l g r

end ea n the es e nea ee m m a n s . A few o es a ma e , l vi g r idu rly fr fro rki g bl tch of s ll r T he a n size and lighter color are distribute d o ver the whole surface . f i t pur plish drab m ark ings no ticeable in the eggs of the pre ceding spe cies are not observable m in this Speci en . n h R o un a n T he Californ ian Vulture is conﬁne d to the wester slope of t e cky Mo t i s . It is there foun d from the extrem e southern portions of the P aciﬁc co ast of North

mer a W a n n e or and the r t s sess ons e e it a n s in A ic to shi gto T rrit y B i i h pos i , wh r bou d the an s of the o m I t w as m et t . o n sen on the summ er season . wi h by Mr T w d b k C lu bia ar s of ﬁve n re m i es a o e the m o t of t at r e o o the , upw d hu d d l b v u h h iv r, thr ugh ut

m n s n e l and st . o th of Ju , Ju y , Augu

1 T h m s s and m e ne trable arts of the ne ore s ts n ar a l se le t n the he y build in t e o t ec ret i p p pi f , i v i b y c i g lo ftie st tre e s th at ove rhang the p re cip ic e s on the d e e p e st and leas t a cc es s ible p arts of the mounta i n val d rass in e e wa m lar o the n sts le s . T he ne st is lar e om ose of stron t orn tw s an r t e y g , c p d g h y ig g , v y y Si i

f th h me a re sor for s e e ral e a rs to the sa m e o e E a le tr be but more slo enl onstru te . T e s a r t g i , v y c c d p i v y

- ne s t e s tow n l ttl tr u l r a te t on in re a r n it. T e la two nearl e t la k e s a out , b i g i e o b e o t n i p i i g h y y y j b c gg , b the s z e o f t ose of a G o ose T e at e ne rall about the l st o f une and the e r o of n u at on i h . h y h ch g y J , p i d i c b i i t - s twe n n Z l o rnal. ne or t rt a s . Da Do u las oOlo ic a u y i hi y d y ( vid g , g J ) A O T E I A N O L . P A 8 N R H M R C O O GY R T 1 .

FA M I Y F A L C O L N I D JE .

F A L C O N I N ZE .

FA L C ANA T U O M .

i W l a ere r nus IL s . A m . O rn . 1 1 a 8 4 120 l. l . F c p g , IX , , , p xxvi S A P . n 1828 . 2 . 7 . BON y , p

C . S . B. . ll I A I . R H W N F A ,

Man . 1832 TT . N 53 . U I , ,

O rn . o . A U D . B 1832 8 5 5 36 l. . i g I , , ; V , , p xvi

S n . 183 . 16 . y 9 , p

r s of A m . 1 0 l. B 84 84 . i d I , , , p xx

D E KA Y N at . H st . ork 4 . N e w Y . 18 4 13 l . 8 , i , I , , , p iii , ﬁg B f u a 18 50 l. L B r s o ﬁ . E E E 2 . M Y , i d C b , , p i , g

G and m . s 8 4 . t A P . . 8 a l a ana um e o o t 1 3 . F c , BON g C p Li , , p

C A I S n . . B r s llust. B r s of 18 54 . 8 6 . SS N , y N . A i d (I i d , p

- . G r t o k A meri an P er e r ine a l on. B lue b l . S tt VULG ea f o ted Haw . c g F c acked Fa con p o ed H l n Ha ar a l on. D u k awk . Fa co . gg d F c c

T HE am oun t of e xact inform ation in our p ossession in regard to the distribution of e es r n the eedi n season eo a a an e enera its m an this sp ci du i g br g , its g gr phic l r g g lly, n er of ee n the e en of the arat n its e s m a b e s e t is br di g , or xt t v i io s to which gg y ubj c , som e e n much m ore limited th an could be wished . To xte t this is owing to this s e e a n een so on conform ded wi the W este n e e ine Fa lco ni rice s p ci s h vi g b l g th r P r gr ( g p ,

' a s n of a n a et m re so its restriction durin the ee n season C s i ) C lifor i , but y o to , g br di g ,

es e en e and n o t e n at t e ere has een a e m et to l s fr qu t d high r h r l i ud s , wh it b r r ly with

n e e - a t ent ate n by n aturalists . But o w ll u h ic d i stance has come to my knowledge of its a n e en m et i t n the ee n seas n t of e n an h vi g b w h , duri g br di g o , sou h N wfou dl d .

A t ot e ea n has een o n t o o the en e me an on in en h r s so s it b f u d hr ugh ut tir A ric c t t ,

n es w e are ose t a its nea e at e the two a if n an s e es m a u l s to supp h t r r l iv s , C l or i p ci , y a e een s a en for t s in h n n h v b mi t k hi bird t e i sta ce s referred to . It preys chieﬂy

on sea- and e e o e for the m ost a t m et on the ast is rare up ducks , th r f r is , p r , with co , ly oun n an and its m at on and an e n s are n en e the ts of i f d i l d, igr i s w d ri g i ﬂu c d by ﬂigh ts

ha e en o n a ar o s s as n ro o a r e ame . s t e t the ent a f vo it g It b f u d , v i u o s , th ugh u ire e stern

o ast of mer a and oss e on s to the es ern a so s em a n c North A ic , p ibly b l g w t l ; but thi r i s

n in am aica and em to b e as e ta ne . . osse o ta e L d e e an . n c r i d Mr G b i d it J , b y Dr Gu d

a in a. Sir W ll am a ne ass ns erm a and a e e s ose l ch Cub i i J rdi ig it to B ud , sp ci s upp d ,

o e a e oneo s to be the sam e has een o se e i n the t a ts of th ugh p rh ps rr u ly , , b b rv d S r i 1 an T he as e e m a a e een e t e the a f s a e . o n an the a ian M g ll l t , how v r, y h v b i h r C li r i , Au tr l ,

P A T I 1 0 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y . R

My knowledge of the m arkin gs of the eggs of the Great - fo oted Hawk is lim ited s n i h T h to two s e m ens one hi is e e e e n t e a e . e o t e is p ci , of w ch r pr t d pl t ( fig h r m an e o a ne in a ea r L a o . e re a drawing taken by Dr. Trud u f o gg bt i d br d r It clos ly sem e a ar e t of the e s of the o ean e e eem esen d f er bl s v i y gg Eur p sp ci s , but s s to pr t i f a e as e m a s n en ces s ufficiently well m arke d to be reg rd d sp cific . It e sure two i ch es in 1 n 1 i a T he n o m eri an and o ean ar le gth by 1 5 n bre dth . grou d c lors of both A c Eur p e a e s - e o and o are t o e e t fine ott n s o o ate and r ddi h y ll w, b th hickly c v r d wi h d i g of ch c l

e r no s - o n ff se o e the o e e in nea e a e ee and to s f r ugi u br w , di u d v r wh l gg, rly qu l d gr , uch n T he en he m an extent as nearly to con ceal the grou d . l gth of t A erican egg is s t es but it is of e a or ea e a a and a e in m a n om ligh ly l s , qu l gr t r c p city, v ri s its rki gs fr

all the r ean s e men a a e e e m e t t . e e ar at ons t u Eu op p ci s th t I h v v r wi h Th s v i i , ho gh

a he s a ea i ra ea e the e e a re n o t so e s es e . T e c olor in r d ly t c bl by y , ily d crib d h d s of n b oth are closely alike ; the variation con sists m ore in the distribution of th ese m ark

m n s the ﬁne m a n s o a e ar tr t n . I n the o ean e e e s e i gs Eur p sp ci , rki g of ch col t di ibu d

I n the me an the se on a o n s a n n a a t n o m t . re o with e rly ex c u if r i y A ric , c d ry c lori g w

d m o e t n f e e e ea n the n o n m ore thickly an now r hi ly di fus d , h r l vi g grou d col r early

n an e t e e e omin on en and en n n a in nes o e and u ch g d , h r b c g c ﬂu t bl di g i to w v g li , bl tch s ,

T he e i n n e en e esents a m o e a e a e a ea an e dashesf . bold gg, co s qu c , pr r v ri g t d pp r c

e e m a n are a o in ea e on aro n the ar e end the e Th s rki gs ls gr t r proporti u d l g r of gg ,

c es are of a ee e S a e t a he e a a at on in the s a in s and the blot h d p r h d , so h t t r is v ri i h d g

h ma e and a e e rem e n ot no ea e i n an o ean e s a between t e s ll r l rg r xt iti s , tic bl y Eur p gg th t

I have m et with . 1 1 e e en an e to m m n n o e of t s s e e n ot cer Fig . r pr s ts gg y i d u d ubt dly hi p ci s , but

ainl a e a n e e a e the ffe en e s e e e een the m e an and t y sc rt i d , b c us di r c of p ci s b tw A ric Eu

an was not e o n e the on . is m een an and was en rop e bird r c g iz d by d or It fro Gr l d, giv

a of Fa lco ere rinus e e o e e the F. anatum is e o m e as th t p g , wh r , h w v r , suppos d t re place the true Pe regrine . F — A L C O N I D JE . I E O FA L S A H R C O C E R . 1 1

HIERO FA L CO S A CER .

al a s a er F TE P l. T ra ns . on on LXII 17 7 2 423 . F c c , ORS R , hi L d , , , l FA RI C a G roe nl a a us a B IU s una an a 17 80 . 5 F c f c , , F dic , , p 6 . l N a Fa c iner us E I S s . 17 88 a e t t. 267 . c , GM L N , y I , , l l d B a a i s an i cus C . 65 S A . I I . 18 1 7 . . 3 2 . F c , R H W N F A II , , TTA anual 1 18 32 5 1 N . U LL , M , , ,

B o . 5 5 A U D O rn. 2 . 18 3 5 47 6 l. . i g II , , IV , , p cxcvi

15 . S n. 1839 . y , p 1 B r 4 . s of A m . 18 0 8 l. i d I , , , p xix lca l b a a r a ora A U D . B. of . 1834 l. . F d , A , p cxcvi l l a a r d m 1 . 4 . a co A P . e o n G . a o . st 838 F c gy f , BON g C p Li , , p a l a an ns P i a A . ons . . F c c d c , BON C Av Hi r a l B r s llust B r s o f 1 e o o s a er C A I S n. . . . 8 5 . 4 8 9 . f c c , SS N , y N A i d (I i d , p

. A mer i an G r a lcon. The G reenlan a lcon . A mer i an Je alcon Ic l VULG c y f d F c rf . e a n d

Fa lcon.

VERY t e is t er a n t n n in e a to the eo a a di s t on lit l wi h c t i y k ow r g rd g gr phic l tribu i ,

nest n and a ts of s e e . L e the re e n it has nt er e en i g, h bi this p ci s ik p c di g, , u il v y r c tly ,

een on o n e t one ose a e and e en now we can on n e a b c f u d d wi h cl ly lli d , v ly i f r , r ther

to no a a i is an be sa ll t a tt e t. I t n est ona th id k w , h t is ribut d to u qu i bly speciﬁcally

st n t in m n on om the H is landicus and as n o s e men s ‘ he di i c , y opi i , fr p ci of t latte r are n n to a e een o ta ne nea e t s ont nent t an reen an and a k ow h v b b i d r r hi c i h G l d , s H s a cer n ot o n in ro e is res m e t o o s on ns f ent o n s is f u d Eu p , it p u d, h ugh p s ibly i u ﬁci gr u d , t a one r is e s e m e an and the t e as e s e on ne h t bi d xclu iv ly A ric , o h r xclu iv ly c ﬁ d to I ce 1 he old ont n n T he e t eme no t e n an e of th lan d and t c i e t . x r r h r r g e two bi rds m akes it no m eans m o a e t at ot are o n t o o t the ent re t e by i pr b bl h b h f u d hr ugh u i Arc ic circl , and are n ot res tricte d to e ithe r continent . ' T he H sa cer is a e m et t in the Un te ta es and onl in m nte r r ly wi h i d S t , y idwi r , but

n e en in the more n rt e n e on o me a and r is not u fr qu t o h r r gi s of N rth A ric , th oughout

’ R ar s n s e a s of it as a n s ant es en in th Greenland . ich d o p k co t r id t e Hudson s Bay ° He o e e eme s t e n at e to be 5 2 o r s . n te rrito ie supp s d its xtr ou h r l itud rth . I t w as o se e ta n a ne on the es oas of een an as far n o t as b rv d by Cap i S bi w t c t Gr l d , r h Sir n R a son o n a nest of in ne 1 821 on a o t Joh ich rd f u d this bird Ju , , built l f y pre cipice

in a e n a o s ea he e o n La e . s of on t bord rs of P i t k , l titud Mr Audubo ls p k ﬁnding ’ a ne the esent s e e nea a - d or in La a o a e on o s t st of pr p ci s r Br s br d r , pl c d high r ck , ﬁf y

m t e m m t and mo e t an on e n re om t e ase . was c fee t fro h ir su i , r h hu d d fr h ir b It om

o se s t sea- ee s and m osses a o two ee in ame e and a mos ﬂa p d of icks , w d , , b ut f t di t r, l t t .

a in m ssess on the ra n an e rom La a o was a I h ve y po i d wi g of gg f br d r, which t ken by

ame ea and is so far as am a a e the on a t ent e e enta Dr . J s Trud u , , I w r , ly u h ic r pr s tion a n a n on our n n of the egg of this specie s which h s b ee obt i ed co ti ent . I t differs es iall om all the ean e men a e een o es n e sent y fr Europ sp ci s I h v s , but c rr po ds v ry closely

1 S n e the abo e was w r tte n the ubl at on of a a e r re a be ore the P la e l a a e m in i c v i , p ic i p p d f hi d phi Ac d y

m on e ture t a t t e se s e e s a r no r s e ruar 18 5 5 b Mr. ass n in a it on rms e t e tr te to F b y , , y C i , p c ﬁ y c j c h h p ci ic d

e o a l s l s o he same t me t s a urate orn t olo s t a H. i andi cu is n t. A t t e s e t r nt ne nt . e rt n a i h c i C i y i , hi cc i h gi pp r f h u a u n o f t e r e nt t le ss on e nt o t e st n tne ss o f the two s e e s a nd is not w t o t s s o . c ﬁd di i c p ci , i h p ici h i id i y 1 2 N O T A M E I C A N O O L O . P A T R H R G Y R I .

a a m one m een an in the o le t on of the a e e . with fro Gr l d , c l c i Phil d lphi Ac d y (ﬁg

e e a a on are s e as re s m e t e are the e e n n t o . If th s v ri ti s p ciﬁc , I p u h y , ggs b lo gi g Mr

Ya re e s e him as t o e of the ean e es H is landicus are r ll , d crib d by h s Europ sp ci ( ), i So h . Hew t n prob ably those of the Am erican bird . T e same we re ﬁgured by Mr ; and as ne t e t e e n a a e n es the Ha as s n S e es i h r of h s tur lists r cog iz two wks di ti ct p ci , the y we re not likely to be onthe ir guard in referen ce to any spe ciﬁc variations in

e e . I n o ean o e n the e e e a e een n o n e th ir ggs Eur p c ll ctio s , ggs of both sp ci s h v b co f u d d

ea he all ass n as n e e H is landicus e se as e with ch ot r , p i g u doubt d ggs of , pr ci ly thos of the American Fi sh - hawk ( P andion carolinensis) are unwarrantably c onfounde d witlr t hose the o ean O e P andion ha liaetus and the two are e en re of Eur p spr y ( ), v ’ a e as en a in Hewitson s O o g rd d id tic l logy .

T he e of the H s a cer s t ar e t an t a of the H is landicus and the gg is ligh ly l g r h h t ,

e om n an o ma n a ee e - n e ene a and pr d i t c lor of its rki gs is d p r ddish brow , v ry g r lly near e a f e e its s a e n ea n the o n o o ly qu lly di fus d ov r urf c , co c li g gr u d c l r , which is 5 e and a m e e I s m as emen is 2 n e in en s a e . t e light—r , with or y llowi h sh d ur t 1 6 i ch s l gth 1 n s in a by 13 i che bre dth .

T w o s e men the e of H is landicus one om a and the t e om p ci s of gg , fr Norw y o h r fr 7— — e an mea e the s 2 the a e 2 n es . I n ot the Ic l d , sur , ﬁr t 3 6 by Hg, l tt r % by i ch b h ,

o n a e s - n is m a e s ot o n and e. O e gr u d color is dirty y llowi h whit rk d with p s , d tti gs ,

n ent o e e o s - own n e s e se a few as es a n co ﬂu bl tch s of y ll wi h br , i t r p r d with d h of d rk brow in an n ea e o or n T he ot e m a e in i cr s d pr p tio ab out the large r end. h r is rk d like manne t e o - r wn bu t m m e s a n and s o sl t and r wi h light y ll wish b o , uch or p ri gly , igh ly

n m t a n es se e am ne it o eem be of one n m o u ifor ly , h t , u l s clo ly x i d , w uld s to u ifor col r , and a a t n a e l t e . th t ligh brow , sh d d wi h y l ow

HYPO T RI O RCHI MBA S C O LU RIU S .

S a N . a l a columbar ius LI . s t. t 17 66 128 . F c , NN y I , , W A . . II I L s . m O rn 18 10 l. ﬁ . 3 . , , p xv , g

A P . S n . 1828 3 8 . BON y , p .

r C O . S A . B 1 I . I . . . 1 18 3 1 35 . R H W NS F A , , TT anual 1 832 N A 1 6 0 . U LL , M , , , l A U D . O rn . B o . 1832 466 368 is . l and m m. i g , , V , , p xxv

d . . a m st 18 38 . 4 . A P G eo . n o BON g C p Li , , p 18 3 1 A U D . S n. 9 . 6 . y , p

B r s of A m . 18 40 8 8 l. . i d I , , , p xxi ’

D E K H . A Y s N at . st . . Y . 18 44 4 l 9 . i N I , , , p . iv , ﬁg ’ l inter mixtus D A a ca I Tra t d O rn. 1800 14 1 F , UD N , i é II , , .

l . . B . 18 3 1 3 l resu an C . S A . . a a I I 7 . F c , R H W NS F A II ,

al a temer arias A U D . O rn. B o . 18 32 38 1 l. l . F c , i g I , , , p xxv ’ - E er vier de la r lin he i k . i t l al w . L a VULG . T P geon Haw L t e Corp or Ha k p C o e

IT w as at ﬁrst my in tention to omit at present giving any plate representin g the

t s e e the ea on a a e een na e to e e e a n egg of his p ci s , for r s th t I h v b u bl d cid with c rt i ty —H Y P F L N I D JE . R A C O O T I O R C H I S C O L U M B A R I U S . 13

e n n to b e so re ar ese are e a t e nea e a b twee two claima ts g ded . Th ch wi h so v ry rly qu l

a at mes a e n n ne e a e n a e the on pre tensions . th t ti I h v been s tro gly i cli d to giv lt r t ly e

n Ye s n t and it n ot ss the o t e as en e . t t e are e e t e or h r g ui h y v ry di ti c , is po ibl h y can a e e e on n to the same O ne of t e se w as o ta ne in the be v ri ti s b l gi g spe cies . h b i d

T wo s an s a o nea ran enan in the Ba of n . had een I l d , gr up r G d M , y Fu dy This b

a i h a ta ne a few e e t am e nto m sse ss on . T e e m n s of a r ob i d d ys b for c i y po i r i bi d ,

h was o w as the a en t er nm s ta a t e of t s s c e e es . whic I t ld p r , w u i k bly hos hi p i This

m a r ——" r a I r n e e es 1 n es and is n ea s e . ts o o is a n o gg su by 1 6 i ch , rly ph ic l g u d c lor t

er ea e and is m ar e a few as es a t e s - o n v y cl r whit , k d by bold d h of ligh y llowi h br w ,

t te e ar but e a o the sm a e end. e e e e o e in dis ribu d irr gul ly, chi fly b ut ll r Th r w r f ur ggs he t ne t. The a te w as arse n t te as was n o m e t an s l t r co ly co s ruc d, I i f r d , of s icks d mo ses and r m e t at a cre T he e of t e men eem dis r e e w . s , s bl d h of siz his sp ci s s p op or i n l t o ate a e for the r . es on s o e e e o e t the descri y l rg bi d It corr p d , h w v r , v ry cl s ly wi h p ’ ’ tion of the eggs of this Hawk given in Hutchin s s No tes on the Birds of Hudson s 1 Ba . s i r n 35 . e s e ese te ate 1 0 . y Thi gg r p d , Pl , fig ’ O n h o an a n aw n a en t e t e e a o of . m h r h d , I h v c py Mr Audubo s dr i g t k fro the n en s a nes as on n wa a of he H columbarius co t t of t which he w c fide t s th t t . This is l 1 n e if e en in s e S a e and mar n . I t mea e e its a v ry d f r t iz , h p , ki gs sur s fi by % i ch s , sh pe

an o on a and it is so e e ee o es of o ate at i is bl g ov l , thickly cov r d with d p bl tch ch col th ts

i r h s r an n s en e n eale . . on e e to t e e e een grou d tir ly co c d Mr Audub r f s di c p cy b tw Mr . ’ 2 H t n es t on and his own o s e at ons and a ears to a e een e u chi s s d crip i b rv i , pp h v b v ry po sitive th at the eggs which he foun d in three different in stan ces were tho se of this

Ha . e er a e n o n n an e in e en . on has wk As , how v , I h v k w i st c s which v Mr Audub

een m s a en en a a en ee n e a on ent a e es tate to a o t b i t k , wh pp r tly f li g qu lly c ﬁd , I h v h i d d p his a n n can b e e e the o t e e as erta ne to e on to a dr wi g , u til it v riﬁ d, or h r gg c i d b l g

ff own t n t a m e om an enan en di eren t species . My supposi io is h t y gg fr Gr d M is g ’ n n e and t a n ra n m a be a an e the ar - s nne i , h t Mr. Audubo s d wi g y th t of gg of Sh p hi d u Hawk (A ccip iter fusc s) .

h e n - a s e in the ee n eason t o the n e n T e Pig o h wk is di tribut d , br di g s , hrough ut orth r ee as far to the t as a n e on the t ant parts of North America . It br ds sou h M i A l ic

a n it an es e he ent e con oas and a i o n a on the a . e e t c t , C l f r i P ciﬁc At oth r s so s r g ov r ir tinent and e en an e n s a ama a and the n t e n a ts of , xt ds its w d ri g to Cub , J ic , or h r p r South

men m W n n e e os ee . me a. a e e e e a e A ric I h v r c iv d sp ci fro isco si , wh r it p sibly br ds

’ “ 1 h Hu son s Ba B r s n orms us t at t s s e e s ma e s its ne st Mr . Hut ns in his ote s on t e chi , N d y i d , i f h hi p ci k s of st s and ras s l ne w t e at e rs la n rom two to our w te e s on rock s and in h ollo w tre e , ick g i d i h f h , yi g f f hi gg , " Bore al - me r ana O n the ne t a e ar son k e w t re d s ots . auna thi nly mar d i h p (F i A ic , II , x p g , Rich d , “ his l ws l n w owe e r w as re all a ar e t of the H. columbar ius s a s : In the s p e aki ng o f Fa ca a o , hich , h v , y v i y , y " - te e s lou e at one e nd w t a few bronz e - olore s ots o vid uct th e re we re s e veral full s i z e d whi gg c d d i h c d p , ’ h e r ran e nan t an w M A u ubon s a de s cription m uch more nearly c orres p o ndi ng w ith t e gg f om G d M h ith r. d d raw i ng and d e sc rip tion. 2 ’ Hut ns s e s r t on of the e s o f t s b r is re atl at ar an e w t m own obs e r a Mr. chi d c ip i gg hi i d g y v i c i h y v t ons T he e s in t ree nstan e s w o urre at abra or w e re ﬁve t e meas ure a n n and i . gg , h i c hich cc d L d , h y d i ch t re e ua rte rs in len t an n and a uarte r in bre a t and we re rat e r e lon ate t e r roun olor h q g h , i ch q d h , h g d ; h i g d c

- f - B s o a ull e llo w s brown t l lou e w t rre ular blot e s o f dull ar re s rown. r d y i h , hick y c d d i h i g ch d k ddi h b ( i d

me r a 8 v0 8 8 A ic , , I , , . P A N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y R T I .

1 t u al f as a ns an es en amaica and . tt l e . sse s ea o Mr Go p ks it co t t r id of J , Mr N suppos d

2 "

. a n e e nstan it to n es t in the S outhern States Both re probably mistaken . I v ry i ce

e e a e e ar of the e n- a as a s mm e es en t o t a ne it wh r I h v h d Pig o h wk u r r id , s u h of M i , h s a - nn m e o n a o o b he e Ha A cci . a pr ved t e t Sh rp shi d wk ( p iter ﬁ ts cus) . Dr G b l f u d it a n an on the oas of a n a n R a on m t th in at t e bu d t c t C lifor i , Sir Joh ich rds e wi it l i ud ° 5 n 7 t and a a n a in and d . n . e a a Lem e e and or h , g i prob bly M S gr , b y , Dr Gu d a a l ch mention it as a visit n t of Cuba .

HYP O T RIO R CHIS FEM O RA LI S .

PI. C ol. 182 a s 5 l m e a . l s . 1 r 8 m l s l. l a ult le a lca emor a i T E 7 on . a F f , MM , , Liv i , p cxxi ( ) p cccx iii ( d ) A I Z oOlo o f he Be a le 18 38 Pa r 11 2 D t t 1 . 8 . RW N , gy g , , , p t t 230 . ar a us biden a u G A Y auna le na 18 47 e s . H p g g , , F Chi , , Av , p l B i i ’ t chis emor a is C A I r s o f G l s s s U . S . N av A st. E x. 11 185 5 17 H o rior l . 7 yp f , SS N , i d , ,

- A lcou or Ha leou . VULG .

T HI S an m e e es e a m be e a e as a me an as h dso Sp ci r sts its cl i s to r g rd d North A ric ,

as a o t m e an at e en n a n e s e men o a ne in N w well S u h A ric bird , pr s t , upo si gl p ci , bt i d e

“ w a ﬁn a Heerm ann . as e t in ar . L . he n e . e to t e M xico by Dr A This dul bird , r g d id

r n was at r s ose its s o e er tity of which the re ca i be no questio . It ﬁ st upp d by di c v r to

’

a new and n es e s e es and its en t T emmink s F. emora lis w as be u d crib d p ci , id tity wi h f f a e n ta se s t n e . N O e s e men t a am a a e o ee ne clo ly cru i iz d oth r p ci s , h t I w r , h v b ob i d in North Am erica .

ar n in the o a e the Bea e m en n ta n n one Mr . D wi , his Zoology of V y g of gl , tio s ob i i g m n in a s ma a e on the a ns of ata on a at es e in at e s pe ci e ll v ll y pl i P g i , Port D ir , l itud

° ’ s eem to e t Ha the n a 47 44 south . Thi would s xhibit for his wk u usu lly extende d ’ i geographical range of at l east eighty degrees of latitude . M . D O rb gny suppose d ° a m m I n s h a th at latitude 34 w s the e xtre e southe rn li it of this specie s . thi e w s Be n an s n on a er m in e o . e the e me e am a e cle rly v y uch rr r sid s i st c j u t ti d , I ssur d by

t a he n e a n an o H . s the am a of Mr . N . Bi hop h t fou d this bird v ry bu d t thr ughout P p s ° o t e n o t me a in a a e 38 so t and L e tenan s a o s u h r S u h A ric , bout l titud u h , i u t Gillis ls brought specimen s from Chile . n he H emoralis ne in o n to . a t e . Acc rdi g Mr D rwi , f builds its st low bush s This

a n of o . . arw n a s state t a he c orresponds with the observ tio s Mr. Bish p Mr D i l o s h t h found the fem ale s itting on her eggs in the beginning of January . He describes t e e he o n as on e e t of an n in n e ame e and one o t an ggs f u d igh h i ch lo g r di t r , f ur h of inch in shorter ; surface rough with white proj ecting p oin ts ; color nearly un iform

r - wn e e a e a a e t nt ene al a ea an e di ty wood bro , thickly fr ckl d with r th r d rk r i ; g r pp r c " is n o a had een e in n m ud. s e r t on t e t and oes as if it b rubb d brow Thi d sc ip i x c , d not convey a very corre ct idea of the spe cim ens in my po sses sion .

2 ’ 1 N u tal s a s f a a a 19 . t l nual 1 6 0 . he B r o m . T i d J ic , p M , , ’ —II Y F FA L C O N I D JE . P O T R I O R C HI S E M O R A L I S 15

’ h m l . D O rbi n tates a t e e ora is e e a en n t a e e M g y s th t f pr f rs dry, op cou try wi h sc tt r d

a n n ms . n s e . o . B s a so o m s m e a he met t bu h s , which Mr D rwi c ﬁr Mr i hop l i f r th t wi h this Hawk in the greatest abundanc e up on those vast plain s of South America

no n as the am a in no ees e e the omb are n and t at it k w P p s , which tr xc pt fou d, h there n ests exclusively on the tops of low bu shes hardly more than a foot or two

m the n . T he no t at all sh e m t Ha eas a fro grou d bird is y, lik os wks , but is ily p roached so nea as be ea o n p rly to r dily re c g iz ed .

. B es s a e in the o ee n s of the Lon on oo o a et 1843 Mr ridg t t s , Pr c di g d Z l gic l Soci y ( , a h H m ra lis a n in som a s p . th t t e f e o is tr i ed e p rt of South America for the

ma e a na e and t a e eeme the a pursuit of s ll r g lli c ous birds , h t it is highly st d by Chili n d a one s . I t er s oon e me e e an l e en mas e n f lc r v y b co s quit docil , wil v follow its t r withi a few weeks of its capture . a m n n B m n e e to m e s ee e e . a a e H . s e f , N , d I i d bt—d y t d fri d Mr th i l i hop of M d or , assa se ts a o n and ent s ast na a s se ea in the s of M chu t , y u g hu i ic tur li t, who z l tudy n a a or om e him a one na e and at the s of e to e o e tur l hist y pr pt d , l , u id d , ri k his lif , xpl r the a a ns of o t m e a e e t a m e e lad in ea and a e rid pl i S u h A ric , whil y r y rs st tur , though

se a n t e e e t the o se and are s of m at e ea s — his ob rv tio s h r xhibi cl c ful tudy ur r y r , for two e e e o a n ﬁne sp ecimens of the eggs of this Hawk . Th y w r bt i ed by him in the mids t h m The n es on a ne he e and was t e a a . t on the of P p s t c t i d but t s two , buil top of a m he n low nte ee a two ee o t . I t was on t e bush or stu d tr , h rdly f t fr grou d c s ruct d ,

me a ns and e a orat on t e e a es and dr ea es . with so p i l b i , of wi h r d gr ss y l v

- 3 T he e in m o ssess on m eas e one 1 n es in en t n es in ggs y p i ur , 1 3 i ch l g h by 5 i ch — ea t the ot er n es 1 e n ot mate a om the meas r br d h , h i ch by 3 This do s rially v ry fr u e i f the e s t . s men en ar n . T he o n o o o e o e e is so t giv by D wi gr u d c l r gg whi Thi , h w v r,

and so ene a s e t fine o n m a n s t at the te o n thickly g r lly tudd d wi h br w rki g , h whi gr u d nd its eal hu e is a s n has a s t a e aran e a s a e . O e to the eye ru y pp c , r h rdly di ti gui h bl v r the en e s a e of the e t e an n n e n m e fi ne o t n of a tir urf c gg is dis ribut d— i fi it u b r of d t i gs , a n a O e s a color mo st nearly appro aching a raw terr sie n brown . v r thi gain are larger

m a e of an - e nes and s a e a an e e n . I n the e blotch s , li , pl sh s of h dso sh d V dyk brow gg a m e e en e in the a e a e 3 . t ese e a n are m m o e r pr s t d pl t (Pl t , fig h l rg r rki gs uch r d e a fin f e en an in the e e men an e e e e . T he a te fr qu t th oth r sp ci , produc quit f ct l t r s e men e m a e the ne s t n n a few p ci is chi fly rk d with fi r ru ty do ti gs , but with o ly

- has in n e en e a m e n and e eas e an e n. blotch s of V dyk brow It , co s qu c , or di gy l ss pl in eff g ect . ’

A E . P A 1 6 N O R T H M R I C A N o oL O G Y R T I .

T INN U N CU L U S S PA R VE RIU S .

N at. 7 12 . a l a s ar ver ius LI . S s t. 1 66 8 F c p , NN y I , , VV A m . rn . 18 10 l I L s . O . ﬁ . 1 and . . l ﬁ . 2 II , , p xvi , g , IV , p xxxii , g

P . 1 . . A S n . 828 27 BON y , p

B . . C . S A . . I (Se I 18 3 1 3 1 . R H W NS F A II , ,

TT A a n al 1 2 N u 1 83 58 . U LL , M , , ,

O rn . B o . 1835 A . 246 3 l U D 7 0 . l . i g II , , V , , p cx ii

S n. 18 39 . 17 . y , p

B s f m 1 4 l r o A . 8 0 9 0 . i i . i d I , , , p xx

N . H D E KA Y at s t. N e w York 18 44 16 l ﬁ . 16 . , i , I , , , p . vii , g l i m ni cens is G M . S s t N at . 1 8 28 5 . a ca d o . 7 8 F , y I , ,

i s . G e o . and om s . Cer chne s ar vcr us A P . i t 18 38 5 . p , BON g C p Li , , p l l S . 1 . a a r a i is W . C ab C c . 8 38 . 28 1 F c g c , y , p

Fa l c nna m n S . a . c 1 8 mo W . . a i i us C b C 8 38 2 1 . c , y , p

a lca i sa bellinus F ,

l A S n . . B r s llu . B Tinnuncu us s a rver ius C I . s t r s o f 1 85 4 92 . p , SS N , y N A i d (I i d , p .

Z oOlo o f U . S . a al strono m al E e t on 11 18 55 1 7 . gy N v A ic xp di i , , , 6

- - H wk . L ttle Rus t r wne l n . h S a rr ow i L ittle l . VULG T e p a y C o d Fa co . Fa con E nier illon de m l d a S t . D min u . ittle a wk . E er i lon e enne o g e L H C y .

T HIS s e e is one of the m o s t e s t te of mer an s ha p ci s wid ly di ribu d North A ic bird , v ° ing been me t with from latitude 50 n orth to the m ost e xtreme so uthern p oint of m a a ta n n o n a o n am ne I n th a o t er . t e tr ts of a a S u h A ic C p i Ki g f u d it P i t F i S i M ge ll n .

o n R ar son s e a s of it as a n an on the an s of the a a e an I n Sir J h ich d p k bu d t b k S sk tch w , n the n eighb orh ood of the Carlton Hou se . D arwi obtained it in Patagonia and m e e D e a a and n a a a e . a e a Le e s an r the ast P ru M cl y , b y , S gr , Gu dl ch giv it Cub bi d , l

of om n ms me t at it ee s t ere . M r . ease o ta ne it in e L e wh i for h br d h P b i d M xico , i u

m e o n a n ant t o o enan s in e . a t a orn a as a s t t Gilli s Chil ; Dr G b l f u d it bu d hr ugh u C lif i , l o

h s n i r s rr . on on t e Ye e n the e t e t n o ra w e s a . did Mr Audub llow to , No thw T i ory ( N b k ) ’ s Ha o a ee s t o o t m e a om H son Ba M ex Thi wk pr b bly br d hr ughout N r h A ric , fr ud s y to ico and rom a n a fo n a t it are in the N ew n an a e t e . , f M i to C li r i , hough is r E gl d S t s It

on tr n o n es m a e u se of o ree the ese e e a oo e e c s ucts t , but k s h llow t s , d rt d hol of w dp ck r, ’ - I l as m an a ﬁ I n n or e en an old e s nes t. ts e s are s a s ve m er and v cr w gg u u l y y u b , h n n e e en m e t w e en i n a s n e n es t . T e ro n of he e s Mr . Audubo o c v ith s v i gl g u d t gg

- Int e m a n s t e a con is u sually a dark cream color or a light buff. h ir rki g h y v ry id a e m a ne in a an e e ere t the en e s er bly . Fiv fro st M ryl d w r cov d hroughout tir a e t sm a es and n of a n at me on en and f c wi h ll blotch dotti 0gs light brow , ti s c ﬂu t , , fre en a the a e nd an h e e in a s n e n an e not more t t e t e m a e . xc pt i gl i st c , qu l rg r th s ll r h o es O t e the n ents of a ne t o a n e . n in t e t e to h rs , co t s bt i d by Mr Audubo N r hw t T rri ry, had a n of a t f n e ar ns e e e t at the a e end t grou d color ligh bu f, ly u pott d , xc p l rg r , wi h I n o t e n e e e a e e and s as e s of a ee a e . only a few l rg blotch s pl h d p chocol t h rs , i t rsp rs d

- o m a n are a few of a m ee e a e . I n me the with the light br wn rki gs uch d p r sh d so ,

ﬁne m a n s of f nea n o m in e and o o and e ggs are covered w ith rki g bu f, rly u if r siz c l r ; Wt ines and de a e of n a n t o thers again are m arked i h l bol r d sh s brow , of disti c ly

e e e en e a e and en l as nea con reddish shad , ov r th ir tir surf c , oft so thick y rly to

A I . 1 8 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y . P R T

an a O n n e ne e e m . n e e . ur e v i o ly k owl dg of its st is d riv d fro Mr Audubo , who obs rv d

e e Ha s in the ea ne o e enns an a and on the an of the th s wk Gr t Pi F r st of P ylv i , b ks l f a e a ara R e nea the alls . He e r e as a e on the an es o e Ni g iv r , r F d sc ib s it pl c d br ch tr ,

and nea the n . n e was one of ea e and e em e a of a o r tru k This st gr t siz , r s bl d th t Cr w in the . m anne of ns n was m a e as ma e t e e r its co tructio , but uch ﬂ tt r . It w d of wi h r d

and a e a a in n an e em n em . twigs co rs gr ss , with l i g of ﬁbrous strips of pl ts r s bli g h p i a no e o n . n n the m n n a ne ee e e A th r , f u d by Mr Audubo , o th of April, co t i d thr ggs r dy

be a I the n m e a m en s e e . n an e w s . The n e to h tch d oth r, u b r four o ly sp ci of thi gg a a a n r m ea e e e e een w s o e m e n O nea e e an . th t I h v v r s f o North r hio , r Cl v l d Its sur —5 m n a e t are 2 n es. I n a e nea s er a e s 1 5 by i ch its sh p , it is rly ph ic l ; its surf c is rough and granulate d ; its ground color is a soil ed white with a hardly p erceptible a of s ma e r e la e a sh de blui h . It is rk d i r gu rly with large but quite faint blotch s of dr b a d - n yellowish brown.

A CCIP IT ER FU S CU S .

l a us cus E I S s t. N at. 17 8 8 280 . Fa c f , GM L N , y I , ,

S . A P . n . 18 28 A . 433 . BON y pp , p V 8 . . I 1 3 5 l. l . A UD O I n B o . 8 22 i g , , , p ccc xxiv

al a ubius E I S st . N at. 17 8 8 28 1 . F c d , GM L N , y I , ,

m . S t . 1 07 2 . i t s tri atus VI E IL L . O is . A e 18 4 A cc p i er , p , ,

a l a velar I . A m . O rn. 18 12 1 16 . F c , W LS V , , N TTA anual 1 1 832 87 . U LL , M , , ,

A P . S n. 18 38 . 29 . BON y , p

W . O al a enns lvani us I . A m rn. 18 12 13 . F c p y c , LS VI , ,

rvius lineatus VI E IL L . E n . e t . III 1823 1266 . Sp a , cyc M h , ,

iter rin illoides VIG . Z oOl. our . III 1827 434 . A ccip f g , J , ,

A i iter enns lvani us I C . dz S A I . . B. . 183 1 7 4 . cc p p y c , R H W N F A II , ,

N isus ma ni LE . Tra t 18 3 1 5 8 . lﬁ , SS i é , I , ,

A P G . o . s t 18 38 . 5 . A i iter us cus . eo and m cc p f , BON g C p Li , , p

C A I S n . . . B r s llust. B r s of 1854 . SS N , y N A i d (I i d , p

A stur uscus A U D . S n . 183 9 . 18 . f , y , p

B r s of A m . 1840 100 l. . i d I , , , p xxv

LE BE E . de la sla de u a 1850 . 16 . M Y , Av I C b , , p

- - l Hawk . A meri an Brown Hawk . Shar skinne Hawk . S late o or ed hicken VULG . p d c c C

M u a . A utour d B ec Sinense . Cer ni calo ora o b Hawk . d (C )

HIS e es one the m mm n Ha me a and eo T sp ci is of ost co o wks of North A ric , its g ’

a an e o e the en re n nen rom H n Ba e . o n graphic l r g c v rs ti co ti t , f udso s y to M xico Sir J h Richardson mentions its h aving been m et with as far to the north as latitude

W o a S ot a re are b eute nant Blan of the o al E n ne e rs and Mr. o n R . ll s of bi rds of N v c i , p p d y Li d R y gi J h i i In t s atalo ue the A s tur atri ca illus is en as a b r of t at Pro n e m rator and Halifax . hi c g , p giv i d h vi c , ig y

tole rably common. 1 B r s of mer a 8 vo 97 . i d A ic , ( ,) I , — A E F S C S . FA L C O N I D JE . C C I P I T R U U 1 9

m ann . a n Drs G mbel and Heer both speak of it as abundant in California . Audubo a found it very plentiful as far north as the southern shore of the Gulf of St . L w

n has e en o a ne in M r . e e . N M cC all in e ew e . r c It b bt i d M xico by Mr , M xico by

d in W as n on e D r . eas an d . . B t e . oo e an e P , hi gt T rritory by Dr C p r Dr Suckl y o h

n a and Lem e e e a a e e in a Gu dl ch b y giv it as a Cub n species . It w s not discov r d J

m a a . e n or am a a e a has e e een of e . ic by Mr Goss , I w r th t it v r b de te cte d s outh M xico

has een a e a ne om m own o e at on as e as t ose of o ers to It b sc rt i d , fr y bs rv i s w ll h th , ee in a a e N ew e e W n s n a i o n a and enn an a and br d M ss chus tts , J rs y , isco i , C l f r i , P sylv i ,

o a e so in the n e en n a e and e e and n ee . in all ex it pr b bly do s i t rv i g St t s T rritori s , i d d , e t a c p perh ps the most southern .

“

e e . l a was na e as e o ﬁnd the nes N ith r Mr W i son nor Mr. Nutt ll so fortu t ev r t t of

s . . n ea a n m et t ree and all in f e en s t a thi bird Mr Audubo sp ks of h vi g wi h th , di f r t i u

n . O n e was in a e in a on the an the O o R e an e was tio s hol rock , b ks of hi iv r oth r in the o o a o en an nea L s i e K an d the t in the or h ll w of br k br ch , r oui v ll , y , hird f ks of a lo ak n I n a t and s m w o ea Hen e n . the e the nes w as s , r d rso , Ky ﬁrst c s , t ligh i ply n t e of a few and om e as e a e es s n e en and a o co s ruct d sticks s gr s s , c r l ly i t rwov , b ut two fee t from the entran ce of the hole . I n the se con d instan ce there was n o nes t

a e e in the r the e e en a e in the on on of an wh t v r ; but thi d , birds w r g g d c structi

’ e a o a as in on e tan e and ﬁve in e ne . T he n m e the e w ns l b r t st u b r of ggs four i c ,

an e . He e e em as a m e a o n e at ot en ou oth r d scrib s th l ost qu lly r u d d b h ds , th gh s omewha t elon ated ei o n o e t a i n e ar e g , th r gr u d col r whit wi h l vid ti g , but sc c ly dis cernible amid the num erous markings and blotches of re ddish - cho colate with which

I n a w as ar e and e a o a e con e e e i e ul a e e . ne th y w r rr g rly cov r d st , which l g l b r t ly

R . t r r i e of s and n a ne ﬁve e o n . H . e n on struct d ticks , co t i d ggs , f u d by Dr S o C cord ,

a s e e was a n e e nea o es on t t e s n . M s , th r si gl gg which rly c rr p ds wi h his d criptio It is e er the on One am on teen s e m en a e een t a at all , how v , ly g ﬁf p ci s which I h v s h t m en a t e m e t an a e on ate and its a e e i . e n gr s w th it This sp ci is lit l or h usu lly l g , grou d

o a i e nea on ea e e of ar s a e col r, which is purpl sh whit , is rly c c l d by its blotch s v ious h d s

- 4 5 . I n e e o t e n s an e a n . e e e en e on a e . e of s pi brow This gg is r pr s t d Pl t V, ﬁg v ry h r i t c , the e e near e a the un o o te and be autiq m a e gg is v ry ly sph ric l , gro d c l r whi , y rk d a e n en e of e a a n in e m a e to a e with l rg co ﬂu t blotch s s pi , v ryi g d pth fro quit light v ry

I ne e e n en m a n o m a oa e a n the en e a a e . n o d rk sh d , th s co ﬂu t rki gs f r br d b lt rou d c tr

I n e e are e st e a o one end. T he ont as the e . of gg oth rs , th y chi ﬂy di ribut d b ut c r t e n and the a on en a e n e ea if be tween the whit grou d d rk c ﬂu t d sh s of brow is v ry b ut ul , and e e in s e the e of t ea a m a e e em an e to ose of the , xc pt iz , ggs his bird b r rk d r s bl c th

‘ - I n a fe ins an e the b o n m a n a e a a of e . w Sp arrow h wk Europ t c s , r w rki gs h v purplish and re ddish inte rmixture . I n a m ajority of the in stance s in which I have known of the e xisten ce of the nest

Ha has een n e in ee . s a a e in on of this wk , it b co struct d tr s It is u u lly l rg proporti to

e of the and m a e a are me a e a o ate - e e the siz bird , its t ri ls so wh t l b r ly put tog th r ; it is

m e e of a e and and the e a m e e co pos d chi ﬂy l rg sticks twigs , whol pl tfor is cov r d with ' hi a m e a n ea e m o e as . O hn e of a e t thin lini g of dry l v s , ss s , gr s , Mr J Krid r Phil d lp

t a n est in N ew e se in the n t of a t was lt on the e e wi h J r y, vici i y th t ci y, which bui dg

f or e Ha ten k n wn a o . e s n e are a of high r ck W h re uch opportu iti s f d d , this wk is of o i to frequent s imilar Situations ; but its nest is m ore usually foun d n trees . P A T I . 20 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y. R

III ﬁ s 23 T he e re en e on a e . and 24 are h m o e omm on ar e e t e es . ggs r p s t d Pl t , g , r c v i ti m th am 2 and 4 ate e e o e e n a n . H . s. 3 5 e and o t e R . Fig (Pl V) w r fr s st , b i d by Dr T he e to e in on ass . e in . 24 was ta ne in N e w e e S r r C cord, M gg copi d ﬁg ob i d J rs y by

o n e of a e a. J h Krid r, Phil d lphi

A C CIPIT E R CO O PE RII .

l . S 1828 . . 4 3 c o er i i A P n. Fa a o 3 . c p , BON y , App p

A O . m . rn 1828 . 1 . II , , p G . d o m . s 1 . A s u c erii A P . e o a n t r oo t 838 . 5 p , BON g C p Li , , p

A U D . S n. 18 3 9 . 18 . y , p

B 0 . r s o f A m . 184 9 8 l . i d I , , , p xxiv d la s la d u a 18 5 0 L B . . E E E e e . 17 M Y , Av I C b , , p l l i A . O rn B a a s an e i D . o l. . t U . 18 34 1 8 6 F c y , i g I , , , p xxxvi

1835 245 l. l . II , , , p cx i i it A c er coo eri i A n . . l s . S . f 18 54 C I B r s lu t B r s o . 96 . c p p , SS N , y N A i d (I i d , p ’ - Ha . n m . oo er s Ha wk . S t l z a n e wk He Ha wk . A or er ca VULG C p y A i na (Cuba ) .

’ C ooPE R s Ha e ommon the Un e a e a es wk is quit c throughout it d St t s , but prob bly do e en i s m at ons m a all e on the m t of the Un not t t t n. e s x d igr i uch , if , b y d li i s io It is

e ciall a n an in the e tate and a t ar so a on the an the p y bu d t Middl S s , p r icul ly l g b ks of ‘ m at on e n i o toma R e . a e e e ve e a e n r e n e m n P c iv r I h v r c i d r li bl i fo i of its br di g V r o t ,

a sa e s O o a an n a and o t a na . I t n o e n e M s chus tt , hi , M ryl d , Virgi i , S u h C roli u d ubt dly sts

n em e and . n a e a in all the interveni g State s . L b ye Dr Gu dl ch giv it s a res ident of a and a t o it has n ot e t een a e a ne to ea n in t a Cub , l h ugh y b sc rt i d r r its you g h t

’ a th a m t h s an is o e se . . os se n ot ee t e o e Ha i l d , such pr b bly c Mr G did t wi h C op r s wk

am e and Heerm ann o n it e a n an in Jam aica . Drs . G b l f u d v ry bu d t throughout Cali L e enan e o ta ne s a n ea an an s and S . oo fornia . e e e i ut t Trowbridg b i d v r l r Fr ci co , Dr C p r l othe rs in W ashington Te rrito ry . ? men of e s om o t a o na e a n My speci s its gg fr S u h C r li wer obt i ed by Me ssrs . A . D he sons o t Jr . t f and . . R ev. . . t o e t H in t a M A Cur is , , M A Cur is , of S ci y ill , h t n has n n s e m t s Se . e t the o n r a e . . e t n of St t Mr Cur i , ki dly fur i h d wi h foll wi g d sc ip io ’ its nest : T he nes t of the Co op er s Hawk w as built in the triple fork of a tall mul om n a he to the t ee s too in a um N ss a t e t a s am . bl ck g ( y iﬂ ) , r p of r , which d w p

s w as o me a a e of ma st s to n in am e e . e e na T he ne t f r d of l y r s ll ick , i ch di t r Its xt r l o s a e was in in i ame ter va e om 1 t 2 ee . t ne t on d ri d fr % f t Thi l y r ch hick ss , wi h ly

1 ‘ re re e nt n e st at ons ow s H w n T M o c i v ig i Sh thi a k to be abu d ant in e xas and N ew M e xic o. T he G ov S r e art e s a e o ta ne nume ro us s e m s e rnme nt u v y p i h v b i d p ci e n in both re gio ns . 2 he a o w as e a re for he re s s M r. . s s S n e t e r t D . urt to w ose k n ne s I am e fl in i c b v p p d p , A C i , h i d chi y te for a e rta n e nt at on o f the e o f t s Haw has e e n tak e n ro m the e l in w he de b d c i id ific i gg hi k , b f fi d hich

a d alre a e n so m u ro m s e o f uture s t n t on b a n e a rl e at . T he w r te r annot o m t the h dy giv ch p i f di i c i , y y d h i c i

as on o a the as s n tr bute o f his re ar fo r t at w Mr. urt s had t us o un ontr bute o cc i t p y p i g i g d h hich C i , h y g , c i d

o he ause o f s e nt re se a r and o f his re re t fo r the los s o f the r ro m s e the uture s e e me t t c ci iﬁc ch , g ich p i f d

to hol out rom his nte re st z eal and ntell e nt n est at on in natural s e n e . d , f i , , i ig i v ig i ci c — B T O E A S . FA L C O N I D E . U E O B R L I 21

a s e ess on in the ent e a en ee the e r m n light d pr i c r , h rdly ough to k p ggs f o rolli g out . f ne ar o m e h ed for the A fe w thin piece s o pi b k f r d t e b eggs .

ta ne in R an a e . a t o h t . ne no t e n es V . d A h r , b i d dolp , by C h rl s S P i , Esq , is thus e

e him in a le e : The ne s was em and n scrib d by tt r t built of h lock twigs , li e d with

ma n e e em o a s as an se on the ee . T he Ha s ll , thi pi c s of h l ck b rk , uch h g loo ly tr wk ,

w en the nes w as a a e not st e as som e t e a am h t ppro ch d , did whi l , o h rs of th t f ily do , bu t uttere d a c ry of G e " ge l ge l ge l This w as rep eate d several tim es with great

a o m a e and ema e . r pidity, by b th l f l

h a e a e of h - n h T e v r g siz e t e eggs of this bird is 1 by i che s . T e color is a l a n o m l e o as na t n e a s a usu l y u if r dul whit , but cc io lly i g d with slight bluish h de .

e are nea s e a o le s o an the e e e a S e e and are Th y rly ph ric l , th ugh ss th ggs of s v r l p ci s ,

a a t an ate . T h e qu l t eith e r end. Their surface is sligh ly gr ul d e number of the eggs ar e om t ee o o a ona t e e are ﬁ ve in a ne The e v i s fr hr to f ur , th ugh occ si lly h r st . gg is a n e m a na and om the ne e me t ne . ﬁgur d fro South C roli , fr st bov io d

B U T E O N I N ZE .

BUT EO BO REA LIS .

l a bor ealis E I S s t. N at. 17 88 . 266 . Fa c , GM L N , y I , , p ii I m . O rn. 18 08 l. l ﬁ . 1 . . A W LS VI , , p , g

. 1 5 . B . 18 3 0 C . I . S A I . R H W NS F A II , ,

18 32 2 5 3 8 l. l B o . 6 7 i. D . O rn . A U i g I , , V , , p

N TTA a nual 1 18 32 102 . U LL , M , , ,

l a leveri anus E I S st. N at. 17 8 8 2 66 . Fa c , GM L N , y I , ,

I m B o . 18 12 7 8 l. 111 O rn. ﬁ . 2 . . A . W LS i g VI , , , p , g

l amai censis E I S st. N at. 17 8 8 266 . Fa ca j , GM L N , y I , ,

lca a uilinus A T A Tra . 17 9 1 . 290 . Fa q , B R R M , v , p ’ uteo er r u inicaudus VI E I L L . O is . d A m . S e t. 1 1807 32 . B f g , p , ,

i iter r u caudus 47 . A cc p ﬁ ,

t o alvus VI E IL L . N ouv. D t . 18 16 47 2 . Bu e f , ic , IV , V 7 anus VI E I L L . N ouv. D ie t . 1 8 16 I 47 . B uteo americ , , ,

P and o m . s t 18 38 . 3 . uteo bor ea lis A . G e o . B , BON g C p Li , , p

6 . U D . S n . 18 39 . A y , p

B r s o f A m . 18 40 32 l. . i d I , , , p vii

G s s e B r s of a m a a 18 47 . 1 1 . o , i d J ic , , p

L s la de u a 18 50 . 18 . E B E E . de la M Y , Av I C b , , p B r s of 5 B r s llust. 18 4 CA I S n. . . . 97 . SS N , y N A i d ( I i d , p

- - l R d taile Buz z ar . A m ri a / - H wk . e e n B z U . The Red tai e a u z ar d V LG d d d c . IVhite breasted

- - l The Hen Ha wk . G avilan oli ro o u a . at a e H wk . Hawk Gr e E g a C j (C b ) .

T HE R ed- tailed Hawk of the Atlantic State s is an othe r of the R aptorial family th at appe ars to be ve ry widely distributed through out the N orth Am erican conti

nen . o n to R a n at e mm n in the n e t Acc rdi g ich rdso , it is r h r co o fur cou tri s , which it A M E I C A N L O . P A T 1 22 N O R T H R O O G Y R .

s in mme and e e a as na ee . . o e a e t a vi its su r , wh r lso it occ io lly br ds Mr G ss st t s h t it is the m ost mm on of s am l in ama a of s an it a es en co bird thi f i y J ic , which i l d is r id t , and e e t o he ne e m e t t ne m e he was ass e o t e wh r , h ugh v r wi h its st hi s lf, ur d by h rs 1 em e e and D r . n a o n in t r sts th at it does bree d . Mr . L b y Gu dl ch b th i clude it hei li of ha the of a and the a e a o ma as ee n in a an . s birds Cub , l tt r ls rks it br di g th t isl d It een e e in a O and W s n n and n o t n mm n b obs rv d Florid , Mississippi , hio , i co si , is u co o I in all the N ew n an ate e e es en o the ea . n the E gl d St s , wh r it is r id t thr ughout y r a n an in h Southern State s it is m ost bu d t t e winte r m onths .

ome a e e a e e e s or a t n ose ent a e e S doubts h v pr v il d wh th r thi , dis i ct but cl ly id ic l sp ci s , n on the a oas and now eem te o a e t a the B uteo bor ea lis is fou d P ciﬁc c t , it s s qui pr b bl h t 2 not o n e e . s e es i e a n ant in a rn a has nt e ent is f u d th r A p ci qu t bu d C lifo i , u il r c ly,

h B u teo s wa ins ni . . m ann D r a Mr ass n H eer . m e en s ose to be t e o . b e upp d C i , Dr , G b l ,

d er a e ta en s rn a o be a s an W s t t t e e . T h r . ea e e e e D Trud u , oth s , h v k thi t v ri y h t p ci s

s m n h B swains oni s n e e xamination of three undoubted peci e s of t e veritable . ﬁr t i duc d

ass n e e his e in e e t the W e s e n a e es and for a le t o Mr . C i to r vis vi ws r sp c to t r v ri ti , whi regard them as e xhibiting no difference s but s uch as are consistent with a speciﬁc l o n o r n as no a e . h identity with the bo ea is . To this pi i I w t quite bl to subscribe T e eggs of the W este rn birds had been describe d to m e as exhibitin g such constant and

e - m a e a a on m e the omm n Red- a a o not e e e w ll rk d v ri ti s fro thos of c o t il , th t I c uld b li v them to b elong to the sam e bird . ’ a s a a Soon afte r the publication of Mr . C s iu s v lu ble p aper up on the Falconidae of 3 me a e e e him in e of the n an dif e en e et een the North A ric , I xpr ss d to , vi w co st t f r c b w e the as e n and W e e n a e e a e e a the e m the W es ggs of E t r st r v ri ti s , b li f th t , if ggs fro t

e e ose of a Red- ta e Ha the a e o b e n b e a s n e e w r th il d wk , l tt r w uld fou d to di ti ct, how v r

d n o t ou r a d - a a sel a e s e e an e n R e e H . e e an at on clo y lli d, p ci s , E st r t il d wk Th s ticip i s

m . ass n has n a have b een fully conﬁr ed Mr . C i si ce s tisfactorily ascertained the e xist 4 en e a n stan of f e en a a e ea st n the e s e n c of co cy di f r t ch r ct rs , which r dily di i guish W t r

om the e - n o n e e of the an a es e the e a t es of bird fr w ll k w sp ci s Atl tic co st , b id s p culi ri i

e e and the fferen e t e r e all of a ea to be s fﬁ en th ir voic di c of h i ggs , which pp r u ci tly

a e a s the w o a e e a s e a e e ffe en we ll m rked to st bli h t v ri ti s s p ciﬁc lly distin ct . Th s di r ces

e e r n ot e ess . a and n en the o m e m e e w r ﬁ st ic d by M rs Nutt ll Tow s d , f r r of who d scrib d 5 a a n the W e stern bird s dis ti ct sp ecie s .

1 oun r en n orms me t at he late l ne w of the nest of t s Haw a lar e mass ne ar the to A y g f i d i f h y k hi k , g p

- of an mme ns e otton tre e nto w he o se r e the old r s re ue ntl o . It was a t onte nt in the i c , i hich b v d bi d f q y g C ,

ar s of S t . E l z a et . T he ant m ens ons of the tre e re n e re its s umm t er e tl na e ss le p i h i b h gig ic di i d d i p f c y i cc ib ,

‘ " ’ d ar i ula r e a minat on. and re ve nte t c G osse s B r s of a ma a . p p x i ( i d J ic , p 1 A s it now app e ars to be a w e ll- ascerta i ne d fact that the c ommon variety of California is a diffe re nt

r ro m the Re d- ta le Hawk o f the tlant S tates it e ome s a matte r of mu ntere st to e ne the bi d f i d A ic , b c ch i d ﬁ l m ts of the two s e es and to a s e rta n to w at e te nt an t e re uent o mmon roun s . i i p ci , c i h x , if y , h y f q c g d

Th e re is at p rese nt no re ason for d oubti ng the id e ntity of the We st- Indian bi rd w i th that o f the Atlantic

S tates .

’ 3 f la e l a 8 or m r Pro ee n s o P a e m ar 1 5 5 . a s in s ote s on t e an e bru . 27 9 C s c di g hi d p hi Ac d y , F y , , p N N h A ic

Falc onid ae.

1‘ Pro e e n s of P la el a a e m e ruar 18 5 6 . 3 9 . c di g hi d p hi Ac d y , F b y , , p 5 ’ N ut all s anual 1 1840 1 12 . t M , , , — E A S . P A L C O N I D zE . B U T E 0 B O R L I 23

T he B uteo borea lis n s a a e ne m e e e na l a e and co tructs l rg st, co pos d xt r l y of co rs sticks and ne t r e asse m and ea e for the m a in the twigs , li d wi h d i d gr s , oss , l v s , built ost p rt T he e ar o . n f rk of a lofty tree ggs e usually four in umbe r.

en e in a 1 a n n a a em a . was T he e e es e 11 ﬁ . 6 was e e gg r pr t d Pl t g , obt i d r S l , M ss It he a en m a u ent e t a n een S m her ne . a e e f lly id iﬁ d , p r t bird h vi g b hot fro st It v ri s so wh t in its s a e rom an the e of Ha a a e et met w t e n h p f y of ggs this wk th t I h v y i h , b i g

rif d n end . m 2 n e onn an o e m o e o nte t an the o e . m eas e % p y , — uch r p i d h th r It ur s i ch s in en 1 in ea . I ts o n a e e is ar l gth by 13. br dth gr u d color is y llowish whit , which p

iall n m e a he h n a ar e n of h s ot and t e x , r t r t a e e , m e y i t r i d with h cov r d by l g u b r purplis p s

e e a n ma n are o n in all the e Ha blotche s . Th s f i t purplish rki gs f u d of ggs of this wk

a a e een in one are m o e t an a e en . O e e e re th t I h v s , but this r h usu lly fr qu t v r th s p

a l e a e n of o e and m a n - of ne a s e a s a e v i irr gul r coll ctio s bl tch s rki gs , u qu l iz , of light h d

‘ the a em of m e . e was e en e me se e a ea n e Dutch u b r This gg pr s t d , v r l y rs si c , by S l

a a H e now n n as t he e n e . N tur l istory Soci ty, k ow Ess x I stitut —4 in en a en in a e . 1 7 a a e e m eas n 2 n e Th t giv Pl t II , ﬁg , is l rg r gg , uri g 1 6 i ch s l gth a so a n a a n s m an by leg in breadth . It l v ries in the color of its seco d ry m rki g fro y ’ - Red a e Ha e t a a e seen . o n o a e o s e t il d wk s gg h t I h v Its gr u d col r is y ll wi h whit , m e and t e e s a n a n n e e e e m a . i t r ix d h r h r , but p ri gly, with obscur rki gs of dull purplish O e the en e a e of the e f u e a on e o n m os nea v r tir surf c gg is di f s d light t of br w , t rly

- a a n a n m e . e am ne a o e m a n n a ppro chi g bur t u b r If x i d with p w rful g ifyi g gl ss , this o o a ea s o be s e in sma anul at ons e a n o e the o e e c l r pp r t di tribut d ll gr i , pr v ili g v r wh l gg , e om n a n at the m a e end and on e e as m n an n the but pr d i ti g s ll r , ly th r su i g ythi g of n n m an e a and one a a e of e e . e a ch r ct r blotch s or co ﬂu t spots This gg is l ost x ct ovoid, a in e e e m n om end n s t m e an the o e . was a en B is o ly ligh ly s ll r th th r It t k th l , V r o t , fr a es on a ne ree n W n e e e in B on the hi n . e t which c t i d th you g birds h r c iv d ost , c ck was a e in the e and on an o en n e n m a e in the e e e a a s a e liv gg, up p i g b i g d sh ll , s v r l d y ft r was a en the n Ha was e e ma e e ea e l an a e n e it t k , you g wk quit liv ly, d r p t d y udibl ois , a d e a f an a e em a e and unn a n liv d h l hour ft r its pr tur atur l delivery. 1 d A n e a ne in an e a s o e . an a u a e an gg obt i d D v rs , M s , by Augustus F wl r, Esq , cc r t

1 a . a e a e n n e e en e in a e . 7 m obs rvi g or ithologist , is r pr s t d Pl t II , ﬁg It is l ost sph roid l d is mea e in a e and ne e en e e ma e t an the e . its sh p , ith r p rc ptibly s ll r h oth r It sur s

1 T he ollow n obse at ons in r ar to the a ts of t s Haw as not e Mr. owle r are f i g rv i e g d h bi hi k , ic d by F , e tra te rom a le tte r b t at entle man ate D an e rs - Port D e e m e r 25 185 6 x c d f y h g , d d v , c b ,

he rst of r l. Thi s s p e cie s of Hawk ( Buteo borea lis ) usually be gin to b uild the i r ne sts about t ﬁ Ap i

T e s ele t som all r e e a h m le o f the woo s the ran e s of w orm a rot ne ar its h y c e t t e n r t e idd d , b ch hich f c ch male run . T o r s a suf e nt uant t of St s for its outs e the t k thi s chose n sp ot the fe male c a ri e ﬁci q i y ick id , ( ta n no er a t e art in the matte r and for its ns e she us e s the ark rom the ea ra n e s of ki g v y c iv p , ) i id b f d d b ch the e stnut w she beats and e ek s to e e s w t he r b ll ma n it so t a nd l a ble or at ers the ch , hich p pi c i h i , ki g f p i , g h alle n lea e s of the ne or some ot e r so t m ate r al w she fin s on e n e ntl as a l n n w f v pi , h f i , hich d c v i y , i i g , hich is a out one n in t ne ss it is 13 n e s in a me ter rom outs e to outs e and 7 n e s in b i ch hick ; i ch di f id id , i ch

a me r h s l i s i s l la s e e s w are te t e n e w e t e t s 2 n e s . T he e male u ual ﬁv di OII i id , hi d p h 4 i ch f y y gg , hich s e r al of a rt - w te olor and m ark e w t lar e blot he s of brown on s ome t e o er almos t ph ic , di y hi c , d i h g c h y c v the w ole e w le ot e rs are mar e mostl on the lar e e nd and s ome e e n o f the s ame l tte r are h gg, hi h k d y g , v i s o a ntl m 1 e n t and 1 n e s in ar e as a s ll te . e re n s in l f i y k d to pp ear almo t wh o y whi Th y a 2,T i che g h , 2 i ch " diamete r. E . 24 N O R T H A M R I C A N O O L O G Y P A R T I .

—2 — 2 n e In en in rea t . I ts n I s a e n e m e 1 5 i ch s l gth by } b d h grou d color dull whit , i t r ix d

a m ar n s O e with which are fre quent sm ll ki g of dull purplish . ver th se are numerous

ar e on en ot e of a o n a t ne and alm s e a on orm n l g c ﬂu t bl ch s br w , of light o , o t x ctly c f i g

h n o n as t m e e e are ﬂ f e ar n with t e ti t kn w Du ch u b r . Th s chie y di fus d ou d one end of the e c o e n a o one a t a a e n se and n en m a gg , v ri g b ut h lf of it wi h l rg ri g of clo co ﬂu t rk n O e he s h i gs . v r t re t of t e egg the se markings are distributed in sm alle r sp ots and tt n s the s ame s a e of o o do i g , of h d c l r . A nothe r egg from the same nes t corresponds e xactly in size and sh ape with the

‘ e e n bu t a e eat in its ene a a ea an e in onse en e of the a m s pr c di g, v ri s gr ly g r l pp r c , c qu c l o t

ota a sen e of he ut h- m e m ar n a a m n are t . ese re few nd s a a d t l b c D c u b r ki gs Th ll , l o n o o nearly a l conﬁne d to a small p ortion of one end of the egg . T he gr u d c l r is a so a te an d the mar n o f r s are nte m e l dull whi , ki gs dull pu pli h which i r ix d with it are a e m o e re en and in on e en e the a en e of the n m l rg r, r f qu t , , c s qu c of bs c brow , uch more con spicuous and noticeable .

n e e of s H a a ne in a . o n e . . e a e A oth r gg thi wk , obt i d D v rs by Mr S P F wl r, broth r of

the ent eman e e e t o a a n a e e e t in its mar n s . I t m ea e s g l just r f rr d , g i v ri s p rc p ibly ki g sur 1 — n in n o s a 2 e en t in ea t . I ts i t te e 1 6 i ch s l bg h by h i; br d h grou d col r dir y whi , v ry o e term e with re en m n e m a n s of a r s e a cl s ly in ix d f qu t i ut rki g dull pu pli h , which giv

n ff a a h ar e nd e e to the n . t e and m e e t t e e di gy ct grou d It is blo ch d rk d , chi ﬂy l g r ,

t st n t and n o t on uen s ot of a reen s m e n e m e t wi h bold , di i c , c ﬂ t p s , g i h u b r , i t r ix d wi h dar an - O ne nd h e is s t a an the ke r sp ots of V dyke brown. e of t e gg ligh ly l rger th o the r. m a n o e e a e on a a n e ne a er a . e A th r gg , of which I h v ly dr wi g , is v ry rly sph ic l Its s —2 urem ents are 2 - n e and ma n are n me s n en t e 1 5 by HE i ch s , its rki gs u rou co ﬂu t blo ch s

- - a s a n and t m e n a a e n . of d rk l ty brow ligh u b r, upo cl y color d grou d

BUT E O S WA INS O NI .

l Buteo vu r s C . Gt S A B a i I I . . . . 18 3 1 47 g , R H W N F A II , , . i Bute s wa ns oni A P . G e o . and o om st 18 3 8 . 3 . , BON g C p . Li , , p

S n. . . B C A I B r s llust. r s o f 18 54 . 98 . SS N , y N A i d (I i d , p

ro ee n F b. 1855 . 28 0 . P s P l. a . e c di g hi Ac d , p lc b a a ute ?A U D . O . B V 8 5 o rn o . I 1 38 08 l. l . F i g , , , p ccc xxii B l Z’ uteo vu aris . A U D . S n. 18 39 5 . g y , p .

B r s o f 3 l. . A m . 18 40 0 i d I , , , p vi ’ S wa ins on s B uz z r e W u z The ommon Buz z ar d. The N orth z a . a d . Th es tern B r d C

A H e s es n a and am n a e e esen in gg , of which I po s s o ly copy , which I u bl to r pr t

ma n . w a the ate w as ta ne in the n rt e n a t of a orn a . Heer n s pl , ob i d o h r p r C lif i , by Dr It

m h i a o ta ne was ose to be n en e n e n . t e t me t w s ki dly l t for i sp ctio At i b i d, it supp d e en e as the e of u a and the n u n has n e w ll id tiﬁ d gg this B zz rd , but for co f sio which si c

26 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y . P A R T I .

—5 in r i n is a e o s - de scribed as 2 1 5 inche s in length by b eadth ; ts grou d y ll wi h white or eam - o o s ub - m ar n s of a r s - ra o o e the ent re e in s at cr c l r ; ki g pu pli h g y ccur ; v r i gg, c tere d r e ar at es are S ots and o tc e of a er t tone of m e - o n , i r gul p ch , p bl h s v y ligh u b r br w ,

t es e ar n o on n t o r re ent in num ra e of t ese m ar n s but h e whe re c ﬂu e f qu ber. T c s h ki g

e s t in the - an sa S e m en so a nt t a t e o n ess oo e for xi Ark s p ci , but f i ly , h t h y w uld , u l l k d

a e be m a to i s e a o a t en for a en a s o rat n . I II e a t c r fully, ist k ccid t l di c lo io s r g rd x ct l c li y ,

the m an e a ten n its o e am na e at esen add an n . or circu st c s t di g disc v ry , I u bl pr t to ythi g

BUT E O MO N T A N US .

l t but O r 1 . l . a a eo U D . n. B o . 8 38 508 l F c , A i g IV , , , p ccc xxii l l S . 18 39 . 5 B uteo vu a r is f A U D . n. g y , p

B r s of me r a 1840 30 l. i d A ic , I , , , p vi B 40 1 2 uteo mantana N TTA a nua l 1 18 1 . , U LL , M , , ,

’ B u B 5 i lllus t. r s o f 18 4 . 8 . te sw ins i C I S . r o a an A n. . B ds 9 , SS N , y N A ( i d , p

l . . ut . Fe b 1 8 5 5 . 27 . B eo borea is CA I ote s o n . al on ae Pro P l. a . 9 , SS N , N N A F c id , c hi Ac d , p

Bute m . . 5 . 3 . l. a Fe b 18 6 9 o ontanus C A I Pro . P , SS N , c hi Ac d , p

- VV - Th W s ter B uz ar . h IV s t r n R d ta i le Hawk . hit thr t r . VULG . e e n z d T e e e e d e oa ed B uz z a d

T HREE e a ate s e es o t m e an Ha a n a m ore or e s ose s p r p ci of N r h A ric wks , h vi g l s cl

a h r esem an e a e een n n e one t the e . e s t e r s e r bl c , h v b co fou d d wi h oth r At l t p ciﬁc

st n tness has n ot nt er e ent een e as erta ne . e e as has e n di i c u il v y r c ly b w ll c i d Th s , b e

a ea sta e are the omm on R ed - ta e H a B u teo borea lis of the ant lr dy t d , c il d wk ( ) Atl ic ’ ' tate s S a nson s B ar B uteo s wa ins oni an d the W e tern Red - ta e S , w i uzz d ( , s il d

H a B u e mart a - T he as t n am e has on e ent had its a m wk ( t o i nas ) . l d ly r c ly cl i s t o be a T he o r ha re ceive d as dis tinct spe cies duly recognized . bscu ity which s re ste d

e t e e a m s of the W es e n R ed- ta to be e a e as s e a l st n t ov r h s cl i t r il r g rd d p ciﬁc l y di i c , ’ a a a a sin s en n e t at on s an h s t l s t yielde d to the re sults of M r . C s dilig t i v s ig i ; d the uncertainties which h ave hitherto prevaile d m ay n ow b e considered as having m a a a been entirely re oved by the satisfactory p aper of th t n tur list. A brief revie w of the history of these gradual steps towards o ur presen t kn owledge m ay n ot be

in appropriate in this conne ction .

T he c omm on Red- tailed Hawk of the Atlan tic States w as known to the earliest

I ts s n s n ara e s a e a a een e a Am erican n aturalis ts . di ti gui hi g ch ct r h v lw ys b r g rded as

e e n e and the s e e has een e no n all m e r an rn t o sts . w ll d ﬁ d , p ci s b w ll k w to A ic o i hol gi

’ T he r n ow re e ve as a o o s e es n e the nam e of a nson s B ar bi d c i d g d p ci , u d r Sw i uzz d , ’ — w as rst es e in R ar son and a n son s Fauna B oreali A merica na as en ﬁ d crib d ich d Sw i , id 1 h mm a ul a r I is t er s tic al with t e Co on Buzz rd ( B u teo v g is) of Europe . t h e p oken s e es a of as quite a common bird in the fur countries . Thi Sp ci w s ﬁrs t claime d

1 S wa ns on e s r e as the emale o f t s s e e s a b r w is In the same wor Mr. not id n k , i d c ib d , f hi p ci , i d hich e ti l i a m ature uma e . c al w t it but is roba l a e male B . montanus n n m i h , p b y f i p g ‘

- D zE . FA L C O N I B U T E 0 M O N T A N U S . 27

and s n t one rom th B l Bon a a as new a e . vu a r is d e eo . an om , di ti c f g , by p rt (G g C p . who n ame it B u teo s wa i i no L s t . ns ani n o of . a nson who w i , p d , h r Mr Sw i , as

the s to e e it . T he s e es B uteo montanus o r W e te n R ed- ta ﬁr t d scrib third p ci , , s r il ,

en as a s t n t a a ﬁrst giv di i c bird by M r . Nutt ll ; but its cl im s to this distin c t on a e em a ne n e o n e nti e n in e e t . . on ea of his i h v r i d u r c g iz d u l v ry r c ly Mr Audub , ch ’ e era o s has e a e a nson s B a as ent a t the ean s v l w rk , r g rd d Sw i uzz rd id ic l wi h Europ , and has e en a e the e a n on s on ri n in e esen at on v dd d to pr v ili g c fu i , by ﬁgu g , his r pr t i of f e ent s e s he n a e o a B . monta nus t . se en t M r. ass n it , you g of di f r p ci , pr b bly Sub qu ly , C i , in the carefully prep ared Syn opsis accomp anying his Illustratio n s of the Birds of

a f n a an d e a a se t the W e s e n a e es n e the s n e f C li or i T x s , cl s d bo h t r v ri ti u d r i gl name o

B uteo s wa ins oni. te a in a e on the Fa lconidw of t m er a Af rw rds , his p p r Nor h A ic ,

s e in the ee n the a e a a em of a a en es publi h d Proc di gs of Phil d lphi Ac d y N tur l Sci c ,

e a 1 855 . ass n e o n e B . s wa insoni its t e s e ara te F bru ry , , Mr C i r c g iz d by ru p ciﬁc ch c rs , h aving then for the ﬁrst tim e seen three undoub te d spe cim ens of th at bird in the ’ a K reu z f ld o n h ar on m e . f L s R e e r n o e t t e t e ten a t Be t t . to c ll c i d by Mr , i u ckwi p y f r i g

B uteo borea lis in the am e a er he no t e a as s e a s n om , s p p , did r g rd it p ciﬁc lly di ti ct fr H e sa s the W e stern variety . y

' I n the m a on n me o e men adults and o n rom a o s co p ris of u r us sp ci s of y u g, f v ri u o a t e in W e s e n me a t o e o a ne in the n la l c li i s t r North A ric , wi h th rs bt i d vici ity of Phi

a e a e to e e t an dif e en es not n s en t e n e a S e t t . d lphi , I h v f il d d t c y f r c co si t t wi h p ciﬁc id i y

e e is in om e s e men s a eate e en of the r n or on the e as t an d a Th r s p ci gr r xt t b ow col br ,

ee e a e of r o s on the a men and t ae t an are s a in as ern s e d p r sh d uf u bdo ibi , h u u l E t p ci m ens ; but I have foun d n o ch aracte r in the W estern bird that I have n o t seen at s ome tim e in the other . ’ C assin s a tent on a n een a e to the a t t at the e s of the aste n Mr . t i h vi g b c ll d f c h gg E r and W e e n e es e en onstan and e l - ma e f e en e in an ot e a e st r sp ci pr s t c t w l rk d di f r c s , h r p p r ,

s e in the o ee n s the a e a a em a a en es publi h d Pr c di g of Phil d lphi Ac d y of N tur l Sci c ,

’ ‘ a 1 6 he e e e he W e s e n a e u tall s B uteo montanus e 85 t . t F bru ry , , r f rr d t r v ri ty to Mr N ,

en in the 1 840 e n an a the O n t h Un te as giv ditio of his M u l of r i hology of t e i d States . I n thi s last pap er he s ays

O n e am na on n ot e an en e men of m a o x i ti of l ss th tw ty sp ci s this bird , fro v ri us a e in the W e e n n es m e a a e o n the a a te loc liti s st r cou tri of North A ric , I h v f u d ch r c rs c ns an esent W s n m the B u teo borea lis as o nte ou t in o t tly pr hich di ti guish it fro , p i d

an T he o e of t s s e es is e esente m B r a f n a d e a . 9 8 . y i ds of C li or i T x s , p v ic hi p ci r pr d se e a of the a e n a ra sts who a e s te a i o n a as te e a and by v r l l t tu li h v vi i d C l f r i qui p culi r ,

m a u m as . r e of Bos n a h a s e r en . om e t t e e ent r e I s r d by y f i d , Dr Th M B w r, to , h t gg is i ly

ff n m a B b r a li n ar i e e . o e s . e e a e to t at S e es is e d r t fro th t of Though ly r l t d h p ci , it v ry ’

o a en t e be e a e as i s n t ur se . u ttall s n am e pr b bly ti l d to r g rd d d ti c , for which p po Mr N , " as a e en e . bov giv , is prop r I n e a to the an e of the we a e et ea n t erta n the e ent r g rd r g bird , h v y to l r wi h c i ty xt of i s n a di n I t a ars o b o er omm on o en in and a o t t ge er l stributio . ppe t e f v y c ccurr ce b u

liforn o n r a a e n o in n ea e e o e t on rom t a ar t of the t . C i , b i g br ught rly v ry c ll c i f h t p c u y a so o s am on e and oo er in W as in It l ccur g the birds obtained by Drs . Suckl y C p h g

ton e o . o n s n a s m en in the R o n a n s . T rrit ry Dr. T w e d pro cured se ver l peci s cky Mou t i P A . 28 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y . R T I

It is probable that it is distributed throughout the greater p art of No rth Am eri ca

es of the ss ss and w e m a et ea of s tra n a on the eas e n s e w t Mi i ippi , y y h r y i dividu ls t r id of that river . n a of s e e r a n am e n ea T w o e ggs belongi g t o bird thi sp ci s we e obt i ed by Mr . S u ls r 1 n e ta m a a fo n a in 856 o e e esen e i n ate . 6 . e P lu , C li r i , , of which is r pr t d Pl I , ﬁg This gg —5 n n s in T he s a m ea e 2 n es in e e ea est rea . e of sur s 1 5 i ch l gth , by H?i ch its gr t b dth h p the e is an a mos e a o t en n a e o one end e n a gg l t x ct ov id , sligh ly t di g to sph r id , b i g h rdly I s o n o o f e e t a e t an the o e . t a e the s o p rc p ibly l rg r h th r gr u d c l r is v ry light bu f, p t

- h is m ar e ti ngs and m arki ngs giving to it the effe ct of a yellowi sh white . T e egg k d

e the en e a e t o e as e and i ne of a t nt of a o n ov r tir surf c wi h bl tch s , d h s , l s light i br w

- n . s a m e m r n a r s ro tending to Va dyke The e re ix d with a ki gs of lighter pu pli h b wn .

T he m a n s of o s a es are e o on in s a e and ru n t the en t rki g , b th h d , chi ﬂy bl g h p , wi h l g h b rea lis a e ea n o e em an e to an e s of the B . o a e e e of the egg . Th y b r r s bl c y gg th t I h v v r f seen and are a e n e o se an t e Ha s o ar as am a a e . , lso quit u lik th of y o h r wk , I w r

am t far om e a m a a o n a ose T he n est was s o e e . e n o di c v r d by Mr S u ls , fr P t lu , C lif r i , cl

I t as 0 11 th to of a ar to the s on Ho se n ea e a m a at . w e e e e Mi si u , r P t lu Fl built p l g v r

reen oak at eas se ent eet rom the o n and was ons t te en rel g , l t v y f f gr u d , c ruc d ti y of h in n a e oa se s s ne w t a few a ea ers . T e e e e two m e l rg , c r tick , li d i h str y f th ggs w r u b r,

h m a e a and had been s e t up on a sh ort time . T e l bird w s sh ot as it flew from the n t a en the an e t a o a a on es w s e e e e e . , which so hidd by thick br ch s h t it w uld h v sc p d d t cti

T E I E BU O L N A T US .

l l n S . i eatus s t. N a 1 a ca E I t 7 88 268 . F , GM L N , y I , , O m . n . 8 . l . I A r 1 12 8 l. 6 ﬁ 3 . W LS VI , , , p iii , g

A U D . O rn. B o . 18 32 29 6 38 0 ls . l i and v l . i g I , , ; V , , p xxi

H s . D E KA Y N at. t N e w Yor 18 4 4 l. . . , i k , , p vi , ﬁg 13 l h m l S N at. 17 88 2 a a e a is E I st . 68 . F c y , GM L N , y I , , VV m n . I L S . A . O r 18 12 7 3 . IV, ,

S n. 18 28 . A P . 33 . BON y , p

U T T A L L anual 1 1832 106 . N , M , , ,

A n o . 8 2 U D . O r . B 1 3 364 . i g I , ,

a l a buteoides TTA anual 1 18 3 0 N 2 1 0 . F c , U LL , M , , .

G e o . and o . ut o h emalis A P . B e m st 18 38 3 . y , BON g C p Li , , p .

1 . . B uteo lineatus A U D . S n . 8 39 7 , y , p

B r s of m e r a 18 40 40 l. . i d A ic , I , , , p ix

CA I S n . . . B r s llust . B r s of 8 1 54 . 9 9 . SS N , y N A i d (I i d , p ’ - . The Red s houl er e Hawk . Th Wi nter H w - e W . a k . H VULG d d inter Fa lcon Hen awk .

n- Chick e Hawk .

T HE n orthern m of omm n s e s a li its this c o p cie h ve n ot b een well ascertained . I n 1 me a e e a e een n or e t a a so c s s th y h v b i c r c ly st ted . Mr . Nutt ll supp ose d it to be re

1 Mr. u ubon w as in his rst ssue s s os e to ma e two st n t s e es base u on the mature A d , ﬁ i , di p d k di i c p ci , d p — E A T S . P A L C O N I D HI . B U T E O L I N U 29

d sa a n e e o n i n assa se t tates an . e S _ stricted to the Middl , ys th t it is v r f u d M chu t s

I t not on n o n mm on in t a a e has een a e . t Thi s is quite a mist k is ly u co h t St t , but b

o ee t e e and a o n a n an t o the ea . ascertain e d t br d h r , is lso f u d bu d ly thr ughout y r It l ee st ll a e to the n o as o n s s the i n t of also un doubted y br ds i f rth r rth , y u g bird vi it v ci i y h a n sea n e en m a m e no e n a e . o n to t e Bo ston at cert i so s , vid tly fro or rth r qu rt r Acc rdi g

a o om on of B n on os e a t or t is n est ona e it ee late Rev. Z d ck Th ps , urli gt , wh u h i y u qu i bl , br ds I t is t e e o e e o a e t at t s Ha m a be o n throughout Ve rm ont . h r f r quit pr b bl h hi wk y f u d 1 i v r a the Un e a e e e t ere it is e a e the W e tern ar e n e e y p rt of it d St t s , xc p wh r pl c d by s v i ty, m e ea it as le ns has een se e in O e on . . a com B uteo e g a . It b ob rv d r g Dr G b l sp ks of " s “ a n an in a f n a is e a e e mon and . Heermann a , Dr bu d t, C li or i ; but it quit prob bl th y ee s a n an t referred to a bird n ow con sidered a distin ct spe cie s . It br d bu d tly hrough Ba m an a s on ou t o a o na e e am a e R ev. . e S uth C r li , wh r , I ssur d by Dr ch , of Ch rl t , it

‘

m the m o om m on Ha and is e u all re ent o a . is uch st c wk , it q y f qu throughout Fl rid

d a a of a n or . o sse as a I t n ot en . n as is giv by Dr Gu l ch bird Cub , by Mr G bird a son in the A r t I t w as n ot m et t Sir o n R e ons . of Jamaica . wi h by J h ich rd c ic r gi

e mon an d O e on or a o a t e a ea to be the m s n e n m V r t r g , b ut l ti ud pp r o t orth r li its ? to which it has been positively trace d

Ha ons s a a e ne e em n a the ro in the o e This wk c truct l rg st , r s bli g th t of C w , f rk d

m o s t na and is ne an es of a ee . e e e t m ss br ch high tr It is co p d x r lly of sticks , li d wi h o

T he e are in n m er a n a t ee r tw o . W and so t ea e . en f l v s ggs four u b , occ sio lly hr o h the ne a oa e the e e en and e li a e of a arm st is ppr ch d, bird utt rs loud, fr qu t , p cu r cri s l and e en m en not nl e K e é - o é a dl e ea e m a es no a em at es st r s t t , u ik r pi y r p t d , but k tt pt r i

he ame ne e en en it has een o an e . e e n ea a te ea t e c Th y will r tur y r f r y r to s st , v wh b r bb d the previous season . The e a em a a in s e and o n o and a s in th ggs of this bird v ry r rk bly iz gr u d c lor, l o e I n the a e of the e and h frequen cy of the se con dary m arkings . sh p ggs t e color of the m arkin gs th ere is n o e ssen tial variation th at I am aware of. Their differen ce in

en t s om e m e as ea as one t of an n and in ea one t of an l g h is ti s gr t ﬁf h i ch , br dth six h in in o m e n the a a . n of a m . a e win ch I h v y p ss ssio copy of dr g by Mr Audubo , wh t ust be a n ot very comm on variety ; at least I have n ever met with the light blue of th d hi a so s en e n e e e esen e an . m n in grou d th r r pr t d, w ch is l pok of by Mr Tho pso , his

and the immature plumage of thi s bi rd . He e ven went s o far as to ass ign to th e se supp ose d distinct S p e

- es e r ffe re nt ab ts r es and e o ra al s tr ut on. T he m ature r linea tas is re re se nt ci v y di h i , c i , g g phic di ib i bi d ( ) p e d a s a S out e rn e e s sto e b the le S tate s the m mature h ema lis as a ort e rn b r s t n h Sp ci , pp d y Midd ; i ( y ) , N h i d , vi i i g the Un te S tate s onl in w nte r. E e n in his later w ork in w he re o n z e s t e r e nt t he er i d y i v , hich c g i h i id i y , p s s ts in s l n W t l ass n t e m e rta n ma nar e rs t e s . S ir ll am ar ne in s i i ig i g h c i i gi y div i i i i J di , ome notes to his ’ e t on of W ls on s rn t olo oe s e s te art e r in e rror and m ak es t ese ma na ff r di i i O i h gy , g p f h , h i gi ry di e e nc e s o f

a t not onl s e but e ne r all n the h ema lis w t the Harr e rs ir i and he l n h bi y p ciﬁc , g ic , yi g y i h i ( C c ) , t i eatus with the A s tur s 1 Mr. ass n ro e e n s o f la e l a m e a e F b . 18 55 2 P P . 8 1 e s r es as a s C i ( c di g hi d p hi Ac d y , , p ) d c ib di tinct s p e ci es

B . ele ans the ar e t w has roba l be e n ta e n o n the W e ste rn oast f h - g , v i y hich p b y k , c , or t e Re d s hould e re d

Hawk o f the E s e S a a t rn t tes . 1 S n e the a o e was wr tte n a e se e n a l s t of the r s o f o a S ot a re are b e ute nant i c b v i , I h v i bi d N v c i , p p d y Li

Bla n o al E n nee rs in w am not s ur r se to ﬁnd Buteo lineatus m ark e as a omm on and d (R y gi ) , hich I p i d d c m rator s e e s in t a Pr ig y p ci h t ovi nce . N 30 O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O GY . P A R T I .

1 —1 e n the s of e m n . e s om N ew er e mea n 2 d scriptio s of bird V r o t Two gg fr J s y, suri g 1 6 11 n es in en t 1 in rea a e a o n s - W e o n m a e t i ch l g h , by 1 6 b dth , h v br w i h hit gr u d , rk d wi h

a e ot e e lo s m e e a o n the a e end e e e m a l rg bl ch s of y l wi h u b r , chi ﬂy r u d l rg r , wh r th y for

on en O n r s n o ot e rom n . f ese e e e e in a . T w e o e 111 . 25 c ﬂu t ri g th is r p t d Pl t , ﬁg h rs , f 3 —2 a n est in assa e t e t the o o n m eas emen : 2- and 2 M chus t s , xhibi f ll wi g ur ts 1 6 by i f , 1 5 by

- - . n O ne o e e . e e has a te ro n t a e r e a i ch s of th s dirty whi g u d , wi h l rg , i r gul r bl tch s of m e and enna o n m n e on e o e e f e en s a e and u b r si br w , i gl d c fus dly t g th r, of di f r t h d s, n ear o er n the o a T h the e e s r e . e o t e is nea n otte has ly c v i g wh l u f c h r rly u sp d , light r

o n m a n s the e e n are n o t e e ne and are f se o e br w rki g of pr c di g , which w ll d ﬁ d, di fu d v r

a o one a of its a e . T he o n o s n te t b ut h lf surf c gr u d c lor is m ore di ti ctly whi , but wi h

n o s s a e . o t e s e on n to t s s e e o ta ne in ton as . blui h h d Two h r b l gi g hi p ci s , b i d Mil , M s

m e and n s es r e . M r . . a e t e sec r n the arent r m a be t by E S u ls , id iﬁ d by u i g p bi d , y hu d c ib d

O ne m ea e 1 n e the o n o o a t e and m ar e sur s f t by % i ch s ; gr u d c l r is dir y whit , is k d

t a e o e n e and o n m e - n of ar o s a e rom te wi h l rg bl tch s , li s , d tti gs of u b r brow , v i us h d s , f qui

h - r n and a to . T e e 2 n e 1 has a s e d rk light oth r is i ch s by } blui h whit g ou d , is

- - only m arked by a numbe r of ve ry faint blotch e s of yellowish brown and a slate drab .

e t in t e s a e is an a s e o s t o n e at one end t ese Exc p h ir h p , which ov l ph r id , ligh ly p i t d , h

ea bu t e r s t e em an e to e a e t a en at the same t m e f om b r v y ligh r s bl c ch oth r , hough t k i r m om a n n es a e en m e n n T wo e e . . a o n i n o e o e est . C s or fr Ch r w , S , l o f u d t , v ry v or 9 a O ne is 2 1 n e s th r o r is a o e te m ar e t n t ese . e o n h h by 1 5 i ch ; g u d c lo dull , s il d whi , k d

- T he e at the ar e end t o st n t ot e of e e m er o n . chi ﬂy l g r wi h b ld , di i c bl ch s d p u b br w —1 —9 t e m ea es 2 1 n es the n o o a s ate - ra t o h r sur 1 6 by 1 5 i ch ; grou d c l r is light l d b , wi h

a d an m a n e e t some - deﬁned ot e of the ame o as the h r ly y rki gs , xc p ill bl ch s s col r in e a e the o n a ee e s a e . e e a so a s a a n gr u d , but of d p r h d Th r is l light v ri tio th ir sh p , latte r being m ore oblong .

1 H s tor of ermont atural l a nd S tat s t al b Z a o T om s on Burl n ton Vt i y V , N , Civi , i ic , y d ck h p , ( i g ( ) ,

0 . p . 6 — S . FA L C O N I D JE . B U T E O P E NN S Y L V A N I C U 31

BUTEO PENN SYLV A N I CU S .

W . . A m O rn. al a latiss imus 18 12 92 . F c , ILS VI , , W l c s . A m . O rn. Fa lco enns vani u 18 12 92 e arl er o e s . p y , ILS VI , , , i c pi S B N . n. 182 2 . 8 . 9 O AP y , p

anual 1832 105 . NUTTALL , M , I , ,

A U D . O rn . B o 8 2 46 1 37 1 3 7 l. . i g . I , , V , , p xci

4 . N e w or 18 4 . 2 . D E KA Y N a t. H s t. Y l ﬁ , i k , , p v , g

S i t V I E . Ill 182 arv us la teras I E L L . n e t . 3 127 3 . p p yp , cyc M h , , I la . II 824 348 . Fa l a wilsonii B N . o ur. a . P 1 c , O AP J Ac d hi , ,

B . uteo enns lvani us B N . G e o . and om . s t 18 38 3 . p y c , O AP g C p Li , , p

A U D . S no s s 18 39 . 6 . y p i , , p

B r s o f A m . 18 40 43 l. . i d I , , , p x l s B r s of 1 N S n. . . B r s lu t. 854 CASSI , y N A i d (I i d ,

B ut o Z s de la sla de u a 18 50 . 19 . e atiss imu M B . , LE EYE , Av I C b , , p

- l M o t a . Th a win e awk a on (16 n e ub . VULG e Br o d g d H . F c (C )

HI S a ea be n o ere a e ommon s e e it e a the ex T bird pp rs to wh v ry c p ci s , w h p rh ps cep insula of a and not a e a ve1 e en e on the en an e . has n o t ti of p Florid , to h g y xt d d r g It een oun in the fur e on n or so far as I am a a e n an on of b f d r gi s , , w r , upo y porti the

in N ew e o e a or e o . I n a ac a n or et . n a P iﬁc co st , y M xic , T x s , M xic Cub , Dr Gu dl ch is a es ent s e e and ee s in the s an L n o m m e it . em e e i f r s , r id p ci s , br d i l d , which Mr b y

osse n ot o se in am a a n o Y . e r a so on rm . et n t a l c ﬁ s Mr G did b rv it J ic , do I k ow h t it i n m I t o has been obtained e ithe r n Ce tral or South A e rica . is ccasionally foun d in 1 T h a r a a se s e e it n o te l ee s . e e e so am of m r M ss chu tt , wh r u d ub d y br d l t P of s r Ad s A he st a erm nt s om a I e t nes n n e e e e s n e . t t ere or ro m t wi h it ti g r Middl bury, V o , y rs i c h f e p b

s t N ew n an ancl it e oss e in all the ably o ccur hroughout E gl d , , is quit p ibl , Atlantic Ha m ent n as mm n in W s on n t o . oe n o States als . Dr y io s it co o i c si , but his d s t corre m a on I a e m e na a s s in t a the nfor ta e . sp ond with i ti h v fro oth r tur li t h t S t Mr . Audubon s a s of H a as a e in Lo i s ana and as on as na o n in pe k this wk r r u i , ly occ io lly f u d that State in e e e n e as no m ean a e in n a ar an and the ates s v r wi t rs ; but by s r r Virgi i , M y l d , St e e a e een e e in e m on N ea a . e s ew e se enn stw rd N ts of this sp ci s h v b obs rv d V r t , J r y, P

an a and o a. e n e e a a a e no e a n n mat n in e a sylv i , Fl rid B yo d th s d t I h v c rt i i for io r g rd to its di stribution . as a the o t a of the o and a T he nes o n . n w e f w s t f u d by Mr Audubo bout siz h t Cr w,

I a c a e in the a e an e of a ree nea the tr n . t w s om ose e e na l pl c d l rg r br ch s t , r u k p d xt r l y of t s and r e nterna of sm a oot and ne w t n m e o a dry s ick b i rs ; i lly , ll r s , li d i h u r us l rge

he nes o n esso am n ow in the m s m id ea er . T e of M dlebru f th s t f u d by Prof r Ad s , u u y o e e e m n was te a e en we ons e the e of the H a and was C ll g , V r o t, qui l rg , wh c id r siz wk ,

f s and n e on i oo s and a se ns e o ﬁne ass . I n co r ly co truct d ticks , li d ly w th ﬁbrous r t gr

n an e the e s e e t ee . am n ne e e e is the m e a this i st c gg w r hr This , I i cli d to b li v , or usu l

n m . n e e e as o or ﬁv e e . u b r ; Mr Audubo , how v r, giv s it f ur

1 S n e the a o w Ho k ns and obta ne b e as in t e a e s e e n an e belon n to Mr. r bal i c v y p , I h v gg gi g A chi d p i , i d in W ll amsto wn ass w f s s e s i i , M , hich is undoubte d ly one o thi p e ci . N T A M E I C A N o oL O G Y . P A T 32 O R H R R I .

e e e in m a ne m enn s an a ermont and N ew e se e Thr ggs y c bi t , fro P ylv i , V , J r y , xhibit —9 m n t 1 l 1 - m eas e e : and l 1 n . the following ur s {75 by 1 5 ; %% by % ﬁ by 36 i ch es I n the st of t ese the o n o o a a s or rt te a s t s er ﬁr h , gr u d c l r is gr yi h di y whi , with ligh ly ilv y s a e and n ear o ere a e and e ar m a n s of a nt r s - r n h d , is ly c v d by l rg irr gul rki g f i pu pli h b ow , n f te n T he s m and dull sh adi gs o a ligh r brow . peci en de scribe d w as given m e by I am s r a a n o t . th o t e s h r n o is s n t . e e s e n o e t e o Dr J T ud u u d ub d b th h r , g u d col r di ti c ly

e an d e are m ar e e the en e fa e t e a sters of ot e whit , th y k d ov r tir sur c wi h irr gul r clu bl ch s

a e s - o n n e m e t a few n s and nes of a ee e s a e of light r ddi h br w , i t r ix d wi h dotti g li d p r h d m ’ ro n at me a ee en nto a a . of b w , which ti s l ost d p i bl ck

T he e s e re en e i n the a e are om N ew e e enn an a an d or a . gg r p s t d pl t fr J rs y , P sylv i , Fl id

8 a . n r e r of a For the r t of t ese ate . m n e te to o ﬁ s h (Pl I , ﬁg ) I i d b d Mr J h K id , Phil e a who has se era t mes m et t n es s of t s Ha in N ew er e n ot far d lphi , v l i wi h t hi wk J s y ,

T h se n a a m a ho m a e a . w w e te . 9 s en e . e fro Phil d lphi co d (Pl I , ﬁg ) giv by Dr Trud u , f a n h a 1 . 1 a o a ne one o o e in enns an a . T e e 0 w s t bt i d it P ylv i third (Pl t , ﬁg ) b i d by the e en o ernmen t e e t on in o a e e t s r seems to be m o e r c t G v xp di i s Fl rid , wh r hi bi d r omm on c than in any other p art of the United States .

BUTEO CA L U RU S .

7 . . Fe . 18 5 5 . 27 B uteo ca lur us N Pro . P l. a b , CASSI , c hi Ac d , p

- Bla k Hawk . Bla k Red tail. VULG . c c

ta n in a rn a r n e M . ma E e e esen e a e . 7 w as o e o T H gg r pr t d (Pl t I , ﬁg ) b i d C lif i , by E u l s e en a e in m a n o e t ns in na a s to for the Boston S amuel , whil g g d ki g c ll c io tur l hi ry I t w as or na e S o ciety of Natural His tory and the Smith son ian In stitution . f tu t ly

t its a ent the m a e a n een s o t on its nest . well identiﬁe d wi h p r , l bird h vi g b h

om a at e a n ew s e e a n een me t t for the s t Thi s H awk is c p r iv ly p ci s , h vi g b wi h ﬁr

m in the i n of o t W e bste N ew . U . . r a ton Hen . time by T . Ch rl ry , M D , S A y , v ci ity F r r,

i he ro ee n s of the a em of at a and e s e . ass n n t Mexico , d crib d by Mr C i P c di g Ac d y N ur l

T he s e men o ta ne . e a e a e a 1 85 5 . 27 7 . Scien c s , Phil d lphi , F bru ry , , p p ci b i d by Mr

m e s t the e the se o n t at has een s e e at the esen t m e, S a u l , wi h gg , is c d h b di cov r d pr t i I n e ar to its a ts and s e e a es b ut t e s o far as I am aware . r g d h bi p ciﬁc p culi riti lit l

no n an d its eo a a str on can on be on e t e om the two is k w , g gr phic l di ibuti ly c j c ur d fr

n s a o a t o san m es a art e e the two e re sen at es of t s e es p oi t , b ut h u d il p , wh r r p t iv his p ci

e o ta ne ort W e ster and e ta m a . wer b i d , F b P lu

am e s on a n ort of eta m a a i orn a . T he nes t was foun d by Mr . S u l hill h P lu , C l f i It

h o of an e er een oak at the e t a t s t ee t r m w as built n ear t e t p v gr , h igh of bou ix y f f o he nes onta ne tw o e s at the t m e it w as o e e the ro n . T i disc v r d , which g u d t c i d gg ( I as n st te of st s and was ne n a n . t w were just on the p oi t of h tchi g co ruc d ick , li d m a e m an est n m mo e e e a o the . T he with m oss . Both birds w r b ut spot l bird , if i g uch r

T 84 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y . P A R 1 .

O f the e a eam - te e o e b mar n e n a col color gg is cr whi , but littl bscur d y ki gs or s co d ry

ors . T he e m a e ef at one e nd t nes t n and sm a es gg is rk d , chi ly , wi h li , dot i gs , ll blotch of - T he ne is s a n a light reddish brown . li s with which one end of the egg p ri gly

" m a e a m a and ar m n - he reate re e e e ea of a an o n . T rbl d uch d rk r , or rly V dyke br w g r

o1 t on the e e s e a a o es on he sma e end is ee p i of gg , p ci lly th t which c rr p ds with t ll r , fr ’ fI O m an m a n s ha 11 s an Ha y rki gs . Thi s 0 clo e resemblan ce to any other Ame ric wk s e a a e e e m et m s nea a a e the e O f the R gg th t I h v v r with , but o t rly ppro ch s gg ough e e a n m La a Plate l gg d F lco fro br dor. ( III, ﬁg .

- ARCHIBUTEO S A N CTI JO HA NNI S .

- a l a s an ti ohannis G M N S st. N a t. 17 8 8 27 3 . F c c j , ELI , y I , ,

B S n . 8 8 N . 1 3 . 32 . O AP y , p

l u G . N a . a ca s a di ce s ? M N S s t t 17 8 8 27 3 . F p ELI , y I , ,

- a l a novce terr w 27 4 . F c , '

W . a l a ni er A m . O rn. 18 12 82 . F c g , ILS VI , , d s . 1 an a l u W m 1 12 2 1 l. l 2 . ca Ia o s . A O rn. 8 6 ﬁ F g p , ILS . V , , , p iii , g i B . 8 l. c c cc xxi . A U D . O rn. o 1 35 37 7 2 17 i g II , , ; V , , p 2 u 18 16 48 . B teo a ter VI E I L L . N o uv. D t. , ic IV , ,

Bu - nd om . st 18 38 . 3 . ta etes san ti ohannis B N . G e o . a c j , O AP g C p Li , , p

B . uteo Za o us A U D . S n . 18 39 8 . g p , y , p

B r s of me r a 1840 46 l. . i d A ic , I , , , p xi

A r b - B 1 s llust. B r s of 18 54 hi uteo s an ti ohannis N S n. . . c c j , CASSI , y N A i d (I i d ,

- - . l R u h l e Hawk . Rou h le e Buz z ar . VULG The B ack Hawk . o g egg d g gg d d

T H I s e e e s r te n the ee n eas on to the m e n o t ern a t sp ci s is r t ic d duri g br di g s , or r h p r s

am n o a a n e e ta nt as r a n of N or th Ame rica. I t w re th at it has be en with e tir c r i y ce t i ed

h n a I a in e on . n sen e e t o ee t n t e U e t te . t w s o n O br d wi hi it d S s f u d r g by Mr Tow d , wh r a i o n nea o o it probably breeds . A t Othe r se s on s of the ye ar t is f u d rly thr ugh ut the

m r a n n n f o e e n t e t t the e e t n n o the m e s t e n t on . wh l A ic co i , wi h xc p io o ly or ou h r por i s

I t ee s om the ana a t u o t the n rt ern a s of o t me a al br d fr C d s hro gh u o h p rt N r h A ric , M r on not m ee t t i s n est on s t t o La a o t . t hough Audub did wi h his vi i br d r, which is n a a m not a t e n a as am ass e it e omm on o t t . a e in lit l si gul r, I ur d is quit c h co st I h v y osse ss on the a n an e O a ne in La ra o for the oan of am p i dr wi g of gg bt i d b d r , l which I n am s d ea as a o a e een a en rom a nes t in a e . w t i debted to Dr . J Tru u It s id h v b t k f

- e and n a h A la us . e ot on a C f the s ee n a e t e . o tr , li f, u u l br di g pl c of g p O f the n e s of t s Ha m s not b e on n e the ne s e es t hi wk , which u t c fou d d with xt p ci ,

‘ r m h e e e to be te st n t the o n a nt en o n f o whic I b li v it qui di i c , f llowi g ccou , giv by Sir J h '

- li n is h n one a e s een . He R a n Fa una B orea A meﬂ ca tz . t e ich rdso ( , p o ly I h v a s : a e e s een at e n es t s on a t e e stan n on a s y A p ir w r th ir t , built of s ick lof y tr , di g

low m s t a a o n O f an a m en e a en of the as at e an . , oi , lluvi l p i t l d , l ost circl d by b d S k ch w W e do not no t at t s s e es ree s e s e 0 11 trees or t a the Za o ous k w h hi p ci b d xclu iv ly , h t g y

on nes t e f O ur n e e on nt is too m te to ena e c ﬁ i s lf to rocky cli fs . k owl dg both poi s li i d bl — - H J O H N S . FA L C PN I D Z E . A R C I B U T E O S A N C T I A N I 35 us to speak of the results of ou r ob servations and in quiries as e stablishing th eir s e a n ee the an la o us s ose be ent a t ou r t . e p ciﬁc h bi s I d d , Europ g p , upp d to id ic l wi h

is sa to ee on t ee as e en as on ff . bird , id br d r s fr qu tly cli s T he m arks of distinction between imm ature birds of this specie s and the Rough legge d Falcon have not b een so well deﬁned as to m ak e it p oss ible to speak with ta n a t e a e the as en a or . W e ann o a a be s re c r i ty of h bi s of ch , giv by uth s c t lw ys u s se es which specie the d criptions are m ean t to designate .

T he e the s ancti ohanni a e the ra n m eas e s 2 4 n es gg of j s of which I h v d wi g ur 1 6 i ch in en t l in ea t a e an an the la o us me an or o l g h by i g br d h ; it is l rg r th y of g p , A ric Eur ean a T he o n a ea eam a e seen and ffe en mar e . p , th t I h v , is di r tly k d gr u d color is cl r cr

e and is m a e e a o the a e end t as e and es of a whit , rk d , chi ﬂy b ut l rg r , wi h d h s blotch

m o - n e and e m a n a ee e s a e f O e . ese o s light u b r, by oth r rki gs , of d p r h d , liv brow Th sp t are ea n se a a e and e e ne and are n e m n e e a t e ch disti ct , p r t , w ll d ﬁ d, i t r i gl d with ch o h r in n ea e n otic bl co trast .

n e the a o e was e a e a e een a e . o n e an e o Si c b v pr p r d , I h v b f vor d by Mr J h Krid r, xp rienced and e - n o me o n t o o s a e a the an an e w ll i f r d r i h l gi t of Phil d lphi , with lo of gg O a ne in N ew e e t e e eem s to be n o ea n o the bt i d J rs y, which h r s good r so to d ubt is

T he n ho O a ne n ot se e the a e n e t Ha . e w gg of his wk p rso bt i d it did cur p r t bird , but a me to a e had a C o se ns e on and e e as a a Ha cl i d h v l i p cti of it, d scrib d it bl ck wk , w o ith pther points of re semblance such as to leave no d ubt with Mr. Krider that it is th - h nes was in a ee and onta ne f he sanc i ohannis . T e e e e o t t . gg j t tr , c i d two ggs They v aried slightly from each other in the n umbe r and depth O f color of their i m a n a e m e at the a e end . T he one not e was m a e rki gs ﬁgur d rk d or l rg r , with d rk r

T he one e esen e in the a e a es and es ene a s r e . te blotch , l s g r lly di t ibut d r pr t d pl t (Pl III , 1 - Bot a m in r a t . . 28 meas e 2 n e in en e e an o n s of ﬁg ) ur s 1 6 i ch s l gth by b d h h h v y p i t esem an e to the a n et a on s era m s a t a in t e ma e r bl c dr wi g , y v ry c id bly , o t p r icul rly h ir s ll r nd m o e a e n a o n s e o s a size a r ovoid sh pe . Th ir grou d color is br w i h or y ll wish h de of

n erm e t the o n are a n ma n and e a white . I t ix d wi h gr u d f i t rki gs blotch s of brownish

O e s ar f use a a e n m e of on en e purple . v r the e e di f d l rg u b r c ﬂu t blotch s of russet

n m a in a n the ma e en d n e an ex o . e e c br w Th s for r g rou d s ll r , which is u doubt dly ep

i na a T he e - n m a be O a n e an e a m e of t o l peculi rity. russ t brow color y bt i d by qu l ixtur

- m e and a- enna e a ma e e e in s e o o rn e . bu t u b r t rr si This gg pproxi t s v ry clos ly its iz , c l r

m a n and ene a a ea an e the e the A . la o us m w t e of its rki gs , g r l pp r c , to gg of g p fro S i z r land referred to on p age 37 . ' R T A E I A N A N O M C O o L O G Y . P T I 36 H R R ,

ARCHIBUTEO L A G O PUS .

Fa Zco la o us G M N S s t. N at. 17 88 260 . g p , ELI , y I , , W O n I 8 1 . 1 . . A m . r V 1 2 5 9 l. fi . ILS , , , p xxxiii , g

B N . S n. 1828 . 32 . O AP y , p B 8 S W N . . . . 1 3 1 52 . RICH . AI S F A II , , I 8 l A U D . O rn . B o . I 1 35 37 7 l. . i g , , , p c xvi

A h b l o B 1 l . r i uteo a us G r s of E uro e . c g p , OULD , i d p , , p xv

N S n. . . B r s llust. B r s o f CASSI , y N A i d (I i d

- - . The Rou h le e Ha wk R u h l lc VULG g gg d . o g egg ed Fa on

no s e f e en e s are o se a e e e en t s and the o ean s e e As p ciﬁc di f r c b rv bl b tw hi Eur p p ci s ,

see n o o eas n for n ot e a n t em as en a o it has een s a I go d r o r g rdi g h id tic l , th ugh b u u l to 1 h o a ns conside r o ur lag op us as the immature bird of the prece din g . T e bserv tio of H o in a a s a s e em . . . e L H . R e and . m ne e . y ph ws , Dr Stor r Mr F St r r, br dor, ti ﬁ d th a ese e e are not m a e and mm a e s of the same s e e te th t th sp ci s tur i tur bird p ci s , but qui T h a Ha n s in e a a e a and enera a ea an e . e disti ct bird th ir ch r ct r , h bits , g l pp r c Bl ck wk a n n The a e e and i t in m o e n o e . is bold , spirit d bird, sy sw f its tio s , pr yi g up oth r birds

R - le om a a e s n f en s e and am a e ee n n m e ough g is c p r tiv ly sluggi h , i o f iv , t bl , f di g upo ic ,

nd m e a s ose o a o . ats o s a e n e o a . W e e m t r , fr g , oth r i f ri r g ith th ir vi ws I di p d cc rd

T o he s os t on t a is the n mm a e of the e e n e e t upp i i h t it you g or i tur bird pr c di g sp ci s ,

e a the e of the s ancti- ohannis m an es f e en r m at the I obj ct , th t gg j is if tly di f r t f o th of la o us and a so far as n n the m e n e n the two g/p , th t , it is k ow , od of sti g of birds is n T he me an e e en a e e e ee on f nea also u like . A ric r pr s t tiv of this sp ci s br ds rocky cli fs r an a the sea ; the Europe is s id to nes t in trees . T he on e the la o us a has een O a ne in n far as ly gg of g p th t b bt i d this cou try , so I am a a e was a en m ne e m a nes on the f nea the a o of w r , t k by y ph w fro t cli fs , r h rb r ’ - h a a as d O r on t e La . The ne n a ne at the me t ree n Br , co st of br dor st co t i d ti h you g

e es one e n a e . The n Ha e e s ea and birds , b sid gg u h tch d you g wks w r ju t r dy to fly , n a A s fl o oo the ne e a e . e ew e e out an n a e e f rs k st wh ppro ch d th y , th y roll d u h tch d gg m th f to the e na e e n . The ne was botto of cli f, but fortu t ly without d stroyi g it st n s e of s and h he e was on a o e t e a e . e t rud ly co truct d stick , high r ck , ov r w t r B low it ff w as s ee and na e ss e was eas a a e om a I n the nest cli t p i cc ibl , but ily ppro ch d fr bove . at the m e w e e or five the a e a s e ar to La a re the ti r four of l rg r t p culi br dor, procu d by

n I n as h a n ir O ld for e . e t e e e e as er a ne b e in birds th ir you g this c , p r t b ds w r c t i d to h la the m a e t e o us . the s ame me a oun r a en a e one of plu g of g p At ti , iy g bi d , t k liv by ' the sa o O f the a t and e en a s ancti oha nnis w as e a e en in il rs p r y, vid tly y , quit bl ck , v its

mm at re ma e and was e e n ama e and in all ara e st er i u plu g , ﬁ rc , u t bl , its ch ct ri ics v y

th R o - different from e ugh legge d . I n the bree ding season this Hawk is fou nd only in the m ore n orthern p arts of

h n nen . I n the n e e e it is to be m et t nea t o the t e co ti t wi t r, how v r, wi h rly hr ughout

1 is S no s h e s the Za us as a s n r h Mr. ass n in h s of t e al on ae o t t b at t e sam e t m C i , y p i F c id , giv g p di i c i d , i e

1 e mark in t at it is us uall re ar e b natural sts as the oun of the s ancti ohannis and a s t at g h y g d d y i y g j , dd h his onl 1 e ason for n it t us 15 t at a te r are ul o m ar son and e a m nat on of nume rous s e y givi g h , h , f c f c p i x i i p ci e ns he n s it abs olutel m oss ble to st n u s it an ara te r w ate e r rom th E uro e an m , ﬁ d y i p i di i g i h by y ch c h v f e p bird . — C H G . F A L C O N I D E . A R I B U T E O F E R R U I N E U S 37

‘ U t ern m in th n s a n a e not en de I ts e ee e e erm n . nited State s . sou h li its br di g so h v b t i ed

n a as O s m e ea to the n e n a n an e in a f e e . a e e a Its bu d c C li or i , b rv d by Dr G b l , l ds i f r c th t an n a ant t at ta e o the ea as a W ashin to n and it is i h bit of h S t thr ughout y r, it is lso of g w a h e . s O a n nne on t e n O regon Te rritori s It bt i ed by Dr . Ke dy Zu i River in N ew

m we ma er a e n a Mexico . Fro this y v y s f ly i fer th t it is to be found very nearly me a throughout North A ric .

T he e of the R - e e H a om La a o m eas e n e In en gg ough l gg d wk fr br d r ur s l 66 i ch s l gth 4 1 in rea and 1 s nea er a . T he ro n o or a so le e or a by 1 6 b dth , rly sph ic l g u d c l is i d whit

a and m a e a few a n - deﬁned of - m e dis rib light dr b , is rk d with f i t , ill spots light u b r, t u ed a - t t intervals ove r the entire surface . O f o ean e men in m e on are nea e the me an f ur Europ sp ci s y coll cti , two so rly lik A ric , h t a t e am e e on o an s e . e are a e ar er e h t s d scripti w uld w r for both Th y triﬂ l g , but th ir

o and ar r m 2 4 o 2 1 n m a n are e a the same . e e e t e col r rki gs x ctly Th s ggs v y f o r e 1 6 i ch s in n 1 2 e t and the rea t ea 1 1 n e . l g h , b d h of ch s 1 i ch s I n on e o f the o ther sp ecim en s the gro un d color is of a deeper shade of din gy

e a e o es and its s - s a e m a n s n term n e e whit , with l rg r bl tch , purpli h l t rki g i i gl d with thos 1 - m ea e 1 n e . m e . 2 b of u b r It sur s l 6 y 1 6 i ch s T he 1 m Switz erland and a e om all e the e e a e fourth s fro , v ri s fr oth rs of sp ci s I h v

e n m a a am - olor n e n me o and r s e . It is rked over cre c ed grou d with v ry u r us quite la ge 4 - I t m a o f f n e of m e and se a n . e e 2 bl tches o di fere t shad s u b r pi brow sur s r e by mg n i ches .

ARCHIBUTEO FERR UG INEU S .

uteo erru ineus N N Trans . Be rl n a . 1838 . 428 . B f g , LICHTE STEI , i Ac d , p

A r hibuteo r e a lis G R G e n . of B r s 1849 l. . c g , AY , i d , , p vi ' ll B s 1 5 f al. . l s r C 8 4 159 . A r hibuteo err u zneus N u t. o . c f g , CASSI , I i d , p , p xxvi B r ll B r S n us . . . . s t s O f C al. 1854 1 04 . y N A i d (I i d , p .

P ro . P l. a . 18 55 . 27 7 . c hi Ac d , p

- The Western R ou h le e B uz z ar . VULG . g gg d d

I A M unable at presen t to give any illustration of the egg of this re cen t addition n was the rs r n ome e a . . . e to our North Am erican Faun . Mr E M K r ﬁ t to b i g h sp ci

m en s of s H a an d t o es a s its e s en e n o ur m . n e en thi wk , t bli h xi t c withi li its Si c th ,

Heermann has O a ne e men in a o n a O ld and n and a o Dr . bt i d sp ci s C lif r i of you g birds , ls of the eggs as s e e L en e n in the an a n O f the e n This spe cies w ﬁr t d scrib d by icht st i , Tr s ctio s B rli be mm n o a o n a a em in 1 838 . a ea to eo Ac d y , It pp rs co o through ut C lif r i , but of its g

a a s n e n n o n n n . T he on e n O f the ne gr phic l di tributio b yo d , thi g is k ow ly d scriptio st m n He e h Heer a n . e t e nes a and eggs I have seen is fur nishe d by Dr . A . L . d scrib s t s

a e in th to mos an e an oak om e e te n a o f a e and pl c d e p t br ch s of , c pos d x r lly l rg twigs ,

1 ’ In e ute ant Blan lo u f he B r s of o a S ot a it is en as m rator and not Li n d s Cata g e o t i d N v c i , giv ig y , " Common. 38 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y. P A R T I .

T he e e in n m e the ro n lined with co ars e grasse s and moss . ggs wer two u b r ; g u d

H rm ann a s o o was e w as m a e a nt o n as e s . . ee c l r whit , which rk d with f i br w d h Dr dd , that the eggs O f this sp e cies are quite different from those of the European A .

n e the a o e was in e and s as ese a es are a s n o the Si c b v typ , j u t th p g p s i g thr ugh

Heerm ann and the a ten on es a e een a o e the n ne of . pr s , I h v b f v r d , through ki d ss Dr t ti

e t the oan an e t Ha ta ne the me in a of Mr . Krid r , wi h l of gg of his wk ob i d by for r C li 2 3 . m eas em n ar en t fornia I t is e e en e i n a e 26 . e e r pr s t d Pl t III , ﬁg Its ur ts , l g h 6 3;

1 - T h o n he e a e o s - e n e ea t e t . i ch s ; br d h , 6 gr u d color of gg is y ll wi h whit This is

- m ar e t ar e o es a e n s ra . nte k d wi h l g bl tch of light , but v ry disti ct, purpli h g y I r

and - sperse d with these are a few light sp ots line s of umbe r brown.

MI I I HV IJ VAE .

N C F AU LERUS URCA T U S .

1 12 S s . N at. 7 lco ur ca tus N N . t 66 9 . Fa f , LI y I , , W n 12 A m . O r . 18 7 0 l. li . ﬁ . 3 . ILS VI , , , p , g l 1 32 anua 18 9 5 . NUTTALL , M , , , B 8 0 A U D . O rn. o . 1 4 368 37 1 l. lxxn . i g I , , V , , p

H s . . KA Y N at. t Y. B r s 1844 l . 5 . D E . 1 , i N , i d , , p vii , ﬁg

lanus ur ula s B N . S n. 18 28 . 3 1 . E f c , O AP y , p

N au ler us ur catus B N . G e o . a nd om . s t 1838 . 4 . c f , O AP g C p Li , , p

A U D . S n. 18 39 . 14 . y , p

VI G O Rs Z ool. our. 387 . , J VII , 8 f 18 40 l. . s o A m . 7 A U D . B r i d I , , , p xviii

G B r s o f E uro e 1 l. . OULD , i d p , , p xxx llus s f 5 N S n. . . B r s t . B r o 18 4 . 105 . CASSI , y N A i d ( I i d , p

- l i - t l il d Hawk . L e M an ar l h S ll ta Hawk . The sh ai e o ine . T e wa ow i e u e r VULG d F C (C vi ,

Re n . n m . g A i I ,

H S e e has a e s on e e in the o e e n ta es oes T I sp ci s wid di tributi , but xc pt S uthw st r S t d l m os n t e n l m on h n not appear to b e anywhere abundant . Its t or h r i it t e Atla tic is

an a and N ew e e e e e e a n a en a Pennsylv i J rs y, wh r , how v r , it is prob bly of o ly ccid t l

m m e e en and o n n the a e en e . a e e o occurr c F rth r w st it is uch or fr qu t, is f u d tribut ri s

f the O o and ss as far to the n as the a e W n n and the o hi Missi ippi , orth St t of isco si 2 err to O f nne a. not n mm n in the an a e m or T i ry Mi sot It is u co o Atl tic St t s , fro N th n e en n n in a a the a of e not the ea oa . nes s C roli south , fr qu ti g b ks riv rs , but s b rd It t

a na and eo a and in all the a e e on he M ex South C roli G rgi , St t s which bord r t Gulf of

a a na ee as far the n e s as W n n as am ico . It lso occ sio lly br ds to orthw t isco si , I

1 W ils on s p eak s of this Haw k as ve ry a bund ant in S outh Carolina and G e orgi a ; but this is c ontrary to

n ormat on . It is oun in t ose S tate s not un re ue ntl but ra t e r o as onall t an abun antl . my i f i f d h f q y , h cc i y h d y 2 M or n to r. uttall n uals ha e bee n s een alon the ss ss as far north as the Falls Acc di g N , i divid v g Mi i ippi

of S t. nt on in lat. A h y , — ZE E S FU R C A T U S . FA L C O N I D . N A U C L R U 39

K um i n o t n on an n e ent an n o me e e . e l e d i f r d, by l tt r, by Mr Thur , of F rt A ki s , i t llig

e a e n aturalis tf a e se Ha e e O e e him in a n t r li bl A p ir of th wks w r bs rv d by th t vici i y , h w in the s mme 1 85 4. e ere e en t ee n a t ou e as not a e u r of Th y w vid ly br di g, l h gh bl to di scove r the ir n e st . m on Ha as a s an of ama a n he a t o of M r . osse en t t o t . G ti s this wk vi i J ic , u h rity Mr 1 f a a i n a a H and . n a es as a o t t ot t te t t ill , Dr Gu dl ch giv it bird Cub , l hough is s d h it f ree s in e t e s an . n ot ea as e a ne b e a r o t m e a b d i h r i l d It is cl rly c rt i d to bi d Sou h A ric , and ro a n ot o n e e e e a en a n ess the e e s no n as p b bly is f u d th r , xc pt ccid t lly, u l sp ci k w 2

n a . W E lanoides eta a er m a e be e . o e in y p , which is v y si il r , prov s to id tic l Dr oodh us , hi s report upon the birds O b se rve d in the expedition down the Zuni and Colorado

R e s ea of t Ha as mm on in e a and a in the o n r the iv rs , p ks his wk co T x s , lso c u t y of

and He on rm the a n a e een e e e Creek Cherokee nation s . c ﬁ s ccou ts which h v b r c iv d its on ne for the ne O f s eam and a s a a n the ansa of f d ss ighborhood tr s , dd , th t lo g Ark s and i e n ot a ea a e een O s ts tributaries it w as v ery abun dan t . It do s pp r to h v b b erved in a f n i a ' m . H rman . s a e and n a e t er D r . a e ee w erer and C li or i by i h G b l or Dr It gr t , n an e are on e o of its o rren e e en in o e e e e e a ea i st c s r c rd ccu c v Eur p , wh r , how v r, its pp r 3 an e on an a en and oe not s e n as e as a o ean c is ly ccid t , d s ju tify its b i g cl s d Eur p bird .

' s Ha ons ts its nes t on a t ee s a e an n nea nn n Thi wk c truc t ll r s , u u lly ov rh gi g or r ru i g

a er . T he ne e t at the in en a a a an e n s w t st is lik h of Crow its g er l ppe r c . It is co tructed e e na of an d t n e rm e t are e a ant t e s of xt r lly dry twigs s icks , i t ix d wi h which gr t qu i i T h n is the long Sp anish moss p e culiar to the South ern States . e est line d with dry

a es ea e and eat e . gr ss , l v s , f h rs

T he e are es n as r m o o i m e a r e . t n n een ggs d crib d by Mr Audubo f o f ur six u b r, of g ish- e o a dar t few e a es of n at the ar e end . whit c lor, wi h irr gul r blotch k brow l g r I ‘ a e in m sse s on h dra in of an O ta ne ea in L an t e w e . s a h v y po s i g gg b i d by Dr Trud u oui i ,

nd a m a a ent e man I is e nea s l1 roidal . an a w s e . t e d its m ea which d by th t g l v ry rly p , s

men s ar en 9 u r t e t n e ea t 1 n . o r n e e e t . , l g h Hg i ch s , br d h 3 6 i ch s It c r spo ds wi h Mr ’ n s es n f h hi a O t e e of t s H . Audubo d criptio gg , wk I am greatly disapp ointe d in bein g compelled to dismiss this species for the pres ent t o the m t at on of a n e e . ee e e e en wi h ut illus r i si gl gg It br ds , with or or l ss fr qu cy, he an of on t the e of n e ar all the o t e n a e . en b ks riv rs ly S u h r St t s My fri d , Dr. ll ck K o o e a C . has ma e ea ffo o o a n h e of s H a . e e e t t e t , of Ch r w , S , d r p t d rts bt i gg hi wk , t far has en too a a 1 h s ee e in n n a e e t em . I n M 85 5 e but hus b l t for h y, , ucc d d ﬁ di g nes and as en e it but to his ea sa o ntmen t was o n to c onta n on t , c d d to ; , gr t di pp i , it f u d i ly

o n . s a e e r is n ot t o its a e as it e the er at y u g Thi f ct, how v , wi h ut v lu , ﬁx s p iod which e n at on omm en e at a o t the l st of r e n ea as n th ir i cub i c c d b u Ap il , which is v ry rly soo as they are usually O bserve d to m ake the ir app earan ce in th at p art of the coun

. T he ne s was on a ar e ee n o t nea the n 0 11 one its o e t n try t l g tr , r tru k , but of pr j c i g an s and s me a f e t O f a oa . br ch , o wh t di ﬁcul ppr ch

1 It is not e n as a uban r b mbe e in his A ves d l s l e e a I a de uba . giv C bi d y L y , C 9 or n to e llot i is o i fa r o t un n Pe ru and e e n as s ut as Buenos res . T s ma re e r Acc di g Vi , f d , v h Ay hi y f to the re se nt s e e s or as i u m lar ut s s ose to a e r s b st n t one . p p ci , , pp d , v y i i di i c 3 T wo s e me ns a re s a to a e e e n a tur in E uro O n o f t es e was in A r leshire S ot p ci id h v b c p e d p e . e h gy , c

lan in 17 7 2 . T he ot e r i Y n or sh re E n lan in 18 05 . d , h k i , g d , I . 40 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y . P A R T

ELA N U S L E U CU RU S .

1 2 5 al a i3 ar T M M . Pl. C ol. 18 0 D . 4 . F c d p , E , , iv

S . 2 18 8 . B N . n. 435 . O AP y App , p

Manual 1 18 32 9 3 . NUTTALL , , , ,

o IV 18 35 3 l A D . O m . B . 97 . l . U i g , , , p ccc ii

m . st 8 . E la s l u G o . and o 1 nu e curus B N . e 83 . 4 , O AP g C p Li , , p

B . S n . . . B r s ll s 1 N u t. r s of 1854 . 06 CASSI , y N A i d (I i d , p ’

r s G illiss s S . N . 5 7 5 . B U . av s tr. E x . 18 3 1 i d , A p II , ,

l l V . M i vus eucurus E L N ou . D t . 1 5 I I L v ie 8 18 63 . , XX , ,

E l s . S n . anus i ar A U D 18 39 . 13 . d p , y , p B 8 r s o f A m . 1 40 7 0 l. . i d I , , , p xvi

G A Y auna lena e s 18 54 . 3 3 l. 1 1 . , F Chi , Av , , p , p l 8 . o l . a me ano ter us B N . our. a . P la 2 F c p , O AP J Ac d hi V , 1 S n . 1828 . 3 . y , p

A m O rn. 11 l. ﬁ . 1 . . , p xi , g

- - - White tailed Hawk . Ba ilairin . Bl k s houl er e H k Bla k win e Hawk . VULG ac d d aw . c g d

(Chile ) .

L HO G H e e e a n an in the e n a e r m t a A T U this sp ci s is quit bu d t South r St t s , f o Sou h C ro

na t and est and e a omm n I n a o n a am n ot a e to i l st a e li sou h w , qu lly c o C lif r i , I bl l u r t its e n or am a a e t at an n at a s has e e or es e em ggs , I w r h y ur li t discov r d d crib d th , t the e e n O f L e tenan l s who m e t em in re en n a a wi h xc ptio i u t Gi li s , with th his c t v l a d s a e t a the n m a e e t n e . . on n . WVar stro o ic l xp di io to Chil Mr Audub , quoti g Mr , t t s h t ne t Ha are a e 0 11 t ee nea the m a in of er and e em e sts of his wk pl c d low r s , r rg s riv s , r s bl ’ He t o e of the o but n on e O f the s an a n n a ne . h s Cr w, with ubst ti l li i g of th t bird s st o n says n thi g of their eggs .

a a in n e ta es . n e t te t at t e are on een the U Mr Nutt ll , who i corr c ly st s h h y ly s it d S t in or a and en n a na a a e in the o t ee s a Fl id , th o ly occ sio lly, dds , th t th y build f rks of r

oa and s a ne ne n e na t m and ea e and la ﬁve br d h llow st , li d i t r lly wi h oss f th rs , y four or

e s es n o e n t em . gg , but giv d scriptio of h s e es has een m et in o a o na e a a la ama This p ci b with S uth C r li , G orgi , Florid , A b ,

Lo s ana and e a and o a a s o in e and N ew e . Mississippi, ui i , T x s , pr b bly l M xico M xico

am e es e m a a in a a am n m e t e . e s e n an n e e Dr G b l d crib s th v ry bu d t C lifor i , wh r I i for d h y are am l a in e a and ee in m a in the mm e a e n f i i r th ir h bits , br d clu ps of o ks , i di t vici ity

n . n i O f habitations . Dr . Heerma n sp eak s of them as comm on in that State But e a a is n ot the r of thes e n tur lists app ears to h ave m et with their nests or eggs . It m ent on a a f a or am a L m . n a or e e t e s o a . e e e i d i h r bird Cub J ic by Mr b y , Dr Gu dl ch ,

Mr. Go s se . i s O a n e o . men a n in e s e of t s r in e and . Mr Gill s bt i d p ci s hi bi d Chil , Mr C ssi , his r p rt “ n the o a ne in a e e on nfe s om t a the s e e has upo birds bt i d th t xp diti , i r fr this h t p ci s an e en e an e O f a em a n the s o e n o on of the Un e tates xt siv r g loc lity , br ci g uth r p rti it d S ,

e en ra me a and the o n es of W estern o t me a . M xico , C t l A ric , c u tri S u h A ric T he only knowledge we have of its eggs is derived from the no te s of Lieutenan t

A T 1 . 42 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y . P R

T he n e en e in m a n was illustrate the egg of this Hawk . specim e repr s t d y dr wi g

L mes r ea o om am n e e the o . ana . a t t aken in ouisi by Dr J T ud u , wh I i d bt d for c py 9 a een s I t m eas re s e n t 1 n e re a t n e . ro n u , l g h , 1 6 i ch s ; b d h , H i ch s Its g u d color is gr i h te and the e is t m a e e ent e a e e a t e whi , gg hickly rk d ov r its ir surf c by irr gul r blo ch s

- - - o e o n ar a e een and a o . of liv br w , d k sl t gr , purplish dr b c lors

CIRC US HUD S O NI CU S .

l a a hudsoni cus N N . S st. N at. 17 66 128 . F c , LI y I , ,

Fa l a uli inosus G M N S st. N at 17 8 8 27 8 . c g , ELI , y . I , , W m A . O rn . 1 . i . 2 . . 8 12 67 l l ILS VI , , , p , ﬁg

l . O I Fa o aneus B m . rn . I N A 30 . c cy , O AP ,

U T T A L L anual 1 18 32 109 . N , M , , ,

A U D . O rn. B o . IV 18 38 39 6 l. l . i g , , , p ccc vi

Buteo c aneus dz W . 55 . S A N . B . . 18 3 1 y , RICH . I S F A II , ,

S t ce s ul . r i i i inos us B N . G e o . and om . st 18 38 5 . g p g , O AP g C p Li , , p

ir us an us S o s . e A U D . n s 18 39 . 1 C c cy , y p i , , p 9

B r s of me r a 1840 . i d A ic , I ,

Fa l a eur o o is tus D N Tra t II 1 10 . c p g , AUDI , i é , , 5 0 ir us hud n cu ll s . B s of 18 4 . 1 8 . i . r so s N S n . B r s u t C c , CASSI , y N . A i d (I i d , p

- - ~ Hawk . . The M s H A meri an Hen Harri er . The ommon Hen VULG ar h awk . c C

T HI s Ha is one of the m o s i s e o me a ee wk t w dely di tribut d birds of N rth A ric , br d ’ in m the e n a o n H n Ba to a e n e a and m M as g fro fur r gio s r u d udso s y G lv sto , T x s , fro achuse ts to O e on and a o n an e er e e the e e n s t n a. I t a r g C lif r i is bu d t v ywh r , with xc ptio h n n R a son ea of t e southeaste r p ortion of the United State s . Sir Joh ich rd sp ks of

as so omm on on the a n of the a a e an a e m e an ﬁve it c pl i s S sk tch w , th t s ldo l ss th or

x are in s at a t me in a o n en n on the a n si ight i ( l titude Mr . T w s d fou d it pl i s of m a he nn the Colu bi R ive r an d 0 11 the prairie s bordering on the Missouri . T Vince es

n e o m e a a n O a n . a e s Explori g Exp diti bt i ed spe cim en s in O re gon . Dr G b l sp ks of it in a i mm n n a and H e rmann a so o n a n an in a ta e . . . e co o C l for i , Dr l f u d it bu d t th t S t Dr ’ ’ S uck le s a t O a ne e men in n ne a a a n e t in U a C a y p r y bt i d sp ci s Mi sot ; C pt i B ckwi h s , t h ; p n e L e enan W in N ew e o and L e enan a e and . H en t i Pop , i ut t hippl , Dr ry, M xic ; i ut t in am a met a n an m the o ul a e . W se C uch , T ip s , M xico . Dr oodhou with it bu d tly fro

s ss R e the a O ean the mme n on Mis i ippi iv r to P ciﬁc c , throughout su r, showi g c clu

sivel a it ee s i D la a a L m e n t ose f eren e n n . e e e y th t br d h di f t s ctio s of cou try S gr , b y ,

and . n a all e it as a of a n ot as ee n ere . Dr Gu dl ch giv bird Cub , but br di g th

R a son Fauna B orea li- A r c a all the nes of t Ha me i an . 55 s a e at ich rd ( , p ) t t s th ts his wk e e him e e on the o n the s e sm a a es of moss a obs rv d by w r built gr u d by id of ll l k , , gr ss ,

eat e and a and n a ne rom t ee to ﬁve e s of a s - e and f h rs , h ir, co t i d f hr gg , blui h whit color,

n o tte . e m eas re an n and t ee ar e s in en t and e e an n u sp d Th y u d i ch hr qu t r l g h , w r i ch f n n a o e e e . I n e a the s n and manne o the ne cr ss wh r wid st r g rd to po itio r co structi g st, — S H D S O N I C U S . FA L C O N I D Z E . C I R C U U 43

es n t m own e e en e n ot es e the s e the this corr po ds wi h y xp ri c , but so with r p ct to iz of h a e een n a a on the o n n a e . T e ne e ate b as ggs sts h v b i v ri bly gr u d , r w r, uilt of dry gr s , and line d with softer materials .

n o n H a ee n on he a f a . t en O en the e e Mr Audubo f u d this wk br di g b rr s K tucky, cl r d

- the A lle hanies and in the e - a e an e ne a en s of h or a . t bl l ds of g , high cov r d pi b rr t e Fl id s H aving con siderable doubts whether any American writer who had sp oken of the

a s Ha had e e een one ne ts ame w te es a m n M r h wk v r s of its s , this s ri r giv very i ute he n on a e n s an e a a a a o n one . w s o t a ndr cc u t of which fou d G lv sto I l d , T x s It b u hu ed

a m a n on a e s a e a e the ma and was ma e ass y rds fro po d , ridg ju t r is d bov rsh , d of dry gr the n e na ame e was e and the e e na e e n e the e of i t r l di t r ight, xt r l tw lv i ch s , with d pth

d h r re und. o e n an a a . N o ea t e s we o e e n e ab two h lf f f If, h w v r, by dw lli g upo th ir ’ sen e . on n en e a an e n o n R a n c , Mr Audub i t d d to c st y discr dit upo Sir J h ich rdso s a a in e n the ne e e as een him e a e the ccur cy his d scriptio of sts of this sp ci s , s by , b c us atte s ea ea e a n een em e am on n e he ea had n o l r p ks of f th rs h vi g b ploy d, I c vi c d r lly

o ar n n to a nes m a be e e in a C a a g od gro unds . A w m li i g t y r quir d lim te of l titude ° 65 n o t e the ame ne ess l not b e n in on e of A ne O e e r h , whil s c ity wil fou d st bs rv d . in n H . to e as on h of n n ass . R . w t e e e a a d was a m Co cord, M , by Dr S r r, dg po d , w r ly

n e a d n a a ins an e m be nam e i e e an ﬁ e e . n e d li d w th f th rs gr ss s M y oth r t c s ight , but

n - o e well atte sted e xample is sufﬁcient .

he e n in he a s on n as o in n m e . n ea t t e e Mr Audubo sp ks of ggs fou d G lv t st f ur u b r, mo t n e a n e or o a e t a s - te an n an d t ee s o h , co sid r bly rou d d br dly llip ic l , blui h whi , i ch hr

a t in n d n n and a a in r a n n est o n n e e an a e e t . t e e qu r rs l gth , i ch qu rt r b d h A o h r , f u d u d r a s on the A lle hanies w as on te in a s m a m anne was m o e low bu h g , c struc d i il r r, but r the bed e n o n e a e the ea t and the e t s n e t bulky , b i g f ur i ch s bov r h , gg sligh ly pri kl d wi h 1 sma - ll m arks of p ale reddish brown . a n A u O ne e e e sen e in the ate w as o a ne on e on a . gg r pr t d pl bt i d G lv st Isl d , by Mr i o e t on a en n in N e se u n ee ot e s n m e e o e w e . n d bo . Thr h r y c ll c i w r t k , J r y, by Mr Joh

d one in on e a e a on e in L o s ana . ea an Krid r, of Phil d lphi , ui i , by Dr Trud u , C cord ,

h one of he e e to a e m a e on assa se . T e t e M chu tts ﬁrst, which is four r f rr d bov , is rk d

’ “ " h n an n i 1 a e s on s an . t e e in . t 29 837 sh ll , Mr Audubo s h dwri i g, Apr l , , G lv t I l d Its o a e a e an a e and e a mea emen are en c lor is r th r soil d th bluish whit , its x ct sur ts , l gth , 7 T he m a s 1 - - n e and the a n e ea 1 . e e Hg i ch s ; br dth , 56 third sur H6 by 1 6 i ch s ; l st 6 a d 1 n e . e o te t a e s s a e s n H% by T 6 i ch s Th ir c lor is whi , wi h v ry light h d of blui h , ine are m n an the one o ta . faintly m a—rked with brown . They uch lo ger th b d by Mr ff n e s a on a m os en o so to be s e s e of s e e e e . e Audub , l t ugh ugg tiv p ciﬁc di r c s Th ir h p

a f e en t e n m o e o m es e a the s e men m a a is lso di f r t, bo h b i g r pyrif r , p ci lly p ci fro M ss

n a h a The as as a n e ea chusetts e e t t e m e end. w , which is quit poi t d s ll r l t obt i d rly in Jun e . n e the a e was e a e for a n a e e e ed the Si c bov pr p r d public tio , I h v r c iv , through

l I think that a more c are ful s crutiny of the e gg of thi s Hawk may s h ow that the p re valent imp re ss ion o f the a se n e of s ots and mar n s w ll ro e t be e A e s e e n e e t the one o an rror. ll t at a b c p ki g i p v h I h v , xc p e e rre m l - e s e mark n s are not r to ro o u s ana are more or e ss mar e w t l t brown blot e s . T f d f L i i , k d i h igh ch h i g alwa s e r st n t but so far as m rese nt e er e n e oes t e are to be oun are ull y v y di i c , y p xp i c g , h y f d if c f y s ought. -

T H E L . 44 N O R A M R I C A N O o O G Y P A R T I .

n am a otta a n h on t nts of the n a ent n . R e e t e e e tt io of Dr ob rt Dixo , of D risc , M i , c st

e e are se e a a ts in onne on are o t of a Hawk of this spe cies . Th r v r l f c c cti which w r hy

h ema was s as she ﬂe e t ere o e ns era on . T e e w m the n es e of co id ti f l hot fro t ; th r is , h f r , n o es on as to the ent t of the e s of e e e e six on a ne in the qu ti id i y gg , which th r w r , c t i d

W t a s n e e e t on all e e e ar e s n o e and ne . e st i h but i gl xc p i , th s ggs v ry di ti ctly bl tch d

s ot e . e en an en e n ew ea r e int e ma n a t o . p t d This , to us , pr s ts tir ly f tu h ir rki gs , l h ugh Mr

n B s mer a 8 vo 108 m en ns n n a ne 0 11 the A lle hanies Audubo ( ird of A ic , , I , ) tio ﬁ di g st g ,

- the eggs of which were slightly sprinkled with small m arks of p ale reddish brown . I n the e en n an e the s a e o f the e s a a e O on o a o n e at pr s t i st c , h p gg is r th r bl g v l , r u d d nd the sma le end e n m to nc e e s e e . e a e in en t o 2 both f l r w ll d ﬁ d Th y v ri d l g h fr H% i h s , 3 t om I to 1 n i a rt s - te and in rea e . e o n o o s b d h fr fs 56 i ch s Th ir gr u d c l r di y blui h whi , in one is ne a n s otted the m a n s s o a n as t o be ar e e t e which rly u p , rki g f i t h dly p rc p ibl ,

ll h o rs s ots and t e a and on n a e n s e t n . I n a t e t e ly upo clos i p c io h , p blo ch s of light

- s a e r o n o i n a re a e o r es e ee o e t e ent re s r a e . h d of pu plish br w ccur, g t r l s d gr , v r h ir i u f c

I n tw o the o e are a e and e m a e in the t er ess s on a e , bl tch s l rg w ll rk d o h s , l tr gly tr c d ,

n s has led to a os e am na on of e om o e a t of but quite disti ct. Thi cl er x i ti ggs fr th r p r s the o n r and n ear all are e e t s o e c u t y, ly p rc p ibly p tt d T he n es w as o n in a t a t of low an w as a s wet and m r o e e t f u d r c l d , which l o i y , c v r d

n h a t i had een on st e . with grass and clum p s of sedge . O n o e of t e l t er t b c ruct d It is es e as a o t the s e of a e ek as e C ar and om se ent e d crib d b u iz p b k t , ircul , c po d ir ly of " sm a s n s e off or to e t s ma n e s O f ne o s . ll dry ticks , ﬁ i h d pp d out wi h ll bu ch pi b ugh

e e w as e tt e e the ne not eno to e the e rom Th r v ry li l d pth to st , or ugh cov r ggs f

f a hers e e o n in or a . w as View in taking a sight acro ss it . No e t w r f u d bout it It ' m m a e ma r r t s ab n e t t a one n of ne si ply d of s ll d y s ick , out six i ch s hick , wi h bout i ch pi n h boughs for ﬁnishi g O ff t e n est . n a as T he eggs we re found ab out the 20th O f M ay . They Containe d you g t le t two

ee s a an e n a the r e an to la in the at e a r and w k dv c d , showi g th t bi d b g y l t r p rt of Ap il , i to sit upon her e ggs e arly n the following month . T he ne was o n nea the a e of am a s o ta a n e a en m e st f u d r vill g D ri c t , M i , bout tw ty il s

f he enn e e R e T he ms an s of e nte es are the n m e of east o t K b c iv r. circu t ce chi f i r t u b r the e reate an s a i n the r s o t am t e m a n s the c on ggs , g r th u u l bi d f his f ily, h ir rki g , ’ t n of the n est w as diﬂerent rom an e ore es e the a en e O f struc io , which f y b f d crib d, bs c

eat e an e n n the o n t me at the e s we e o a f h rs or y oth r li i g , p i t of i which gg r pr b bly and t e s and e os e e s a e . d p it d, h ir iz h p

a e e m be no oss e t as o th en of t ese e the a ent Th t th r ight p ibl doub t e id tity h ggs , p r n f m na on ss n and his o w as se t or e a t to m er a a e r en . a e t bird x i i y v y ccur t f i d , Mr C i , cl s s s t n ha en e to its s e e a e a e e am n a on of cru i y c ll g d p ciﬁc m arkings . Aft r v ry c r ful x i ti the r h r te s ann ot ete an a a te st n s n it rom ot e s bi d , e w i , I c d ct y ch r c r di i gui hi g f h r

are n te the omm on s e I is in at e n a m a e a which u doub dly c p cies . t r h r u usu l plu g , " n on an e m n a tra siti or ch g fro you g to dult. — R Y S A E T O S . F A L C O N I D E . A QU I L A C H 45

A Q U I L I N JE .

A QUIL A CHRYS A E T O S .

l tos N N . S hr sae st. N a a a c t. 17 66 125 . F c y , LI y I , ,

A D . O rn B o . U . 11 18 35 46 4 l. l . i g , , , p c xxxi

l s . Fa lco u vu N N S s t. N I 17 6 at. 6 125 . f , LI y , , W . A m . O rn . 18 15 13 . ILS VI , ,

B N . S n 2 5 18 8 . 2 . O AP y . , p

anual 1 18 32 62 . NUTTALL , M , , , l a a is . S s . o na ens N N t N at. 17 6 6 125 . F c c d , LI y I , , l a a ni er G M N S st. N at. 17 88 25 9 . F c g , ELI , y I , , A uila c s t S B hr a e os . dz. W N . . . . 1 8 3 1 6 . q y , RICH AI S F A II , , G B N . e o . a nd s m . t o 1838 . 2 . O AP g C p Li , , p A D S no s U . s 18 39 . 3 . y p i , , p B r s of A m 18 0 5 l. i 1 4 0 x . i d . I , , , p

N S n. . . B r s llust. B r s of 18 54 . 109 . CASSI , y N A i d (I i d , p A uila n b lis P i A L L A s Z oO . s s o o . A s . 338 . q , , g R I ,

. h G l - T e o n E a le . R al E a le. Rin tail l e o l E l . VULG d g y g g ed E ag e . B ack ag e

T HE G olden E agle of Europe and of North Am erica h ave b een regarde d as iden t a in all o h n ass n ic l w rks up on the ornith ology of t e two contine ts . Mr . C i of Phila

e a ose a ra in e te m n n s e e and ose t a e e in reco niz d lphi , wh ccu cy d r i i g p ci s , wh cri ic l y g in s e e s t e s are e n o n has e en e e se o as to the g p ciﬁc div r i i , so w ll k w , r c tly xpr s d d ubts

o e nes of the se ent t of t e s I is e e o r a m a c rr ct s suppo d id i y h es two bird . t th r f e tte r of n o sma e e t a so t e aid can b e en o ar s so n t e se o t rom the ll r gr t , h t li tl giv t w d lvi g h d ub s f

’ o o I n n h o en a i o l gy of the two continents . both cou tries t e G ld E gl e breeds n remote / and nea inac cessible laces and t e n n e e e a in re rly p , but li tl is k ow of its ggs , sp ci lly

ar to e the m er an of e e t a a e on a r a n g d thos of A ic bird , which I r gr t h t I h v ly d wi g , ma e am r ff . I t e s e ea om an e a en n ea the H son R e . d by Dr J s Trud u , fr gg t k r ud iv di r

essent a m an e an s e m en an e s on s t a a e e e een . i lly fro y Europ p ci , or y d cripti h t I h v v r s

T he a at on in a s n e nstan e o e e o n ot b e e ar e as e s e O f v ri i s i gl i c , h w v r, sh uld r g d d d ci iv

" s e t n t on in a am the e w are ten no n to resent p ciﬁc dis i c i s , f ily ggs of hich of k w p

reat ffe en e e en am n t e ta en r m the sam e nes t . g di r c s , v o g hos k f o

I n its eo ra a st t on the o en a e of o t mer a a ea s to g g phic l di ribu i , G ld E gl N r h A ic pp r b e e con ne to the m o nta no e on and the m o e n or t ern ort ns chi ﬂy ﬁ d u i us r gi s , r h p io , n a o n R ar son s aw few n a in the but to be owh ere bundant . Sir J h ich d but i dividu ls

t e on s n or does he a ea e e to a e m e t t its n est. n a Arc ic r gi , pp r v r h v wi h I dividu l birds ‘ — on the t ant oas a e een o as ona a ne O n e as far o t as a A —l ic c t h v b cc i lly obt i d , c s u h Phil ar I t w as O se e in O e n . o nsen b as e a bu t e r e . ut w d lphi , v ry ly b rv d r go by Dr T w d ,

mann . am s a n ot met in a i n a e e . Heer e et e e with C l for i , ith r by Dr or Dr G b l ; y v r l ’ a Hen s appear to h ve been obtained among the mountain s of N ew Mexic o by Dr . ry

ar p ty .

r was se e a e nea n in 1 837 e n a en in a t a had A bi d cur d liv r Bosto , , by b i g t k r p , which t ano on and its e e e een se t e e . as a e . b for h r purpos It w purch s d for Mr Audub , lif d stroy d , H A E A O G . A I 46 N O R T M R I C N O L O Y P R T .

ana m a e am na n e n let n n a vat a e for purpose s of to ic l x i tio , by b i g dow i to highly ch rg d

en e o e e n ea he s ea- as is e a e and a n a as . t with c rbo ic cid g Its occurr c , h w v r, r co t v ry r r , s even am ong the m ountain s it is neve r found e xcept in occasional p airs . It breed in h m o n a n n a ne N ew Ham e e m n and N ew Yo t e u t i ous portio s of M i , pshir , V r o t , rk , n am n h ff eam a and w as formerly not unfre que t o g t e cli s of the Hudson Rive r . St bo ts and a a a e e e nea en om m an e ea r ilro ds h v , how v r , rly driv this wild bird fr its ro tic r tr ts

H . te a n m a a a a e oc in a a e . I n an n a . e e th t qu rt r Fr co i N , for qui u b r of y rs p ir h v cu ied a ne on an na e ss e nea the a m o n a n in O f and p st i cc ibl rock , r top of u t i , sight , m o Re eate ef o s a e een ma e ea ne o s e the e H e . ppo it , Flu us p d f rt h v b d to r ch its st , but

I n the s mme 1 a en a m s m a thus far without succes s . u r of 855 r ewed tte pt wa de to

a the e e e the s e n o on the n e s an s o e t . sc le pr cipic ov r which h lvi g r ck , which st t d , pr j c s

ar w as orme and a t o t e s ee e in as en n the m n ta n A p ty f d , l h ugh h y ucc d d c di g ou i , which een a e e e o e t e ea on a o n e n and a o e had n ever b chi v d b f r , h y could r ch ly p i t b yo d b v ,

m a as a an n a he ne e . The a e w e e n e a e s n ot t st its lf tt pt to p ss to it b do d, b i g r g rd d T he a t e o e a a e e on of one in mm e a e too p e rilous . p r y r p rt d l rg coll cti b s its i di t vi cinit t o e e en e s the a m ate un e of m an ea s as e as y, wi h th r vid c of ccu ul d pl d r y y r , w ll a h m a plen tiful supply of fresh fo od t t e ti e visited .

T he en a e a n t n es on the s e ee o a Gold E gl usu lly co s ructs its t id s of st p , r cky cr gs ,

a are oa se ea e o e e on a ro e n s e of es where its m ateri ls c r ly h p d t g th r p j cti g h lf rock . Th e I a n ons s O f a e s s oose a an e . n e nsta e s e are sa to a e c i t l rg tick , l ly rr g d r r i c th y id h v

een on ree in the W e te n ta e ere o f s are not to be m e b built t s s r S t s , wh r cky cli f t with . m m o are a t ee in n e met e tw n one . . T he eggs usu lly hr u b r ; so i s , or o ly Mr Audub on describe s them as m easuring 3g inches in length by 25 in breadth ; the shell thick and m e e e t n e ne a e n are s ooth , dull whit , brush d ov r wi h u d ﬁ d p tch s of brow , which

r is a n m o s t numerous at the larger end . This desc iption prob bly ot quite accurate in h o an i e a to s e . T e e s e me to be a e t an the me an e t the r g rd iz Eur p pr su d l rg r h A ric , y 3 5 a e a e e e een m ea e bu t 3 n es in en t 2 in ea l rg st I h v v r s sur s r s i ch l g h by r e br dth . T he 3 n esen e in the a n e e e mea e 3 n e in en t 2 4 o e repr t d dr wi g r f rr d to sur d r s i ch s l g h by 1 6 I t w as in i s a m e e on ate t an the o ea n es in ea t . t e n e and i ch br d h sh p or l g h Eur p gg , a n T he ma n f i its cap acity con sider bly les s than a y I have met with . rki gs di fer n the ir

o o m t ose of e - m a e s e men the ean the a te e n O f a m c l r fro h w ll rk d p ci s of Europ , l t r b i g uch

m e e a e o wn . n o e ean e in the B t s e m and or r ddish sh d of br A th r Europ gg ri i h Mus u ,

’ ’ a s one e re en e in Hewitson s Br t s O o o ose esem e it e e l o r p s t d i i h l gy , which cl ly r bl d , w r m arke d ove r the entire s urface with sm all but distinct blotches of reddish - brown

n O ne in m o e t on a en in an and es n on a te . e e m e whi grou d y c ll c i , t k Scotl d, pr t d

- a nm . W a te E s . of on n ne a e t n H . . L te by F l r, q do , is rly u rk d A dis i ctly bluish whi groun d is faintly stain e d with a few very obscure m arkings of slate and purplish

brown . More info rm ation in regard to the variation s of b oth the American and the

o ean e and the e ee n o m t of t e e a a n is n ee e e o e Eur p ggs , d gr of u if r i y h s v ri tio s , d d, b f r

e can e t an e n e s e th y h lp to hrow y sur light upo th ir peciﬁc identity or div rsity. — H A L E A L B I I L L A . FA L C O N I D E . I T U S C 47

H A L IJE T U S A L BI CILL A .

Vullur a lbi cilla N N . S st. N at. 17 66 1 23 . , LI y I , ,

a lc s si r a a F a o f g , 124. l elance tos Fa ca m ,

l lb cilla B W K Br t. B r s 1 Fa a a i 1804 9 . c , E IC , i i d , , ,

P N N . Br t. Z oOl. l 209 . E i , ’

Man . O rn T M M . d . l 1820 49 . E , ,

O rn . 3 N D t. 18 1 M O TAGU , ic .

H s t. Br s 1 183 15 . Y RR t. B r 9 A ELL , i i i d , , ,

ll . A n. . 5 3 . A uila albi ci a M Br t. q , FLE i p

JE N YN S Br t. e rt. A n. . 8 0 . , i V p

Ha li ce lus r aznlandi cus BRE HN I Vo . D e nts . 18 3 1 16 . g , , g I , ,

Halicetus a lbicilla S B Br t. O rn. 18 . , EL Y , i I ,

G B r s o f E uro e I 18 32 l. . OULD , i d p , , , p x

s l B r s o f 18 54 . 1 . N S n . . . B r l ust. 1 1 CASSI , y N A i d (I i d , p

- - l . T - l The a S E l . Th E u o an S ea E a e he i te tailed E . VULG . G r y ea ag e e r p e g Wh ag e

- - e us l The E r ne. iner eous S ea E a le. The S ea E a le. A i le r ue. Ciner o E ag e. C g g g p yga g

I H A VE not included this among my illustration s of the eggs of North American men a a a ne n nt n n e e e a e a e no e e . n ee sp ci s , b c us I h v sp ci ctu lly obt i d upo this co i t I d d, its claim s to be include d in our Fauna res t only upon its suppo se d existence in the m a n of een an . a e e e ee e e n neutr l grou d Gr l d I h v , how v r, d d it b st to i clude a brief n the ma n of e m e a n of m o e n descriptio of rki gs its ggs , with so ccou t its d of breedi g . Further knowledge m ay p os sibly authorize us to add it to our list O f American birds .

ea- a e e as nam e m e e en the sea- as O f the no T he S E gl of Europ , its i pli s , fr qu ts co t rthern

t a nt nen and a e n n an . ne on portions of h t co i t , is r r ly fou d i l d It builds its st rocky cliffs

o e n o e the a e on the e an the O ne and e an an pr j cti g v r w t r, shor s of Scotl d , rk y Sh tl d Isl ds ,

a R a & C . T he ne n e e e e e ar n Norw y , ussi , st is co struct d of sticks , or, wh r th s e ot con

- a or e in n m enient sea ee . The e re e e . e n o o a v , of w d ggs two thr u b r Th ir grou d c l r is

ea e all nm a e a na a ne t ma ain ots of cl r whit , usu y u rk d , but occ sio lly st i d wi h s ll , f t sp

- The mea emen in m e n o om i n . t an l ght brow sur ts of two y coll ctio , b th fr Sco l d, but

a n e at d ffe ent me H . . W a e . L n n are as l : en t obt i d i r ti s by F lt r, Esq of o do , fo lows l g h 2 4 —- - n e ea t 2 n es en t 2 ea 2 n e . H6 i ch s , br d h 36 i ch ; l g h r s a br dth 1 6 i ch s T h o lo n in e at n to e ree in and s n ta en rom e . f l wi g, r l io th ir b d g di tributio , is k f Mr ’ Yarrell s excellen t work on the Birds of Great Britain

T he W te- ta le a e s its nes on and a e s a hi i d E gl build t high rocks , l ys two gg , bout

he ame e t e of the o en a e e e n o red o o t s siz of hos G ld E gl , but with v ry littl or c l r on

T he n are at e e a s l - the white ground . you g ﬁrst cov r d with oi ed white down ; and

t a e the ea and C a the ea et are e ar a e en a e e . v this g , b ks l ws of gl s of v ry l g siz A p ir of Golden Eagle s have been known to rear their young in the same sp o t for e ight to eason in s e s n and . ie has men ne a e n t s atta e a s s ucc s io ; Mr Mud tio d , th t , b i g hu ch d a a o a e n en a e e emse e are r en a a p rticul r l c lity, th ir you g, wh bl to provid for th lv s , d iv w y by the parent birds to get their living elsewhere ; but the more erratic W hite - tail ed O T H O L G Y . P T 1 48 N R A M E R I C A N O O A R .

a e n the ee n s at on en the eas on en e ea e t e o n E gl , quitti g br di g t i wh s is d d, l v h ir y u g to

s r a m n h o a e o e the t in e e een a se . I n on ne e t e W te f r g v r di t ic which th y h v b r i d c ﬁ t , hi

‘ a e om et me e omes o a e O n e M r H o a t ee e t aile d E gl s i s b c s ci bl e k pt by . y l id hr ggs

h same ea on and a ema e in the ss e a an e a te in t e s s ; f l po ession o f Mr . S lby l id gg f r

n een e in n nemen n a - a e a e e e havi g b k pt co ﬁ t twe ty ye rs . T he W hite t il d E gl br ds i O n and he He e n e e an . e o t s in t . nn in se t e e brid s , rk y Sh tl d Mr Du , his u ful guid h

' latter islands nam e the a a a e in e ma be o n ta e , s p rticul r loc liti s which th y y f u d , but s t s

' a e are m m o e n me i n n accords with th t th y uch r u rous wi ter than in summe r . This in the O n on of . T emm ck and e a s e e e n to the o t a pi i M oth rs , th t thi sp ci s r tur s s u hw rd

ro n e n at e as th s a a e e ent f m high orth r l itud s e e son advance s . This E gl fr qu s

enm ar e en the est oas of o a and rom t en e as far n o t a s I ce D k , Sw d , w c t N rw y, f h c r h mm in c e e es d een an not o n in m r a . T e an an t e . l d Gr l d , but is f u d Nor h A ic Mr k b li v that this Eagle follows the ﬂo cks of Gee se th at annu ally resort to the Arctic re gions

Ba a and n a in mme to ea e n . o n in e a at L a e su r r r th ir you g It is f u d Sib ri , k ik l , i h bits R ss a om en e the t a is e a e the ean n nent u i , fr wh c to sou hw rd it spr d ov r Europ co ti " gene rally .

HA L U E T U S L E U CO CE PHA L U S .

l e halus G M N S st . N at. l 17 88 25 5 s . 3 . Fa co leucoc p , ELI , y , , , p

W A m . O rn. 18 12 8 9 l. . ILS . IV , , , p xxxvi

B N . S no s s 18 28 . 26 . O AP y p i , , p 1 anual 18 32 7 2 . NUTTALL , M , , ,

1832 0 II 160 35 . . . 4 O rn B o 16 ls a nd . A U D . i g I , , ; , ; V , ; p xxi cxxvi

‘ 6 l. lv. lco oss r a us W . A m . O rn . 18 12 1 Fa if g , ILS VI , , , p

i é II 62. lca ar us D . Tra t Fa p yg g , AUD , ,

u la l ucoce ha lus . S W N . . B. . 18 3 1 15 . A q i e p , RICH AI S F A II , ,

ce ha lus B N . G e o . a nd om . st 18 38 . 3 . Ha li cetos leuco p , O AP g C p Li , , p

8 9 . 10 . uc e ha lus A U D . S no s s 1 3 Ha lice tus le oc p , y p i , , p

B r s o f m e r a 18 40 57 l. . i d A ic , I , , , p xiv

B r s l us B r s of 18 . 1 1 . N S n . . . l t. 54 1 CASSI , y N A i d (I i d , p

- l l White hea e E a le. L e P ar ue Téle B la n he Buffon . B a E a e . The VULG . The d g d d g yg g d c ( )

‘ A igle ci Téte Blanche (C uvi e r) .

e - ea e as is a n e a e the Ba a e is i e T HE W hit h d d, or, it lso i corr ctly c ll d, ld E gl , w d ly ° ’ me an n nent m at east at t e 6 6 34 diffuse d throughout the North A ric co ti , fro l l i ud

rt to the e o and en a meri a . is a a en a o n o h , Gulf of M xic C tr l A c It lso of ccid t l ccur

T emmin ck e or two s e m en as a n een O ta ne in rence in Europe . r c ds p ci s h vi g b b i d

o e one in in t e an the o t e in the n om of W urtem Central Eur p , Zurich Swi z rl d , h r ki gd

He a so s ea s O f t s e e as e ent n the rt of e and in berg . l p k hi sp ci s fr qu i g No h Europ , his ee on s om e h on on the a of . o e s ta e t at t e t e latest e diti , uthority Mr B i , t s h h y br d of

e a en a en e in ent a r e m a e a s be N orwegian islands . Th ir ccid t l occurr c C r l Eu op y p rh p m e readily accounte d for by the e scap e of birds who had been in conﬁne ent . Th ir

n e e e n as C an e an nee n ma n . fre quen ting Norther Europ , xc pti g h c visit ts , ds co ﬁr tio

5 0 H E C O O L O G Y . 1 . _ N O R T A M R I A N P A R T

own e a n e ea the s a ement t a a e is never k nown to nes t on his obs rv tio s , r p ts t t h t this E gl 1 rock s .

I n the e reme o ern a es as in a n a the VVhite—ea e a e ee xt S uth St t , C lifor i , h d d E gl br ds I n a n n a h e are not as ea as e ar . e the e e m re n t a t e rly F bru y M i , g r l i p ssio is h t ggs

e os te e o e M a and at a a e e in the m o e n o t e n or ns of d p i d b f r y, still l t r p riod r r h r p tio

the Un e ta e . e e en e a ons t s to b e n o e and ea e it d S t s Mor r c t obs rv ti show hi i c rr ct, l v hardly a doubt that the s e birds bree d at a m uch earlier s eason of the year than is gen ll s n s ea era d a in a an f a . e an e e o m e m . y suppo d , gr tly dv c ost of th ir f ily Mr Audubo p ks

a n on e o a ema e on her e nea the s as ea as the 1 7 th of h vi g c sh t f l ggs , r Missi sippi , rly of an a am e o n - he f a n the J u ry. Dr . G b l f u d White heade d Eagles nes ting O11 t cli fs lo g o f n h n o m a on had e o the a in e a and a . R e n o t e sh r s P ciﬁc F bru ry M rch . lyi g up i f r ti I

ene ra e e e om ot er s ose a in the N ew n an tate t e in g lly r c iv d fr h s , I upp d th t E gl d S s h ir

at on ommen a a s om a a er om a s e e am e e t e t e . e cub i c c d wh t l p riod S f ct , how v r, which c to my knowledge the pre sent season assure m e that even there the amatory

- s eason of the W hite heade d Eagle is in the m os t inclem ent p ortion of the winte r .

' Ha n o a on to the tate o a n e in 1 85 6 nea the amar o ta vi g cc si visit S f M i April , , r D isc t

R e the an s of s tream are re e n e t ese r on a n the iv r , b k which f qu t d by h bi ds ccou t of a n an e of e e e n o m at on is m a e a n ns sten t bu d c ﬁsh , I r c iv d i f r i which t ri lly i co i t wi h d on O se e m e m ess n s . was n orme a e on ha y pr vious i pr io I i f d , by p rs who l g b rv d

em t om e attent on t at a a r had ons t te a n e s in a n e or n th wi h s i , h p i c ruc d t ighb i g

a T he e o s eason W o e had o e for se e a s es s e e . od , which th y ccupi d v r l ucc iv y rs pr vi u s

a e in M a he had m e a tree in the mm e a e ne r o com l t y, cli b d i di t ighbo h od, m h s en n a n o n nea o n . o man n a e o f t e n e . e di g full vi w t . It th co t i d y u g , rly gr w Fr this s tate ment I was led to con clude th at the female must h ave de posite d her eggs at me er o in a w e a o e o ee n at on and as m an m o e so p i d M rch , if ll w d f ur w ks for i cub i , y r

the t of the o n e a et an d t at t e e w as n o t me be os if we for grow h y u g gl s , h h r i to l t

e a or n s te the nes t 0 11 the would se cu re the eggs b efore hatching . W cc di gly vi i d 2 th of and o n s ate 0 11 a a n e at ea s eet om the 7 April , f u d it itu d t ll pi , l st ixty f fr

h n f o s of the s a e oa o n . T e t ee o o in a s am t a ew gr u d r st d w py wood , wi hi r d t g r d , on a ne 11 0 an d n o t m ore than h alf a mile from the village of D amaris cotta . It c t i d

m or an e a a e a en at ea t the s an e r ee and the li bs br ch s to f cilit t sc t for l s di t c of thi ty f t ,

n at the a e was m to n n e ee in C m e en e en e n it m oss e tru k b s fro six i f t ircu f r c , r d ri g i p ibl

tant as how mo n the ee the aid n the an s and ee . ass s w to u t tr by o ly of h d f t My i , e e a n m ean of a o e a en e o n his o the o e end a n v r, dr w up by s r p f st d r u d b dy , th r h vi g

een t n e a o in the n e at the e s m e e b hrow ov r f rk tru k , which occurr d h ight of o igh een ee and om n the ee a m e the s a e of two a and er en t f t, fr which poi t tr ssu d h p t ll p p ic r mn H n e n a in m n to o the e was a a n d ula o . a e e c lu s vi g b id d cli bi g this f rk , rop g i

o n e the neares an a o e e ee a e ea an d our adven thr w ov r t br ch , b ut tw lv f t bov his h d, ' on m e was a a n a s e the aid O f e 0 11 the o n to a e tur s cli b r g i r i d , by thos gr u d , h ight wh ere the bran che s of the tree ren de re d the re mainde r of the as cen t comparatively easy . as a en n we O se e e e a a e n e our e a s at W hile he w sc di g, b rv d s v r l E gl s ﬂyi g ov r h d , but

1 B r s of mer a 8 vo l 6 1 . i d A ic , ( ,) , — FA L C O N I D Z E . H A L I ZE T U S L E U C O C E P H A L U S . 5 1

a a O ne n a a e as on as we e e n e th r e e . e gr t h ight o ly ppro ch d us , but so w r otic d , bi d

m a e a e ate e ea . was a a en on e n oo to the ne and w as d pr cipit , r tr t It pp r tly c v yi g f d st , not at s t a a e our esen e a te e e at a tan e es t e ﬁr w r of pr c ; f r which it hov r d dis c , sugg iv of m o e r ent a on an a en a e on or a e te n a e r p ud c uti th of p r t l d voti cour g , ut ri g ho rs ,

s of s ea n t n e m e e a n d a sa eea e e e o a o . O t di gr bl cri di pl sur , u lik i p rf ct b rki gs of g N em was m a e to mo e or n e t the m an as he as en e to a te he had t pt d l st i t rrup c d d , or f r

ea e the ne we ose to be no e . W e ere o e e s r r r ch d st, which supp d u ccupi d w h w v r u p ised to ﬁnd en he had m e the ne s t a the ema e had een t n on it , wh cli b d to t , h t f l b si ti g up all the i e and n e t en the n e m e a e was n ea eno to a e wh l , o ly l f wh u w lco c ll r r ugh h v ’ a he oo ﬂe e the man ea in so re ched the bird with his hands . S t w ovr s h d mewhat ose o m e n e en e of es m a e no ef o a e e cl r pr xi ity , utt ri g fr qu t cri s distr s , but d f rt wh t v r to

a m O n he n a her e e a eeme to e n e a a a hi . t e and tt ck co tr ry , whol b h vior s d vi c cow rdic wan t of spirit very different from that which we u sually associate with Eagles when it becomes their p aren tal duty to defend the ir young . T o sa o n men the ne w as o n to onta n n o e and a n e our di pp i t t , st f u d c i gg , but si gl a ar n a m n n in en e t o t a o n . was s e e e e t bird , pp ly b u f rt ight old It o six or s v i ch s l g h ,

e e een one and two o n s and its ea and a s o o n a e its w ight b tw p u d , h d cl ws di pr p rtio t ly a a o m a s an n e . w s e e n o t e d t m a e l rg It c v r d u if r ly wi h thick , clo , sof dow y plu g , which 1 - h as of a ean ee s a o o . e as n ot t e eas a m e of a r w cl d p tr w c l r Ther w l t d ixtur gr y o brown .

T he n w as om e e e e and tte e a m os n s an r e o you g bird c pl t ly h lpl ss , u r d l t co t t c i s for f od . ate eadi ene e fi sh meat was O f e e was na e s o e It r ly wh v r or f r d it , but u bl to upp rt its lf ’ I t as a en to m st e e e as e a e on its e . w w and for up l gs t k y ho s hous , wh r it w ll c r d for , a e t are at en on e and e a a e e e man e n a m s whil , wi h c ful t ti , it did w ll gr w p c , v r if sti g o t n a a fi an inordinate and ever i s ti ble appetite for sh d flesh . The nes t was des cribed to me by my assistant a s a platfo rm be tween five and six

ee in ame e an d at ea o in nes . I t w as on t te e a a e f t di t r, l st f ur thick s c s ruc d of r gul r l y rs

ar e ea e era ee in en and m an n an n . and a a of l g sticks , ch s v l f t l gth , fro i ch to i ch h lf " I s a a ﬂa and a n ff in t ne . t e w s e e t w s e o u se ex hick ss surf c p rf ctly , ﬁ ish d , to his a & e n as ea e m en m & c . H e c . e pr ssio , with tufts of gr s , dry l v s , oss s , lich s , s ll twigs , ,

n in the e the o n a e or ﬁve a e ee s ea fou d it, by sid of y u g E gl , four l rg l , ch of which w as a ee in en n t a the a en e e a bout two f t l gth , showi g h t p r t birds provid lib r lly for their O wn wants and those of their youn g . t mat n the a e of the n a e at ten a and a n o ee Es i i g g you g E gl d ys , llowi g f ur w ks ’ n a on and at ea one ee n e a et een the e s t on and the for i cub ti , l st w k s i t rv l b w d po i i ’ mm en emen the a en s t n n we a e e nea the e a co c t of p r t bird s it i g upo it , h v v ry rly x ct

e o at the e was a a 1 3th. n e e n n e in p ri d which gg l id, M rch It is i t r sti g to otic , this

1 “ " - Mr. u ubon e s r be s the oun r s whe n not lar e r t an m le s z e ulle ts as o e re A d d c i y g bi d , g h idd i d p , c v d " w t a s o t otto n k n of own and a s t at t e r rs t lum a e is of a ra s olor m e w t i h f , c y i d d , dd , h h i ﬁ p g g yi h c , ix d i h " M row n of ffe re nt e t s o f t nt. T s is a l ttle o s ure but re s u me r. u u o n nte n e rst b , di d p h i hi i b c , I p A d b i d d by ﬁ luma e not the o wn o e r n o f w he s e ak s but t at w s u e e s to it T he olor of the p g , d y c v i g hich p , h hich cc d . c

o wn has no ra or brown but is as es r be abo e . d g y , d c i d v 5 2 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y . P A R T 1 .

onne t on t at t s o rre at the e e o the ea on en the o n c c i , h hi ccu d cold st p ri d of s s , wh gr u d was e e t sn to an n s a e t and en the t e m me te n a e a cov r d wi h ow u u u l d p h , wh h r o r i dic t d ° im re en as lo a 1 W the e e on of temperature at th at t e f qu tly w s 5 below z e ro . ith xc pti the mm on o s L oxia americana a a of n e ons te a Co Cr s bill ( ) , p ir which birds o c c truc d nes on a ea e s elm ea in a in e m n the n ins an e a e t l ﬂ s rly M rch , V r o t , this is o ly t c I h v n n a n so a a en n a eve r know of i cub tio pp r tly u se sonable .

T he a a e on the a en r e e al the em a e a s t p th tic c duct of p r t bi ds , sp ci ly of f l , is l o wor hy ’ a n in nne n a n of a m o s un of n otice . T ke co ctio with Sir John Rich rdson s accou t t

a en a a r on a m a a n n ne me the e e a . p r t l l ck of spi it si il r occ sio , it i cli s to b li f th t Mr

n e ou r W e - ea e a e m e e an t e are en e for Audubo giv s hit h d d E gl s or cr dit th h y titl d to , 1 mm on Br n aren a e on and a e . er a n a e seen the o p t l d voti cour g C t i it is, I h v C ow

r s the C at- and e en the t e B a - a e tm o e e in e m o e Th u h , Bird , v li tl l ck c pp d Ti us , v c r of t a e in e en e e n an was o n on t as on t e e bo h qu liti s , d f c of th ir you g, th sh w his occ i by h s " a m a n e i s ne a a a e re creant specimen s of our n tional emblem . If we y i f r t ge r l ch r ct r

m e e nstan es the W e - ea e a e n ot n an ns o rob fro th s two i c , hit h d d E gl is o ly u crupul us ber n e n the - Ha and the the t e r ones n st , plu d ri g Fish wks Gulls of fruits of h i h t i du ry ,

a a an o a m n ot e en a en a ns n can s mul a e a re but is lso r k c w rd , who v p r t l i ti ct ti t to sp ec table manifestation of courage . n es a ea e om e m ee to ﬁve ee in Its t is usu lly of gr t siz , c pos d of sticks fro thr f t

s of ee s and m I me e a o ﬁ and i s en t e e . ts a ve ee t l g h , pi c turf, w d , oss di t r is b ut f t ,

e not n e ent as ea . I n the a m e o a t e e e ee s the d pth is u fr qu ly gr t w r r l c li i s , wh r it br d ,

a a e en the ame n es o the ea and m a e t e r erm a p ir usu lly fr qu t s t through ut y r, k it h i p

nen a e e . a e o a e e e a e ema n t pl c of r sort This is lso tru , pr b bly , wh r v r this E gl r i s througho ut the year . T he e are s a two s me m es ee in n m e are nea s heri ggs u u lly , o ti thr or four, u b r, rly p n a d and a c al e a o e t e t e en re m e or ess an a e on t e s r a e . , qu lly r u d d i h r , or l gr ul t d h ir u f c

e r a e n e O ten s a ne n at on to a ir Th i color is dull whit , u spott d, but f t i d by i cub i d ty white or a light soiled drab . Two eggs in my c ollection pre s ent the fo ll owing m eas n n es 4 h urements : e 3 ea 2 en 2 n e ea t . T e l gth i ch , br dth r e 5 l gth 16 i ch s , br d h Hg was O a n e in N ew e se e an e W on the n t o o the a e ﬁrst bt i d J r y by Al x d r ils , or i h l gist ; l tt r

. ea in s ana T he e a L . e e en e in the a e e . 37 by Dr Trud u , oui i gg r pr s t d pl t (Pl t IV , ﬁg ) was a en m a ne in e as Heerma n t k fro st T x , by Dr. n .

1 t s I assure d m sel b l mb n to the nest e er da in su ess on ur n he r tem orar Of hi y f y C i i g v y y cc i , d i g p y absen e a r ather erilous un er ta n he ki when the b . he a ar n s to t c , p d g ir d i s s itting T ttachme nt of the p e t y oung is ve ry great whe n the latte r are y e t o f a s mall s i z e and to as ce nd to the nest at thi s time w ould

be an e r u . B o s r s of mer a 8 vo . 6 1 d g ( i d A ic , , I , pp , — E . F A L C O N I D P A N D I O N C A R O L I N E N S I S . 5 3

ND N PA IO C ARO LINE N SI S .

l l ns is G . S s a o car o ine M t. N at . 17 88 F c , y I , , 263 . ’ ' V A ila is c l ia I E I L L . O is . d u A m . S a r e t . 1 . q p , p , 18 07 , 29

VI E I . P an i n amer anus L L G a . 1. o i l . d c , 33 l l W ha icetus . A m . O rn. a a 18 12 13 l. . F c , ILS V , , p xxxvii

S . B N . n 1828 . 28 . O AP y , p

O rn. B A U D . o . 8 1 1 32 4 5 3 62 l. l . i g I , , ; V , ; p xxxi

anual 1 18 32 18 . NUTTALL , M , , , N D E KA Y at. H st Y l. 18 . , i . N . . , p viii , ﬁg . G P a n i on ar olinensis B N . e o . a nd o m . st 1838 . 3 . d c , O AP g C p Li , , p ﬂ S . s . N n. . . B r s 1854 llus t B r of CASSI , y N A i d , (I i d p

. S 8 i o hali cetus A U D n. 1 39 . 12 . P and n , y , p

B r s o f A m . 1840 64 l. . i d I , , ; p xv

- . l h n Hawk . The ish Hawk s re . a ro ina s r e . is i VULG . F O p y C O p y F g

O W N G the on s on has e s e n t e en t in re ard to the en I to c fu i which xi t d , u il r c ly, g id t t of the O s e the O ld W o t the s - Ha of the N ew ere has i y pr y of rld wi h Fi h wk , th b een a correspondin g un certain ty respe cting the ge ographical limits O f the Ameri

can s e e s . e r ffe en e can no n e be es one we ee st e in p ci As th i di r c lo g r qu ti d , f l ju iﬁ d a m n a o n n t m e a om the re ssu i g th t our bird is f u d o ly throughout Nor h A ric , fr fur ’

n a n H son Ba to en a m e a. o n to . H as ote gio s rou d ud s y C tr l A ric Acc rdi g Mr ill , qu d

osse in his B r s of ama a it o n o as on a l in t at s an and by Mr . G i d J ic , is f u d cc i l y h i l d , ,

earn e e m . n a a a na met t in the s an as I l by l tt r fro Dr Gu dl ch , is lso occ sio lly wi h i l d 1 to ee in e n o n n . in of a it t e a e . W e Cub ; but is k ow br d ith r pl c Dr oodhous , his

e o of the e e t n the n R e ea t Ha as omm on a n r p rt xp di io to Zu i iv r , sp ks of his wk c lo g

a nd a rn a The n ennes e o n e e t n O a ne the co asts of Tex s a C lifo i . Vi c xpl ri g xp di io bt i d

H e rm ann m ent on s it as omm on n h o r . e o t e e of all spe cimens in O re gon . Dr i c b rd s

a rn a i am e a s m ent one a a he a e er n mm e and . s n t l rg riv s of C lifo i su r, Dr G b l l o i d it bu dan alon the a of a a e and on s an s in a e o a t e t g co st th t St t , its rocky i l d , which l tt r l c li i s

m n o a a e t at ha e e n o n ar an e a e . a t it bre ds I w r h it s ev r b e f u d f ther south th T x s .

h ' n r ha n m n t e o th s ee et t . R a s on in the t e e e To it b wi h by Dr ich rd Arc ic r gio s , wh r its migrations are supp ose d n ot to reach the extreme n orthern limits of the continent . That observing naturalist saw nothin g of this bird when he was coasting along the he a nor a m n h a en o n e t S e . He ne ee t o t e shor s of Arctic , did Mr r t wi h it b rr gr u ds n orth of Churchill .

I t is o n a n the ent e t ant oast r m La a r to o a t the f u d lo g ir A l ic c , f o br do Fl rid , wi h e e n of t at of a sa e t a n B s n e e oe not ee and xc ptio h M s chus t s rou d o to , wh r it d s br d, a n m a n an m on s an where it is only o cc sio ally met with . It is ost bu d t fro L g I l d to the e a ea e and o n e en oas e n me o s O ten Ch s p k , through ut this lo g xt t of c t is v ry u r u , f

ee n in a e mm n es to the n m e e e a n e a r . I n the br di g l rg co u iti , u b r of s v r l hu dr d p i s n e m e e en a na met w on the an the i t rior it is uch l ss fr qu t, but is occ sio lly ith b ks of i a e e and a e and in n an e a n ar a . l rg r riv rs l k s , such i st c s usu lly solit y p irs

1 S n h he e t e abo e was in t e a e r e letter rom D r. G un la in w t P an ion i c v yp , I h v ec ive d a f d ch , hich d a ol n nsis is ar c r i e m ke d as o ne of the bird s which may bree d in Cuba . A 5 4 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y . P R T I .

h m an - Ha e a n e e m the ean T e A eric Fish wk , though quit disti ct sp ci s fro Europ

O e et so er s m a to a a se e a em nen na ra orr spr y , is y v y i il r th t bird , th t v r l i t tu lists still c

n ne to e a the two s e e as en a . t the n e O f s nan ti r g rd p ci s id tic l Al hough Pri c Mu ig o , in his om a a e L s the B s e and t m e a s e in C p r tiv i t of ird of Europ Nor h A ric , publi h d

1 83 a h m r an as a s n e e an He it 8 e t e e m the o e . w , g v A ic bird di ti ct sp ci s fro Eur p , Mr i nd a in H ns s son in h s s O o o a . Y e B t Briti h l gy , Mr rr ll his istory of ri ish Birds , i i t

on e a n em as the am e e e and o e on e a en e up r g rdi g th s sp ci s , qu t l g xtr cts , writt xclu sivel in e e en e the me an as t e e e a so a a e to the y r f r c to A ric bird , if h y w r l pplic bl Eu mmin ck a I n m an m o an e s e ar n . T e ro e n s e e . e e ot . en p p ci s y i p rt t r p cts , th y Ev Mr , in the a es e n an a can ﬁnd no f e en e e een e men rom l t t ditio of his M u l , di f r c b tw sp ci s f

ll a t of the e and Sir W am a n e in the n otes to his e t on VVil a p r s glob , illi J rdi , di i of f ot nt nent and a o he P le c ce ha lus of A u s son e a the e e s o t . u o , r g rds sp ci b h co i s , ls p

i T he s a an e e e en m o e n rom bo tral a as one and the same . S , Au tr li p ci s is v r disti ct f th

h m an a t e are rom ea o a the o ean and t e e n e e . e n e Eur p A ric , th h s f ch th r This r luct c

ac no e e e ffe en es t e e can be n o e - o n e o t to k wl dg sp ciﬁc di r c , of which h r w ll f u d d d ub s , has led and m t on t n e to ea to m on s on and er e es e a as , us c i u l d , uch c fu i p pl xity , p ci lly

mer an s e m en s ot s and e s are n s r m n ate e and de A ic p ci , b h of bird gg , i di c i i ly ﬁgur d

d an e in e n as if en a E r an s r e in o o an t the o e . c ib d b ks , r g d coll ctio s , id tic l wi h u p W a m a es s e s s en e in e r the m e na o n ta e t a the a s O f h t k thi p r i t c r or or u cc u bl is , h t h bit t e se s e e are to a n e and t e e f e en e of a a e n ot e a e the h p ci s t lly u lik , h s di f r c s . h bit h v sc p d n otice of naturalists generally .

T he m er an ish- Ha m a in a t ea n Coas s e a in A ic F wk is igr tory its h bi s , l vi g our t rly

h a h a and e n n n a e he o e O f h n t e t e e t t e n e . f ll of y r , r tur i g soo ft r cl s wi t r Sir Joh

R a son s a e t a the me of its a a in the e n as e a as l ich rd t t s , h t ti rriv l fur r gio s is rly Apri , and 11 he o as i has een n o e in the m e of a ee on the as 0 t c t t b tic d iddl M rch . It br ds co t O f a a a e in ne on t at of a ne ear e in the sam e m ont and in N ew Nov Scoti l t Ju , h M i li r h , I n a n i s n i er e and a an in M a . a t ne t s e en ear J s y M ryl d y C lifor i s i g v lie r .

I t ons s its n est a m ost n a a on the t of ee and t s a t has c truct l i v ri bly ops tr s , hi h bi

n in i s m n o n T he n ns an a n o been notice d e ve t extre e rther resorts . o ly i t ce I h ve k wn o f a e at on w as a n es ons r e nea W es o nt N ew Yor O se e m d vi i t c t uct d r t P i , k , b rv d by y i i E a r en IV ll am H . ar s s w s on a f on the an s O f f i d , Edw d , q , which built high cli f b k

the H son R e . I t is a o an d conﬁdin r o ten n s n its n e ud iv r b ld g bi d , f co tructi g st

nea a e ente a e en n a a . e a the easte n e t em t r fr qu d p th , or v upo highw y N r r x r i y of the W s asse a ne e and e on the sta e a a n es of s i c t (M i ) bridg , dir ctly up g ro d , t thi 1 Hawk has b een fre quente d for seve ral years . I t stands upon the top of a low

n e - ee ea a e ss e the ree e n ea i m e and nea the pi tr , is r dily cc ibl , t b i g s ly cli b d , is so r oa fre u e t a in a s n the n a e been . ntl ea in e ne r d h t , p s i g , you g birds h v q y h rd , th ir st, terin ut g their u su al cries for fo od .

T he ree on the n es s of the - Ha are are for the m ost t s up which t Fish wk built ,

a t ea n a on t on a t e s om e o the ﬁ sh- o il onta ne in t e r p r d d or dyi g , c di i t ribut d by t c i d h i

oo t e s to the e em ents O f the r s the m ass of sa t m ate a of f d , by o h r xcr bi d , or l ri ls which th n a T h n ests are e nests are generally i a large p rt constructed . e usually comp o sed

1 It was abandone d the last season — E N S S . FA L C O N I D EE . P AN D I O N C A R O L I N I 5 5

ternall of a e om a a - n an n and a a in m e en e y l rg sticks , fr h lf i ch to i ch h lf circu f r c , n h ﬁve ee and nt ee ee in e t . e e are O en e t e e freque ly thr f t l g h Th s ft pil d to h ight of f t , ee I n a n W n he n n erm e ame te of t . e es e with a di r hr st d crib d by ilso , fou d , i t ix d

- - - h a m a t n a sea ee we t r m e n a s &c . t e e with ss of s icks , cor st lks , w d , tu f, ull i st lk , ; whol

- as Z os t ra m r it me a ma ne t sea e a ina . o e e he a li d wi h dry gr s ( ) All t g th r, dds , for d ss an f a a a n a Ca and be obse rvable to the dist ce o h lf a m ile . It w s l rge e ough to ﬁll rt ne O f the n es a O e in no in considerable load for a h orse . No ts which I h ve bserv d e are n ot s a a N ew Englan d bear any prop ortion in size to this . Th y u u lly more th n two fee t in the ir greatest depth .

W en the ne Ha is s e the m a e re en ma e en h st of this wk vi it d , l bird will f qu tly k viol t , I n one ns an e and ome me an e o a a n the n e . e a e me s ti s d g r us , tt cks upo i trud r i t c , r l t d to

a s an in a ne the a on of one O f t e e Ha ene a e a by phy ici M i , t l s h s wks p tr t d through

t ca and a a e the a of a lad who had C m e its n est e thick clo h p , l id b r sc lp li b d to , v ry n a e n en e a e rly hurling him to the ground . A corr spo d t quot d by W ilson n rrate s a n ear a a f m a ns tan e of o a eo nd es e e e en e o its o n . T he s ly si il r i c c ur g us , d p r t d f c y u g Fi h Ha s are a so er e o e in e a ent n to e m a e and s wk l v y d v t d th ir tt io s th ir t s , upply th em

t e on the nest . W on ela es a o n n s an e of e ot on wi h food whil ils r t t uchi g i t c this d v i ,

e e a ema e who had one le and was na e ﬁ sh for e e was so a wh r f l lost g , u bl to h rs lf, bun dan tl e her m a e a she a e had o as n ea e her nes and n e y suppli d by t , th t r r ly cc io to l v t , ver for food .

T h - e Fish Hawk u sually nests in large communitie s . Even three hundred p airs a e een O se e n es n in s m ann on one m a s h v b b rv d ti g thi er s ll i land. W hen a new ne s t

to b e n s e the o e omm n has een no n a e ar is co truct d , wh l c u ity b k w to t k p t in its c om

letion and the or o n Ha are a em ar n s e . e e a p , w k is s o ﬁ i h d Th s wks lso r k bly toleran t t a ma e s and erm t the e ra e uis ca lus ur ureus to con ow rds s ll r bird , p i Purpl G kl ( Q p p ) W son s e struct th e ir ne sts in the inte rstice s of their own . il O b erv d n o less than ’ o e e ne s te e in a n e - Ha nes a on an f ur of th s sts thus clu r d si gl Fish wk s t, with ﬁfth

adj oining branch .

The e of the - Ha are a ee in n m e O ten on and ggs Fish wk usu lly thr u b r , f ly two ,

m o e a e o . e are e ea a a on as t o t e n o the r r r ly f ur Th y subj ct to gr t v ri ti s h ir grou d c lor , n m e a e and tr n the o e of e on a n t u b r, sh d , dis ibutio of bl tch s s c d ry colori g wi h which a ma and e re e a as e e and a e . e o n o o m th y rk d , lso to th ir siz sh p Th ir gr u d c l r is ost e ent a eam d e t a e e e t b e n e of re . s a es fr qu ly cr y whit , wi h v ry p rc p i l ti g Thi v ri , how e e rom an a mo e s a e eam t o t an a m e to s o ee a v r, f l st pur h d of cr , wi h u y d ixtur , d p s a e of red a a T he s e mens re re n h d th t white c e ses to be n o ticeable . p ci p se te d in the ate o res n the m o a I h t e a e e the e . n t e o er pl c r po d wi h r usu l v ri ti s of ggs th s , which

are n e a es e a a n of the o n e m a e and o ly v rb lly d crib d , this v ri tio gr u d color is quit rk d , nearly all the usual shades of brown appear that are observable in th eir secondary

- m a n . I n one n s an e e e m a n are a a m e n in an t e rki gs i t c th s rki gs of d rk u b r brow , o h r

O f a a e - n in a e e an intimate min lin of s a es as light cl r t brow ; third th r is g g both h d , a in the o a ffe en n and a so t an n e m t e lso f urth , but with di r t distributio , l wi h i t r ix ur

of - s o n . The e re in h 3 and 34 e en e t e a e ate . 3 purpli h br w ggs pr s t d pl t (Pl III, ﬁgs ) ar om 2 g g n e to Q in en t and om n e to in re a t . v y fr r s i ch s r s l g h , fr H6 i ch s H6 b d h be m e e en e e e a e e esen all the en e It would i possibl , v if it w r d sir bl , to r pr t of dl ss 5 6 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y. P A R T I .

a e t e e o e n ne m e f to the s a on O f varieties of this sp e cies . I h v h r f r co ﬁ d ys l illu tr ti only

the tw o m ost omm n t er a es on the m o e e ent a et e . T he c o , wi h v b l d cripti s of r fr qu v ri i s

o o n e r t on of e s e men in m o e t n not e e e en f ll wi g d sc ip i s ight p ci s y c ll c io , ﬁgur d , r pr s t also n o t unfre quen t v ariation s from the above 5 Len 2 n e rea n e - e t e e gth 6 6 i ch s , b dth H6 ; grou d color r ddish whit , hickly cov r d, e the ho e e ar e n en e m e t a s m e ov r w l gg, with l g co ﬂu t blotch s of u b r , wi h light ixtur of s enna- n at the a e end m e e on ea n the o n o o and O f i brow , l rg r co pl t ly c c li g gr u d c l r ,

ar n e s of s a e - es s in e and n ot te s o n me at the ma e v yi g d pth h d , l siz , qui u rous s ll r

r end ; sh ap e slightly py iform . 7 Len t 2 n e re a t 1 o n r e i on a a n n e of g h 6 6 i ch s , b d h 6 6 gr u d colo whit , w th ly f i t ti g re ddish m arke d roun d the larger e nd with a wre ath of c on ﬂuen t blotch es of um ber and c o o a e - o n the sm a e end near nm a e t on a few o n s of h c l t br w ; ll r ly u rk d , wi h ly d tti g reddish - brown ; the res t of the egg m arke d with a few isolated and irre gular dashe s of o ate in s a e a the m a e end m o e o nte an the ch col ; h p ov l , s ll r but slightly r p i d th l arge r . 6 4 Len ~ n e rea t r a a s t o n e at sm a ler end gth r 6 i ch s , b d h H6 b o dly ov l , ligh ly p i t d l ;

r s - t m a r e a t a e o t es O f ee ro n o o rt . e e r e g u d c l r di y ddi h whi , k d i r gul rly wi h l rg bl ch d p

m er- n t a n e ma n s of a s at ra nte m e t a re a u b brow , wi h f i t r rki g l y d b , i r ix d wi h which

n - the m a n are m o e e en at few smalle r dotti gs of brownish purple . All rki gs r fr qu t

the a e end b u t str te in sm a o s t o t e n n en . l rg r , di ibu d ll gr up , wi h u b i g co ﬂu t 8 Len t 2 n e s ea t 1 O on and s en e m re an a o n e g h 6 6 i ch , br d h 6 6 bl g l d r , o th usu lly p i t d at the s m a e end ro n o o a r e di s - e and n rmI n its a e ll r , g u d c l r b ight r d h whit , light u ifo sh d , sparsely m arked with a few l arge blotch e s of a brownish - red or light brick - colo r ; ar e at the e trem t m o e e en m a t n s of the am e s a e and a l g r x ity , wi h r fr qu t s ll do ti g s h d ,

T he nm ar a i s s ruf ace . few purplish sp ots . u ke d gro und color occupies m o re than h lf t

of the a o e o r All b v f ur we e from N ew Jersey . 7 Len t 2 n e ea t 1 n o o a r r - red m a e g h 6 6 i ch s , br d h 6 6 grou d c l r light di ty b ick ; rk d at ar e end a on en m ass of ot e s of a t n or dar c - red l g r by c ﬂu t bl ch rus y brow , k bri k , c omple tely covering it ; the rest only mark e d by a few scattered and smaller blotche s he same s a a of t h de ; sh pe pyriform . " 8 3 Len t 2 n es rea t 1 o n o a e t a a er g h 6 6 i ch , b d h 66 gr u d c lor dirty whit wi h h rdly p

' cep tible shade O f re ddish m arke d at large r end with a con ﬂuent ring of dark umbe r blotches a few s cattered m arkings of the sam e distribute d at interval s over the res t

the e the a e a t is nm ar of gg , of which l rg r p r u ked .

T h as r e e e ta en r m the am e ne t n ea Ha a o a o t a. l t two w k f o s s r lif x , N v Sc i 5 T he sm a e e of t s s e e t a a e m et t m ea re s 2 n e I n ll st gg hi p ci s h t I h v wi h su 6 6 i ch s

' en t l in e a t r n o or a ea t f ear e the a n es t n e l g h , 66 br d h g ou d c l b u i ul cl whit , with f i t t i g o f e s n ear nm a e e e at the ar e end ere a m a r ddi h ; ly u rk d , xc pt l g r , which is cov d by ss of conﬂuent bl o tches of dark umber and ch o colate- brown ; a few spots of fain t pur

lish- o n and a e m e n e p br w d rk r u b r spri kl d over the res t of its s urface . T he ar e t at a e een m eas re 9 in es in en t 1 in rea l g st h I h v s u s 6 6 ch l g h , 66 b dth ; the n o is a eam te t a er e t e s a e O f red m ar e grou d c lor cr y whi , wi h p c p ibl h d , k d with large conﬂuent blotche s of dark umber- brown

O n e n e e i r er is a s n n the e t on M . u doubt d gg of this bird , coll c i of Krid , h rdly di ti guishable from a common variety of the Caracara Eagle (P oly borus thai us) .

I . 5 8 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y . P A R T

I n their h abit s the Eu ropean and the Am erican birds are much m ore de cidedly dif in t o s of T he me an a e ferent t an in t e r o wn m a n s or e t e e . h h i rki g , h h ir ggs A ric is v ry T h s oc a r ene a n in ar e omm n t es r n the ee n season . e i l bi d , g r lly livi g l g c u i i du i g br di g

d m r an on ro ean is o n on in s o ta a r . e er at can ea n o o e e Eu p f u d ly li ry p i s N v , th I l r , th

a r T he o ean r ents a m s e s e p ir fre quen t the s ame n e ighbo ho od . Eur p f e qu l o t xclu iv ly

s a r m r an o r and a es m e te . T he e t n a on ar e e fr h w A ic , hough f u d lso l g riv s l k , is uch

h m n an 11 a- h a 0 11 ee the t e s a 0 the se s e . T e e n ar l o t bu d t hor Europ bird r ely bui ds tr s ,

o e an rd “ 11 the o n Am eric an alm os t always . T he Eur p bi sometimes builds 0 gr u d

" am n m r an n T he atte a r o ffs to ee o ee s the e e e . e re s t g r d , A ic v r l r r r ly o ts rocky cli br d , the ro an a m ost n form er n 1 r he m e an Eu pe l u i ly . Th e is o instance 0 1 re co d of t A ric sp e cie s attackin g s malle r birds o r inferior l an d anim als with inten t t o fee d on them . l - I n the T he Eu rop ean s pe cie s is kn own to p rey on Ducks and other wild fowl. onst t on of t e nes the ean and the me an s e e a a m o e c ruc i h ir ts , Europ A ric p ci s ppro ch r n ea t the o rme has een no n em in a m anne rly , hough f r b k w to build th r of which I 2 n o of n o n stan es in t s o nt k w i c hi c u ry. These are s om e of the m ore p romin en t p oints of difference be tween the O spre y

d h - ff ent str n on o t n o a at an t e s Ha . e are s e t e Fi h wk Th y u ici ly iki g, w uld hi k , h v s is

ﬁ ed n at a sts on s n e O f t e r s e ffe en e e en 11 0 ons ant a a n ur li l g i c h i p ciﬁc di r c , v if c t v ri tio s i ’ n srz e m ar n s and o t e e a t e O f t t e had een n t ea e . , ki g , h r p culi ri i s s ruc ur , b o ic bl

PO LYB O RU S T HAR U S .

l u . N c har s N S a S to r. a . del l a o t t e 17 82 . F , MOLI A , gg Chi ,

' l c B G h w e . d i a N tr esc h. r V . . 1 a a er e o 7 . F c y , JACQUI , y g , p l a co lancus U m l . R e a P s a l . F p , M LLE , Ci i hy ic , p xvii

l b l B o or s vu ar O rn . . P o u is A U D . . II 18 35 350 35 1 l l y g , i g , , ; VI , p . c xi

V . . I E IL L N ouv. D t 18 17 ic V , , P ol bor us b a s l S r 18 . i iens s A U D . n . i 39 4 . y , y , p

B r s O f A m . 18 40 2 1 l. “ i d I , , , p iv P ol b or us tharu . B s of . s N S n . . B r s 18 5 4 llus t. r 1 13 . y , CASSI , y N A i d , (I i d p ’ ' 11 E x. 18 55 17 3 . B r s of G illiss s U . S . N av . s tron. i d A , , ' l ar a a is G Y 1 l. 1. r a vu ar A auna le na e s 8 55 . 207 C c g , , F Chi , Av , , p , p

. ar ar a a l Tr ar o Th M exi an E a le. otu he. G arran h . a E e . e T VULG C c g . c g c c a

T HI s e e a ea m o e nea nne e the e t an t sp ci s , which pp rs r rly co ct d with Vultur s h wi h

the a e in near all t a e a e a o n in the m e o e n E gl s ly h t r l t s to its h bits , ccurs o ly or s uth r

1 A n s re w as s e en to s too and arr O ff a oun al - rown D u rom the surfa e of the O p y p c y y g, h f g ck f c

wate r at S la ton L e . 111 the stru le the D u k e ll ro m the talons but was re o e re e ore it re a e , p y gg c f f , c v d b f ch d ’ ’ the w ate r . e nn e s e t on O f M n lo D o ta u s rn t o al t ona r on on 18 3 1 . (R i di i g O i h gic ic i y , L d , , p 2 In S we e n O e dman s ta te s t at the s re mak es its ne s t in the e st tre e s of ne - to s l ne d d , h O p y high , p i p , i w t h t e le a e s of the P ol o ium vul are a s tru ture e r ffe re nt rom an u s e e s are . nown to i h v yp d g , c v y di f y o r p ci k

build . — FA L C O N I D Z E . P O L Y B OR U S T H A R U S . 5 9

n U ate . I t wa in o the n e s s O e e . n a portio s of it d St s ﬁr t bs rv d by Mr Audubo Fl rid ,

e e it is no t n omm n en e and e e is su o se a so as ona wh r of u c o occurr c , wh r it pp d l occ i lly ,

o are to ee . am not a a e t a the ara ara has e e een O ser e th ugh r ly , br d I w r h t C c v r b b v d l in a ama ss ss Lo s ana a o e o a e t a m a be Al b , Mi i ippi , or ui i , lth ugh it is quit pr b bl h t it y n n n re ent in the m o e so rn I n e as ot e o t ons of ese tates . es fou d u f qu r uth p r i th S T x ,

eciall on the Rio ran e is a te ommon as is a o in e o and p y G d , it qui c bird , it ls M xic a o o Cen tral A m eric . Thr ugh ut S outh Ame rica it is one of the m ost abundan t Sp e

it o ra a an e n n n o a e H orn . D r es s e e e e e t . a n n h ci , g g phic l r g xt di g v C p D rwi fou d t e

P ol borus n o e e so omm n as on the ass sa ann a the L a ata an d s a y wh r c o gr y v s of Pl , ys t a it a s n on the m s ese a n of ata n a e e n to the o an d h t is l o fou d o t d rt pl i s P go i , v r cky

in n s a ren s re the a . a s the W e t e es e a in the b r ho s of P ciﬁc It occurs l o s I di , p ci lly T h e s sent in h n s an a e e n o n ee . e e e e t e a i l d of Cub , wh r it is k w to br d gg r pr d dr wi g

a n landi am a in e e ne a d en e the a e . Ber er e e n w r obt i d id tiﬁ d by l t Dr of M t or s , North r

th i ran e o 0 11 e R o e . M xic , G d It is p ossible th at two distinct spec ies are n o w confo un de d to gethe r under the omm n nam e of ara ara a ass n n orm s me t a his s s ons a c o C c E gle . Mr . C i i f h t u pici h ve

een e e e a n ar at on in s e m en a e a en n e his n o t e b xcit d by c rt i v i i s p ci s which h v f ll u d r ic , and ar n ate a he m et t n a 0 11 the a n of an a Mr. D wi st s th t wi h i dividu ls pl i s S t Cruz

n o e e a mos t e s a e to be st n t s s . I a which he a d Mr. G uld w r l p r u d d di i c pe cie n p rtial on rmat on O f t s on m a in t s o n e t on e e to the reat ar at o ns c ﬁ i his su pici , I y hi c n c i r f r g v i i

r n o ticeable In the e ggs of this vulturine Eagle . These are ne ithe slight nor o cca sional b ut are on s tant and of so a a a a a te r as to e te the s t on est , c , r dic l ch r c xci r g

o of the e n n to r s of the same s ec e the f eren e aﬁ ectin ot d ubts ir b lo gi g bi d p i s , di f c s g b h

T he e s rom a s o far as am a ar r e r s e and t e n o o . e e th i iz h ir grou d c l r gg f Cub , I w , p re en one a et e s e ose om B a the t er e on the t e s t v ri y xclu iv ly , th fr r zil o h , whil , o h r

an t a e t e ere o ta ne on the Rio ran e . Be rlandier who as h d , bo h v ri i s w b i d G d by Dr , n n s e e in his m an s n o e he a T h s e t em a e e otuc e. ig d h to si gl p ci s , which , u cript t s , c ll d I n e the ula name t r is Truro its m e mm n t e in t e Chil pop r of his bi d , but or co o ti l o h r portion s of S outh America is Ca rrancha .

T he Caracara a oa se ﬂat ne s om ose of a ee s and a u su builds c r , t , c p d ﬂ gs , r d , gr ss , a o n the to O f ee but as n a a o n a n 0 11 a low f lly ps tr s , occ io lly , cc rdi g to D rwi , cli f, or

m r an r e en 0 11 a s . T he n m e the e are e e e t ee . o v bu h u b r of ggs is r ly, if v r, o th h F ur r m the Rio an e in m e n e the o o n m eas rem ents : en t f o Gr d , y coll ctio , xhibit f ll wi g u l g h

7 ° 7 3 5 4 2 n e re a t 1 en t 2 rea t 1 en t 2 rea t 1 en t I 6 i ch s , b d h 66 l g h 6 6 , b d h 66 l g h 6 6 , b d h 66 l g h 2 4 e at 1 e se e n o t n resen t the rea and n s a a at on I 6 br d h 61 Th ggs o ly p g t u u u l v ri i in t e en t of nea e t er en et een the two e eme s but e h ir l g h rly igh p c t (b w xtr ), v ry s triking and anom alo us de viation s from uniformity are also n otic eable in their he o n o o a es in t ese s e m en om a ground color and markings . T gr u d c l r v ri h p ci s fr nea re e a e ee s et tan - o and e ma n s t o rly pu whit to v ry d p ru s , or c lor, th ir rki g , h ugh

- far s a i all O f e a o n ffe re a in e a e . S o a m be e n s pi br w , di r g tly th ir sh d s I y justiﬁ d

e e m n n m the few e men a e een the e t the ro n are d t r i i g fro sp ci s I h v s , ggs wi h light g u d

1 S n e w r t n thi art le a e le arne t at the S m t s on an ns t tut on os s e ss e s s e me ns rom i c i i g " ic , I h v d h i h i I i i p p ci f the G ul oast of ou s ana and rom N e w e o and al orn a . f c L i i , f M xic C if i 6 0 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y . P A R T I

n o m the ar e r in s e and in s a e and are s ome at more on . I n the u if r ly l g iz h p , wh obl g a es t the m eas re m en of c is en a o e the o n o o is n ea re l rg , u t whi h giv b v , gr u d c l r rly pu

te t a s n s t n e n ear n s o e at the sm a e end and on whi wi h light pi ki h i g , ly u p tt d ll r , ly m ar f a a- e m a n n re a e t in ke d by a few light blotche s o se pi brown . Thes rki gs i c s bo h

e and e en and e om e of a ee e s a e as e are n ea e the a e end siz fr qu cy, b c d p r h d , th y r r l rg r , un til the e om e a mos a an d a o n t e t em e o m a a e c onﬂu , y b c l t bl ck , r u d his x r ity th y f r l rg

nt n of an d a e is e o e e a a se a. T he se on in ri g bl tch s d sh s of d rk pi c d siz , which but

s e e t sm a e has a o n sse t or at e te t a j u t p rc p ibly ll r, gr u d color of light ru , r h r whi wi h er s s e t n e and m a e o e its entife a e in a e a ro v y light ru s t i g , is rk d v r surf c , bout qu l p

o n I n the t r the rre a nes and r a a e of a e a . p rtio , with i gul r li b o d d sh s d rk s pi hi d ,

o n is of the ee es se o r tan - o or and in the m a es of the sam e b ut of gr u d d p t rus t , c l , s ll t , , a s ome a te s a e and o are ea t m a e t e e o t e s a wh t ligh r h d , b th b u ifully rk d wi h d p bl ch of

h m ore o n t an a e a a m o a . T e e s t s e cres are m d rk s pi , l st bl ck gg of his p uch blo g h

ose of m ost r s of e and in s re s e t a s t e re at n the th bi d pr y, thi p c l o show h ir l io to Vul

r a an e a m the sm a e e nd e t e t to th H or a e . e are tu s r h r h wks E gl s Th y pyrifor , ll r

a e e a t and a es m m o e in its o or ons om the ar e ex t p rs quit brup ly , v ri uch r , pr p ti , fr l g r mi tre t an the e s an e H a t am a a n e . y, th gg of y tru wk wi h which I cqu i t d

M O RPHN U S UN I CIN CT U S .

a l a uni cinctus T M M . Pl. C ol. 1 1827 3 13 . F c , E , , G Y a una l a 5 A e n e s 18 5 . 2 16 . , F Chi , Av , , p

al a harr isii A U D . O rn. B o . V 18 35 30 l. . F c , i g , , , p cccxcii

G o . and o m 3 3 . B N . e . st 18 8 . O AP g C p Li , , p S uteo harr isii A U D . n . 1839 . 5 . B , y , p

B r s O f A m. 1840 25 l. . i d I , , , p v l W P o borus tceniurus T S C HU D I ie m . r . 18 44 263 . y , , g A chiv X , ,

auna Pe ruana O rn . l. 1. F , p

M r h us uni cinc us N S n . . . r 5 . o n t B s 18 4 llust B r s of . 1 14 . p , CASSI , y N A i d , (I i d p i ’ . 1 B r s of G lliss s U . S N av . ro E x. 1 18 s t n . 5 5 17 4. i d A , , ’ - R - Harr is s Buz z ar . R ed w n e Hawk . ed n uz . i wi e B z ar . P eu A u l ll VULG d g d g d d co . g i i a

d r M S . Berlan ie S e o . ( , M xic )

a has a e m te an n he Un e a . HI S H e t e . on T wk v ry li i d r g withi it d St t s Mr Audub ,

who w as the s to mee t t n the m t the Un on O a n e a s n e ﬁr t t wi h it wi hi li i s of i , bt i d i gl i b an n es e men in Lo s ana. o s n t e e e es he n am e it in sp ci ui i Supp i g to u d crib d sp ci , d

f r en . ar H a s n ono o a e n a a of N ew e se . h r his f i d, Mr Edw d rri , disti guish d tur list J r y had e e een e s e s e T m i I t e m nck . , how v r , b pr viou ly d crib d by

T he R ed- winge d Buzz ard is o ccasionally foun d in the lowe r p ortions of the State s

and an o m m or a n ant in h O f Mississippi Louisi a . It bec mes uch e bu d t e southwestern

s e on the a e a e and in e a a er omm n S e es es e a a cti s of l tt r St t , T x s is v y c o p ci , p ci lly bout — FA L C O N I D Z E . M O R P H N U S U N I C I N C T U S . 6 1

the m t of the Rio ran e . I t is a e en met t o e o ou h G d lso fr qu tly wi h through ut M xic ,

en ra mer a e and e . I t is an o as ona s an of a and Ja C t l A ic , P ru , Chil cc i l vi it t Cub m a ica .

I a t s Ha is ea an m s of ate n its d s s . e en s s ea h bits hi wk h vy luggi h It fr qu t tr w r, and its foo d con sis ts chieﬂy of the re ptiles and sm alle r anim als which fre quen t the

an s of er and ee s . e t e ne sts on low t ees in the immedi b k riv s cr k Th y build h ir r , ate n t O f t e n n - n an d O ten o e the a er on str t n em vici i y h ir hu ti g grou d , f v r w t , c uc i g th

of oa se a and a e ants . T he n es are s a n ot e ar e for the r s c r ﬂ gs w t r pl ts u u lly v ry l g bi d ,

" are a ene 0 1° er s e e s on and the m ate a s are e oose ﬂ tt d with v y light d pr s i s , ri l v ry l ly

The are m re e ﬁ ve in n m er a l et e . e e and un put tog h r ggs fro th to u b , usu l y whit

ot e o as ona t m o e or e of a e o s or a n n I o e . n s me sp t d , cc i lly wi h r l ss y ll wi h t w y ti g

ns tan e t e are a nt m ar e t as es or s ta n a e s - o n i c s h y f i ly k d wi h light d h i s of y llowi h br w , and m o e a e are a so m a e t sm a o e of se ia- own and t , r r r ly , l rk d wi h ll bl tch s p br , wi h 2 - meas r m n s ma e o t n s a . e a e a e e e en t 2 ll r d t i gs of purpli h dr b Th ir v r g u t is , l g h 6 6 ,

ea t 1 . br d h 66 o All the kn owle dge at p re sen t posse sse d in regard to the e ggs of these Hawks is Berlandier of e e om the e n the a e . e tam o as in the o d riv d fr coll ctio of l t Dr , M r , Pr v I n h a n a n e of ama a e . t e e ent eman e e se e a i c T ulip s , M xico c bi t of th t g l w r v r l varie h m son an nst t n e now in the se n t e t . e e are o n ti s , pos ssio of S i h i I i utio Th s sh w , by

a o rlandier h a the n es and a e m em an f . Be w o w s a n ot priv t or d Dr , dilige t O b server of

For rese at on of s to e on s Ha . the o e t on the bird , b l g to thi wk p rv i this c ll c i , public is n e te the m e n e ent on of L e enan om e i d b d to ti ly i t rv i i ut t Couch , by wh th y were ase and o e O ff e e e e e e the e n purch d, through wh s ic s th y w r s cur d for purpos s of scie ce . T A A O L G Y . A T 1 N O R H M E R I C N O O P R .

M L Y S T R I G D F A I I JE .

S T R HG I N E

R I ST X PRATIN C O L A .

W m x ammea N A . O rn . S tri , , , 18 12 57 l. l ﬁ . 2 . ﬂ ILSO VI , , p _ , g

B N . S n. 1828 . 38 . O AP y , p a ual 1 18 32 n . 13 9 . NUTTALL , M , , , p

. O n B o . A U D r . 18 3 5 40 3 3 8 8 l. l . i g II , , V , p c xxi

° l B N G e o . a d S tr ia ra tin o a . n o m . s t 18 38 . 7 . p c , O AP g C p Li , , p

S n . . B N r s llus t. B r s o f 18 54 CASSI , y N A. i d (I i d , p .

° S ct m ri c D . S n. 18 3 25 tri a e ana A U 9 . . , y , p

B r s of A m . 1840 127 l. . i d I , , , p xxx iv

D E KA a . H . Y. . . 2 8 . Y N t st . B r s 1844 l. , i N , i d , , p xiii ﬁg h A er O wl h e l T e m i an B ar n . The W it O w . VULG . c

T HE geographical limits of the N orth Am erican Barn O wl canno t be determined

t re s on om sa e em ent e s am on n at a s as to the n an wi h p ci i . S e di gr xi ts g ur li ts ide tity d

e s t e era a et es in f e ent a t of the or all C ose re ate to div r i y of s v l v ri i di f r p r s w ld , l ly l d ea o t s eciﬁéall r i a mmea of o e ot a s t n t e et s n . T he S t a: ch h r, y p y di ti ct ﬁ Eur p is b h di i c T he r an a a n o e e r m the S tr ix ra tincola and a m a e ar et . sp ci s f o p s ll r v i y Af ic is , g i , pr b a a ffe en om O n on nent t ee s n a et es C os e e t e . bly di r t bird fr i h r this c ti hr di ti ct v ri i , l ly

esem n ea o e are e o n e m re re en te as f e ent s e e . r bli g ch th r , r c g iz d by o c t wri rs di f r p ci s

S . er la ta of o mer a 8 . a and h S r incol of e e are t ureuta of t e . a t a Th s p S u h A ic , f Cub , p

- o mer a . T he ast name O l a e e e o rs e e t a en w . N rth A ic l d r r ly , if v r , ccu , xc p by ccid t ,

n enns an a and is not mm n e ea o t aro n a . om orth of P ylv i , co on u til w r ch S u h C li Fr

e is r a I t is te mm n in e a th er it dist ibute d south nd wes t to the Paciﬁc . qui co o T x s

and N ew e o and is one the m a n an a o n a . w as n o t M xic , of ost bu d t birds of C lif r i It m e W o o he n R e m a be t t . se in the e e on t wi h by Dr dhou xp diti to Zu i iv r , but this y attr te to the eso a e a a te of the o nt t he asse as t ibu d d l t ch r c r c u ry hrough which p d , his

O wl e n a o a ta n and is ne er m e t in oode or is chi ﬂy fou d b ut h bi tio s , v with w d wild re on gi s . the . an m s to a n a was e o e e ent Heermann d . a e e t Dr Dr G b l , whos vi i C lifor i b f r pr s

n re ase in o a on ea its a o e e as ein in the e o oo i c p pul ti , sp k of f v rit r sort b g n ighb rh d of T he a te a so the s n and its ne s t n n e the le oo s of the o ses . Mi sio s , of i g u d r ti d r f h u l t r l re e s to n n n m e s n e one oo and tates t at t e s e n o ea f r his ﬁ di g u b r u d r r f, s h h y how d f r

n a n h sa re O il whe pproach e d . T he pro pensity of the California bird to dri k t e c d from the con secrate d lamp s about the altars of the Missions w as fre quently referre d

to the es ene e an a s on was m a e to t O wl. by pri ts , wh v r y llu i d his T he So uth Ame rican variety was m et with by Lie uten ant Gillis s as far south as

i a st n s e rom e e e was n sua o en e . r s re Chil , wh r it of u u l ccurr c This bi d dily di i gui h d f T he C an is the m an ma s and n e e s . North A eric by its s lle r iz e lo g r l g ub bird , which — S X O A . S T R I G I D Z E . T R I P R A T I N C L 6 3

m a a so the s ame as at a a a not re a s n e . . prob bly l th of J ic , is so di di ti guish d Mr " “ f am a a re ar s a te had se o sse in his s o s ent a . t a v G , Bird J ic , g d it id ic l As h t wri r e a o o o n t e of ser n the re e n a ts of the ama a arn O wl r l g od pp rtu i i s ob vi g b di g h bi J ic B ,

‘ s a a o t a nt as in all o a l t es sen a a reern w t t at ou r I h ll d p his ccou , pr b bi i y ti lly g g i h h of

He n the ee n - a e of t O wl at the t m of a ee me own bird . fou d br di g pl c his bot o d p li

he m e of O o e t er ' n i I n t e was one o n bird ith e e a e . sto e p t . iddl ct b r h y u g w s v r l ggs

The re was n ot the leas t vestige of a ne st ; the bird re p ose d on a mass of h alf- digeste d A t a tt e s an ne . o h air mingle d with bo s li l di t ce we re thre e eggs . They we re n ot c l ne of em a O h 1 le cted tt n as n o o w s n n e an e . n t e 2th for si i g , th withi six i ch s of oth r

the ne mon he o n in the am e a e the r s t n o n o e t of xt th f u d s pl c old bi d it i g f ur ggs , his

o et . ere was t h e re a an ce to time placed close t g her Th s ill n o ne st . T e ggs we dv d

a s at n bu t in e ffe en e re es and an e ea e o t n was w rd h chi g, v ry di r t d g , gg r dy for d p si io found in the oviduct of the old bird . He speak s of these eggs as differing in no

t in s e rom o se of the omm on Hen he s e he e not e . e e e . T wis , xc p iz , f th c iz do s giv

a in Lo s ana d of I a e a ate A n e t en . ea an gg k ui i by Dr Trud u , which h v an ccur — 3 1 in n - r a n i a n meas e n e e t 1 in rea t . n t e o t e n dr wi g , ur s 1 i ch s l g h , by 1 6 b d h A o h , b i d 4 l - - N ew e o mea e l . I ts o a e s te t o M xic , sur s %% by i g col r is dirty y llowi h whi , wi h ut an a an n a m o n a the ma e t an at . e a e e t y spots Its sh p is oblo g ov l , h rdly r poi t d s ll r h A n e th S es l g n e the a e end. e trife ammea rom an e meas l rg r gg of ﬂ , f Fr c , ur i g i ch s by I n e m a en m e as t a the arn O wl t at re on is f? A oth r, fro Afric , giv h t of B of h gi , 6 m a e an an of the a e meas n l n e in en 1 in uch l rg r th y bov , uri g %% i ch s l gth by 1 6 ea t T a are n n n br d h . he l st two u doubtedly different specie s from our correspo di g variety. O T A E I A . I 6 4 N R H M R C N O O L O G Y P A R T .

B U B O N I N JE .

VIR I BUBO G NIA NU S .

P S lrix s candi aca N N . S st. N at . 17 1 2 66 3 . , LI y I , , ( ) S tr ix v G N S s N a i r ini ana M t. t . 17 88 287 . g , ELI , y I , , W N A m. O rn 18 1 . 2 52 . ILSO , VI , ,

B N . S n. 1828 . 37 . O AP y , p W R . S N . . B . . 18 3 1 8 2 . ICH AI S F A II , , l anua 18 32 124. NUTTALL , M , I , ,

A U D O rn . B o . . 18 32 3 13 . 392 . i g I , , V N D E KA Y a . H s . . Y. t t B r s 4 22 . 18 4 l. ﬁ . , i N , i d , , p x , g S tr ct: th u l B i a es R R M Tra . 1 1 . 7 9 28 9 . p y , A T A , v , p ’ B ubo ludovi cianus D N Tra t d O rn 8 0 10 1 0 2 . , AUDI , i é . , II , ’ Bubo inic la E I L o VI L . O is . d A m . S e t. 18 07 5 1 . p , p I , , b 2 B u o ar cticu . s { . dz. S W . . 1 N B . 18 3 8 6 l. . RICH AI S F A II , , , p xxx Buh ﬁ e e t i n li B V P o t n r ". 8 12 o a s R M o . D e uts 0 1 3 1 . . p , OH , g ch , p ( ) Bubo vir i u ni an s B N . G e o . and o m . st 18 38 . 6 g , O AP g C p Li , , p .

S n . 8 3 2 A U D . 1 9 . 9 . y , p

B r s of A m 1840 143 l. . i d . I , , , p xxxix B S n. . . B r s llus t. r s of 5 N 18 4 . 17 7 . CASSI , y N A i d (I i d , p

B bo b- ar t s H P u s u i u o r Pro . a P l 52 2 1 1 a . 18 . c c , , c Ac d . hi VI , , ( ) ’ . The G r ea t Hor ne O wl. Ca O l t w . G r eat S r eech O l L e G r an ib u d A mé VULG d c w . d H o r i u V i e u e r . The ir ni an O wl. Te olote G r a n e Be rlandi r MS S e o q (C vi ) g j d ( e . M xic ) .

T HE Gre at Horned O wl of North Am erica has a very wide geographical distri bution e n o n a n an r m the t re n to e o and t o o , b i g f u d bu d tly f o Arc ic gio s M xic , hr ugh ut

o t mer a o on the an an a . d the . ass n ns e the N r h A ic , b th Atl tic P ciﬁc Mr C i co id rs a rcticus of Swainson and the mag ellanicus of Gmelin as m ere varieties of this sp e

n a A m ri ca r es . He oes n o t a ea t o re ar as e o t e n ere the ci d pp r g d it b i g S u h bi d, wh

‘ s ha r a . a r o n R ar son B cr ss iros z i s p ob bly been mis taken for this species . Sir J h ich d mm n i on I is a n an in an a a and ea of as n o t n o n the e . t sp ks it u c o Arctic r gi s bu d t C d ,

a l ar h am e m e t a in a e throughout l p ts of t e Unite d States . Dr . G b l t wi h it lso l rg i h mann o n it e n m e n t e e e on U a n a . Heer u b rs wood d r gi s of pper C lifor i . Dr f u d v ry a n an aro n a amen in 1 8 49 bu t s n e the n r ase in o a n it has bu d t u d S cr to , i c i c e p pul tio

m ara . oo s m i h n an e to e ome e are . W u e et t n t e b c co p tiv ly r Dr dho wi h it I di T rri ry,

o no t a n ant . L e tenan o a ne s ecim en s in e o and . th ugh bu d ly i u t C uch obt i d p M xic , Mr

Sch o tt in Te xas .

l r a n This O w usually b e e ds in the m ore un se ttled and wooded p rts of the cou try .

For the m os t a it n t ts for tse a a e ne om se t n e p rt , co s ruc i lf l rg st , c po d of dry s icks , li d

a an a r h o n n ests d f . a so s a s a he as with l e ve s ew feathe s Mr . Audubon l t te th t f u d

e n n to the re at Horn e O wl in ar e o o e a e t ee and t e in b lo gi g G d l g h ll ws of d c y d r s , wic

f I n all t s had een m a e re s h ss re o o . e e ase s tt e re arat on t e ﬁ u s r cks h c , li l p p i b d p viou d h a n of the e s as the nes on s ste of on a few rasses an eat e s . to t e l yi g gg , t c i d ly g f h r

a ne e ea of nstan es of a nstr t on of the n e ts in t m ann er b u t I h ve v r h rd i c co uc i s his , in all case s that h ave come unde r my observation this O wl has built for itself a large in the s am s of m at e a a e ne st . W s n who o n t em re e n and so ewh l bor t il o , f u d h b di g w p

H E . 6 4 N O R T A M R I C A N o oL O G Y P A R T I .

B U B 0 N I N E

O VIR G INIA N ‘ BUB U S .

P S trict s candi aca N N . S s t. N a t. 17 1 2 6 6 3 . , LI y I , , ( )

S tr ict v r ini n G M N S st. N a i a a t. 17 88 287 . g , ELI , y I , , I W A m . O r N n . 18 12 52 . ILSO , VI , ,

B N . S n. 18 28 . 3 7 . O AP y , p

. S W N . . B. . 183 1 8 2 . RICH AI S F A II , , a l 1 1 nua 832 124 . NUTTALL , M , , ,

A U D . O rn. B o . 1 2 8 3 3 13 . 392 . i g I , , ; V

. N . A H s t. . Y D E K Y a t . B r s 4 18 4 l. , i N , i d , , p x , S tr a: th nl B i a es R R M Tra . 1 1 . 7 9 289 . p y , A T A , v , p ’ B u bo ludovi ci anus D N Tra t d O rn 8 1 00 2 10 . , AUDI , i é . , II , ’ B ubo ini la V A m . S e . 1 80 5 o I E IL L . O is . d 1 t 7 1 . p c , p , ,

b l z B n o ar ct i u . f . d S W . s N B. . 18 3 1 8 6 l. . c RICH AI S F A II , , , p xxx

Buho ﬁ e te t i n l B V - P n r o is M O . e nts c h". 18 1 12 a R D 0 . 3 . p , OH , g , p ( ) B ubo vir in a u N i B . G e o . and o m . n s s t 1838 . 6 g , O AP g C p Li , , p .

S n . 2 18 39 . . A U D . 9 y , p

B r s f m 4 l. o A . 18 40 1 3 . i d I , , , p xxxix

S n B r u B ll . . . s f 185 1 N . st r s o 4 . 7 7 . CASSI , y N A i d (I i d , p

Bubo s ub- ar ti us H Y o la . 18 52 2 1 1 . O Pr . a . P c c , , c Ac d hi VI , , ’ . Th H l. - e G r ea t or ne O w C a t O l. ea t cr G VULG d w G r S eech O wl. L e r an d Hibou d A mé

r i ue u e r . The Vir ini an O wll Te olote G r an e Be rlandie r MS S e o q (C vi ) g j d ( . M xic ) .

T HE Gre at Horned O wl of North Am erica has a very wide geographical distri bu tion e n n a n an rom the e on to e o and ro o , b i g fou d bu d tly f Arctic r gi s M xic , th ugh ut o t me a o on he a h t n and the a . a s n ons e t e N r h A ric , b th Atl tic P ciﬁc Mr. C s i c id rs arcticus of Swainson and the mag ella nicns of Gm elin as m ere v arie tie s of this sp e

es . He oe s n ot a ea to re a it as e n a o t A m er an r ere the ci d pp r g rd b i g S u h ic bi d , wh

ir s tris has ro a B . crass o e n a o n R a son p b bly b e mist k en for this species . Sir J h ich rd

a s of as n ot n omm n i the t re ons I a n an in ana a and e n . t sp k it u c o Arc ic gi is bu d t C d , t o o t all a ts of h i a a t e Un e a r . am in hr ugh u p r it d St te s . D G b el m et with t lso l rge n m e in the oo e r e ons U m ann o n it er of er a o n a . Heer u b rs w d d gi pp C lif r i . Dr f u d v y a n ant a n a amen in 1 8 49 b ut s n e the n ease in o a on it has bu d rou d S cr to , i c i cr p pul ti m e om e o a a e are . .W o o se m e t t it in the n an err tor b c c p r tiv ly r Dr o dh u wi h I di T i y ,

o n ot a n ant . L e t nan i n in and e t o ta ne s ec me s e . th ugh bu d ly i u C uch ob i d p M xico , Mr

Sch o tt in Te xas . n This O wl u sually breeds in the m ore unsettled and wooded p arts of the cou try .

For the m ost a t on t ts for se a ar e n es t om o e dr s ne p r , it c s ruc it lf l g , c p s d of y ticks , li d and a f has o n n ests t e a es ew eat e s . n a s a e a he wi h l v f h r Mr . Audubo l o st t s th t f u d

e on n to the eat Horne O wl in ar e o o of e a e t ee and t e in b l gi g Gr d l g h ll ws d c y d r s , wic of o I n all t ese a s l had een m a e re s he ss re . e tt e re a at on t ﬁ u s r cks h c s , i l p p r i b d p viou

h e s as the n f as es and ea er the a n t e e ons te on a ew t . to l yi g of gg , st c is d of ly gr s f h s

a e ne e he a nstan es of a onstr t on of the nests in t s m ann e b ut I h v v r rd of i c c uc i hi r , in all case s that have come under my observation this O wl has built for itself a large d e i in the s am s of and some a e a a e ne st . W son o n t em e n wh t l bor t il , who f u h br d g w p — S S O . S T R I G I D Z E . S C O P A I 65

N ew e e a e a the ne was ene a n e in the o a a ree J rs y, st t s th t st g r lly co struct d f rk of t ll t , me but adds that the y som eti s choose a sm aller tree .

e e e n n e r ne a the e n e and e en Th s birds b gi to co struct th i st tow rds clos of wi t r, , v in the r e on n R a son ea e a n e e as A ctic r gi s , Sir Joh ich rd sp ks of th ir h tchi g th ir ggs

T he s a e h n ar e a s e a and e a as a . t e e e e rly M rch h p of gg is v ry ly x ctly ph ric l , its o i h old color is a dull white with a slightly yellowish tinge . A n egg f rmerly n t e ’ ea e e m of a e a a en in N ew e e Al e an e W n the P l s Mus u Phil d lphi , t k J rs y by x d r ilso , 5 rn t and e a n his a a n s e m eas es 2 n e in o i hologist, b ri g utogr ph upo its h ll , ur r 6 i ch s h n a m a m en 2 in ea . n e a ne in t e e s ea l gth by br dth A oth r , obt i d vici ity of S l , M s , s —4 I n he a e n an e the ne as e 2 n e in en 1 m re a . t w ur s 6 i ch s l gth by g b dth l tt r i st c st

n s r e on a a and na e e ee in a me a e o e a . T he co t uct d t ll i cc ssibl tr , so wh t xp s d loc lity em a e was on the ne and as she e she e one the e in a convul f l shot st , f ll , clutch d of ggs i n a e a he s e a and n her a the . . a n t iv gr sp , brought it cl ws to grou d Mr C ssi st t s th t ern a e e are a ffere n in e e e n m a e an the more no south v ri ti s lso di t th ir siz , b i g s ll r th rth is e a of e e a n in am a a ex nea ern . O ne e This tru lso th ir ggs . obt i d T ulip s , M ico , r is the Rio an e mea e n e in en r i n re a . e Gr d , sur s i ch s l gth by i g b dth This gg one the Berlandier e n now in the e i n the m n an I nstitu of coll ctio , poss ss o of S ithso i

n and the one e e en e in the a e a e . tio , is r pr s t d pl t (Pl t IV, ﬁg

S CO PS A SIO .

Strix asio N N . S st. N at. 17 66 132 . , LI y I , , W N A m . O rn. 18 12 8 3 l xln . 1 . ILSO , V , , , p . , ﬁg

B N . S n. 1828 . 36 . O AP y , p

A U D . O rn. B o . 1832 48 6 392 l. xcvri . i g I , , , V , ; p

anual 1 18 32 120 . NUTTALL , M , , , ‘ S tr ict: naevia G M N S st . N at. 17 88 289 . , ELI , y I , ,

W . N A m O rn . 18 12 16 l. . . 1 . ILSO , III , , , p xix ﬁg b t t ’ Bu o s ri a us VI E ILL . O is d A m . S e t. 18 07 54 l. 2 1 . , p I , , , p

S oa s asio B N G e o . and om s t 1838 . 6 . p , O AP . g C p . Li , , p 5 17 . B 18 4 . 9 . N S n. . r s llust. B r s of CASSI , y N A i d (I i d , p B a be sio A S a U D . n . 18 39 . 29 . , y , p

B r s of A m . 18 40 147 l. xl. i d I , , , p

D Y 1 l. xi r ﬁ s . 25 and 26 . KA N . N e o r 8 44 E Y at H st. w , i k , , p , g H b u as i o io T M M . Pl. C ol. l. l . , E p xxx

- - l. ittle S ree h O wl. Little O wl. S r e O . h M o tl O l Th Red O w L e h wl T e t e w . e VULG d c c c c . t l L i t e Ca t O wl.

T HE little Red or Mottle d O wl is a very widely distributed bird . It is found

in re enlan and a in all a of me a. Sir n R a s n G d, prob bly p rts North A ric Joh ich rd o m e a n a n ot e e m ee i n the e on . m n did , how v r, t with it Arctic r gi s It is uch or bu d t me a e mm n N ew in so p rts of the continen t than in o thers . It is quit co o throughout

n an as W e as in h and me the e n a e . . n E gl d, ll t e Middle so of South r St t s Mr Audubo 9 6 6 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y . P A R T

ea it as not mmon in Lo s ana a o o as on a o n t e e . . sp ks of co ui i , lth ugh cc i lly f u d h r Dr i h n I t a s sa to b e Hall mention s it as abundant n t e vici ity of Montre al . is l o id

d H rmann m n on s ent m et t in O nneso a an O e n . . ee e frequ ly wi h hio , Mi t , r go Dr ti it

as n o t a e in a o n a a . am e oe n ot a ea to a e m et r r C lif r i , lthough Dr G b l d s pp r h v with it

a on in a a e . W f he ex in n es . oo e I n re o o t e his i v tig ti s th t qu rt r Dr dhous , his p rt p

t n the n R e s ea O f n n n o s tt e O wl er a n an di io to Zu i iv r , p ks ﬁ di g this i y li l v y bu d t

o the ndi an e bu t a a he not m e so e en through ut I T rritory, dds th t did et with it fr qu t n ly i Te xas . T he n es of t e e a a on e in o o ee m m o t his sp ci s is lw ys c struct d h ll w tr s or stu ps , st

e ent in o a s in the n a m - o se and n ot ni o e an e en fr qu ly rch rd vici ity of f r h u s , r th six or s v m eet rom the o n . . on s a e o e er t at he has omet e o n f f gr u d Mr Audub t t s , h w v , h s i s f u d

r o l m n rest n a h e of t r o t . utta l es s o e te them at t e h ight hi ty f r y Mr . N giv i i g f cts showing the providen t habits of this O wl in procuri ng for its yo ung a gre at sup er He o n i n a s n in h o m f a n an e of o . n the e e a t e o bu d c f od f u d st of i gl p ir, h llow stu p an a e- ee n a ne a oo e e o n O e e a B e ppl tr , which co t i d br d of th s y u g wls , s v r l lu birds ,

- a and n a o . Bl ckbirds , So g Sp rr ws

T he ee - O wl can a be a n an ne ne the o Scr ch h rdly s id to co struct y st, but li s holl w i a n t a few o ose dr a a T he n e ea e e and e e . which it r rs its you g wi h l l v s , y gr ss s , f th rs

a ﬁ in n m a d n e n e e s are s ve or e re e e an a . gg u u lly six u b r, pur whit , rly rou d Th ir 6 a a m a re m en 1 n e in en t 1 3 in a ver ge e su t is 3 3 i ch s l g h by 1 6 bre dth .

S C O P S M C CA L LII .

n f N e w o r e um of a H s t lib W N nals o Y N . E hi al es cho a R t. t 1853 4 . p , LA E CE , A k Lyc i VI , ,

s llus t . B r s f M ll i N S n . . . B r o 18 54 . 18 0 S o s c Ca i . c p , CASSI , y N A i d (I i d , p ’ M c Ca ll tl l. l M ttl O wl. s M ot e O w e o te Be rlandi r The Wes ter n o e T o e . VULG . d d j ( )

a n ew s e es re cent H S es e . a si n an d t e as et n n T I is p ci ly d crib d by Mr C s , li tl is y k ow

“ as to the e en of its eo a a T he rs m xt t g gr phic l distribution . ﬁ t spe ci en of this O wl

a n was ta en . e e o e . Ho en E s . n ea a amen o and es e v r bt i d k by E S ld , q r S cr t , d crib d by

e o e . La en e . N ew Y o as E hia ltes choliba ie l S tri r V il . x c u G rg S wr c , Esq of rk , p , (

r . was o n in a d ci e a e . an in t e n e g , Spix) It f u d T x s by Mr Schott , Nor h r M xico by

n an o . a so o in h n L e te t e e . Berlandier now in the i u t C uch It l ccurs coll ctio of Dr ,

’ sse ss on of the m son an n t t n and was obtained in the o n e of po i S ith i I s itu io , Pr vi c s in as r am a a te n e o . A n e in the am e e t on of t s s e e T ulip E M xic gg s coll c i , hi p ci s , 2 ea re 1 n e in en t of an n in r s a m su s 3 ? i ch s l g h by i ch b e adth . Its h pe is nearly

f a s e and he - a o e t a ea r s a e . th t ph r , color is cl r c y t l whit S 'l ‘ — R I I D ZE A N S . G . O T U S W I L S O N I U 6 7

O S VVIL N A N TU S O I U S .

S tr ix a mer i a na G M N S s t. N a t. 17 88 288 . c , ELI , y I , ,

B N . on . s um . 5 0. O AP C Avi , p S t ia: e e ina tor B r r r R R M Tra . 9 1 17 . 28 9 . p g , A T A , v , p W S trix otus N A m . O rn. 18 12 52 . , ILSO , VI , ,

B N . S n . 1829 . 37 O AP y , p . l 1 anua 832 130 . NUTTALL , M , I , ,

A D . O rn . B o IV 1 3 5 5 U . 8 7 3 l. l . i g , , , p ccc xxxiii ’ u ilsoni r t s w anus N T a t d O rn . 183 1 1 10 . O , LESSO , i é I , , N S B n . . . r llus . B r s o f 18 54 . 1 s t 18 . CASSI , y N A i d (I i d , p tu meri anus B s a G e o . a nd o m N . . st 18 38 . 7 . O c , O AP g C p Li , , p l tus vu aris A U D . S n. 18 39 28 O g , y , p . . m 8 B r s of A . 1 40 136 l. . i d I , , , p xxxvi

- . O A - O l a l The on car ed wl. m The P r i ri e O w . VULG L g erican L ong car ed w .

HI S a o e n and as e n e e and es no t a ea to a e een m et t T is N rth r E t r sp ci s , do pp r h v b wi h h e n a s o f on t e e o O re on . A t eas t ne t e am e no r . w st r co st uth g l , i h r Dr . G b l Dr Hee r m ann O he en s e in e e t e e a o n a a t o . oo e o ta ne s bs rv d pr s t p ci s C lif r i , l h ugh Dr C p r b i d pe ci i m n n W as n t n e to and D r. nsen i r o n I e n O e . ts ose a sen e s hi g o T rri ry Tow d g supp d b c ,

e e m t a a e m a be an e o as n to its t n o t na a ts how v r, fro h t St t y rr r , , owi g stric ly c ur l h bi ,

d m a i n r not ea re an n o e en e a e een o e o o e . ir it is r dily procu d , y c s qu c h v b v l k d S John Richardson foun d this O wl as far to the no rth as latitude an d think s a an o a e ten to th m m h o I th t its r ge pr b bly x ds e extre e li its of t e f rests . t breeds on the easte n as r m the r t re on N ew erse bu t is are o n r co t , f o A c ic gi s to J y , r ly f u d

n th a m n e e n . s outh of that State . O e P ciﬁc its li its are as yet ot w ll d ﬁ ed I t is said to be en on the as at e an bu t a n an e e se ere is a e in pl tiful , S k ch w , its bu d c l wh r th r a in he a m e it is n e r e t an a t a no n . e n a e t ot e fre f r d h c u lly k w App ri g r r ly d yti , v ry

en met n a a . n to n R a s n in the qu tly with by tur lists Accordi g Sir Joh ich rd o , fur re on me me a s its e on the o n at t e t me in the e e te gi s it so ti s l y ggs gr u d , o h r i s d s r d H n ea e n t m n est ot e on e . . e as s of h r birds , low bush s Mr utchi s sp ks of its d positi g h

R a son re e e one o n in M a and ano t e ne t w as O e a as . b rly April ich rd c iv d f u d y, h r s

h 5 th of se e in the ame ne o o n ta ne t re e e on t e . rv d , s ighborh d , which co i d h ggs July W ilson speaks of this O wl as havin g been abundan t in his day in the vicin ity of He a so m n a e a and six se en avi n een n in a s n e ree . e Phil d lphi , of or v h g b fou d i gl t l

n amon the ran es of ta ees and in one a t a tions it as there breedi g g b ch ll tr , p r icul r in stan ce the Long- care d O wl had taken p os sess ion of the nes t of a Qua Bird (A rdea n cticorax e e W son o n it s ttin on o e s e one the He n had y ) , wh r il f u d i g f ur gg , whil of ro s her own ne st on the same tree .

Audubon state s that the American Lon g- c are d O wl usually accomm odates itself

m a n use the a an ne ne t e et e t e e are t or by ki g of b do d sts of o h r birds , wh h r h s buil high

- He a s a ma e u se the re of or on the o n . low . It lso k s of ﬁssu s rocks , builds gr u d l o n He n one nea the u ni states that it s ome time s constructs a nest of its ow . fou d r J ata R er in enns an a om e re en t t the lea ets a e n and iv , P ylv i , c pos d of g wigs wi h ﬂ dh ri g, ’ I n the mm ne t es a and s ee s t ea e s . e li d wi h fr h gr ss h p wool , but withou f th r su r of 6 R H A C A 8 T L O Y A T I . N O M E R I N O O G . P R

’ 1 856 e e e m R e K innicott E s n n s an O I r c iv d fro ob rt , q , of Cook Cou ty, Illi oi , wl s e n a n h n in a a r o t e e . as en m a gg fou d by boy grou d , pr i i It w s t to e s prob ably an e the o - a e O wl om ose re em an e o al gg of Sh rt c r d , but fr its cl s bl c t l the eggs of the

O tus wils onia nns a e e e een and s m a m e the B r ch I h v v r s , its dis i il rity fro thos of a y otus eassinii a e no a was an e h , I h v doubt th t it gg of t e form e r . s e e a s o en as ee n in and in As thi sp ci s is v riou ly sp k of br di g April July, it proba a e m ore an on e in a ea n . T he e are a r in n m bly r is s th brood s so ggs usu lly fou u b er , are nea n and a n m - e O n . e m N w rly rou d , of u ifor dull whit color fro e Jersey ,

O a ne " > . e an e W s n m ea re l n e in en 1 in bt i d by Mr Al x d r il o , su s i g i ch s l gth , by 5g r b e adth .

BRA C HYO TUS CA S SINII .

l s LX l t b s o . rans . on on 1 7 l S r ia: r ach otu R R P T 7 2 38 4. y , FO STE , hi L d , , , W m O rn 1 A . . 8 12 6 4 l. . N ﬁ 3 . ILSO , IV, , , p xxxiii , g

B N S n . 1828 . 37 . O AP . y , p S W N B 1 . 183 7 5 . RICH . AI S . F . . A II , ,

anual 1 18 32 132 . NUTTALL , M , , ,

D O rn . B o . 18 35 37 3 l. 432 . A U . i g V , , , p

‘ Br a h otus alus tr is ameri eanus BO N A P . G e o . and om . st 1838 c y p ( ) , g C p Li , , u 5 ons . . 1 . C Av p . h S n 18 39 . 28 . tus br a otus A U D . . O c y , y , p

B r s f A 8 0 l . o m . 1 1 4 140 . i d , , , p xxxviii

S n. . . B r llus B r s f 185 . 8 N s t. o 4 1 2 . CASSI , y N A i d (I i d , p

i . t H st. S O C F 8 . B r a h o us eassini BR W R Pro e e n s Bo ston N at. e b. 1 56 c y , E E , c di g i , ’ - - - . S A me an S ho t ar O wl. Cassi n s S r l hort car ed O wl. r e h VULG ric c d or t ea ed O w .

S o long as the Sh ort - care d O wl of North Am erica was suppo sed to be identical

the B rach otus a lus tris e and e e en a e a e in t with y/ p of Europ , its r pr s t tiv v ri ty Sou h

me a was e m t e to la a m the e e a a an e an A ric , it p r i t d y cl i to wid st g ogr phic l r g of y bird

f i s en s o a o a n to n n . W o t on o t we e t s k ow to us ith this supp si i id tity , h uld h v s ig as its a a a e a e o on the e em a n the o e m e an it , h bit t, v ry l rg p rti of glob , br ci g wh l—A ric n nen m m n ern o n n e of een an m e co ti t , fro its ost orth p i t i clusiv Gr l d to so the m s e em e e e n t n t m e a et e t all of o t xtr southw st r por io s of Sou h A ric , tog h r wi h h the n orthern and temp erate p o rtions of the E aste rn con tinent . T e grave doubts

‘ which h ave long e xiste d as to its right to this claim of identity with either the Eu rop ean or the South American bir d m ay n ow be regarde d as having be com e certain e and our me an s e e m b e e e e as e a a e and t n t o ti s , A ric p ci s ust r c iv d s p r t dis i ct , h ugh

r a e a n ffere nt . m the clos ely allied . F om the Europe n it is c rt i ly quite di Fro South me an it f e in a e e ee et re en e a n n an e a n A ric di f rs l ss d gr , y still p s ts c rt i co st t d vi tio s , a s hardly less th n p eciﬁc .

T he Short- cared O wl of our Southern continen t has b een obtained as far to the — S T R I G I D Z E . B R A C II Y O T U S C A S S I N I I . 6 9

l a e enan ll ome e a num south as the Straits of M gellan . Li ut t Gi iss brought h quit 2 1 b er r m e and . has e e e e men om B a . ese f o Chil , Mr Gould r c iv d sp ci s fr r zil Two of th

‘ 1 r are a a to a e een m the an an . ann bi ds lso s id h v b brought fro S dwich Isl ds I c ot ,

e e ﬁnd a ar et has e e een o n a e a m re n e n an e how v r, th t this v i y v r b f u d to h v o orth r r g on of o than the central regi s S uth Ame rica. T he t me an a e an d for the ni a a a e an Nor h A ric bird is l rg r , ost p rt of d rk r color, th

l. f A s h d the European O w This is e spe cially true o the female . t e iﬁerences be

een e e a e e are on s an and are as e m a e as in m an o t e in tw th s v ri ti s c t t , w ll rk d y h r s tan e e e the are n ow a n e e to be n s e e t ere is no c s wh r birds ck owl dg d disti ct p ci s , h m ’ a e as en a . w e a l good re ason why they should be re g rd d id tic l If ssu e Mr. Gou d s

en B ra ch otus be a one ea e own mme a e s e e no g us of y to good , it l v s our i di t p ci s with s e n ame and a e een a e fin d n ne m ore a a e e e e an p cific , I h v b bl to o ppropri t or d s rv d th one givin g to it an association with the name of the naturalist who firs t pointed out a the specific diffe rence s b etween these species . I have therefore n med it in honor of a in f a e a a ent em an s an n ess m e s eeme r en . o e y t d f i d , Mr C ss , Phil d lphi , g l who t ds co f d l in the s an m e an n s and who in a en and en y fir t r k of A ric or ithologi ts , , p ti t dilig t e ea and in and m na n n es a n n the n a e em r s rch , skilful discri i ti g i v tig tio s i to i tric t probl s

a a H has no e am n her a es . of N tur l istory, sup rior o g vot ri

T he me an a e B rach otus a la a oensis m e o e re South A ric v ri ty ( y g p g , Gould) or cl s ly ’ m h cass inii an d n re a s t n s rom it. I t o e e se e t e B . e bl s , is ot dily di i gui h d f is , h w v r,

t an o a e is n e es the o n s of s e ffe en e wi hout y d ubt , quit d ti ct sp ci , though p i t p ciﬁc di r c a n T h m s n t ea e the n tant cannot at present be very cle rly poi ted out . e o t o ic bl is co s ly m an ee e a e o in the me an . n e e d p r sh d of fulv us South A ric bird A oth r circu st c which , as eem to m e s a e no ma e in e e m n n the est on t a it s s , hould h v s ll w ight d t r i i g qu i , is , h t

n an n e a e e s e een the e e a a a of e e s e e in so lo g i t rv l of t rritory xist b tw s v r l h bit ts th s p ci s , ° ° ne t e . Lat t e 40 n on the ant a and a 38 on which i h r occurs i ud orth Atl ic co st , bout the a is e e e to be the e n m the an e the e n e e P ciﬁc , b li v d south r li it of r g of North r sp ci s , ° m a and so ewhere about 20 south the n orthern line of the South Ame ric n variety .

Having thu s assume d the Short- care d O wl of N orth Am erica to be a di stinct sp e e m e e the ean the me an a e m a m it ci s fro ith r Europ or South A ric v ri ty, I ust cl i for m m e re s e m ts an a e ene a een a ne et st a an e e uch or trict d li i th h v g r lly b ssig d , y ill r g quit as e en e as t a an s a i n R a s on m et t it as far xt d d h t of y of thi f m ly . Sir Joh ich rd wi h n to the n orth as latitude Professor Holboll gave it as a bir d of G re enla d . m ann s ea s of it as has a n and . H eer . o e e e men in O e n Dr C op r obt i d sp ci s r go , Dr p k

mmo i a n o a a en t and o se n n at a st o n n o a t . m e e c C lif r i , h ugh Dr G b l , v ry dilig b rvi g ur li , 3 m et t n s e mens t ere I n th Un e tate t ere are n o e - a t ent a e o . e wi h p ci h it d S s , h w ll u h ic t d

n an e s of its a n een n o e t enns ani a t . n i st c h vi g b tic d sou h of P ylv , hough both Dr Gu d

ac and Lem e e m en n t s O l as an o a na s an of a. . l lr Mr. b y tio hi w cc sio l vi it t Cub Dr

1 ’ B Yarre ll s r t s B r s 1 125 . i i h i d , , 2 T he U . S . a al strono m al E e t on to the S out e rn He m s e re 17 7 . N v A ic xp di i h i ph , II , 3 S n e the abo e w a s w r tte n and w le t e s e a e s are as s n t rou the res s a n un oubte i c v i , hi h p g p i g h gh p , d d s e me n o f h was o ta ne in e rua r p ci t e B rachy otus ca ssi nii has be e n re ce ive d fro m Califo rnia . It b i d F b y

ne ar Pe tal olle t on ma e him o f the uma b Mr. E manue l S a mue ls and a o m an e the , y , cc p i d c c i d by

“ H s or . natural hi story of tha t re gi on for the S mi th sonian I nstituti on and the Bos ton S ocie ty o f Natural i t y '

7 0 N O R T H A M E R I C A N o oL O C Y . P A R T I .

' n e e s r in the e e n the n R er n or am W o odhouse did ot obs rv thi bi d xp ditio to Zu i iv , I aware that it has e ve r been obtain ed in any of our S outhern o r S outhweste rn State s .

er tt e is no n in re ar to the a ts of t ese ar e t es and n o t eno to V y li l k w g d h bi h v i i , ugh

- o n have much inﬂuen ce in determinin g the que stion of th eir n on identity . Acc rdi g to the o se a on of n R a son the n a a n s of the me an b rv ti s Sir Joh ich rd , pri cip l h u t A ric are ense e ts o n ne - ee s or ar and entan e o - m ere d , thick of y u g pi tr , d k gl d will w clu ps , wh

t e it es for s t on a an a n ass o for m e . W en it i s low br ch w tchi g idu usly ic h dis urb d , ﬂi a an e and en e e in the e a a en e n ot eas short dist c , th hid s its lf h rt of bush , wh c it is ily n drive .

O n the t e an we ea n at the o ean n e the s r - are s e o h r h d , l r th Eur p bird, u lik ho t c d p e ortlr m er a t e tse I n ar e o o s or en se antat ons ci s of N A ic , which hus hid s i lf l g w d d pl i , ’ n h rk re en s e en e s e ens e mm ns eat s and m oo s . I t e O f qu t wid , op ﬁ ld , xt iv co o , h h , r

n e s an s the ean O wl orm an a t ess n es amon the eat . y I l d , Europ f s r l t g h h Sir

W am a ne e s r n two nes s of at O wl he m et t in m e illi J rdi , d c ibi g t th which wi h Du fri s s e sa : e e e o m e on the r n am on the ea the m of hir , ys Th y w r f r d up g ou d , g h th , botto the ne s a e n the e s ea a ea e on the e ere a e t st cr p d u til fr h rth pp r d , which ggs w pl c d wi h " ou t any lining or o ther acce ssory coverin g .

r n R a s n he m an e o m a nes t of w t ere as to . t e e Acco di g Dr ich rd o , A ric sp ci s f r s i h d gr s and m oss a e o a dr o of ro n on he n t e na ra st n t . . t , pl c d y sp g u d Mr Audub , o ly o h r tu li who has es e the ne t t s S ea s of av n n e m e t t one on a d crib d s of hi bird , p k h i g o c wi h

ri e in a n s T he n e st onta ne o e s high dg the Gre t Pi e Fo re t of Penn sylvania. c i d f ur gg n a a be at He e s r m as s - te of a m e e e e . e t e rly r dy to h ch d d c ib s h dull blui h whi , so

a e n a e or e a o m meas ri n an i n and a a in en and an wh t lo g t d lliptic l f r , u g ch h lf l gth , n a n a the 1 th ne w as d n e t in rea t . nes was n on 7 i ch igh h b d h This t fou d of Ju ,

a e n e a low s and o ere e ta ass a e o et e in a s en pl c d u d r bu h , c v d ov r by ll gr , r k d t g h r lov ly m ann r and in m of the a n m a e e te ﬂat . a e sse on a o , qui I h v y po ssi c py dr wi g d by h n him on the . T e . w as a a s e as ta en Mr Audubo , which prob bly k tch h tily k by spot drawing is h owever a little large r than the m easure m ents in his des cription re pre sent the e a n ggs to h ve bee . ’ n ot er e m en the e s s rom H s n s Ba in m o e n A h sp ci of gg of thi bird , f ud o y, y c ll ctio , ’ is m ore e on ate t an s a in an O s e of a e o or t n o l g d h is u u l wl gg , is dull whit c l , wi h a f d —9— a ent s a e o e an m eas re s 1 n es In en t 1 in rea t . pp r h d blu , u 1 6 i ch l 0g h by b d h

T he e re resente m ‘ the ate w as O ta n e m r en ot a o t E s . on gg p d pl b i d by y f i d , Eli C b , q an an I n th Ba I s a rs a so m e n and him e en t e . ts e isl d y of Fu dy , by w ll id iﬁ d h p l uch m e O n t an is s a i f s i i ni a n o t ami . I t s n n e t a o or blo g h u u l birds hi f ly for llip ic l void , in o o a n rm - te and m eas rem ents orres on e a t t the c l r u ifo dull whi , its u c p d x c ly wi h

’ m r s e en om Hu s n a a . r a t B o e re e re to . Hen B n , who ae om p ci f d o s y b v f r d Dr _ ry y c i d M r an e . a ot in the s to the Ba of n has n e the o o n in p C b vi it y Fu dy, fur ish d f ll wi g a t n : nes t of t a h of a eat ddi io A his bird w s found by Mr . Cabot in t e m idst dry p y

w as b n h i a d a . t o t e o n n a e s en m ann er of sm a st n bog It uil gr u d , v ry lov ly , ll icks f w eat ers and re se nte a an e a a on n ne o e s on th e t . I t o ta e f h , p d h rdly y xc v i c i d f ur gg

n a o n r h s e of a wa a s o o n in a p oint of bei g h tch ed . A y u g bi d t e iz robin s l f u d ly g de d

o rass in an o m on a tu sso ck f g the r si ilar locality.

1 P ro e e n s o f Bosto n atu ral H s tor S o e t anua r 1857 . c di g N i y ci y , J y ,

I . 7 2 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y . P A R T

‘

SYRNI UM N E RUL O S UM .

S tria: nebulos a R R Trans . P los . S oc . on on 17 7 2 3 8 6 a nd 424 . , FO STE , hi L d , LXII , ,

W . m r B . A i O n. o 18 1 . . I L s 2 6 1 l. 2 i g IV , , , p xxxiii , ﬁg

S n . 1828 . 8 . B N . 3 O AP y , p

. dz. S W N . . B. . 183 1 8 1 . RICH AI S F A II , ,

anual 1 18 32 1 33 . NUTTALL , M , , ,

A U D . O rn . B o . I 1832 242 386 l. l . i g , , V , , p x vi

KA Y N a s . . 4 A H t . 18 4 l. ﬁ . 1 . D E t. Y 2 , i N , p x , g

hich tl G M S st. N at. 1 S trict c ic i N 7 88 296 . , ELI , y I , ,

l a . S t ix ee a tor B M r . 17 1 28 r a am R R T 9 9 . , A T A , v , p N ' B M Mss . ra . at . is . P S tr ia: var ias R R H t e nn. 17 99 . 1 1 . , A T A , F g , p

S W Z oOl. 8 S tr ix er nandi ea G e n. 1 09 263 . f , HA , VII , ,

l l l B . U u a nebu os a N . G e o and om . s t 18 38 . 7 . , O AP g C p Li , , p

S n m B . rnium ebulos u G r s of E uro e 1 1832 l. l y , OULD , i d p , , , p x vi

A U D . S n . 18 39 . 27 . y , p

B r s o f A m . 1840 . i d I ,

18 54 . 184 . S . B . B r of N n. . r s llust CASSI , y N A i d (I i ds , p

h uette da anada u e r . a O l. l B r ra m . L a o VULG . The B rr ed w The Whooting O w ( a t ) C C (C vi ) Chouette N ebuleas e

T HE Ba re O wl has an e en e an e a n een m et t nea r d xt d d r g , h vi g b wi h rly throughout a m he re on a nn h me . t e e a t e N orth A ric It is dis ribut d fro t fur gi s to Tex s . Mi sot is

m r m s e ern n far as am a are has een a e . e o t w st poi t to which , so I w , it b tr c d It is o a n ant in the e n a e an e e e e and in the m re n o e n n bu d South r St t s th ls wh r , o rth r portio s a n in h mo of North Am erica is somewh at rare . Rich rdso did no t en counter it t e re o t on of the n e n or has far as can ea n een e e Arctic p r i fur cou tri s , it , so I l r , b obs rv d I n . i I n o n the a e s a en a re n e in the n e n a . P ciﬁc Europ , it of ccid t l occur c orth r p rts

Lo ana as . on s a e m e a n an t an an ere e e and . uisi , Mr Audub t t s , it is or bu d t h ywh ls , Dr W e s ea s of as e mm n in the n an e o es and a o in e a oodhous p k it v ry co o I di T rrit ri , ls T x s and N ew e e e a in the m e e an e n the re am and n M xico , sp ci lly ti b r d l ds bord ri g st s po ds

n I n 1 846 e in s o e in he an of at re o . t of th gi July , , whil pursuit of h r birds isl d M u sk e e t n ea an e in the m le a da was r ri e m ee g , r N tuck t , idd of bright y, I su p s d by t in n of t e e r s who n n te o n in h n oon o e e t e nt. m an s g h s bi d , , u i vi d , j i d us hu My co p io He e to b e ﬁne m a a es e se . a e a s e men rr t d his cour prov d l dult p ci .

h on s one o n a e n e e met t t e ne s . W s e e I h v v r wi h st of thi bird , but Mr il d scrib f u d in the a e oak am on o a e as e o et e m e crotch of whit , g thick f li g , rud ly put t g h r , co pos d o a s s n e m n e wt m e ass and ea e and ne t utw rdly of tick i t r i gl d i h so dry gr l v s , li d wi h

m as re e in in h o re es m a e . . n ea t e t e s ll r twigs Mr Audubo sp ks of h b d g holl ws of t , T he an d at o ther times as taking poss ession of the old ne st of a Crow or Hawk .

a a e s a e h a a en to me l atte r lso st t th t th y bre ed early in March . T e l st st tem t is so e tent n rme the a t t a in two nstan e in the m on t of e a a l x co ﬁ d by f c , h t, i c s , h F bru ry fu ly

a a n r h O ne of t ese a e develope d egg h s be en t ke f om t e o viduct of the fem ale . h c s s a a i h he ot in 1 8 4 as n o e o re n ea a a n t e ri n of 1 85 2. T e 5 w ccur d r Ni g r F lls sp g h r, , tic d

n Y . to o n n s a in o ess W am Ho t en of n . e e m by Pr f or illi pki s , h Aubur , N , wh s ki d s I

e e the e the a en a e n e na e . e e d bt d for gg p r t g of which is so u qu stio bl It is pur ly whit , — E I C H A R D S O N I . 3 S T R I G I D ZE . N Y C T A L R 7

a m s t o a and e e in a e a n s a e rom the e the l o gl bul r , , xc pt sh p , h rdly disti gui h bl f gg of

mes n e in en t 1 in re a t . Hen . wo do tic It is t i ch s l g h , 44 b d h

N YC T A L E RI C HA RD S O NI .

S trix ten ma lmi R . (it S W N . . B . . 18 3 1 94 l. . g , ICH AI S F A II , , , p xxxii

A U D . O rn. B o . 18 35 55 9 l. l . i g IV, , , p ccc xxx

N eta le r i ehar ds oni B N . G e o . a nd o m . st 1838 . 7 . y , O AP g C p Li , , p

N S n. . . B r s llust. B r s of 18 54 . 18 5 . CASSI , y N A i d (I i d , p

l A D S n . 18 3 9 . 24 . Ulula ten ma mi U . g , y , p

B r s of A m . 18 40 122 l. xxxrr. i d I , , , p ’ ’ " R r son s O wl. Ten malm s O wl ar s on and S wa ns on u u on VULG . icha d g (Rich d i , A d b ,

inc orre c tly) .

“ H S O wl an e e o e n e a to m e a and are T I is xclusiv ly N rth r bird , p culi r North A ric , r ly met in the m of the Un e a e n e e men has een O a ne with li its it d St t s . A si gl sp ci b bt i d the a . H o m n n of s n s n and on in assa se . e as a W M chu tts Dr y tio s it bird i co i , P ciﬁc

o nsen m et t it as far so t a s O e on e e is m ore a n an an on Dr . T w d wi h u h r g , wh r it bu d t th

R a son n a s all the o e ntr rom the e a e n oa t . o n to st r c s Acc rdi g ich rd , it i h bit w od d cou y f he an of the eat a e La e the Un e a es and . e mm on on t Gr Sl v k to it d St t , is v ry co b ks f a s e a as a e an . w as o a ne in ana a the o n e s o S k tch w It bt i d C d by C u t s D lhou i , but t what season the bird was m et with is n ot stated ; the Smithsonian Ins titution als o

ro a e n ot ee far p osses s spe cimen s from the vicinity of Mo n tre al . It p b bly do s br d so men as t at a e or so e are . M r . on e a s e south h pl c , , if , v ry r ly Audub procur d p ci

nea Ban o in a ne in e tem e the on one he e e m e t t . r g r M i , S p b r , ly v r wi h

l a o n n rass a - wa a ne O w . H s a nes of This , cc rdi g to Mr utchi s , build t g , h lf y up pi d a o in h m a ree an tw e t e n M . t , l ys ggs o th of y in m o s ss on th o m a ame ea of a a n a e e e e . I h v y p s i c py , d by Dr J s Trud u , dr wi g heri r n in a n a ne . nea s taken by M . Audubo from a sp e cim en n E glish c bi t It is rly p c al the o e a n e e o and m ea e 1 n es in , col r whit with slight ti g of y ll wish , sur s 35 i ch n o n in le gth by ne i ch breadth . A s a e n o m ean of a e to an a t en ate e t s O wl am na e I h v s cc ss y u h tic d gg of hi , I u bl to l s rate it t o it ro a o n ot be d s n a e rom a of en il u t , h ugh p b bly w uld i ti guish bl f th t T g ’ ma m O wl to so C o e a e . l s , which it is l s ly lli d I . 74 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y. P A R T

NYCT A L E A CA D ICA .

G S ct ca N at. 1 S tri a di ca M N st. 7 8 8 29 6 . , ELI , y I , ,

B N S n . 1 . . 828 38 . O AP y , p

. dz S W . . B . N . 18 3 1 9 7 . RICH AI S F A II , , 1 anual 1832 137 . NUTTALL , M , , ,

A U D . O rn. B o . 1835 5 67 397 l. . i g II , , V , ; p cxcix

D E KA Y N at. H s t. . . Y 1 844 l. ﬁ 23 . , i N , p xi , g .

S tr ict a c diens is M Ind. O rn 17 0 a . 9 65 . , LATHA , I , ,

W - S r n . t ict asser i a N A m . rrr . , , O , 18 12 , 6 1 , l. , ﬁ 1 . p ILSO IV p . xxxiv g

N ct le a ca d ca B N . G e o . and o a i m . st 18 38 . 7 . y , O AP g C p Li , , p '

N S n . . . B r s llust . B r s of 18 54 . 18 6 . CASSI , y N A i d (I i d , p

Ulul A D . S n 8 . a a ca di ca U . 1 39 . 24 , y , p u . B r s o 1 3 l f A m . 18 40 2 . x . i d I , , , p x xiii

. The A ead n O he ttl O l. h h t A O T Li e w T e S aw W e . meri can S arr ow l. VULG ia wl. p w

T HE S aw - W e O wl as t o ten a e eem s to be r e t o h t , his bird is f c ll d, s dist ibut d hr ugh ll o t m e a but m e re re a i ou t nea a t e e r . t o n ot rly N r h A ric , wi h so d g of ir gul ty Al h ugh o se e o n R a son in the e n has een a ne as far b rv d by Sir J h ich rd Arctic r gio s , it b obt i d w a on a o n T en O se e in O re on . am i a n rt as N e e . . e n o h C l d i Dr w s d b rv d it g , Dr G b l C li i n fornia . n n en a d Lo s ana W lson in N ew e e M cCullo ck , Mr Audubo K tucky ui i , i J rs y , nd i a Ho n Visconsin . a e an e r o in a t a . I m e n O Nov Sco i , Dr y I h v gg f o N rth r hio , d a e a o e e the i n a a of N ew n an n o na nd an h v ls obs rv d bird v rious p rts E gl d . Its ctur l a

e e a a om ene a e a n a e e t a s clud d h bits withdr w it fr g r l obs rv tio , so th t it is quit possibl h t m e e a e m n one e en e e e e en e has een n n n . this sp ci s is v ry co o , v wh r its v ry xist c b u k ow

he adi an O ea e n in the o t ee o en on a few ee T Ac wls r r th ir you g holl ws of r s , ft ly f t

om the o n in the eserte ne t e in the evi e and fr gr u d , d d sts of o h r birds , cr c s of rocks , ,

n W l on a ona n s nes em se e am n ne accordi g to i s , occ si lly co truct ts for th lv s o g thick pi T he e are n ea e a are of a ri C ea e and m ore e a re e . t s ggs rly sph ric l , b ght l r whit , lik ’ ’ s t an an O w in t e e men m o W o odpe cker h l s h ir crys talline clearness . A sp ci fro N rth 1 2 n me a re e . ern O hio su s 3 ? i ch s by gg — A H E H Y P U G CE A . S T R I G I D JE . T E N 7 5

A T H E N I N E .

GB ATHE NE HYPU G A .

’ : la ia S A Y on s E S tr ia cunicu r e t on 18 19 200 . , , L g xp di i , I , ,

B N . A m. O r n. 1825 6 8 . O AP I , ,

anual 1 18 32 1 18 . NUTTALL , M , , ,

A U D . O rn. B o . 18 35 264 l. c ccc xxxn ﬁ . 1 . i g V , , , p , g

a: h B . 1 Stri u aza N . A m . O rn 825 7 2 . yp g , O AP I , ,

la i a B N . a d s . . A thene cuni cu r G e o . n om . t 1838 6 , O AP g C p Li , , p icul a S urni a cun ar i A U D . S n. 18 3 9 . 23 . , y , p

B r s of A m . 1840 1 19 l. . i d I , , , p xxi A then s oci lis G M e a B Pro . a . P l. 18 52 47 . , A EL , c Ac d hi III , ,

A h e ae . B s o 18 54 t en h u a N S n. . . B r s llust r f yp g , CASSI , y N A i d (I i d ,

. T l VULG he Burr owing O w .

T HE Burrowing O wl of North America has been ascertained to be a distinct sp e

e m the A thene ca nicularia me a t i was on n e ci s fro of South A ric , wi h wh ch it c fou d d

u n and s n e the a n O n e te . T he by Aud bo , , i c public tio of his r ithology, by oth r wri rs ca nieularia e e em e he o t e n s e e as e as e e a e clos ly r s bl s t N r h r p ci s , w ll s v r l oth r South

me an a e e m o e e e a if ere n . I n W e s e n A ric v ri ti s , fro which , h w v r, it is sp ciﬁc lly d f t t r o A mer a e e a in O e n and a n a as e as in e a a K an; N rth ic , sp ci lly r go C lifor i , w ll N br sk , sas ansa U a e a and N ew e t O wl e a n an in e a n , Ark s , t h , T x s , M xico , his is v ry bu d t c rt i

a e e e the e e e in a e mm n t e and ffe m m s loc liti s , wh r birds liv tog th r l rg co u i i s , di r fro o t m em e s of o in the n A s the b r this family by living and breedin g in burr ws grou d.

a e e in s e s e t are e a and n e e n and as a e ne e h bits of this sp ci s thi r p c p culi r i t r sti g , I h v v r had an n o se e em in e r na e a n in e esen a opportu ity to b rv th th i tiv h u ts , ord r to pr t ul a n of h o s a n of f l ccou t their p e culiarities I must avail myself of t e b erv tio s others . a a Mr. Thom s S y was the ﬁrst of Am eri can n aturalists to add this bird to our ’

na He me t o n a n . fau . with it in Colonel Long s expedition to the Rocky M u t i s H e en n ere em in t ans - ss s an e e ere he e e em as cou t d th our r Mi i sippi t rritori s , wh d scrib d th

es n e s e in the a es of the a e D o W e e a a n are com r idi g xclu iv ly vill g Pr iri g , hos xc v tio s so modiou s as ma e nne e a the to for se e e to k it u c ss ry for bird dig it lf, which , how v r , it is

a e to en as on . a a e a e se i a e are e nu bl do wh occ i re quires Mr. S y st t s th t th v ll g s v ry m erous and a a e in e e en om et mes eri n on a few a es and at , v ri bl th ir xt t, s i cov g ly cr , e a e are oth rs Spre din g over the surface of the country for m ile s together. Th y com ose of s t e e a e m n a in the o m a n a e ne a o p d ligh ly l v t d ou ds , h v g f r of tru c t d co , b ut two ee in at a e and e m s n as as e een n e a e the f t width b s , s ldo ri i g high ight i ch s bov sur

a e . T he en an e a om the en an e the assa e f c tr c is t the top or on the side . Fr tr c p g e en e a one or ee and en e nt n e e n a d sc ds v rtic lly two f t, th c it co i u s obliqu ly dow w rd ’ n e m na e in the n a a men e e the a mo en n e S ee u til it t r i t s s ug p rt t wh r M r t joys its wi t r s l p , a d n e e and the O wl are mm n nf en l o an . wh r it co o , but u ri d y ccup ts

Dr . To wnsen d states that in the plains near the Columbia Rive r this O wl re sorts to the o a en o he m a m and the a e ne e e on e m f rs k burr ws of t r ots b dg rs , but v r liv s t r s

n ma The n he e e as ﬁne a and a e at the of i ti cy with either . est d scrib s of gr ss , pl c d N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y . P A R T I .

m he e are n o m in n m e a e te and e e of the o e . xtr ity h l T ggs u if r ly four u b r, p l whi , a o t the s e of o e the omm on H e eon the ea end o e er e n b u iz th s of c ous Pig , gr t , h w v , b i g l emar a a e and a e n a . r k b y l rg , t p ri g bruptly ’ H eermann a o n es n n a s in a orn a ffe . s m et Dr cc u t , d cribi g i dividu l with C lif i , di rs

H e s ea s of th n a m ose of a few st a s somewh at from the ab ove . p k e est s co p d r w

a e at the end a n n a n m o ten ee in en an d pl c d of wi di g burrow, v ryi g fro f ur to f t l gth , m e he e a o in n and a . a t s m e e e nea e . ggs f ur u b r , pur whit , rly sph ric l Dr G b l , who a o o se e s in a o n a s a es t a he has a na n the ls b rv d thi bird C lif r i , t t h t occ sio lly fou d bird in o a s and a so t at o ten ma e u se of the o e the ar e s lit ry burrow , l h it f k s h l s dug by l g

r n - s r e S ermo hilus beeche i e e a e omm n e es . g ou d qui r l ( p p y ), which is th r v ry c o sp ci T he O s o ten t e own o s and e in s at e e om an e of o or wl f dig h ir burr w , liv c t r d c p i s f ur m a s a s a f a i o n a t ro o t ﬁ . a e e t the is a es ent o ve . Dr G b l l o st t h t bird r id C l f r i h ugh u R e and n o the ea . . W o se n a n ant est the r ans as y r Dr oodh u fou d it bu d w of A k iv r, e t a t he ten n the O wl and a m ot et e he a o e ent tic d h t , hough of fou d M r tog h r, ls fr qu ly met t em se a ate the a m e e t e e was a arent no a e the wi h th p r ly , M r ots wh r h r pp ly w t r ,

O a a in the n He e en o n the a te in a e wls lw ys vici ity of wate r . fr qu tly f u d l t r vill g s

O n n a a r n and n re t em e e s . ei e e ommen e a e by h s lv b g ppro ch d , th y c c d ch tt i g bowi g , p

en n e a a ea an s ti g quit ludicrous pp r ce .

' r a n i he oo o of h a nicularia a a e M . n t h A c t e Bea e m et t t e . D rwi , Z l gy gl , wi h , l rg r in s n h O en a he a s S e e t e am as of m e a . In Ban a p ci s , cros i g P p South A ric d ri t l , s y , it is own m an and e a ate s its ro on an e e s o of san but its work , xc v bur ws y l v l p t dy soil , in the am as or e e e the a a o n it se se ma e t a ani P p , wh r v r Bizc ch is f u d , u s tho d by h t h a me an on mal. e e e s on m e and e t e the This bird , st t s , pr y ic r p il s , North A ric bird n s L e enan l a m o se a n ma e e . e a m a n i s ct i ut t Gi liss giv s si il r ccou t of it , fro b rv tio s d

T he e t s O l n and om a m e o n e at in Chile . gg of hi w is slightly oblo g s ewh t or p i t d 6 d f n in m e 1 n e in one e n e t om the e of m o O . ea , di f ri g his fr ggs st wls It sur s 1 ? i ch s 1 2 in a I ts o o is ea and n fo m e . length by r s bre dth . c l r cl r u i r whit n the a o e as e a m n n a an H B s e m . w e e ee e e . e Si c b v pr p r d, y st d you g fri d, Mr N th i l i hop , edf a s has n n s e m e t the n in e e n a o nt of of M ord, M s , ki dly fur i h d wi h followi g t r sti g cc u o se at on o a him n cunicularia . re ma e his b rv i s the h bits of the A . They we d by n his a n t o duri g dve turous j ourney acros s the Pamp as of South America . Al h ugh

“ the canica laria is n ot a o t m eri an n e are a r a e e e as N r h A c bird , his ot s pprop i t h r affording an intere sting comp arison b etween the habits of tw o very closely allie d spe cie s . “ s m et t the r on the an the e S an an in Ban a O ri I ﬁr t wi h bi d b ks of riv r Ju , d enta on e n e and ent m e e n e e e e a few ai s ere l , hu dr d tw y il s w st of Mo t vid o , wh r p r w

n m m he an an a e n e t a t s ee e o n e and nse t . o t S , d v uri g ic i c s Fr Ju , tr v lli g w s w rd, thir y m es no t m ee t a s n e n a but a e n the R e L as il , I did t wi h i gl i dividu l ; ft r crossi g iv r

a a and om n on a san as e o e e t s a ere t ee and low es V c s , c i g up dy w t c v r d wi h c tt d r s bush , a n m e t t a I ag i wi h sever l .

U n the am a of the r en ine R e t e are n in ea n m e po P p s A g t public h y fou d gr t u b rs , ° ’ om a few m es e R o a o w es on the a ana in at e 32 5 6 fr il w st of s ri , hich li P r , l itud south , ° ’ 32 s o h cin of a s e am a end and he on . 6 0 e t t e S n L e the t a e l g w t , vi ity ui , wh r P p s Tr v si O n e e mmen e a n a e in om an a or desert commences . th s i s pl i s of gr ss it liv s c p y — H E H Y P CE A . S T R I G I D JE . A T N E U G 7 7

the a a L a os tomus tr ichodact la s an an m a a e a re sem an e with Bizc ch ( g y ), i l th t b rs bl c to the a and a o and n e m nes a re at e en of n its r bbit g uti , u d r i g xt t cou try with burrows . This O wl is s imilar to th at which inhabits the h ole s of the m armots upon the prai

e of W es tern o t me a . e s ea n the a a a e ri s N r h A ric A writ r, p ki g of h bits of th t v ri ty , rem arks : W e h ave n o eviden ce th at the O wl and Marm o t habitually re sort to one ’ o and S a a s a t e ere e t e omm on t o n en id burr w ; y dd , th t h y w i h r c h ugh u fri dly res entS of the same a tat on t a O wl was the o e o ant of a a h bi i , or h t our s l ccup burrow cquired

- I f om by the right of con que st . n this re spe ct they di fer fr their S outh Am erican

ot e s e in e fe a m on t the B a a and n the da br h r , who liv p r ct h r y wi h izc ch , duri g y, while the atte is s ee n a a of O s stan a few n e t n the m a n en an e o l r l pi g, p ir wl d i ch s wi hi i tr c f the o w and at the s s n be n ea or s an t e ea e e a n a burr , ﬁr t ou d, it r di t t, h y l v th ir st tio nd

em a n s e the e n the m n a o m the oo e om r i out id hol , or upo ou d th t f r s r f of th ir d icile .

W en m an a a e t s mo n a e him in the air and ee h ppro ch s , bo h bird u t bov , k p up an

- a a m n te t e e a e n he asses . en t e e se t e l r o , wi h th ir irid s dil t d , u til p Th h y qui tly t l down

in the ass or re rn e o mer a e . O n the am a n ot o e e t gr , tu to th ir f r pl c P p s I did bs rv hese

r a n e e n the a time as oon as the sun had set the Biz bi ds t ki g th ir pr y duri g d y , but s , a a and O s ea e e o es in ea of oo the o of the o m e c ch wl l v th ir h l , s rch f d , y ung f r r play

’ in ab ou t the as e a nea t em . e do n ot as o a e in m an es g birds th y light r h Th y s ci t co p i , a e ee e a a there being but one pair to a hole . E ch coupl k ps s p r te from their neigh

and at n not s a om e me . bors , ight do tr y fr th ir ho s I n North Am erica this spe cie s suddenly disappears in the early part of August and the n ian s a e rn n its w and s en the n e in a s a e , I d s y, r tu s i to burro p ds wi t r torpid t t ,

‘ ’ nd a so it is t na . I n meri a has not e e a a l s rictly diur l South A c , it th s h bits ; it does n ot a ea a ea n and is na and n na in Ban a O ri dis pp r for s so , it both diur l octur l , for d a a a l e ntal and the provin ce of S n Ju n I have seen it fee d t a l h ours . At longitude ° ’ 6 e m an the a es a and n een a s a e on oot 6 w st , our co p y struck Tr v i , duri g fourt d y tr v l f

e es n e the o I did not see a dozen of these birds . But whil r idi g outsid t wn of S an

an e n the e a e n a e the n e one n re and t m e Ju , which li s upo st r b s of A d s , hu d d ﬁf y il s en a had a ﬁne O n a e a in a o a t ff north of M doz , I pportu ity to w tch th ir h bits l c li y di er

in ent e m the am a . T he n a o n S an an a rea e e t g ir ly fro P p s cou try r u d Ju is d ry d s r ,

e e t n- ee and e a e a few O are n n a cov r d wi h low thor tr s , ov r this w st wls fou d , pri cip lly

l in the n the a e a are a e a n a he n e n . e r t tow its f, vici ity of p stur s th t cultiv t d by irrig tio

a d ar n O ne n n T he months of September n O ctober e the co jugal ones . eve i g I was a a e a an e s n a o e ee e om a o e ttr ct d by str g ou d th t I supp s d proc d d fr fr g, but it prov d

be the e - n te a t e A thene ca nica laria and was an e e to lov o of li tl , which sw r d by his

T he t e e o a e n a and mm en e n n a n mate . lit l f ll w light d upo post co c d tur i g rou d up on

a di a e and em t n a a o n . es e an ere ont n e it , with thro t l t d it i g guttur l s u d Th tics w c i u d

m e an a mi n e he a ona bowin h is ea in a m s e o manne for or th ut , occ si lly g h d y t ri us r,

- h m which reminded us of an old m ale Pigeon of our do ve cots . T e fe ale soon afte r a h m e ne him and e ﬂew a a . n e e e hi n a a ﬂa j oi d , th y w y E ch ight p rch d s lf upo t ll g

- he e a a a on taf and te e o e n e . o e t w s the or e of s f ut r d his l v ot Cl s by hous l go , b d rs in a e e am and e a a ten o e e e of oo . a e which w r sw py , ov r this p ir of h v r d s rch f d I w tch d one t a e t on the n nea two om e t ee t om the n h t k p wi g for rly hours , s ﬁf y f fr grou d , and dur ing that time did not ch ange his position in any o ther w ay than by ri sing H O O L O G Y . 7 8 N R T A M E R I C A N O P A R T I .

e n the m e o f m had or falling a few f et . Duri g iddl Septe b er I given me a male bird in on n m a ro en n . He e e en tw o a and e om the with b k wi g liv d c ﬁ t d ys , di d fr effe cts of

h oon a t r a b o o m e a m v t e o n . e e a e t fi e S , e a had een w u d f y br ught f l _wi h ggs th t b m h a en rom a rro fi ve eet ro t e m o t . T he rr o n am n t k f bu w , f f u h bu ow w u d o g the f a t ee en eat as t o w . T he was e er e on he r a roo s r b h which it dug bird v ry fi c c ge ,

and o me t her n and ea e n all the e a on s no te f ught wi h wi gs b k , utt ri g whil l g hrill ,

e em n a ﬁle ra n a ss the ee a S a r s bli g d w cro t th of w . I supplie d her with ele ven full

o n m e she e e n the - six of h gr w ic , which d vour d duri g ﬁrst thirty hours er conﬁne

m en . I n S an an and an a O ri enta e do not hover for re in the da t Ju B d l , th y p y y

t me a r h m - m t e to of. so e low ee and not e on the r ree i , but w tch f o p tr s , do p rch f uit t s ,

h ran e o & s as t e e c . uch o g , ﬁg , liv ,

o e was to o e o e own a at on and m oh My bj ct disc v r if this bird burr w d its h bit i , y servations e m ont a e m e m e a a of ight hs f il d to i pr ss with th t belief. I h ve converse d

n e en e s n who h ave een am a e a and ne e with i t llig t p r o s b f ili r with th ir h bits , v r did I ﬁnd one a b o n a th t b elieved it to e its w workm an . It pl ce s a small nest of feathe rs at the end of the e in are e os e ﬁve e e s utta hol , which d p it d whit gg , though N ll men i h m n a n N ort e a a . tio s th t this bird _ A ric l ys but two

In an a O en a e e the n as ﬁne and o far m e en B d ri t l , wh r cou try is fo d or pl ty than

on the am a s O wl not mm n om a e t the a e o a up P p s , thi is co o c p r d wi h l tt r l c lity . T he

re ason is o s . T he B a a oe n ot e st n rt the a a and n se obvi u izc ch d s xi o h of Pl t , co quently an ﬁn n a a these birds have a po or ch ce for di g h bit tions .

“ For m e e n the S an an R e in an a O r en a the o thirty il s b yo d Ju iv r, B d i t l , gr un d was e e ea ee e and o e n e the of cov r d with d d b tl s th r i s cts , food this bird ; but I did not ’

m ee a n e O wl n at a s o ne . O n the am a e e t o t si gl duri g th d y j ur y P p s , wh r h usands

on t o an s of a a n e m ne the e e n e t e o a t ﬁnd up h us d Bizc ch s u d r i soil , th r i th ir ru l c li y you

the same n m e of O . o t S an an not the e at the o t of the u b r wls Ab u Ju ( riv r) , f o n e e e a B a a is a e m e t t we ﬁnd n a few a and e h A d s , wh r izc ch r r ly wi h , o ly p irs ; do s t e hole dug among the ro ots of a tree appear to b e the work of a bird or animal ?

O f O wl in me a on sa s e in the e a a ons o this North A ric , Audub y it liv s xc v ti f the m a m ots and does not di or himse as he sa to in t e a of the r , g f lf, is id do o h r p rts world r n r n an ma e T he e e a t a a e on s d whe e o bu rowi g i ls xist . s v r l works h t I h v c ulted o n ot in one instan ce state the m anner in which these O wls work wh en digging ou t a

a i s o W h o a ta n t o all a re e t e . n ot om e t e e h bi tio , h ugh g th t do burr w y c uld s of h s gentlem en state the result of the ob servations re garding this p articular fact ? Per

a at me an da me o n t o m a a a t e e at o h ps so dist t y so lucky r i h logist y c tch lit l f llow w rk , " m e n the e and by reporting his e vidence will upset y vi ws upo subj ct .

I . 8 0 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y . P A R T

an I n m in h Un te a e in m nte d W e s e n o nt nent . t et t t e t r c i s is o ly wi h i d St t s idwi r,

a n a s e m ens and is much more abundant in some ye rs than in o thers . I dividu l p ci

a e een o a ona n e as far s as o t a o na e a e . h v b cc si lly otic d outh S u h C r li , but v ry r r ly It has a een o se e in en O o the Be m a s an and in nea e e lso b b rv d K tucky, hi , r ud I l ds , rly v ry O n h a m e p ar t of the United State s . t e E stern continent it appears to be uch l ss A l a n ant and s are ne t e e en n or o he ame e en . bu d , its vi its south i h r so fr qu t t t s xt t in one n an e has een n n ee on the e an an e though i st c it b k ow to br d Sh tl d Isl ds , v ry few ns an e are on e r a n een a ne in ea B a n and n i t c s r co d of its h vi g b obt i d Gr t rit i , o ly

one in H o an . o n in e an e en and orw a and a a ll d It is f u d Ic l d , Sw d , N y , prob bly lso n througho ut No rthe rn Europ e a d A sia.

I n the t re on s of o t m e a an d in een an is te a n ant Arc ic gi N r h A ric Gr l d it qui bu d , and has been ob served as far to the n orth as Ar ctic v oy agers h ave yet re ached . Sir ’ o n R ar son who n e en ea s re s en e in the t re on en o e J h ich d , , duri g s v y r id c Arc ic gi s , j y d

n a O ort n e t n the a ts t O wl sa t at it n s its re u usu l pp u iti s for s udyi g h bi of his , ys h hu t p y in h a m I is ene a o n on the a en o n s b u t a a a t e t e . t d y i g r lly f u d b rr gr u d , is lw ys so w ry

as to be a oa f I n h o s i is es s a o . ppr ch ed with di ﬁculty . t e wo ded district t l c uti us

n ests on the o n and a t e e or o r a te e s on It gr u d , l ys hr f u globul r whi gg , ly two of

R ar son s a e s are in ene a at e . which , ich d t t , g r l h ch d

am n a e to re re sen t the e in m ates a n n e er seen a s e m en . I u bl p gg y pl , h vi g v p ci I n n t f a s e n in an n s a e . a e on a ra n m a e M r. o o e h v ly d wi g , d by Audub , p cim E gli h c bi

I t is nea s eri a and its o o is a te t a s t e s n e . rly ph c l , c l r dull whi wi h ligh ly y llowi h ti g I m a 6 n i n n i t e es 2 es n e t 2 e n e a t . sur i a i ch l g h by i ch s br d h

S URNI A ULUL A .

S trict ulula N N . S s t. N at. 17 66 1 33 . , LI y I , ,

S tr ict: ur a lensis G M N S st . N at. 17 8 8 295 , ELI , y I , S tr ix hu s oni a d c , W A m . O rn . 18 1 . 2 . 64 l 1 ﬁ . 6 . ILS VI , , , p , g

S trix d ali ata PA L L A s Z O O". 18 1 1 3 16 . , , I , , ’ 0 S tria: bor ealis N Tra t d O rn. 18 3 1 1 0 . , LESSO , i é I , ,

2 . 5 B n. 2 . S trict: uner ea N . S 18 8 f , O AP y , p

I 18 3 1 2 . dz W N . . B. . I R . S 9 ICH AI S F A , ,

anual 1 18 32 1 15 . NUTTALL , M , , ,

I 1 5 50 l. l . A U D . O rn. B o . V 83 3 i g , , , p ccc xxviii ' 4 H s . . rs4 l. ﬁ . 19 . D E KA Y N at. t. Y , i N , p ix , g

. 18 8 . S ur ni un r B N G d o m . s a e ea eo . a n t 3 6 . f , O AP g C p Li , , p

S . 2 1 A U D . n. 18 3 . y 9 , p

B f . 840 1 2 l r s o A m 1 1 . . i d I , , , p xxvi

1 1 . n B r . S ar nia ulula N S . . . B r s llust . s of 18 54 9 , CASSI , y N A i d (I i d , p

L - t a ana a Br sson . l l O wl. d The Ha wk O w . Litt e Hawk e ha t uan VULG . C H C d ( i )

h e of S T he n n e e a I A M unable to illu strate t e gg this pe cies . o ly k owl dg th t I

osse s eem s to b e a t ent in e a the n e t e e i s as e as p s , which s u h ic , r g rd to st of h s b rd , w ll — S T R I G I D Z E . S U RN I A U L U L A . 8 1

’ O W in e a to t e e is e e om R a on s e n Z o lo . e are r g rd h ir ggs , d riv d fr ich rds North r gy t ere n orm at it on a t ee ne st ons s s a and h i f e d th builds r . Its c ists of tick , gr ss , d is c om ea ers . I t a te e . e s e an t e e an f th l ys two whi ggs It is xclu iv ly Arc ic sp ci s , m o n e n s o n n O as ona e men are a ne n t o the n orther r gio of b th co ti ents . cc i l sp ci s obt i d in ffere nt a of the Un te a e t n ne so far as am a are a t e di p rts i d St t s , hough o , I w , f r h r 1 t an N ew e e . o e e a are s e e e e n in the sou h th J rs y It is , h w v r , r p ci s , xc pti g Arctic

e n e e it is sa b te a n an . O n n e s ecrm en rs o n r gio s , wh r id to e qui bu d t ly a si gl p kn w to a e e en a en in ea r a n and has on a n a een met t in h v b t k Gr t B it i , it ly occ sio lly b wi h m an om we ma n e a as a e a in the mo e em e a e Ger y . Fr this y i f r th t it is r r bird r t p r t p arts of Europ e as in the corresp on ding regions of America.

1 Mr u u on in his a ount of the Haw O wl state s t at he had re e e a le tter ro m me n orm . A d b , cc k , h c iv d f i f in him t at the Haw O wl is e r om mon about e m re ma o a e in e rmont & c . T s w as g h k v y c M ph g g L k V , hi

a m s ta e and a n un nte nt onal m s uotat on of w at w rote . not m ak e t s s tate me nt a s o f m i k , i i i q i h I I did hi y own k nowle e for had ne e r e e n in t at re on but as the n ormat on e n me b a re s e nt o f d g , I v b h gi , i f i giv y id

a t of the ountr w a e s d ason to e l e e is n orre t. T he Haw O wl is that p r c y , hich I h v i nce ha re b i v i c c k

ro a l a rare s e e s t rou out e rmon p b b y p ci h gh V t. 82 T H A A O L G Y . P A T N O R M E R I C N O O R I .

D I N E O R E R S S S O R E S .

T R B FI I I E S S R O S T R E S .

’ M I C A P R I M U L G D F A L Y I E .

N O M N A TR STO US C ARO LINE SI S .

G M N N a . a r imul us car olinensis S s t. t II 17 88 1028 . C p g , ELI , y , ,

W . A m O rn 1 18 2 9 5 l li . . . v 2 . ILS VI , , , p . , ﬁg

S 8 . B N . n. 1 28 6 1 . O AP y , p

O rn . B o . 18 32 7 3 A U D . 2 401 l 111. i g I , , ; V , , p .

anual 1 18 32 6 12 . NUTTALL , M , , ,

A U D . S n . 1839 . 3 1 . y , p

B r s of A m . 18 40 15 1 i d I , , . d l l d MB es e a s a e u a 18 50 . 130 . LE EYE , Av I C b , , p mul us luc u as B M a ri R R Tra els 17 93 . 292 . C p g if g , A T A , v , , p ’ l us u E I O . a rimu r us VI L L . is d A m S e t. 1807 57 . C p g f , p I , ,

a rimul us br a ch ter us S N G e n . Z oo l. 18 17 150 . C p g yp , TEPHE S, X , , ‘

A . . s . . ntr os tomus ar olinensis B N G e o and o m . t 1838 8 c , O AP g C p Li , , p

N S n. . . B r s llust. B r s of 18 54 CASSI , y N A i d (I i d ,

- l - - hu k wi ls w w. The t a lina G o at S u ker . VULG . C c i d o Gr ea C r o c

HA V I N G had no o pp o rtun ities of observing the Chuck - wills - widow in its extre mely s o t e n a a the e en a o nt of its a s and e ra a an e ne e u h r h bit t, pr s t cc u h bit g og phic l r g is c s i am saril ra n om the n es a on and en on the a t or of t e . e y d w fr i v tig ti s , giv u h ty , o h rs J s

River in Virgin ia has been assigne d as the utmos t n orthern limit of its migrations . in ee te o a e a e m e e o n e e as an o as on a It is , d d , qui pr b bl th t it is s ldo , if v r, f u d, xc pt cc i l

s tan t so far the n a t W son s ea a n m et e t een vi i , to orth , l hough il p ks of h vi g with it b w a man a e . B R m n and e ters r and on the m e an R e . ich o d P bu g , Cu b rl d iv r Dr ch st t s A that it is not a comm on bird e ven in the n eighb orhood of Charle ston . Mr . u

on who a me to a e een a e o se and are o se an of its a s dub , cl i d h v b v ry cl c ful b rv t h bit , ates in his a n it a is se om to be me t t e on the m s the st , ccou t of , th t it ld wi h b y d li it of in ss s h a na h an or a o a nat n t e on t e t ore . Ch ct w io Mi i sippi , or C roli s A l tic sh Fl id , L s an a the o e o on of eo a a am a and s ss and a oui i , l w r p rti s G rgi , Al b , Mi si ippi , prob bly h a n a an sa and e as are t e e C n ne . Ark s T x , St t s to which it is pri cip lly o ﬁ d i K llock n o m s m e t a a omm n a a in the r en . o e ne e My f d , Dr , i f r h t it is r th r c o r Ch r w ,

a o r Br a n n an R e no t e n t t a o na . . n a n ant n a r h r p r of S u h C li Dr y t fou d it bu d e r I di iv r,

a one M C all m e t t t s r m e e es it n . c n Le i Florid Col l wi h hi bi d i N ew Mexico . b y giv

h r f a . W o o in his re ort on the s a a e am on t e o . se pl c g bi ds Cub Dr dhou , p up bird observed by the e xpedition of C aptain Sitgre aves down the Zuni and Colo rado riv e r s speaks of the Cap rimu lgus ca rolinens is as common in the Creek and Cherokee coun

tr e en n n e a and N ew e . y, xt di g i to T x s M xico — S . C A P R I M U L G I D E . A N T R O T O M U S C A R O L I N E N S I S 83

L e m o r s t am the - - o ma e no nes bu t de ik st bi d of his f ily, Chuck wills wid w k s t, , a r n in n m e and the a es se s ts her e on the e . ese are two po i ggs b r g ou d Th u b r, pl c

a t he n lec ted for them are u su lly hicke ts and s olitary p arts of dark wo ods . T grou d

o o a ea r s ta m e o r e s o e or m a e of t e e s te . e are c l r h ir gg is cl r c y l whi Th y or l ss p tt d , rk d o ver their entire surface with blotch e s of purplish - brown and a grayi sh - lavender

m a e as ona m a n of a a - - a s r w m e o n . e are color, with ll r occ i l rki gs light u b r br w Th y ov l in s a ar for he e the r and a a d e e t e t e e en . T he a om an n h p , l g siz of bi d, lik ith r cc p yi g e e sen at on is a en m an e o a ne in ori a Henr B an r pr t i t k fro gg bt i d Fl d , by Dr . y ry t, of Bos on n the e s in the same s a n in oo a t , who fou d gg of this bird itu tio s , thick w ds , th t ar men n he ea e an a m e ne . e s e on t e tio d by Mr Audubo , d po it d dry l v s , without y tt pt a a t nes t .

n the are ul e a n a na a s the - Accordi g to c f obs rv tio s of this w tchful tur li t , Chuck wills a m a e n o n est s a at es a e s a e on the n widow, lthough it k s , u u lly scr ch littl p c grou d , am n I n s sh her t a a h m e ea ea e . e e os ts t e o g so d d l v s thi d p i two ellip ic l tre sures . If e s or the o n are m e e t s s e to t a e a a m and re m e gg y u g ddl d wi h , thi bird is ur k l r , to ov m n m a e ea are nt a to e t e and s t n a t of the oo . te a re th , ch p idi g , so o h r di t p r w d Af r a o tre me diﬂi cult n ot m o s ﬁn a m be e e to d t em . h s ov l , it w uld x ly , if i p s ibl , h This een o se e in re e e e and it e m e t a e do the sam e b b rv d sp ct to th ir ggs , is pr su d h t th y

t e n en ese are te ma . . n en m me in wi h th ir you g, wh th qui s ll Mr Audubo sp t uch ti try ing to ascertain by wh at mean s these birds remove their eggs when they h ave been He s tate t at e are ar e off in the a a m t s of touched or handled . s h th y c ri d c p cious ou h

was o e e him en on the at h os e r a en . a t e e th i p r ts E ch bird bs rv d by , wh w ch for purp

a e ta n n to a e an e in t manne and off mm n o e e of sc r i i g, t k gg his r ﬂy , ski i g cl s ly ov r n he an and r s T o a n the n n s amo t e e e . a e t e e e grou d , u til lo t g br ch s t wh t dist c h y w r a n He has a so k n o ﬁ h removed he was n eve r able to as cert i . l w t e youn g to be re m e and he re s m e the emo a to ha e een m a e e a en in the ov d , p u d r v l v b d by th ir p r ts

ame m anne a t o he was n e e e e ne s . s r, l h ugh v r y wit s to it

r n n a n e are a to ea e m e ea n e e a m Du i g i cub tio th y s id c s fro r p ti g th ir p culi r cry , fro

e a e e name e e a a te e o n are at e a which th y t k th ir , sp ci lly f r th ir y u g h ch d , lthough it is

e me e e e e a on e t e n m rat n in u . r su d b for th y d p rt th ir sou h r ig io s , A gust — I n a e and m a n e e ose e em e ose of the W - o sh p rki g, th ir ggs cl ly r s bl th hip p or will , Al l a a s a differn only in their large r siz e . th t I h ve een are bro adly oval in sh pe 1 —7 n t 1 i n the ea and m easure 1 inche s in le g h by 1 6 gr test bre adth . '

A o L O G Y . I 84 N O R T H A M E R I C N o P A R T .

A N TRO STO MU S V O CIFE RU S .

W 2 1 l li. a r imul us vo i er as . A m . O rn. 18 1 7 . x C p g cf , ILS V , , , p

B N . S n . 1828 . 62 . O AP y , p : A D . O rn o . 832 422 405 l. lxxxn U . B 1 i g I , , ; V , ; p

U T T A L L anual 1 1832 6 14 . N , M , , ,

A U D . S n. 18 3 . 3 1 . y 9 , p

B r s of A m . 1840 15 5 l. t . i d I , , , p

3 1 336 . R . dz. S W N B . . 18 ICH AI S . F . A II , ,

M B e s de la s la de u a 18 50 . 130 . LE EYE , Av I C b , , p ’ l u i V 07 6 5 . a rimu s vir in anus I E IL L O is d A m . S e t. 1 18 C p g g , . p , ,

a rimul us cla ma tor VI E I L L . N ouv. D t. 18 17 234 . C p g , ic X , ,

l W 5 33 . a r imu us ma cr om s tax R s s 18 3 1 . C p g y , AGLE , I i , , p

8 . . 18 38 . r u . n m s t A nt os tom s vo er a s B N G e o . a d o cif , O AP g C p Li , , p B r s o f 18 54 S . r s llust. N n. . B CASSI , y N A i d (I i d ,

W - - . The hi w ll VULG p p oor i .

T HE n octurnal habits of the W hip - p oo r- will do no t enable the naturalist e ithe r is n ec es e ose to O se e em or to as e ta n t em t a ac . v ry cl ly b rv th , c r i h wi h ccur y Much m s a n e r e at e t an os t e no n in re a to t em . e o a a rily i f r d , r h r h p i iv ly k w , g rd h S ld ppro ch in the a ta t on of m an e e t in em o te and t n sett e a t of the o nt g h bi i , xc p r hi ly l d p r s c u ry , and en n in the s t n its s n arnote is n ear all t a w e are th o ly ob curi y of ight , i gul ly h t

te am a in re a to it T o t s on can be att e the n lar a t qui f ili r with g rd . hi ly ribut d si gu f c t a n ot t an n the e - m a e s n t on e een and the - H a h t , wi hst di g w ll rk d di ti c i s b tw it Night wk , t e a e een and s t l are in m an a of the n r on o n e to et e h y h v b , i l , y p rts cou t y, c f u d d g h r by m f a ‘ the n n orme T he re tness of a s atem ent the sa e e e t m e b M r . u i f d . cor c t to f c d y W son has een est one on t o o n . Una il b qu i d by Mr. Audub , but wi hout g od gr u ds c

nta e as m a a ea the a e ro t at these s are the am e st cou bl it y pp r , vulg r r r h bird s is ill ve re a en t in m an ar N ew n an an d e en n s a a e am on t ose ry p v l y p ts of E gl d , v ﬁ d pl c g h who are n ot ant n in n a rs n a a tate its t a w i g i telligence up on o th er m tte . I c p ci d by op ic l

on ormat on rom o n a roa I n the a t me the W o - a e on ea c f i f g i g b d d y i , hip po r will c r fully c c ls t e I n the m os t ret r an S s e e rema n s er e i s lf i ed d hady p arts of deep woo d . Th r it i p f ctly

ent t o the da se om st e the e s of man : I n t e e etre at t sil hr ugh y, ld di urb d by st p h s r s his i m s are e t t an d n at a sts a e but few O o t n t es to st its a ts . bird r ly wi h , ur li h v pp r u i i udy h bi

T he t of the W hi - o - e t a of n t rna O s a ea not to be sigh p p or will , lik h t oc u l wl , pp rs a a te the da I ts n o na n se s o ta na e on . e t d p d to light of y chi f food is c ur l i ct , b i bl ly by tw t at n it is e e o e se om seen a r a in the a t me and t en iligh , or ight ; th r f r ld b o d d y i , h

n in a o a h a of the re e n s e e and the o ly d rk or cl udy we th er. T e h bits both p c di g p ci s

- — W oo so far as t e a e een o se e are ose ent a t ea hip p r will , h y h v b b rv d , cl ly id ic l wi h ch o t er . L e the - l s- o the VVhi - oor- if its e or o n are h ik Chuck wi l wid w , p p will , ggs y u g an e emo e t em t o an ot a s n re ate t a e t of the o o s . W h dl d , will r v h h r p r w d il o l s h t ,

' a n n e a ena m et t a n r t s s ecie s in a s n o h vi g o c ccid t lly wi h you g bi d of hi p , p s i g thr ugh a o o he to e and s e t e it R et n n to the s am e a e in Sea of w d , s pp d k ch d . ur i g pl c rch a en he had e t e n him a te a o a sen e the o n r was n o ere p cil l f b hi d , f r sh rt b c , y u g bi d wh to be o n h a . ad in the m ean e we are e t to n e een n e e a f u d It whil , l f i f r , b co v y d w y by — A A T S U S V O C I FE R U S . 85 C P R I M U L G I D E . N R O T O M

’ its are n who had in the a e t ir a n ent e the intruder aw a p t , , ﬁrst pl c , sough j v i to ic y by ’ - he e e n . on s o e at on s in he ase t w ll f ig ed stratagems . Mr Audub bs rv i t c of Chuck

' s - a n m will widow suggest the m n e r of its re oval .

st e a nea a oa to her e her o n the VVhi - o o If di urb d by too r ppr ch ggs or y u g, p p r

attem s to a off the ntr e e - a te e n te n a his ee will pt dr w i ud r by w ll c d f i ts , ﬂut ri g bout f t as o n e or eat n the n her n s as a a e to m o e or if w u d d , b i g grou d with wi g , if h rdly bl v , nearly expiring. Massachuse tts is the e xtrem e n orthe rn limit of its distri bution along the Atlantic

I is n e n a a the sea e m e nrore omm on a o ast. t e e a n t ne s w e c owh r v ry bu d r , but b co s c

ea e the oas t and as w e o ee est a is o n m a t e to the nort . l v c , pr c d w w rd f u d uch f r h r h

I n the en a a the n tinent it has e en een m et t in at e I t c tr l p rts of co , v b wi h l itud is to be m et t n ea t o o t the Un te ta es t the e e t n of the ex wi h rly hr ugh u i d S t , wi h xc p io trem e n ortheastern and southern and southwestern p ortion s . Sir John Richardson ob served this bird on the northern sh ores of Lake Huron

Ha o on a . f on b u t did n ot m ee t it n ort of the ﬁ t e t a a e . t e ly, t wi h h f i h p r ll l Dr ll , M r l , n n i n h E n an ates bu is m e t o s t as a a a an i . I t is o n in all t e N ew t i C di b rd f u d gl d St ,

s I n a s the s of o a t a re a e es ommon no t of assa ett . l s c r h M chu s li t of bird N v Sco i , p p r d

L e tenan B an R o a n neer' s the Ca rimu l ns voci era’ s en as a are by i u t l d , y l E gi , p g f is giv r

i a a nd a am o n it in ri a. . L s e es . em e e es t s a n s e e a B p ci Mr b y giv Cub p ci s , rtr f u d Flo d

W use in his a o n the r s n ot e the a t who e ore the Dr. oodho , cc u t of bi d ic d by p r y xpl d n and o o a o er's n er a ta n Sit re aves n o t mee t t s e e Zu i C l r d riv , u d C p i g , did wi h this p ci s , n or can I learn th—at it has been m e t with we s t of the Missis sippi . T he W - oo ons t n o n e st e o s her e on the are n hip p r will c ructs , but d p its ggs b grou d , e a a e e t e e ate and in the thickest and mo st shady p art of the wo ods . Th y lw ys s l c l v d dr aces and a a a sm a o o am on s ome dr ea e or st or y pl , usu lly scr tch ll h ll w g y l v s icks ,

n ea me st ate lo in e e os t t e r tw o e t a e s . T he o n r so pro r g , which th y d p i h i llip ic l gg y u g ,

en st h at e are erfe t e ess and e en for t e sa e on e wh ju ch d , p c ly h lpl , d p d h ir f ty up th ir

o a e e of m o a e are e s on a e to o o t e r resemblan ce t pi c uldy e rth . Th y v ry o bl f ll w h i

a ents an d to ta e a e t emse es . p r , k c r of h lv

T he egg of the W hip - p o or- will is n ot much un like th at of the Night- jar of Eu

I t o on and o a e a end n ea e a a e in s e and s a e . e . rop is bl g v l , ch rly x ctly lik iz h p s o n o is a Nothing could well s urpass it in the beauty of its m arkings . I t gr u d col r

C ea re s a e of re am - e and the e e rre a s o te an d m ar e l r pu h d c whit , whol gg is i gul rly p t d bl d

- - at es ne and a of s a en e n term e t e s ro n . with p ch , li s , b rs purpli h l v d r i ix d wi h r ddi h b w

a en e - o o e m a n s a e a er e a ef e t as if a ter the o o had T he l v d r c l r d rki g h v v y p culi r f c , , f c l r

s t a on a t n oat n of the o n s a e had een s era e so as to been ﬁr l id , hi c i g gr u d h d b up dd d ,

m a n m n a n s a ear to s tan ou . di t o t on e t e . T he o m t slightly , wi h u c c li g h br w rki g pp d

T he e a so e s a at n in the s on much m ore distin ctly . ggs l xhibit light v ri io s di tributi of

I m h - m n m na e in e the lav ese n . n e t e n e a e th ti ts so , brow color d rki gs pr do i t , oth rs en de r sp ots are the m ore abundan t ; but I have seen n one in which e ithe r of these in ea e m as n n an n t . sh ade s w as wantin g . The gg e ure s I i in che s i le—gth by of i ch br d h I n the o t e n and e ta e the W - o e s ts her e s as ea S u h r Middl S t s , hip p or will d po i gg rly

the rs or s on in a I n a sa e and its m o e no t e n and as ﬁ t ec d week M y . M s chus tts r r h r

este n a e s of e t e om on e e re the st ee in rrne . I t w r pl c r sor , it s ld sits its ggs b fo ﬁr w k J I . 86 N O R T H A M E R I C A N o oL O C Y . P A R T

doe s n ot re main in its breeding - places long after it has re are d its ﬁrst and only broo d

A s s on as its o n are ea for he o ne t e all e a t for for h season . t t e o y u g r dy j ur y , h y d p r

t s o t e n arters w c is s a in the m nt of st . e are en heir u h r qu , hi h u u lly o h Augu Th y sil t in the ee n season but res m e t e e a e as s o n as e n are br di g , u h ir p culi r cri s o th ir you g able to take care of them selves .

N R A T O STO M US N UTTA LLII .

ll r . B o . 18 3 9 335 a rimul us nutta ii A U D . O n . C p g , i g V , ,

B r s o f A m . 1844 350 l. c cc c xcv . i d VII , , , p

t s tom s utta ll S n . . . B r s llus t. B r s f 18 A n ro u n i i N o 54 . . 23 , CASSI , y N A i d (I i d , p 7 ’ - - P . N utta ll s Whi oor will. ar au ue atamoras Ta maul as VULG p p g (M , ip ) .

5 8 w as o n am on the o e t on . T HE e re esente in a e . gg pr d Pl t V , ﬁg , f u d g c ll c i of Dr Berlandier and ta n e t a ent eman in the n t of a am ra in the , ob i d by h t g l vici i y M t o s

I t is n ot o s t e n n to b h o n e of am a i as e o . e t e e of t s Pr vi c T ul p , M xic p i iv ly k ow gg hi

- ne s o ere s e e et a e e r tt e o t t at it is so . I ts s a e m ar wly di c v d p ci s , y I h v v y li l d ub h h p , k n s and ene a a a te st s o it to b e an e a Ca rimu l us and its s i g , g r l ch r c ri ics h w gg of p g , iz e n ate as its a en a n ot a e t an t s e es the on one n ow i dic s p r t bird l rg r h his p ci , which is ly

o The n n am e esto e n it r n o n in a ne o o . k own t be fou d th t ighb rh d o ly b w d upo by D .

Berlandier was Parau u e he a s es nate an e e ose to q , by which l o d ig d oth r gg, supp d b a of a Chordeiles and es me to e on to the s e e e en e th t , which I pr u b l g p ci s r c tly ' I

i . C . eafens s ot n L n E s . as t e e e o e . a e e a in his d scrib d by G rg N wr c , q N hi g is s id, n e the a ts the es e n e the n ame of Parau ue its manne ot s , of h bi of bird d crib d u d r q , r T he e t n of h re e n the e ari t e of the e . t e te of b di g , or p culi i s ggs d scrip io birds is qui

n The a o e and es na e t e ta nt n o n e e . t is how bscur , d ig t s wi h c r i y k ow sp ci s prob bili y , e e s o s t on t a the e e e re d t a Ca rimul us nutta llii and t at v r, r g h t gg r f r to is h t of p g , h h o is the e of C . exe ns is at t e ne re re sente in ate . 6 2 t t a e e p d Pl V , ﬁg , gg , h I h v f lt e in n n t am on the t a n tat n n the n e a n justiﬁ d i cludi g bo h g illus r tio s , s i g o ly u c rt i ty of h n the ground upon which t e assig ment re sts .

T he Cap rimulg us nutta llii was ﬁrst obtained by Mr. Audub on n ear the Rocky o nta n in the o es e t and was e e him in the ft M u i s N rthw t T rri ory , d scrib d by ﬁ h volume n as of the O rnithological Biography (p . Nothi g w observed by that writer of r on the n e ta e n its h abits . It was obtaine d in O e g by U it d S t s (Vi cennes) Exploring e n m in W a n n e to t . e en a een o e O Exp di io Sp ci s h ve b pr cur d shi gto T rri ry by Drs . C O p er

M r a n i i s and . e . . H . a e t n e a W se in he and . t ex Suckl y T Cl rk obt i d T x , Dr oodhou ,

edition to the n in a n o n the L e o o a o R e o n s e e p Zu i , p ssi g d w ittl C l r d iv r, f u d thi sp ci s a in h an an te a n ant . He a m et t te a s t e S n a n qui bu d lso wi h it f rw rd Fr cisco Mou t i ,

m a r o o se I n h e t n e D . W e e ar near the same rive r . t e coll c io d by o dh u th r e several

1 His VI 7 . A nn. L e . N at. t. 16 y ,

H — I . 8 8 N O R T A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y . P A R T

a een at eas t a e ta ne to e ten as far to the est as tainty . They h ve b l sc r i d x d w the

h r m i s ource s of the Mis sissippi . T e ext e e southe rn point at which t is known to

ro breed is the n orthe rn po rtion of Geo rgia and S outh Carolina . Th ughout nearly the o e of t s e an e the - Ha a ear be st te in a o t wh l hi wid r g , Night wk pp s to di ribu d b u a n e qu l umbers . I n m an of its a t as e as in e te na ene t n t n s t y h bi s , w ll its x r l g ric dis i c io , his bird e s so m an and s o oa f ere n e m the W - o o - t a t ere xhibit y br d di f c s fro hip p r will , h t h is

. n n m r a in little appare n t occasion to co fo u d them . It is uch les s n octu n l eve ry re

- e and is n o t s t t ea n ent t e to name of i ht H a . at e sp ct , , ric ly sp ki g, i l d its N g wk It is r h r to be re garded as o ccupyin g m ore n early a middle ground between n octurnal and I t n ot n re ent to b e e n n h n n in i na . e o t e e e r t s nn diur l birds is u f qu ly s wi g , v b gh , u y a in rs o f its n e I t is o e e s a eat er at m e . most w h , idd y , pu uit wi g d pr y , h w v r , u u lly

e e ar in the m o n n and s t e ore n t a and is a n a t e and liv ly ly r i g ju b f igh f ll , usu lly i c iv n m o slo thful in the middl e of the day. It is ot i pr bable that its supply of foo d has

i s s nes or a e of a t t h - much t o do with ts luggi h s st t c ivi y . T e Night Hawk is n o t to A b e foun d on the wing after dark . S soon as the twilight begins to deepen into the S a es of n it et e to est as e a if n o t at e as ea an o h d ight , r ir s r r gul rly, quit rly h ur,

as o t e r s in re a to e na a s e e n o e on . h r bi d , g rd whos diur l h bit th r is qu sti

I n some of its e a t e at the me re e n the i ht- Ha a s a p culi ri i s ti of b di g , N g wk lso di pl ys

- ma e ar at ons om the a t of the W - o - l a the sam ve ry rk d v i i fr h bi s hip po r wi l t e period . W hile the latter always dep osits its e ggs under the cove r of shady tre es and in thick

o s the t- Ha e e s an o en r o a a en ea an e o e w od , Nigh wk s l ct p ck , b rr h th , or xp s d hill

- s n o n re n in side for its breeding place . Thi is t u f que tly wild spots in the vicinity of

a b rrt a a o en to the sun . a e e en n n the e a e es s wood , is lw ys p I h v v k ow ggs c r l ly

r e on the a e ro n in a ne a a - ﬁeld and a e o n the em a e d opp d b r g u d cor r of pot to , h v f u d f l s t n on her e s in all the are a n n a sun in ne and all a i ti g gg bright gl of oo d y Ju , to p m m m p earance undisturbe d by its brilliance . The ore co on situation for the eggs is a s o o a are o the a eat e - ea en a e t its light h ll w of b r ck , d rk , w h r b t sh d s of which , wi h

n and S a e - o o e m e and en e em n at n e the a en and h brow l t c l r d oss s lich s , r s bli g o c p r t t e e in t e o n is e a a te a e em om e n e e te an gg h ir c lori g , w ll d p d to s v th fr b i g d t c d by y r a h e he ma an e n r e . a e en s t n on er t e e i a ch c i t ud r If pp o ch d wh it i g ggs , f l w ll usu lly

m st tre a n her e r sh a s f e ou a e e i e t em . en r a u f r y l o to d upo b fo w ll fors k h Th , to d w

om her re as re she w m e a and e at o ee t an m ta you fr t u , ill tu bl bout ﬂutt r y ur f t wi h i i n a o n e s o e fe an a ne s in e endi n a l t So inimita tio of w u d d bird p r ct , droit s pr t g dis bi i y

s to e the em ta n o o i ble a it a e t n her. , th t is h rdly po sibl r sist t p tio foll w pursuit of I kno w of no be tte r or more skilful adept in the se cunning devices than the Night

Hawk . T he e s of this r bird are two in n m e and e e in e a e uni gg u b r, xc pt th ir sh p , which is

t a r a in s r n o o o m e e t e t a at ns . e a e in e f r ly llip ic l , xhibi g v ri io Th y v ry iz , th ir g ou d c l r, in he s a e a e e and n m e t n no w t s tan n nd t e ma . Yet t a h d s , sh p , siz , u b r of h ir rki gs i h di g n in n a ff ll o e sem ese ffere e t e e e e e t e are a e . e a e e all th di c s h ir g r l ct , h y lik Th y cl s ly r bl

- - e - T he de s n of s re em an e is o on o a a or e e stones . t s obl g v l , d rk col d p bbl ig hi s bl c bviou ly t e a e t in the e o e a on in t e are a e a s n to as sure h ir s f y xp s d situ ti s which h y pl c d, c u i g

n n e . h s one s am n e them to b e readily co fou d d with t e t o g which they lie . Six ggs Z E — H S N A S C A P R I M L G I D . I I N U C O R D E I L E V R G I U . 8 9

n ow m e e the o o n ar n m ea re m en n ne be by xhibit f ll wi g v yi g su ts , o of which , it will 5 1 2 5 seen e a corres ond z 1 n e 1 l l b 1 3 b 1 , x ctly p T 3 i ch s by 3 ; by 3 3 ; y 3 4; I1 6 y 3 ; 3 3 2 1 5 b 1 b I n t ese the ro n rs of ar o s a e of one- color in one y 3 4 3 y % h g u d v i us h d s st , a m o st a rt te in an ot e t a s t t n e e s in a t r the l di y whi ; h r, wi h ligh i g of y llowi h ; hi d , s a n a s and i - h s ome t n et an ot e a a n a m s t a o ore . T e h di g is wh blui h , y h r g i it is l o cl y c l d

S ots and m a n s are t se o e the o e e a so a m e p rki g , which hickly diffu d v r wh l gg , l v ry or n n or less in e ach s pe cime . O e is ﬁnely dotte d with sm all sp e cks of light sl ate and

- e o s o n . I n an t e the S t are of the same o ors are a e and y ll wi h br w o h r, po s c l , but l rg r

m o e st n and seem as a on a o e en . a n in a r t e r di i ct , if l id with b ld r p cil Ag i , thi d , h y are e and m e n s n t t an in e t e the a e e m re re domi light r or i di ti c h i h r , sh d of y llow o p n an and a h n a r a e en n n e nt t e t e . I o t the a e a n t , ch bl di g co fus dly i o o h r f ur h , spots g i

ma but are all of a a - n o e the em a n n are m a e s ll , d rk brow col r, whil r i i g two rbl d , but in ffe ent e re es t a n e nes e and as e the same . W t di r d g , wi h l rg li v i s , d h s of color i h an incre ase d number of s pe cimen s these variation s might without doubt be ex

en e n e n te . t n ot t s tan n all e e e at n the e is ea t d d i d ﬁ i ly S ill , wi h di g th s d vi io s , gg r dily st n s a e no of n o e e ta n no me an in s a e e di i gui h bl , for I k w gg , c r i ly A ric , which h p , siz , and m a n it at all re sem e t the s n e e e t on of an e re rki gs bl s , wi h i gl xc p i gg which is p s me e n the o n s e e u d to b lo g to f llowi g p ci s . I n e a to the eo a a t n t s e e a e se a on r g rd g gr phic l dis ributio of hi sp ci s , l t r ob rv ti s , pub lished s n e the a e w as e are are n rm ator of all t at has een s a e i c bov pr p d , co ﬁ y h b t t d , but do not make our knowledge quite exact as to its western distribution . It is

l m ra a n a a s ne . ass n to a l te e e o t me a d as e t s s ig d by Mr C i p t N r h A ric , prob blyp s s hi

m t . . n sen a n s m n i ann i a e e e n O e n . Heerm a n li i Dr Tow d obt i d p ci s r go ; Dr , lso , C li Ha n on i fo rnia ; Dr . ll me ti s it n a catalogue of the Birds of Canada which he fur

. he o t and e t nished to a n . W o se o n o o t Mr C ssi Dr oodh u f u d it thr ugh ut s u h w s ,

m the s ss R e the a O ean in ea a n an e o one M e fro Mi si ippi iv r to P ciﬁc c , gr t bu d c ; C l l Call ob se rved it in N ew Me xico ; and spe cimens from Mexico occur in the Rivoli I t has een o n a s i a a Barru l in ama a s e o e t n . n a e c ll c io b f u d l o Nic r gu by , J ic by Go s , nd in a Lem e an L an i his a a e the a e d n a . e enan n Cub by b y Gu dl ch i ut t Bl d , c t logu of " s o a a ment on s it as “ mm n m a o and eedi n in a Bird of N v Scoti , i co o , igr t ry , br g th t m din a n has one Province . Fro this it is to b e infe rred th at during the bree g se so it

the m t e en e an e amon m e an m en a meri a of os xt d d r g s g North A ric birds , fro C tr l A c on both the Atlantic and Paciﬁc shore s to the e xtre m e north . H C O L O G Y I . 9 0 N R T A M E R I A N O O . P A R T

C HO RDEIL E S TEX EN SI S .

7 hor l s B ? ei es a iti N . 1 . ons . . 849 . 63 C d p , O AP C Av , p S B llu B s f . N n. . . r s s t. r o 1854 . 238 CASSI , y N A i d ( I i d , p hor eiles br asili anas W n N at H st of 8 5 1 1 14 R N n . . Y A . . 1 . C d , LA E CE , Lyc i N V , , l hor ei es texensis 18 56 167 . C d , VI , ,

. B a an u B r e erlandie r a tamoras . VULG q ( , M )

O HI N G no n in e a to the a and t e as to the s on N T is k w r g rd h bits , but lit l di tributi ,

s ne s o e e s e e s . s os e n h of thi wly di c v r d p ci A bird upp d by Mr. Cassi to be t e same

en Bona a e . 4 on . 1 8 9 . and er s m ar in m a giv by p rt (C s Av , p is v y i il for nd enera a ea an e to h r n t e e e s e es . f g l pp r c p c di g p ci I t di fe rs chieﬂy in its siz e . I n a

a e re a e ore the N e w Yor L e m ri 1 L 85 1 e e . a en e p p r d b f k yc u , Ap l , , by G org N wr c ,

E s of N ew Y n a a t on a the ort meri an a na q , ork , givi g list of ddi i l birds to N h A c F u , re e en e is m a e to t s as Chordeiles brasiliana s me n I n a se en f r c d hi bird of G li . sub qu t

a er ea e em e 1 85 6 es e as a ne w s e es n e the n ame of p p , r d D c b r, , it is d crib d p ci , u d r h il C orde es e ensis . e t x T he e re ente a e . 62 is s se b e t a gg r p s d (Pl t V, ﬁg ) uppo d to h t of s e e in a m the e s r t n the a en en Berlandier thi sp ci s , p rt fro d c ip io of p r t bird giv by Dr. , in o se e t n it was o n and a t om its a a en aff n in all but wh coll c io f u d , p r ly fr pp r t i ity ,

h - s e to t e e the omm on H a . I t is oss e e e t a m a iz , ggs of c Night wk p ibl , how v r, h t it y be the e the a e t it m a er and m a n s are of a te s a e gg of l tt r, hough is s ll , its rki g ligh r h d , t an a e i h I h ve ev r observed n the eggs of that bird . h ’ T e C . t ns i h n exe s as ee e e in e as . a and a a n M cC own b obs rv d T x , by Mr Cl rk C pt i ; a o in N ew e o e o and en a m er a e n a a ls M xic , M xic , C tr l A ic , by oth r tur lists . T he egg pre sum ed to have belon ge d to a bird of this specie s m ay be descri bed as 3 o o s : en t 1 n es rea t of an n n o o a ea s a f ll w l g h 1 3 i ch , b d h i ch ; g rou d c l r cl r cry t l

te so e o e e t o e n m a n as n o t b e s e n e e e whi , but clos ly c v r d wi h v rlyi g rki gs to di c r ibl xc pt

en e am ne t o a a n f n - a e ma e i r wh x i d hr ugh m g i yi g gl ss . T he gg is rke d ov r ts enti e sur a e t sma re a on en s o s and o e of a o t at seem s a com f c wi h ll , ir gul r c ﬂu t p t bl tch s c lor h

o n m er - a a earan e of the e a an d s a . T he en e p u d of bl ck , u b , purpli h gr y g r l pp c gg is t a a ar - a s m a e and as a e ma e and of a e o t an h t of d k gr yi h rbl , , st t d , it is s ll r light r col r h

a the mm - th t of co on Night Hawk .

H C A . 92 N O R T A M E R I N O O L O G Y P A R T I .

I t is there fore hardly to be wondered at that the Am erican Barn Swallow is so en a g er l a favori te .

' T he an e of the a is nea n or m a o n r g Sw llow rly coexte sive with N th A eric . Sir J h R ar son o se e n m e s em in the m nt M a at o oo H o e ich d b rv d u b r of th , o h of y, F rt G d p ,

° ' the m os n o t e s m e a at t e 6 7 T he ame e a s o oh t r h rly po t of A ric , l i ud s writ r l se e em at t e an a e as ear as the 1 5 of M a ta n rv d th For Chipp wy , l titud ly th y , ki g

o ses n t e ne . e are a n ant in ana a and a in all the t sh p s sio of h ir sts Th y bu d C d , lso Bri i

n e . . nsen e e em in O e n o one M cCall met t t em provi c s Dr Tow d obs rv d th r go , C l l wi h h in N e w e o and D r. W o se in his R e o the n e on n e M xic , oodh u , p rt of Zu i Exp diti u d r

a ta n Sit reaves S ea o f t s s e e as m m n t o e a n o n C p i g , p ks hi p ci s co o hr ughout c rt i p rtio s of the n an e r tor and e as as H a i r e as N e w e o . e o o n t e I di T r i y T x , w ll M xic ls f u d v y a n an t in om an t H lu n ons on the ra ri es n t of the R ed o of bu d , c p y wi h iﬂ , p i or h F rk

D r . n the an as R e . a and Lem e e o e as one of the Ark s iv r Gu dl ch Mr. b y b th giv it

omm on s a i as am n of h . s e es n ot m en on t e t e c bird of Cub , but Mr Go s do ti o g thos n a eighb oring isl nd of Jamaica . Little is n ow known with ce rtainty in re gard t o the loc alitie s th at were once the n atural bree ding- places of the se birds before the coun try was settle d by civiliz ed man and e ore t e e e e an the e en on en en n s to em t em , b f h r w r y of pr s t c v i t buildi g t pt h

to a ene a an d nea n e a ese t on t e m t e a n . W e are g r l rly u iv rs l d r i of h ir pri i iv h u ts , how e er led to on e re rom t e r e n o as on a o n to m a e u se of the s e v , c j ctu , f h i b i g cc i lly f u d k id s " an e the a tment of a ri e or the a s of the n a a s n - o es of old w ll , bu b dg , w ll tur l i k h l

a o n in a m e stone n t a s tee o e an n s f s a es which b u d li cou try, h t p , v rh gi g rock , cli f , c v , and s m a a e m a e een e e e en en e and re so nt t e i il r pl c s , ust h v b th ir chi f d p d c rt u il h y could ﬁnd s afer and m o re convenien t s ites in the b arn s and she ds of the ﬁrs t settlers . ’ a o a e at a an e en n the re e t n O f m an has een one Sw ll ws C v N h t , v withi coll c io y , b of t se o n a and r m v ee n - a he rigi l p i iti e br di g pl ces . I n the o ntri e ere the a tat on of m an are fe w and far e t een ac Fur c u s , wh h bi i s b w ,

o n to R a s n it n a t a es a t a in me ston e o s and fre c rdi g ich rd o , i h bi s c v , p r icul rly li r ck ,

n - s is a so he ase in the n of quents the outh ouses of the tradi g p o s ts . Thi l t c vici ity

a r o - m ne the L ke Supe i r copper i s . Bo th W ilson and Audubon have given with so m uch minutenes s and accuracy

e t on of the nes of t s r at can a e to add an t n to t e d scrip i s t hi bi d , th I h rdly hop y hi g h ir a o n i a o a e a d a n est e are cc u ts of ts el b r t n be utiful structure . A which I v ry c fully e am ne e re a n t s a e and w as on te at the n t on x i d whil p p ri g hi p p r , which c struc d ju c i of two a ters n e the oo of a a n nter e t n e a o t e at a ri t an e fu r r f , u d r r f b r , i s c i g ch h r gh gl , ne of n ishes m e with what are sufﬁcien tly near the average m eas urem en ts . O these a O n the e t e a a n te s was a e o on a on s the ne este . r f r pl c d h riz t lly ; up thi st r d l f sid , g i st the r t a te had een n s r te the a a e o s a o m up igh r f r, b co t uc d by p ir v ry curi u pl tf r , which was se t em as a r st n - a e and u on ea a ne a te n ate u d by h oo i g pl c , p which ch p rt r l r ly es te in or e to ee m an t and c ee the m ate en o e t the r d , d r k p co p y wi h h r , wh ccupi d wi h d n a on n i f at o m as an t e t . W s n es n the n est s ea s o t u i s of i cub i il o , d cribi g , p k his pl f r

h ase it was an n e en en e en n its e e or as an ffse . 111 t e re sent xt sio of dg , o t p c , i d p d t I t eeme to af or om and se a ate t t re t o se a n n the n est . p r s ruc u , h ugh clo ly dj oi i g s d f d ro s ff en for to e e en e n e e a e en u ici t both birds occupy it tog th r, wh th ir you g w r l rg ough — H . H I R U N D I N I D ZE . I R U N D O R U F A 9 3

n was re e n e in en and nea an n and a a in to ﬁll the est . It th i ch s l gth rly i ch h lf he ea t n e t the ne t n at its e em t . . n a e a br d h , u it d wi h s o ly xtr i y Mr Audubo st t s th t . n r m e ans on in one re en ons eve et with this xp i c tly c tructed . T he nest I h ave re ferre d to was m ade up of ten di stinct and separate layers of ma e e an a i n e a of mud o e n d e n e a os n . Be ee , w rk d i to s ll p ll ts pl c d clos juxt p itio tw ch

nte e T h n e m ea e these layers were i rpos d successive strata of fine dry grass . e st sur d an five n i n m T he e te na e ss t e n e t a d e five in its a e s a ete . x r lly l h i ch s d p h , ov r l rg t di r n I a a m ff ave rage thicknes s of its m ud wall w as about a inch . t w s w r ly stu ed with

ﬁne so t ha and hl ne t o n ea e . T he a was two n es f y, thoroug y li d wi h d w y f th rs c vity i ch an ame e as re e n s n e s had een ee in en e d its a e w e . d p its c tr , l rg st di t r th i ch This t b seve ral years in con s tan t use by what is pre sum ed to be the same pair of Swallows .

t m e t to ten n a e een re a e rom it ea for the a t Al hough fro igh you g h v b r d f y rly , l s six ea s at east n ne em are n n a e re t ne to the e e of the y r , l , o of th k ow to h v ur d sh lt r n an he em a t a am e o re ase d m t in e n . s es t s r of to i c ul iply th ir tur This ugg ts r rk , h t , a t a e o as n a o n t em as e ri e W son on and l hough I h v cc io lly f u d h , d sc b d by il , Audub ,

uttall ee n et e in the ar e a n the a me s e e a a n e the N , br di g tog h r l g r b r s of f r r , s v r l p irs u d r

ame a e as o ten o n as in the e en nstan e a a o n for s roof, I h v f f u d , pr s t i c , p ir ccupyi g

he ame a t o an om an ons e e ea t . succ ssiv y rs s loc lity, wi h ut y c p i ’ m n of h n i o . n mea e e t e e re h m e ee e e e en Mr Audubo s sur ts st ﬁgu d by xc d th s h r giv . This m ay be owing to his having taken for his s ubj e ct a nest that was n o t res te d n a r f T he n e and but u a a ns t a te or the e o a n . mo e upo , b ilt g i , r f , sid buildi g stro g r r s olid foundation re quire d to s uppo rt it in that position would explain its superior d a as a o n it n r n a en an e s e s ro e a e . l gth siz , w ll cc u t for co ic l sh p

I n a a e sea n the a n a ow a se tw o are ree o in he f vor bl so s B r Sw ll s r i , r ly th , br ods t

s ame ea . T he n m e s a fi ve o ten o are six in a oo y r u b r is u u lly , f f ur, but r ly , br d . N o thing can be mo re inte resting th an to watch the firs t lesson s in the art of flying and ee n t em se e en to the o n wa o s t e a en e r f di g h lv s giv y u g S ll w by h ir p r ts , th i strata

em ent e em om e ne the s en t em in e e g s to ic th fr th ir st, upport giv h th ir d scent to ea t e a and the a en e a h ne s the one nt a e the m br k h ir f ll , tt tiv w tc ful s of co r st d with ti id a a n h wkw rd ess of t e other.

T he r n o t e e e w e . W en es e s e g ou d c lor of h ir ggs is pur hit h fr h , th ir h ll is so thin and ans a n t a t e o m a o em a tr p re t h t h ir y lk i p rts t th beautiful rose ate tint . The y are m a e t s t a a re s as ona of a s n e rk d wi h po s , usu lly of ddi h but occ i lly purpli h brow , chi ﬂy

at the a e end a n in n m e and s e . T he e are sma e m o e e on a e l rg r , v ryi g u b r iz ggs ll r, r l g t , and the t t a m ore st n t re s s a e t an t e the ff a spo s wi h di i c ly ddi h h d , h hos of Cli Sw llow .

e ar in t e s a e as e as in t e ma n s . O ne now e o e me u n Th y v y h ir h p w ll h ir rki g b f r , 8 a e n a e m eas es an n in en t and n in a usu lly lo g t d , ur 44 of i ch l g h o ly 4 3 its gre te st

no e . I t at n e b e bre adth . A th r is 44 by 44 will o c seen how much the se two eggs ff a e must di er in their sh p . T he following are the measure ments of a large s eries of the eggs of this bird ‘

eate en in ea do . n a e a e do . gr st l gth 44 ch ; l st 44 i ch ; v r g 44inch . Average breadth —9 8 n r a n ea t . n . i ch ; g e test do . 44 i ch l s do 4 3 i ch A H .A M E R MM M 9 4 N O R T O O L O G Y . P A R T I .

HIR UND O L UNIFRON S .

’ Hirun l ns S A Y on s o an ro E x . to o ounta ns 11 1823 47 . d if , , L g p R cky M i , , ,

R . dz S W N . B. . 11 . 18 3 1 33 1 . ICH AI S F A , ,

N S n. . . B r s llus t. B r s of 18 54 . 243 . CASSI , y N A i d (I i d , p Hirun o o i ex N A n H s . O f . N n. N at. Y . t . 1824 16 1 . d p f ,CLI TO , Lyc i N I , , Hir un bli cana . . H o r es u A nn L e N at. s . f A U D . Y t o . . 1 1824 164 . d p , y i N , , Hi u r n o ulva B N . A m . O rn. 1825 3 l 6 . ﬁ . 1 . d f , O AP I , , , p vii , g

1 anual 1832 60 1 . NUTTALL , M , , ,

A U D . O r B 5 n. o . 18 32 3 3 4 15 l. l . i g I , , ; V , ; p xviii

Ma nual 11 18 34 6 07 . NUTTALL , , , ,

B N . G e o . and om . s t 8 38 . 1 9 . O AP g C p Li , , p

A U D S n . 18 39 . 3 5 . . y , p

B r s of A m . 18 40 17 7 l. xlvn. i d I , , , p

D E . s Y. B 1 l . KA Y N at H t. . r s 8 44 . ﬁ 64 . , i N , i d , , p xxx , g

l - . l S w l w. l S ll . W it n a u v Re bl . VULG C if o F ous wa ow h e osed S wallow. p u ican S wallow

' E ll . ll - S wa ow. Ro k M nt S llow M ud ave u a w . t c y o ain w S a ow Whi eﬁ onted S wa llow.

la T HE a e n es at on . n a s n of e a a e e ea c r ful i v tig i s of Mr Joh C s i , Phi d lphi , h v v ry cl rly e stablishe d sufficient Sp e cific differe n ces be tween the Cliff Swallow of the United States and the Hira ndofulva of Viellot to justify their separation into distin ct sp e me O f la ni e ns s en o our s e T he S e n a t e . a e . S e on s ci s p cific fi , fir t giv p ci s by Mr y , b l g to it t ere o e the ri e n men a re and e e re e m o , h f r , by st ct rul s of o cl tu , w ll xp ss s its st

I n me a of n an ese n - s triking characteri stic . so p rts N ew E gl d th ew com ers are dis

“ tingu ished from the common inmate of our b arns by the name of the W hite - faced " Swallow .

T he s of s s o a in all a re a e its m o e of re e n and i s hi tory thi ci l bird , th t l t s to d b di g t

r re e e t n ere and l of a ttra t e n a t at a e ents . In h bi s th t busy p iod , is pl t wi h i t st fu l c iv i cid timately conne cte d with its domestic e conomy arise s the difﬁcult problem of its geo

a a s on as and esen t . T he o n on e ene a l en te ta ne gr phic l di tributi , p t pr pi i is v ry g r l y r i d , and e a n has the e e en e in a r a the f a o was for c rt i ly w ight of vid c its f vo , th t Cli f Sw ll w m e o n on on the es e n s e the on nent and a its a ea an e on rly f u d ly w t r id of c ti , th t pp r c

a a n a r n n e at e a of the Atlantic co s t h s bee ve y recent o ccurre ce . A g iv f ct this nature s e t e of s t e oo as n a a o s a is not often so su c p ibl po i iv pr f tur lists w uld u u lly insis t up on .

I is n ow a e t o e a e ta n e en e and e on all o t the a t of t too l t st blish by c r i vid c , b y d d ub , f c

its orme a en e om an s re . Ye t it erta n be fﬁ t f r bs c fr our Atl tic ho s would c i ly di cul , I am a mo s st e in sa n m os s e to re on e t its re sen e now s o con l t ju iﬁ d yi g i p ibl , c cil wi h p c , s icu ou sl man e st the o n n oran e of its e e ten e t at re a e n t p y if , pr fou d ig c v ry xis c h p v il d u il

t n a few ea s . ere are n ot ant n e er t e are n ot re a to wi hi y r Th w i g , how v , hos who dy r n ss of on s ons a ar n om o dl c on admit the co re ct e c clu i pp e tly so well founde d . S e b l y

a it has a a s een ere b u t t at its re s en e has s m e een na tend th t lw y b h , h p c o how b u c

n a e oo e n a a s ts t o no n to the omm on eo e . O e c ou t bly ov rl k d by tur li , h ugh k w c p pl th rs

r e the a ess m o a e s os t n t at it has a a s e s e on the m ore u g h rdly l i pr b bl upp i io h lw y xi t d . n n t n of the e as e n oas e e na a s a e on re en s orther por io t r c t , wh r tur li ts h v ly c tly pu hed

I . 9 6 N O R T H A M E R I C A N o oL O G Y . P A R T

for the eam and a te a n and - n and e en en es n o the b s r f rs of b r s out buildi gs , v v tur i t

ee s o e t e on en en s tes a e on a e and on str t of cr wd d ci i s for c v i t i , lik priv t public build l T he e a t n the w t and h - e e a ea e the in s . t e W e g Purpl M r i , S if , hit b lli d Sw llow l v

o o t ee and t m t a o me e na nes n - a e the mne s h ll w r s s u ps h t f r d th ir origi l ti g pl c s , for chi y

e n - o ses e a a e t e an s e man r en an d so of dw lli g h u , or box s d pt d to h ir w t by th ir hu f i ds ,

s as to att a t t em a o n t e - dis po ed r c h r u d h ir dwelling h ou ses . on s m e t R e at Hen e n in . t e e on the O Mr Audub ﬁr t wi h this sp ci s hio iv r , d rso ,

T w o ea ate r he o n K os te to 1 8 15 . a n ee n in e y rs l , f u d colo y br di g N wport , y , opp i

n nna a e a to the ame ea n . a e e a Ci ci ti , which d t d b ck s y r for its origi So lso did s v r l

on es in the mme a e ne o ther col i i di t ighborhood .

e re sen e in N ew n an was s t m a n n m e re e n in Th ir p c E gl d ﬁr de k ow to by c ivi g , 1 837 s ome of t e e r m the to n of o ent in ermont nea La e M em , h ir ggs , f o w C v ry , V , r k

" Ho on e h d T he e e es na a a . w phre m agog . birds w r d ig ted s Eave Sw llows l g th y a n n was n e D e itt nt n m ent n at e been k ow there I ver able to ascertain . W Cli o io s th th y m a e e a ea an e at W e a N ew Y on the e n e t em of d th ir ﬁrst pp r c hit h ll , ork , south r x r ity

La e am a n as ea as e a e t e ere ea re en k Ch pl i , rly It is quit prob bl h y w r lly p s t in various oth e r place s in that neighb orh oo d several years before naturalis ts were t eman e m a e a are of . I n the ea o o n t e e e n ot e a en d w it y r f ll wi g , h y w r ic d by g l whos

’ r is oo a t t at ra r n ea the ase of the W te o n a n in wo d g d u hori y , C wfo d s , r b hi M u t i s me in N e w H am s re . I n 1 8 30 en e a ea orn o se e t em for the st t p hi , G r l D rb b rv d h ﬁr i

W nt in a ne . I t is to be e re t e t at our n o e e of t e s a ea i hrop , M i r g t d h k wl dg h ir ﬁr t pp r an e in f e en a the t an ta es is m e e t m e as it to n c di f r t p rts of A l tic S t so i p rf c , li it d is o ly a few n nne e o se at n re mo te in o n of me in a ere o a e and u co ct d b rv io s , p i t ti , sc tt d l c liti s ,

re en n in n e en e n o onne e a n an a a a e e we p s ti g, co s qu c , c ct d ch i , or y v il bl cl w by which m ay trace with any de gree of certain ty the co urse followed in their migrations into m o e t e new a nt . en at the esen da e are s o few at t e h ir h u s Ev pr t y, ther to w ch h ir v m en t a e e is n n as to the e en t e r a a n re ase t o o ts , h t v ry littl k ow xt t of h i ctu l i c hr ugh ut m the n e en et e t e are n ea n . T he s a tere o se at on see cou try, or v wh h r h y i cr si g c t d b rv i s t o s t the e e t at t e a e e om e e ene a ff se rom t ern j u ify b li f, h h y h v b c v ry g r lly di u d f Sou h

Pennsylvania through out the nort hern and eastern p ortion of the continent . I am n ot aware that it has b een obse rve d o n the Atlan tic co ast farthe r s outh than 3 nn an a e en in the a e o er n on the f e nt we Pe sylv i , or v St t s b rd i g up Gul of M xico , u il

1 he abo e w a s w r tte n a nd w le t e se a e s a re ass n t rou the ress a s mall olon S i nc e t v i , hi h p g p i g h gh p , c y

l a e a e n oss es s on o f h n f the Boston A the naaum mme ate l o f Cliff S wa lows h v t k p i t e fre e s tone fro t o , i di y

n a re ue nte s tree t a e t e re onstru te t e r ur ousl e laborate nes ts and re are t e r oun upo f q d , h v h c c d h i c i y , d h i y g

n s e ur t un sturbe e t e r b the bus t ron e ne at or the atte nt ons of ur ous bo s . i c i y , di d i h y y h g b h i c i y 9 ll w w orms more nnals of the eum o f atural H stor of N e w Yor 160 . T he S wa o A Ly c N i y k , I , hich f ’ ll s a ern on the h e s pe cially the subj e ct of thi s c ommunic ati on ﬁ rst ma d e its app earanc e a t W i nch e T v , igh roa about ﬁve m le s s out o f W te all ne ar ak e am la n and e re te its nest un e r the e a e s o f d i h hi h , L Ch p i , c d d v a n out ouse w e re it w as o ere the ro e o T s was in 18 17 and in t s ear h , h c v d by p j cti n o f the roof. hi , hi y

e re was but o ne ne st the se on e ar s e e n the t r twe nt - e t the ourt ort and in th ; c d y , v ; hi d , y igh ; f h , f y ; " in 1822 t e re we re s e e nt a nd the num e r has s n e ont nue to n re as e . e a , h v y , b i c c i d i c (R d 3 e at arl sle e nn Profe ssor Ba ird of the S mithsonia n I nstitution i nforms me that it w as ﬁ rst obs e rv d C i , P

He oe s not now of its e ste n e s l an a in 18 4 1 s n e w t me it has e ome e r a bun ant . y v i , , i c hich i b c v y d d k xi c in he S ta e s sout of P t Atlantic t h e nnsylvani a . ' — L N I FR N S . HI R U N D I N I D E . H I R U N D O U O 9 7

I t is a n n n he a co me to the valley of the Mississippi . bu da tly distributed alo g t P ciﬁc

or ro o orn a to R ss an m r t in s e m t e n a e a. . o n sen met h s , f S u h r C lif i u i A ic Dr T w d wi h it

ea n m e s in n D rs . am e and Heermann nd am e n gr t u b r O rego ; G b l a Mr . S u ls fou d it abundant throughout California ; Colonel M cC all m et with it al so in N ew M exico ;

and . W o e t n n the a 4 s ea e n nd o o ra R ers . 6 Dr o dhous (Exp di io dow Zu i C l do iv , p ) p ks t e e as er omm on t o o the n an er o e a N ew e of his sp ci s v y c hr ugh ut I di T rit ry, T x s , M xico , ’ and a o n a. ohrr an n s a t o se r e t s r in . 1 8 20 the sam e C lif r i Sir J Fr kli p r y b v d hi bi d , ( ’ ea t at it w as s o ere a o Lon s a n ea the R o o nta n y r h ﬁr t disc v d by M j r g p rty , r cky M u i s , ) on the ne m m e an H o se to t n e se and on the an s of jour y fro Cu b rl d u For E t rpri , b k °

o n La e in a t e 65 n t . s the es n e n n to P i t k , l ti ud or h Thi is high t orth r poi t which it

has een a e so far as am a a e . b tr c d , I w r f h m in aff H . m et t t ese or t e e in 1 8 39 re . e e a a e I wi h h birds ﬁrst ti , J y , N , wh r l rg

o on had a en os ess on of the s e of an n ea e s near c l y t k p s i id old church , ﬁlli g its v with a ly a hundre d of its curiously forme d nests . This l rge colony had m ade its ﬁrst

a e a an e in t at town on the e a e . te n a a aren t pp r c h ly y r pr vious Af r ﬂyi g bout , pp ly in m e n e a n e e o n t e t e e na t e on he so u c rt i ty wh r to f u d h ir lit l city, th y ﬁ lly pi ch d up t

T h n os a side of a large barn in the mids t of the village . e i h pit ble treatment they

e e e m the the a e oon o e em om t s a e ﬁnd a er r c iv d fro boys of vill g s dr v th fr hi pl c , to , l t in the same ea n in the ea e of the r a s a e as m a a n the o e s so , high v s chu ch , f ylu g i st p l s I n h f m an d a e t e n o ta e to m en . t e o se o the a e ea met l dd rs of h ir i h spi bl r tors c ur s y r, I

h r had t e e a am e t s a o in t e v n of B n ton Vt . e wi h s v r l f ili s of hi Sw ll w ici ity u li g , Th y

f ar s f een ommen e was n o me on a ew e s ev o . ew onee n b c c d , I i f r d , ly y pr i u ly A pi rs o ly a ea e the s t ear b u t the o o n s n t e e e s ee e ar e o pp r d ﬁr y , f ll wi g pri g h y w r ucc d d by l g col

h aran e of t ese in an s n e . I n a mo all n tan e t e st a e e n of i s l st i s c s , ﬁr pp c h birds y ctio the ountr has een in a e n ot far m a e e t has n ot een c y b pl c s fro w t rcours s , but his b 1 universal . It was several years afte r this Swallow was kn own to h ave be com e quite common in a ne N ew Ham re and e m on e o e w e a e an n ed e of it in an M i , pshi , V r t b f r h v y k owl g y a me ea o it as s o e a sa se o o a e e s o e e w e . p rt of M s chu tts , th ugh pr b bly th r y rs b f r di c v r d I n 1 842 saw a a e co on on the s e of a in t e o o n e the , I l rg l y id s church At l b rough , f u d d

T he a a em i in am ea e o e . m e ea ere ma e n n e n H y r b f r s y r tt pts w d to fou d colo i s gh , but the an na e of the o ma e the on s t on of e ne e th s dy tur s il , which d c truc i th ir sts v ry di

and a e to a e es as s n as the m a e a r e a e ne e a ore cult , li bl f ll to pi c oo t ri ls d i d , h v v r f v d t e n ease in a o n o a few a e re t e e ea e a s n e at h ir i cr th t t w , th ugh h v b d h r ch y r i c th

e e in o ar a s : onne te t ese n es attenr ts p riod , but chi ﬂy s lit y p ir C c d wi h th u succ sful p , m an of ame at the me n e m a l n t e are e e a n e e n n y which c ti u d r y d i y o ic , s v r l i t r sti g i ci en a e n at on e the n and e e e an e as e as the sa a d ts , tt sti g c i dustry p rs v r c , w ll g city, of

e O ne e e m en on . thes birds . of th s I will ti I n the mme 1 843 a a f a o e to e on a on su r of , p ir of Cli f Sw ll ws , suppos d b l g to col y

a had a em e n ess l m a e a e em en in the ne and th t tt pt d u succ fu ly to k s ttl t ighborhood, had a an ne in at the a e na e e r s e m e e se b do d it disgust fri bl tur of th i tructur s , or p r

1 ' Re z ao ran e of the Cliﬁ S wallow v. T om son in his H stor of e rmont me nt ons the a ea d ck h p , i y V , i pp c

Ran ol an nlan town e r soon a t r e r e n rst o e at W te all. in d ph , i d , v y f e th i b i g ﬁ n tic d hi h 9 8 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y . P A R T I .

verin an t e as a es se e te a e ere rn e n e the a a of a e g th h ir soci t , l c d sh lt d co r , u d r pi zz dw ll

- I w a he ront o o of h ing h ou se n ear the s teambo at landing . t s dire ctly o ver t f d r t e se and o os te to a n r m the o b e ea er o e hou , pp i wi dow f o which birds c uld r dily ov lo k d

s e a a s h n s o a e ere in e Sis while at their w ork . For ev r l d y t e i du tri us p ir p rsev d th ir y m e n o o ean as . as as the m a e a r e e n es o e . ph t k As f t t ri ls d i d , th ir t w uld cru bl i t p wd r

I n the mean e a m rn n n t em in no se a an e in e a r . E ch o i g fou d h wi dv c d th ir l bo s whil , the n e a e a m a n of n e t e ne s o e e in a n i cr dibly l rg ccu ul tio s dirt u d r h ir t , c ll ct d v i by t e se e e e in tt e eat es s re a e the ea an e the a of the h p rs v r g li l cr ur , o ly t x d forb r c of l dy

o se who in e of the e m a e a o her t re o a e t e h u , but , spit dirt th y d b ut h sh ld , w tch d h ir

o es t a ene o en and a o ea n nter en t the t em pr gr s wi h b v l t f rb ri g i e st . At l g h birds h ar r a e h n e ess f t selve s app e e d to e liz t e c ity o s om e change in their pro cee dings . Af er ’ s om e o or fi ve a s ns cess t t e a e and seeme to be e tat n f ur d y u uc ful oil , h y p us d , d h si i g a m a e e to a n n the a e et e or to tr t er m a e a . w as ate wh th r b do tt pt ltog h r, y o h t ri ls It l — ’ in the ea n ul . t m e was to be . te a a s nte a of de e a s so , J y No i lost Af r d y i rv l lib r tion their labors were rene wed ; bu t this time p ell ets of soft cow- dun g were carefully n e se e een e a a e m san and in a n e s a e of i t rpo d b tw ch l y r of uddy d , , wo d rfully short p c ' m e a firm and as n nes was n st ed in five o n ere ea e in ti , l ti g t co ruct , which y u g w r r d " W as s all n st n " W as ere n ot m o e t an a me e s n a n s afe ty . thi i i ct th r h r ci till tio of

" eason es t n t an e and the s s t t on a n o e m a e a " r , sugg i g his ch g ub itu i of v l t ri l

T he nest of the f a o n e a o a e m s an e is n r e Cli f Sw ll w , u d r f v r bl circu t c s , co st uct d with n l n e I n a i i a e ee of n e t at u . e t s not n e a o d gr i g uity h is tr y wo d rful sh p u lik g urd ,

a an e n n ar . T he a e a is a a n s the a the s e with h dl curvi g dow w d l rg r p rt g i t w ll , or id

i of the e to the n est is at a e e its ent an e t u the lower obj ct which t ch d, whil r c is hro gh

I ts a e n end of its n arro w n e ck . rch d roof fur ishes c omple te prote ction against

n emen eat e e n ar o e and e en n ent an e s e s the o i cl t w h r, whil its r w d d sc di g r c hi ld bro d I from their various enemies . n situ ation s where these pre caution s are n ot so ne ces

s a as in ei n a a e e e the esen e m an e n a a ry th r tur l r sorts , or wh r pr c of k eps their tur l '

enem e at a distan ce , the ten e ia e m t e no m a s r t e ta n or i s q y of d v t fro h ir r l t uc ur , cur ili g

n n a t e e t the ne - e en an e ven dispe si g l og th r wi h ck lik tr ce . A large c olony which I 1 on a ma an nea the m t he Ba n m et with s ll isl d r ou h of t y of Fundy , availi g them

se e of a e e e n e the - ea e a arn re are for t em the lv s prot ct d sh lf u d r v s of b , p p d h by

en ne om t e in man ns tan e s e en the e t n oo n o on e re fri dly ow r, i t d y i c v prot c i g r f, l g r

quired for their shelter .

n are n e a n ad ar n B t Their ests co struct d of v rious ki ds of hesive e ths a d mu d. o h

a n e an at the a of ns u n and en in n e e e e birds l bor i c ss tly t sk co tr ctio , , wh colo i s , r c iv e are n ea assistance from their neighbors . Th y tly and often warmly line d with ﬁne

1 i A a m This was obse rve d n 18 5 1 . t th t ti e it was the only se ttle me nt of thi s bi rd notice d in th at

He nr Br a nt who s h lo al t . D r. te t e same la e in the s umme r o f 18 56 in a a e r rea be o re c i y y y , vi i d p c , p p d f

the Boston atural H stor S o e t a nuar 1 8 57 s a s a n re e re n e un ue st ona l to t s s e N i y ci y , J y , , y , h vi g f c q i b y hi p

s : B far the mos t o mmon S wallow art ularl at he ne s ts we re almost un e rsall c ie y c , p ic y Manan. T iv y

u lt W t out the ro e t n ne k . late e ars t e se r s a s t e e o me more a tuate to u l b i i h p j c i g c Of y , h bi d , h y b c h bi d b i d

n in s e lte re s tuat ons a e ne arl s ont nue t e r orm e r a t o f bu l n t e r nes ts in e r i g h d i i , h v y di c i d h i f h bi i di g h i a r to t " a e . T s is nte re st n as s ow n t at in the o urs e of ﬁve e a rs the s n le olo n sh p hi i i g , h i g h c y i g c y w e met w ith

had so far mult l e as to ha e be ome the most ommon S wallow in t at rou of sla n s ip i d v c c h g p i d .

1 00 O H N R T A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y . P A R T I .

HIR ND I U O B C O LO R.

i d b l i ’ O s . d m . S H r tm o co or . A e i R t. 18 07 6 1 l. . , VI ILE p I , , , p xxxi

B . S . N n . 1828 6 5 . O AP y , p dz S W B. . 1 . N . . 83 1 328 . RICH AI S F A II , , 1 A U D . A m . B o . 832 4 1 9 4 1 l . 7 . i g I , , V , p xcviii l 1 anua 8 32 6 05 . NUTTALL , M , I , ,

S . A U D . n 18 39 . 3 5 . y , p

B r s f A m . 18 4 o 0 17 5 l. l . i d I , , , p x vi K E H s . . D A Y N at. B 1 . Y. r s l. ﬁ t . 1844 , i N , i d , , p xxix , g

M B e s de la s la de uba 18 50 . 46 . LE EYE , Av I C , , p N S n 24 . 18 54 . 4. . . B r s lllus t . B r s o f CASSI , y N A i d ( i d , p Hi r un vi r i is W N o A m . O rn . 1 1 3 . 8 2 44 l. ﬁ . d d , ILSO , V , , , p xxxviii , g S ’ B N ra n l n s ourn. . 67 9 . A I E , F k i J p A A nn. N a . f 4 . U D . Y t. H s t o . . 182 166 Lyc . i N I , , Hir un o leu le co as S N n . Z o r G e Ol. 18 17 106 . d g , TEPHE S , X , , heli n bi olo o B N . G e o . a nd o m s 3 . . r . t 18 8 8 C d c , O AP g C p Li , , p

. G r een a l - l M ar tin Boston . Whi l b llie S w l ow. The VULG nd B ue S wa llow . e e d a )

' ’ S tam Swa ll . M r G l n s a . ow Woo S wallow. lV/n le a tin o ondm a ver o p d . d

I N the a ts of different n a s t s e e w e ﬁnd resen e in ema h bi i dividu l of his p ci s p t d , r rk a e on ast a s t a ere n e to its r m e ee n e a t e s in erta n bl c tr , tric dh c p i itiv br di g p culi ri i c i

d a om ete e a r n h m o r in s e e a t e an e m t em in ot e s . I t e e loc li i s , c pl d p rtur f o h h r th ly ttl d

o ons of the o nt e s e a e e ores t t e m an o o trees p rti c u ry , p ci lly wh r old f ts wi h h ir y h ll w and e a e st m are st ab n ant we ﬁnd s a o ee n in e con d c y d u ps ill u d , thi Sw ll w br di g th ir venient a e and e om n e e en en the ef or is m a e tem t t em to c viti s , s ld i duc d , v wh f t d to p h was the do s o o the o e for e e e a omm o at n . , to ccupy b x s put up th ir b tt r cc d io This

ase in the s te of sma s an s in he Ba of n a n an enan c clu r ll i l d t y Fu dy rou d Gr d M ,

e e t e e s are e a n an and ere a t m a t n- es had een wh r h s bird v ry bu d t , wh , l hough r i box b

e are - for t e u se in no ns tan e had e en I ast s te t at a t pr p d h ir , i c th y , wh l vi i d h loc li y

m r o s in t m en es and een n ce to o e . H ee e b i du d ccupy th ollow t s , h l s u ps , f c ,

m e o b e e r n are in onse en e logs see d t th ir prefe red places for n e sti g . They c qu c in s o a o in the n n t es the n am e the W o a l . a e k ow uch l c li i by of o d Sw l ow So ls , w st ern ar t of the n o o t ee are ene al e e t a e en p cou try, h ll w r s so g r ly th ir r sor , th t v Audu b on at the m e the at on of the st o me his O n t o o a Bio ra , ti of public i ﬁr v lu of r i h l gic l g w as n ot a a e a t e had in an n s an e een n n to m ta e the e phy, w r th t h y , y i t c s , b k ow i i t Blu

B the a t n and the W en in a e t n the os ta t e m an . Ye t t ird , M r i , r , cc p i g h pi li i s of his

a had n ot e s a e the se a n I m a of the n es t W on . n e f ct c p d ob rv io of ils so p rts cou try , e ciall in a e n a a e s ese a a e n e on e a an e a t p y E st r M ss chus tt , th Sw llows h v u d rg ch g of h bi as om e e as t a of the e a n ose o e t e a e t e e ossesse c pl t h t Purpl M rti , of wh b x s h y h v h r p d

m - th e selves . I have e ven known of th eir nes ting in a rough candle box with one d n o e ou and e n t a e for M r . on t em in an e s a on . k ck d , pl c d h acce ssibl itu ti Audub s ea s of t e r n the Ba n a rom its n s and ta n o sess on and p k h ir d ivi g r Sw llow f e t ki g p s i , t a n ons a e n Nu t ll m e ti the ir breeding on ﬂat h orizon tal bran ches of trees . I h v eve r m et t t em in e e of es s n wi h h ith r th e ituatio s .

I s e e is e s t te r m the M iddle a e the e eme n e n This p ci s wid ly di ribu d , f o St t s to xtr orth r —~ I I I R N D . H I R U N D I N I D JE . U O B I C O L O R 101

lrn R a son o n n o o tre e a r region s . Sir Jo ich rd f u d them bree ding i h ll w s t Fo t Nor m an on the a en e R e r in at t e e are s en te s as , M ck zi iv , l i ud Th y pok of by wri r n ot so numerous as the Barn Swallo w ; but this m y ow n O b servations w ould lead m e ° h an on t e t t oas m at t 8 to the t. a en e t e ar . t o e 3 S L e to doubt Al g A l ic c , fr l i ud wr c , h y

a n our m os t comm on spe cies . They re said to be e qu ally abu dant on the sh ore s of the a and the an s of the o m a e seem to be ess a n an P ciﬁc b k C lu bi River . Th y l bu d t a in h in the n e o e s e t e a sen e of ater. i t ri r, p ci lly b c w

as w e re s m e to be the case the s ec es of the a o as is ent a t If, p u , p i P ciﬁc c t id ic l wi h t s the W te - e e a o has a ran e oe ens e t the a ta e or hi , hi b lli d Sw ll w g c xt iv wi h h bi bl p t n of o t m e r a rom the W e st n a an to een an on the t an t io s N r h A ic , f I di Isl ds Gr l d , A l ic , and om o t ern a o n a to the R s s an ossess on on the "Ye t s e n oas t. fr S u h C lif r i u i p i s , r c

it t ro o t O e on D r . am . ee rm ann D r. o ns en o se e e H and r M . T w d b rv d h ugh u r g G b l , Dr , S amuels m e t with it breedin g in C alifo rnia ; Lembeye and Gundlach give it as on e of the mm n a h n n r sse as co o birds of Cub ( t ough n ot m e tio e d by M . Go foun d in

am a ca a d W o o o s o n ou o h n a r s n . e t t t e n e t e e a J i ) ; Dr dh u f u d it hr gh u I di T rri o i s , T x , and N e w a e o as e s in a fo n a. M xic , w ll C li r i

s e e n the e e n sea on is m ore a e som e t an an t e of Thi sp ci s , duri g br di g s , qu rr l h y o h r

e e at es and are te a m a e en for the e a n n ose rem th ir r l iv , qui tch v Purpl M rti , upo wh p e n a is es they O ften intrude an d keep po sse ssion . They vi ce strong attachme nt to t e f s n and m an es e at aff t on en o e of t em tter n low bu t h ir o f pri g, if t gr lic i wh r bb d h , u i g W en a a t ese a o s a e e xcee dingly plaintive complaints . h p ir of h Sw ll w h v become fa miliariz ed to a e ta n a t re rn n to it ea a te e a t a tt e a n s c r i loc li y , tu i g y r f r y r, wi h li l p i it is not ff to ente nto a m e n e o se t em es e a in s n di icult r i li it d i t rc ur wi h th , p ci lly upplyi g

r a s of e s t se r h fo s a t em t the m ate t ne t . e s w o a e r e e h wi h i l h ir Two of h bi d , h v v r l

ea s o e an and e - on s r e enem ent in the e eart of os n y r ccupi d old rud ly c t uct d t v ry h B to , e e e ea ea an a n an s eat ers a m os rom the er an s of the r c iv ch y r bu d t upply of f h , l t f v y h d

n n e ﬁnd a s e ea all h members of the family u der whose prote ctio th y h lter . N rly t e m a e a s t e se e e eat e s o n to t em r m the n o w t the t ri l h y u d w r f h r bl w h f o wi d w , which i h ne s e a at a d a t t e and mm e a e quick s of thought th y would d rt n c tch wi h h ir bills , i di t ly

I t m e t e e am e s o am a as alm t ta e t em on e e et eat. n c v y to th ir r r i h y b c f ili r , os to k h h n s e t em s has een e ea e e e a from the h ands of t e pe rso who uppli d h . Thi b r p t d s v r l

W en t e a e n t a e e s on the n t a n season . s h h y h v you g jus h tch d , or gg poi of h tchi g , it se as b e as ta en on e n s en ta en an d e ease t e e s e t e . W th y so clo to ily k h ir t h k r l d , h y

a few ee rom e nest er n e the ea s of the n e s . ﬂy but f t f th ir , hov i g ov r h d i trud r

e ons a er oos e s o t a m n est of ﬁne ha and ea e a n an Th y c truct v y l , f , w r y l v s , bu d tly e t wn and o t ea e s the e s are o ten o n m e e suppli d wi h do s f f th r , by which gg f f u d co pl t ly

ea ans are a a en a en ee the ne ean and con covered . Gr t p i pp r tly t k to k p st cl dry by

stan a t n s t ma e a r n n a on . e a e a t ddi io of sof , dry t ri ls du i g i cub ti Th y h v usu lly two a broods in a se son . t e e n ate ei e s are of a ea . W en n o t e a e a e Th r gg b u ifully pur whit h u bl w , h y h v d lic h n s s a e m a e the . e a re m e a o on in s a e t e pi ki h h d , i p rt d by yolk Th y so wh t bl g h p ,

m a e en s are e e ne and o n e and the e are n e t to a s ll r d w ll d ﬁ d p i t d , ggs o ly subj c occ

' sional a a n i e m ea em n a m to of an n in v ri tio s n size . Th ir sur e ts v ry fro ag i ch a d 8 9 en n m in ea t . l gth , fro 1 5 to T ? br d h I . 102 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y. P A R T

HIRUND O T HA L A S SIN A .

S S M Ma 1827 . 366 . Hirun o thalass ina W N . n . e a n B r s P los . d , AI S y xic i d , hi g , p

4 a nd 5 . . l ﬁ s . A U D . O rn. B o IV 18 35 497 l. i g , , , p ccc xxxv , g

G d . an om s 8 38 . . B N . e o . t 1 9 O AP g C p Li , , p

A . S n 1 . U D . 8 39 36 . y , p

B r s o f m l A . 18 40 18 6 . l . i d I , , , p x ix

. The Vi olet- G r e S wall w VULG en o .

T HE ﬁrst knowledge I p ossessed of the m arkings of the egg of this sp e cies w as in r in h ra n an e O a ne . tta s e me M . on t e uppli d by Audub , d wi g of gg bt i d by Mr Nu ll r n Bu t a e r m te n d as et in ou r ossess on in re ar to O ego . v y li i d k owle ge is y p i g d its all that w e n o a t its s t t n ene a e a t e . For nea h bi s , di ribu io , or g r l p culi ri i s rly do k w , he at e we are n e e to the o se at on o s o n sen and ta . T i d bt d b rv i s f Me srs . T w d Nut ll l t r m e a w e e in ea n m e s t t on a an th o o a o . e wi h this Sw llow br ch of e C l r d Th y r gr t u b r , a o a n t the f H e s tates t at e o e the nests ss ci ti g wi h Cli f Swallow . h th y ccupi d old of the a e in e e n e n n He a s o on e t re ro a e to o s t t t e ow n . l tt r, pr f r c c ruc i g h ir l c j c u d , p b bly

t o ea n t a t e re e in rees a te the m anne the W te - e e wi h ut good r so , h t h y b d t , f r r of hi b lli d

Swallow. ’ f r o n sen s a o n of t f a r a . H e a s ea s o M . T w d cc u t his Swallow di fe rs m te i lly l o sp k

n n em ee n on the an s the a o ere he a s it n ests a n ﬁ di g th br di g b k of Color d , wh , dd , lo g its m a n on f s of a to it a a es a nes o me m ud and rasses rgi blu f cl y , which tt ch t f r d of g re s m n I is e e t a the ff a o bu t ant n the en s n e . t bli g h t of Cli Sw ll w , w i g p dulou ck quit

o a e t at the ne ts s s tta to be old ne sts of H lnn rons pr b bl h s uppo ed by Mr . Nu ll lf e e in ea n nsen s ea s w r r lity co structed by this species for their o wn u se . Mr . Tow d p k

' o f the e s as a n een i n n m e and of a a a - o o t a few gg h vi g b four u b r, d rk cl y c l r , wi h s o of re s - o n a th ar n ar rr n s t the a n p ts ddi h br w t e l ger e d. This h dly c o espo d wi h dr wi g

of he o ta n e a n or n r r n e in the ate . t e . tt e t t the o e e ese gg b i d by Mr Nu ll , y wi h p t d pl i . o n sen a s t a it is a so a n an on the o m a R e and t at t Mr T w d dd , h t l bu d t C lu bi iv r, h

re ee in e o s n o he re s t his own the br ds hollow tree s . H d e t say whe ther this is t ul of 1 er at on s o h r en on t e a t t of ot . obs v i , is giv u hori y hers

The n o or of the e of t s as en in the a nt n . grou d c l gg hi bird , giv p i i g by Mr Audu bon a t s one - o a s - te - n ot a a a - o o as n en , is ligh t col r , or cl yi h whi , d rk cl y c l r, Tow s d

es e and the t are of a n t and ar a es of e s d crib s it ; spo s , which v ryi g ligh d k sh d r ddi h and r n are s attere o e the o e e n ea of e n n ne to pu plish brow , c d v r wh l gg , i st d b i g co ﬁ d

I a - as s the a end. I t me e e ts e is sub o a and m e an s a O on . l rg r sh p v l , or th u u lly bl g ur

a n in en i . 4 n n re a t . T he e e esen e ate 7 g; of i ch l gth by fa b d h gg r pr t d (Pl V , ﬁg ) was o ta ne a . omas H a o n b i d by Dr Th . W ebb when engaged on the Me xic n b u d ry

e . T he nes is es r e him as t o n the s e of a f en at the surv y t d c ib d by buil id cli f, op to and re sem n the nest of the omm n e o ta ne it on the p , bli g c o H irundo rafa . H b i d

an of er R er nea m re N m a e an n ew e . b k Mulb ry iv , r Mi b s , M xico I t e sur s of i ch in en h 3 in i s n t ea e ea t . I ts s a e is an O on o a e at l gt by {3 gr t st br d h h p bl g v l , poi t d

1 r C O O e r orr as w t n his own e er e n e . D . p c oborates this stateme nt i hi xp i c

O H E O 4 O L O G Y . 10 N R T A M R I C A N P A R T I .

tr T o o n s eas n a ma n- se was e a e for em o ee . he r f f ll wi g o , rti hou p p r d th , which th ey immediately took p os session .

r n the ee n season the e a t n is on e of the m os e f s Du i g br di g , Purpl M r i t wid ly di fu ed of t m er an s . is o nd t t the Un on in e e tate rom Nor h A ic bird It f u hroughou i , v ry S , f m e h n a a . a a Lo uis iana to t e Ca d s It w s t with by M r. Harris as f r to the westward a m of h o s o I t e en e en s i m r s the outh t e Yell w t ne River . v xt d ts ig ations to the ex

m f o er a o n R a son a s n tre e ve rge o N rth n civiliz tion . Sir J h ich rd spe k of it as arrivi g

n h r r e e a er a r f i I t m a s a withi t e A ctic Ci cl rli th n the o the s o ts tribe . ke s its ﬁr t p earance a o t eat ea La e as ear as the 1 7 th of M a en the o n p b u Gr B r k ly y, wh gr u d is

r sn w and the and ar i - n W o o o n i e e t e a e e ce . . e o t cov d wi h o , riv rs l k s bou d Dr dh us f u d a n an in e as an d the n an err or r n in O e on a r . t D . o sen nd M bu d T x I di T it y , T w d r g ,

n a i as o mm on r in . Lembeye and Dr . Gu dl ch give t a c bi d Cuba I t is found in e ve ry one of the Un te tate n ess in a o n a a e is o e e s e its i d S s , u l C lif r i its pl c ccupi d xclu iv ly by

e at e P r o ne cha l bea and at s e e has ee n m s ta e n for r l iv , g y , th p ci s b i k it . I n the S outhe rn S tate s it raises three broods in a season ; in its m ore n orthern

n f a n I n th m ar m r n f re so the s o t e ss o the se s on e m ts b ut o e . e t e o t o o rts , h r p r i i i p i

assa setts the a t n s are ess n m ero s n ow t an orm e r t o st a n M chu , M r i l u u h f ly, h ugh ill bu

' n a r a o he s r dan t in the i terior . This is tt ibut ble t t de t uction of a large numbe r of t ese r s se e a ea s s n e an n s a o and n em en sea on in h bi d , v r l y r i c , by u u u lly c ld i cl t s , which

n f r Bu t few e s a e - o old and o s e e a e . I t o a b th y u g u f d lik c p d . is pr b ble their empty

o e s all a e een re o e n ew - om e s ere s had n ot the W b x would h v b ccupi d by c r thi , hite bellied Swallows of the n eighb orh ood availe d th em selves of the o c casion to dese rt

' ees and a e osses s on of the a an t m a n- o es their hollow tr t k p i v c rti b xes . Th e they

T he ea m at ns of he a n have never sin ce relin quish ed . rly igr io t M rti s expose the m to e en s ffe n and e en es r n om n a ora e an e in the eat e fr qu t u ri g , v d t uctio , fr u f v bl ch g s w h r, ' as no t t s tan n the a a e s t o e ene ra e t e n o t a ea , wi h di g high p r ll l which th y p t t , h y do pp r to be a h ardy bird .

T he e a n e a e a o e - a an e ne st m o se a Purpl M rti pr p r s lo s ly rr g d , which is co p d of v rious m a er a s as ﬁne e a e o and een st a ha s en e t s e e s of t i l , such l v s b th dry gr , r w , y, l d r wig , pi c

a a m n e w t a ers and a r ot s & c . T he e e t t e t m te a s . cl h , r g , whol is w r ly li d i h f h o h r sof i l

a ea e a re or e ons e m a e a a t on nt s e s e E ch y r it is r p i d r c truct d , with t ri l ddi i s , u il ucc s iv a m a on i and e s n a e te an a t . T he e are n o m n s a e s o s g th r qui ccu ul i ggs u if r color h p , e are a e sma in n o he s and do not vary much in size . Th y r th r ll prop ortio t t ize of

- d he o is a e c eam t o t s . O ne en m t . e e bird Th ir col r pur r whi , with u pots is uch h a n an . a m smalle r and more poi ted th t e other Their verage m easure ents re ag of a i r a a n inch in length by 44 n their g e test bre dth . H — I R U N D I N I D JE . Y L C O T E R I P A R I A . 1 05

C O RI TYLE P ARI A .

H N N . S ia st. N a t rundo r i ar t. 17 66 3 44 . p , LI y I , ,

G M N S t. N a . s t 17 88 10 19 . ELI , y I , , W A N m. O rn. 18 12 l . . ﬁ 4 . ILSO , V , , p xxxviii , g ’ T E M M IN C K anue l d O rni holo i t e 1820 42 III . , M g , I , , 9 ; , 300 B S 1828 N . n 6 5 . O AP y . , p . ’ M . R N N onta u s rn t olo al D t 18 3 1 . 17 . E IE , g O i h gic ic , p

R . dz S W N . B . 18 3 1 333 ICH AI S F . A. II , , . l anua 1 18 32 6 07 . NUTTALL , M , , ,

A . U D . O rn . B o 1835 58 l. l . i g IV, , 4, p ccc xxxv S n 1839 . 3 . y . , p 6 B r s of A m . 1840 187 l. 1. i d I , , , p

D KA . . H s . . Y B r s l . 2 . E Y N at t . 6 , i N , i d , p xxviii , ﬁg

M B es de la sla de uba 1850 . 47 . LE EYE , Av I C , , p Hir u VI I L . . n o inerea E L . N ouv D t. 18 17 526 d c , ic XIV , , l t B . o e r i ar i a N . G e o . a nd om . s t 183 8 9 . C y p , O AP g C p Li , , p

. 1 5 . 247 C N S n. . . B r s llus t B r s of 8 4 . ASSI , y N A i d (I i d , p

l hae- shee B ank S w ll w . S M . ir l de iva e. S an S w ll w. S VULG . a o and ar tin H ond e e R g d a o

- d w G lo r b ie u a . inae p aes hoo (Cree I n i ans ) . o nd ina Ri ar g a (C b )

T HE common Bank Swallow of thi s country is s till supp osed to be the same with

m ne . ass n the r ean e e . en has e n a e a Eu op sp ci s This id tity b e c refully x i d by Mr C i , n who unhesitatingly e xpre sse s the O pinion that they are absolutely ide tical . It m o a e een e e e n o on e o a ee ne e t e e . a ea s s v r h v b s riously doubt d It pp rs , th r for , l g r pr b ble that closer inves tigation s can demonstrate s ufﬁcien t speciﬁc differen ce s to justify

B a m a o e e e a a n are e a e a e a a n . e s e e n s p r tio this it y, how v r , p rc ptibl v ri tio s obs rv bl f e on n in the a mo e ee n ne n e the o e en . h bits , d of br di g, sti g , or ggs of birds ith r c ti t T he American repre sentatives of this spe cie s are foun d throughout the Un ite d a e m the ant the s e the a as we as om the e eme St t s , fro Atl ic to hor s of P ciﬁc , ll fr xtr e n a e h e e has m a s t e a e n e n m . outh r St t s to f rth st orth r li its As , how v r, it ost prob bly

een n n e in me a e the R - n e e e as ll a e to b co fou d d so pl c s with ough wi g d sp ci s , it is sti li bl be i a e n e n ma e be e e e e an e can be , w thout clos i sp ctio , it y w ll doubt d wh th r full r li c

a e n all the a n we a e of e en e s n . e a n it pl c d upo ccou ts h v its xt d d di tributio C rt i is ,

a in the a the n e e the R o - in nown to a n th t, p rts of cou try wh r ugh w g is k bou d , this

’ ’ h r met t a a a H a r . o n t e s e rz t ll not omm n . ennzs bird , if wi h , is c o Edw rd r is , Esq f u d p h e n of the U and h Ye t ne not e in t e r e t e e . gio pp r Missouri llows o , but this sp ci s It eem not m a e e e e a a m e a e ul n e a n n o the n s s i prob bl , th r for , th t or c r f i v stig tio i t distributio of these two birds m ay show a more e xclusively n orthe rn habitat for the Bank

a e the R - n ma be o n be e a en en the a Sw llow, whil ough wi g y f u d to chi ﬂy d iz of St tes and e enn an T he n e n m a n the an south w st of P sylv ia. orth r igr tio s of B k Swallow

m n amon appear to be li ited o ly by the e xten t of land for it to occupy . It is g the m os n o e n he a a on o n em ee in t o san at t rth r of t l nd birds . Rich rds f u d th br d g by h u ds ’ m - the a en e R e in the e a a e at e . e are outh of M ck zi s iv r, sixty ighth p r ll l of l itud Th y

r e a e a m a n to the no e ea in s n en e of cou s v ry h rdy bird , igr ti g rth quit rly pri g, wh th y 1 4 Y . I 1 06 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O oL O G P A R T .

are en e e to ea in emen e eat er rom e a e e e in oft xpos d gr t cl ci s of w h , f which th y t k r fug their h ole s . e are a e o a s e e a mos a a ee n o e t e in a e omm n Th y v ry s ci l p ci s , l t lw ys br di g t g h r l rg c u i f man e of n e and e en san s . e eem m e n e en ent o t an ti s , hu dr ds , v of thou d Th y s or i d p d h m an of e n e ene a n a a n t emse e of the n en a aid e y th ir ki dr d g r , o ly v ili g h lv s i cid t l th y m a er e r m e a at on o an - an s en n n en en s t at n y d iv f o xc v i s thr ug h s d b k , op i g co v i t i u io s for in s i an ffs an e ne . e e e ns e n the e th ir sts Th s th y co truct hol sid s of b ks , or cli , of s d,

o t ea t an d e en ra e ere e the assa e of a eam of a e the a s f r h , v of g v l , wh v r p g str w t r, w sh in of a e e a a n ana a l oa an s m a e o e of conven g w v s , xc v tio s for c ls or r i r ds , or y i il r xp sur f n a the s a e of ient s e a o t em O t t e . e e e are a as ne it s , f rd h ppor u i i s Th s hol s usu lly r urf c

the ro n as the e n n a re of the so e m it to b e ea ene rate g u d yi ldi g tu il will p r it r dily p t d , o generally from two to ﬁve fee t . They e xten d to a de pth of from three t four

an m e a m e e m ree eet e m e n o . e a f , s ldo l ss th two , or or th f ur Th ir di t r is fro th to I n o n e . n e a a n anne s t e nest e e tt e ex f ur i ch s xc v ti g such lo g ch l to h ir s , th s li l birds a he a e e e b t a em a e n s and e se e an e . te e e n t ibi r rk bl i du try p r v r c Af r s l cti g pl c , both s x s

o a te na e at the as a es t em a of n stan w rk l r t ly t k , which usu lly occupi h four d ys co t

a T he re m t of the assa e a am e the oo of o . e en e nto a sm l b r xt i y p g is wid d i ll ch b r, ﬂ r

a m ar e te ﬁne a and so t o n ea e . U on s which is w r ly c p d with dry gr ss , f , d w y f th rs p thi

t e e os t ﬁve a t ul r a - W en e en e s e and nu h y d p i be u if c yst l white eggs . h r c tly d po it d

n the o seen t o the sem - t an s are n s e m ar to a e a e ro blow , y lk , hr ugh i r p t h ll, i p ts it d lic t h a T e e a on s e in an a . e se ate shade . ggs v ry c id r bly siz e d sh pe Th ir length is from

to of an n the a e a e . ei ea t a a e r m an H, i ch , v r g as Th r br d h lso v ri s f o g to fa of

n . I n a e t e are en as nea a as the e the f ene al i ch sh p h y oft rly ov l ggs of Swi t, but g r ly on nd e e is much m ore p o inte d than the o the r .

I n a a ne e e a s n e e be a . r g rd to its g ogr phic l di tributio , but littl ds to s id It is prob a o n o o o t m e a m a e e Lem e e and bly f u d thr ugh ut N r h A ric , fro Cub , wh r both Mr . b y ’ . n a s ea of as mm n to the m a en e R e at e Dr Gu dl ch p k it co o , outh of M ck zi s iv r, l itud °

6 8 n t . ent a t the an a n e & c . is n in all the or h If id ic l wi h S d M rti of Europ , , it fou d a e of h o as a n an on h a as on and t e e . t e the an four qu rt rs gl b It is bu d t P ciﬁc Atl tic , , a o n n R a n as mm n in the e n as in the m e cc rdi g to Sir Joh ich rdso , is co o Arctic r gio s or em t perate .

' CO TYLE SE RRIP E NNI S .

Hi s O o 5 5 A U D . rn. B . 183 93 r un o er ri ennis . d p , i g IV , ,

S n. 1839 . 37 . y , p B o m A . r s f 1840 . 193 l li. i d I , , , p l ’ ot e ser i enm s N S . . B r n . r s llus . f . t B r s o 1854 247 . C y p , CASSI , y N A i d (I i d , p

- . Th R in ll VULG e ough w g e d S wa ow.

MU CH yet remains to be learned of the habits and geographical distribution of this

' species ; so closely resembling the Bank Swallow in many resp ects as to be liable

‘

N oL o e Y. A I 1 08 N O R T H A M E R I CA o P R T .

C Y P S E L I N 213

A CA N T HYL I S PE LA S G IA .

S Hirun elas N N . a 45 . o ia st. N t. 17 66 3 d p g , LI y I , , W A m . O rn . 18 12 48 . ILS V , , ’ VI E I L L . O is d A m . S e t. 1 p ,

Hirun o er o B . R R M Tra 17 9 1 . 292 . d c d , A T A , v , p Hiru r linensis B 5 n o a o R N 01 . d c , ISSO , II , l l s se us e a ius BO N A P . S n. 1828 . 63 . Cyp p g , y , p

anual 1 1832 609 . NUTTALL , M , , ,

A UD . O rn . B o . II 18 35 329 V 3 19 l. l . i g , , ; , ; p c viii

D E KA Y . Y. r s 8 4 ﬁ . 58 . N at H st. . B 1 4 l. , i N , i d , , p xxvii , g Chcet a las B ur e i a N . G eo . and om st 1838 . 8 . p g , O AP g C p . Li , , p

A UD . S n. 1839 33 . y , p .

B r s of 4 l. l . A m . 18 40 16 i d I , , , p x iv l se us a cutus BO N A P . C ons . . 4 . 6 . Cyp , p Av p

A t l . can h is elas ia llus t. B r s of 18 54 . 249 N S n . . B r s y p g , CASSI , y N . A i d (I i d , p

. i A uleat Swa llow hi w ll w T A m r an Sw t . himne Sw t . e VULG The C mney S a o . he e ic if C y f c d

- (A rc . A meri can Sp ine tail.

T HE t as is m e ene a a e mne a o O f me Swif , or, it or g r lly c ll d , Chi y Sw ll w , North A r

ica in its a n the ee n ea on e en s .a re m ar a e ont ast the , h bits duri g br di g s s pr s t k bl c r to h a ean e e . W le the a e are and e n s nn n t e e fre Europ sp ci s hi l tt r shy r tiri g , hu i g pl c s

u ented man and ee n e in a e ne and dese e a tat n q by , br di g chi ﬂy c v s or rui d rt d h bi io s ,

ei me an e esen a e e m the a o am ere a e at n e th r A ric r pr t tiv s , lik ost of Sw ll w f ily h , h v o c up on the ere ction of the dwellings of civilized life m anifeste d their app re ciation of the e t on t e affo an ent e an e in he a ts in re e t to the prot c i h y rd , by ir ch g t ir h bi sp c

h a rs se e se at n O f t e nes . W en t e o n w s t t e ere n n loc io h ir ts h c u try ﬁ t l d , th birds w k ow

- T e mne of to bree d only in the hollow trunks of fore st trees . h chi ys the dwellings of

e mm n t es re sen e ff en n emen in t ei e o s a et an civiliz d co u i i p t d su ici t i duc ts , h r sup ri r f y d

n en en e to em em to o sa e em e m e ee n - a es co v i c , t pt th f r k for th th ir pri itiv br di g pl c .

om e e has een the an e in t re e t a e e e the o nt has So c pl t b ch g his sp c , th t , wh r v r c u ry een on se e t e are a n o n eso to ee for an t b l g ttl d , h y h rdly k w to r rt hollow tr s y o her

- se t an as as ona oo n a e . is n ot m ss e a erea ter purpo h occ i l r sti g pl c s It i po ibl th t h f ,

en s an e of a a a e e m e n e a and e e are no n e an wh thi ch g h bit sh ll h v b co u iv rs l , th r lo g r y of the s e e e n an e am e t e m e m e ne t n it ma p ci s l ft to fur ish x pl of h ir pri itiv od of s i g , y b e com e a disputed p oin t among n aturalists whether th e y e ve r did nest in hollow

trees as ere are a ea se who s e the m ore e ten e mm at ons of , th lr dy tho di put x d d i igr i the

ff a o n ow a t e a e e om e so omm on in the e as e n ar Cli Sw ll w , th t h y h v b c c t r p t of the

ont nen . en at the resen da in m e t n of the n r s o n e sa c i t Ev p t y, so por io s cou t y, u iv r lly

e e e e t e r na re t at few ea e t at mn e a e n ot a a ee do th y d s rv h i p , h r liz h chi ys h v lw ys b n

a a ee n - a e their n tur l br di g pl c s . T he Chimney Swallow is kn own t o bree d througho ut the central and n orthern

a e om n a a m s La ra or and the e en e o a n S t a St t s , fr Virgi i l o t to b d , r c t xpl r tio s how h t they e een o i are found from ocean to ocean . They hav b bserved n abundance on the — A I A . H I R U N D I N I D JE . A C A N T H Y L I S P E L S G 109

e a e n e the R o o n a n and are a n in nea e a n m e st r slop of cky M u t i s , lso fou d rly qu l u b rs a em in long the shores of the Paciﬁc . Sir John Richardson did not mee t with th h W ou n a t e . e ea a n o n he m e Arctic region s . Dr oodh s sp ks of h vi g f u d t Chi y Sw llow

e mm on t o t the n an e e a N ew ex and a n a. v ry co hrough u I di T rritory , T x s , M ico , C lifor i T he nest of the Chim ne y Swallow is one of the mo s t re mark able structures of the n be o n amon the an s of e en n e e n am nea all ki d to f u d g h diwork v this i t r sti g f ily , rly of whom are far from being undistinguishe d for th eir archite ctural accomplish

is om se of sma s of n ea ni o m s e ar n e o en men . e ts It c po d ll twig rly u f r iz , which i t rw v n e n the wi into a neat semicircular basket . I sel cti g t gs with which to construct the ne st the eem to e e ea m the t ee s as are e a a e to , Swift s s pr f r to br k fro r uch b st d pt d

ea a h is an a e an to a e o e a e e n t e n . s its w ts , r th r th g th r th s lr dy sc tt r d upo grou d Thi he n h o e ne t rea and a o nes e on t . e e n on t e e do , wi h g t skill dr it s , whil wi g Sw pi g c v t d

i ome a as a Ha s e on e a it at the e e a e and tw g, s wh t wk ru h s its pr y, it p rts d sir d pl c ,

a a t is am a all who ha e a en e O e e be rs it O ff to its nest. This f c f ili r to v tt tiv ly bs rv d

a t ese s is s on a ene to its e o an es e their h abits . E ch of h twig tr gly f st d f ll ws by adh iv

a a e re e the r and the o e s re is as tron emen e to the s e s liv s c t d by bi d , wh l tructu s gly c t d id h imne in it is b lt mean s of the same se e t on W en d s t e . r of ch y which ui , by cr i h y, thi

a a a en s nto a e - e an e a a ent me e en an the s liv h rd i glu lik subst c , pp r ly ﬁr r v th twigs I n a a n a n st om h s o mn a t em e e . e t e t e e f a e e n n h s lv s s p r i g fr id chi y, I h v k ow por tion s of the brick to which it was fasten e d to give way sooner than the cem ent W t had een e e . en m o stene o e e on ea a n wi h which it b s cur d h i d , h w v r, by l g or h vy r i s , the e t of t e on en s s ome t me a se em a t and e ta e w igh h ir c t t will i s c u th to p r , pr cipi t

T he n n e ten a to he s h the wh ole to the b ottom . you g birds cli g v ry ciously t side of t e mne t t e r t on a s and m a ee and o ten a e t emse es m chi ys , wi h h i s r g cl w uscul r f t, f s v h lv fro fa n in s a ent t ese m ean e en at a er e a a e and e o e t e lli g , uch ccid s , by h s , v v y rly g , . b f r h y A s the nest e en en n s e o on e om s to a e at a ne t e S t . e o h v t i d h ir igh , v wh u di turb d , s b c

ma for t em the o n ea e it on e e e are a e and m to the s ll h , y u g l v , l g b for th y bl to ﬂy, cli b

to the mne e e t e are fed e a ent . p of chi y , wh r h y by th ir p r s a m n n n t e m T he e s are s in n e . a e e e e ee gg u u lly four u b r This I h v v r k ow h to xc d , d s o a t n e a t e r a n . e are e e an n e . l hough Audubo sp ks of h i h vi g six Th y pur whit , u p tt d

e a tt e in e m a for a of the in a e Th y v ry but li l siz , which is s ll th t bird, or sh p , which

he s are om to an n in en and rom s e l t a . T e is lightly l ip ic l gg fr 2$ of i ch l gth , f 9 O n end om a m a a e as m e o nte t an the to in ea t . e e e s T ? br d h is s wh t s ll r, w ll or p i d , h other ' but the ffe en e is not so m ar e as in the e s of m s of the am , di r c k d gg o t f ily i a an the e the Ca rimul idw Hirundinidae e e are m es e t t . , whil th y uch l s ll p ic l h ggs of p g

Un e a o a e r m stan e the m ne t a se two in a ea on . d r f v r bl ci cu c s , Chi y Swif r i s broods s s

I n its s em - n o t na a ts the mne a o e em e the t- Ha i c ur l h bi , Chi y Sw ll w r s bl s Nigh wk

e are be een a a mo e e en in the m n m o re than the Swallow . Th y to s bro d r fr qu tly or W en e a e n in e en n an in the m e of the da . g or v i g twilight th iddl y h th y h v you g, h n t t e are s ee n em r n the eate n of t e n . e are o h y bu y f di g th du i g gr r portio . ight Th y , o e e s n na bu t m a be e ent met t a oa at m a e en h w v r, trictly octur l , y fr qu ly wi h br d idd y , v n whe the sky is unclouded . H A A 1 10 T O L G Y . A T N O R M E R I C N O O P R I .

H L Y F A M I L Y A C O N I D Z E .

CERYLE A LCYO N .

l N . S s . . A e o al on N t N at 17 6 6 18 0 . c d cy , LI y I , , W O rn 1 . A m . . 11 18 12 5 9 . ILS , , S B N . n. 1828 . 48 . O AP y , p

S . R . W N . B. 18 3 1 339 . ICH AI S F A, II , , 1 18 4 a nual 32 59 . NUTTALL , M , , ,

A U D O rn . B o . 18 32 394 548 . . i g I , , ; V ,

a nual 11 18 34 609 . NUTTALL , M , , ,

A U D . S n . 183 9 . 17 3 . y , p

42 205 l. l B r s o f A m . 18 . i d IV , , , p cc v

L E M E E YE e s de la s la de u a 18 50 . 13 1 . , Av I C b , , p s i l I a u ovi G . iana M N S s t. N at. 17 88 452 p d d c , ELI , y I , , A l ce o a i . 5 . naca t S c i N at. 18 16 4 5 D M N D t . d j g , U O T, ic I , , A l e o a VI E I L . o . 18 17 406 n cu L N uv. D t . c d g , ic XIX , ,

er l l 8 . 10 . e a o B . . o s 38 n N G e o and C m . t 1 C y cy , O AP g p Li , , p

f 18 54 . 354 . S n. B s ll . r s o N . . r ust B CASSI , y N A i d (I i d , p

The l h r O k ees - k ae- mannaeshew ree n ans . M ar tin P es a or B e ted K ingﬁs e . (C I di ) c d

T HI s e e is e s e in the re e n sea n ou o n ea the sp ci s wid ly di tribut d , b di g so thr gh ut rly o e o t me an n n n the nter mon s it o n in sev wh l N r h A ric co ti ent . Duri g wi th is f u d e a of the m ore t e n a A S s oon as the ice has m e e om no t e n r l sou h r St te s . lt d fr r h r ' n s a d s a n R n e ms it is diﬂused e near the ent e Un on . o to po d tr , ov r ly ir i Acc rdi g ich ardson it re ents all the a r f o nt e to the s t - s e en t , f qu l rge rive s O the Fur c u ri s up ix y v h

a a e . o n en m et t it a on the sso and o m a e s and p r ll l T w s d wi h l g Mi uri C lu bi riv r , Audu b on o n —i i did n o t h t n all h L . Ha s t e tate m e as to a a o . ow f u d S s fro T x br d r Mr rri , e e me e t t it on the Ye o s t ne n or a ta n tans in his e e t on v r, wi h ll w o , did C p i S bury xp di i to the reat a t La e an U a few an ema n d a . a e t G S l k t h I t is prob bl h t but , if y, r i to

ee in the e tre m e o t e n tate a t o t e ma be met t t e e te br d x s u h r S s , l h ugh h y y wi h h r qui a n an m e em bu d tly fro S pt ber to April . I t is not a so a s the n t of n on in o ta a s . re en ci l bird , livi g ly s li ry p ir It f qu t vici i y

nn n ate and nest in es in the an s e it e a a es t ru i g w r , s hol b k of riv rs , which xc v t wi h m t and a o a n ea a ate uch oil l b r . T he place select ed for this purpo se is u su lly r w r al o r a and the s t eam has e m a e a a a e for a m is te com f l r pid , if r be n d v il bl ill , it qui m on to ﬁnd t em ne t n n a th da e s a e e t the o e a h s i g e r e m . Th y u u lly s l c for h l dry a e st eno a t. o ten pl c , ju ugh b ove the wate r to be out of the reach of a freshe It is f t o 1 ar ra e to the e t of se e a eet and not a wa nea ater . dug hr ugh h d g v l d p h v r l f , is l ys r w

1 ’ O ne of the mos t re mark able i ns tanc e s of the Kingﬁs he r s ne s ti ng at a di s tanc e fro m wate r was oh s e r e a t the W te ounta ns in the s n o f 55 B the s e of the arr a e a t t e n art all v d hi M i p ri g 18 . y id c i g p h h p i y ’ ons tru te on ount W as n ton I o n a Kin ﬁshe r s ole nearl a m le stant rom the Peabo c c d M hi g , f u d g h , y i di f dy R e r or an ot e iv , y h r stre am of wate r.

1 12 N O R T H A M E R I C AN O O L O G Y . P A R T I .

’ e me e e a e not e en a a m e the m e co to pr su , how v r , th t th y do ss ti lly v ry fro thos of or m m on Kingﬁ sher of the Northe rn States. It has been foun d throughout that p ortion

a t a e on the Rio an e and in n ea all a . of e and t n of Tex s h t li s Gr d , rly p rts M xico por io s has n een e n . has of N ew Mexico It lo g b w ll k own as a bird of South America. It not een a e e a n to the a a a e a b tr c d with c rt i ty P ciﬁc co st, but it is prob bl th t it will a e n a o n a be found to be bird of South r C lif r i . A D D E N D A .

’ In ewman “ o o FO R N I A N U S . X S A L I . 4 T H R T C . 633 C A A E N s Z ol gist (Vol III , p , 1 855) o ccurs the following in reference to the eggs and nesting of the Californ ia

M r . . . a o I t is ont te A n e e . a e en it t Vulture . c ribu d by S T yl r, of Mo t r y I h v giv wi h the vie w of putting on re co rd all the s tatem ents and de scription s m ade public in this nne n t not t n the a o nt ere en be on m e in all co ctio , hough I do hi k cc u h giv will c ﬁr d ’

e s e m o e and er a n test mon . . a n o m a n is as m a be r p cts by r full c t i i y Mr T ylor s i f r tio , y een er e m the e o of t e s and t e e e no t s o re a e as s , d iv d fro r p rts o h r , is h r for li bl it would n be if given from his own observatio s . T he e of the t re e n es oa and ﬁve n a one t on e gg bird is h i ch br d lo g, bout hird l g r ’ I ts o a r a e e s ott i t an a oose s e . e n and t n ea as h g gg c lor is di ty p l blu , p d brow , is rly ’ h m er n m t as an tr s e . T e a e n me t a the ema e a on hick os ich gg s p so i for s , h t f l l ys ly one e dui'in the seas n and m a e her ne on the n in the a ne the gg g o , k s st grou d r vi s of

n a nea the oots h red- nd n is m unta n and e e t e a e t ee . o i s , g r lly r r of wood pi r s It n can th re e m onths before the you g birds ﬂy .

I . H f I CHIS M O R L S . a an e M a HYP O T R O R . e ss has FE A Mr N th i l Bishop , of M d ord , ,

n s e me srnce the e ed n a e e e in t e t the o o n a ona fur i h d , pr c i g p g s w r yp , wi h f ll wi g dditi l

a t re at e the r the Ha o n him on the am as and a e f c s l iv to histo y of wk f u d by P p , c ll d h “ on by the inh abitants t e A lc . n m e es an t a ss the on t nen of m e a o n the Duri g y p d tri our cro c i t South A ric , I f u d ’ ‘ n to b e a ommon re en t the am a W e e m a b e seen s tan n for Alco c sid of P p s , h r it y di g h o in the a in in the air in sea of oo . U on t e a e a or h urs gr ss , or circl g rch f d p Tr v si , ese of San L es e t een the am as and the n es e the B D rt uis , which li b w P p A d , lik urrow in O wl is n o as na met t e e t n a u the a m in the n t g , it o ly cc io lly wi h , xc p i g bo t f r s vici i y n the n ter a on he as e a h m o n a n . t e n se the n s of t e u t i s Duri g wi , which l g t r b of A de is

‘ ’ e m the on s re to the ea - ﬁelds and a m - a sea n in the v ry ild , Alc sort wh t f r y rds , rchi g

ﬁrst- ment one a t e for m e and n e s and in the e on for the e e the i d loc li i s ic i s ct , s c d r fus of

a e e n oo e as e as ra w m ea . do n ot re e ee n em re t bl , d vouri g c k d w ll t I coll ct s i g th p y

on m a e a n the atte not ea t em as is n o n omm on t n up s ll birds ; c rt i ly l r do f r h , it u c hi g ’ m r an n h to see n and s a n the sam e s . t S an t e Alco s ll bi ds upo bu h Abou Ju , duri g

a and nte m on t t ese Ha s re n s n at n to the sam e ne t n f ll wi r hs , h wk tur i gly ight s i g

a e n in e fe a m n . a e een as m an as e e o e e pl c , livi g p r ct h r o y I h v s y forty coll ct d t g th r, 1 5 1 1 14 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y . P A R T

n a te n t on a t n - re e e tw o ar s an a o a s S tur ight f r igh , up hor t , whil y d dist t ﬂ ck of l rk ( n i h an m r a nella milita ris ) roo sted with unc on cer . This s t e tam es t of y S outh A e ic n H a and as o t n the s et m an s its n e near the ts of the wk , , if c ur i g oci y of , it build st hu

' ’ n at e . T he G aucho s sa at the n n e e re s n en s but e iv s y th Alco . v r p y upo chick ; whil O ne of s t n a a me ne a San an nes se a a t s o n the on a . vi i i g f r r r Ju , I wit d f c h wi g c tr ry th e se Hawks de s cende d into the yard and carried off a chick that could not have

een I n m and O e e e ne ts e t an two m n . e te e b l ss h o ths old S p b r ctob r th y build th ir s ,

n om o re he mens s n w as and lay two eggs . T he e st fr which I pr cu d t spe ci I e d you of m a st s on the o f a t at o e n a an a a e in the built s ll ick , up top bush h v rhu g c l of w t r,

m A t rst too bu one w o e n o t mme ate n t of a . t e i di vici i y ill ﬁ I k gg, hich r bb ry did

' seem to o e the old r s as t e on t n e t o sit n the em a n n one . tr ubl bi d , h y c i u d upo r i i g

e en s ts to the t n ot a a m t em ne t e t a s a e on the Fr qu t vi i spo did l r h , i h r did r p pl c d up n es t e t em om it and a te the e on e had een re m e t e em a n e driv h fr f r s c d gg b ov d , h y r i d about the place as b efore .

h n a r n a e ee n irr B T O S W A I N S O N I . n e t e e e es ere e U E Si c pr c di g p g w p i t d , I h v b

Heerm ann t at w as in erro in the statemen t t at the e of t formed by Dr . h I r h gg his

m a ro . H eer nn te ess s pe cies w a s procu red by him in California. Dr wri s to P f or

a r in re a to it : ro e it on the e astern s o e of the Ro o nta ns B i d g rd I p cur d l p cky M u i ,

- VVater oes t o the o t a n n m on the e et ss m e t o e re ont . Sw , which g hr ugh S u h P i d by F

e e e n n o ar e t ees e r n t at s tre am t s Ha had o en a o o Th r b i g l g r bord i g h , hi wk ch s g d

o on t i n tern a it was m a e of a e siz ed willow in which t c s ruct ts es t. Ex lly d up l rg

- s and n e w t the nne a of o tton o o and som e t ts of f a o a . twig , li d i h i r b rk c w d uf bu f l h ir

T he o n had e t the n es t s ome t me e ore and o n a s n e e w w as y u g l f i b f , I f u d i gl gg, hich

ld an n n r am d are l ese e . T he o s d a o e e e t the s e a st c fu ly pr rv d bird you g w sho y, ill n n r t fre quen tin g the vici ity in which incub ation had t aken place . I do ot e collec " e ver h aving seen this sp e cie s in California .

S n e the o on e a es to the a - a e N A U CL E R U S P U R C A T U . Si c p rti which r l t Sw llow t il d ’ a n t r m a r E f m Ha has een r nte a e e e et e e s . o o wk b p i d , I h v l r d , by l r f o M xcy G gg , q C lu bia S orith a o na s om e a t ona a ts in e a to the eo a a s r t on , C r li , ddi i l f c r g rd g gr phic l di t ibu i

a or n He n o m s m e t at it is a ra e n of t s Ha a e t . i hi wk , which pp r w h givi g i f r h r bird the n t of o m a b ut t n s t at it m a be o n e e n s onre ten or vici i y C lu bi , hi k h y f u d br di g

t e nt m e s e o t a a e on the on are e . H e a so s tate s t at at the conﬂu w y il b l w h t pl c , C g l , h e n e of the O cm ul ee and O onee er in e r a t ese r are e n mero s c g c riv s , G o gi , h bi ds v ry u u m a r m ent n at on e in the end of saw in the s r n . He a s : e e t p i g dd I y h io , h I c July m an of t ese Ha s sa n a o t n ea the to of the a sam n a n one y h wk ili g b u r p B l Mou t i , of ° ’ the lofties t and wildest m ountain s in No rth Carolina ( about latitude 35 1 5 N ° ’ w as to a m n a n a a rea nter and lon gitude 8 2 5 0 W " ) I ld by ou t i eer, who w s g t hu n at t e are se en in t at n T he r m stan e er o se a t t t e er s m m er . v y b rv , h h y h vici i y v y u ci cu c a ttra te m atten t n e a se had ne er seen the wa ow - ta e H a in an c d y io , b c u I v S ll il d wk y o t er a t the m o n ta ns rom o t a o na to r n a a t o had ram h p r of u i , f S u h C r li Vi gi i , l h ugh I n ble d a good deal through th at re gio .

A 1 1 6 N O R T H A M E R I C N O O L O G Y . P A R T I .

h a an s an a t o s s e s a and t e . O f t e t e ppo ite hor s of A i , J p I l ds its h bits li l is posi iv ly n wn and the n t e s b a as the R ss an na a s are the n e a e ones k o , o ic y P ll , u i tur li t , o ly r li bl h e a o e e n e n e t at a e een s e . T he a n t e o e h h v b publi h d ccou t of ggs qu t d b v is quit i d ﬁ it ,

. m os t a are not and ro a n ot e a t e . T he e an the p b bly x c ly corr ct ggs of Sw s , for p rt , m e and of a m e e a a e an t the Ra a fa . whit , or lliptic l sh p th hose of ptori l ily — in the HA L IJET U S L E U C O CE P HA LU S . I n a e en a e ass n s e r c t p p r by Mr. C i , publi h d " Un te ate a a ne N ew Yo e ea n the o e n am on i d St s M g zi , rk , whil sp ki g of d ubts xisti g g n a a as to the ea the W a n n Ha liwtus washin tonii he tur lists r lity of Bird of shi gto ( g ) , “ m en n a in o n on t e e are e e of W e - ea e a e n a t tio s th t , his pi i , h r two sp ci s hit h d d E gl s i h bi

a e on he t an s a- a e a ea to be n s ant f e ent in ing the St t s t A l tic e bo rd . Th y pp r co t ly di f r s e and we are not n t a one the o e n and the t e a iz , without suspicio h t is N rth r o h r

o t e n . The a e has the m s o te and e m as re re en e S u h r bird l rg r bill uch h r r, v ry uch p s t d ’ h a s in . on s ate t e W as n ton a e and in is in all e e Mr Audub pl of hi g E gl ; , f ct , r sp ct t a e e at has not the a e s a e in ont of the a s nt n e h t bird , xc pt th it l rg c l s fr t r us co i u d

t o t nte on the oe as e esente in the ate to we a e . wi h u i rrupti to t s , r pr d pl which llud ’ hon c r s nte in . as s e tu es o e to be e o n e the e e e e If Mr C iu s j should pr v w ll f u d d, gg r pr d n Hee the a e m a e to the m e am nfo m e . pl t y b lo g or southern spe cies . I i r d by Dr r m ann t a it w as ta ne in a an and no t in a o n a as state a e h t ob i d M ryl d , C lif r i , , d (p g mar n h s a is e o t e e e 1 85 6 . It k d h ll, F bru ry ,

HA L I Z ET U S G R tE N LA N D I CU S . I n the re e n a e the Halifetus a lbicilla p c di g p g s , , or

S ea- a e of o e en as a of reen an and e e re en e a E gl Eur p , is giv bird G l d , th r fo titl d to n m n s m place amo g North A erica p ecies . Its claims to be so regarded would see to be m e a em a a nasm as a a e is n o a e . n e so wh t probl tic l , i uch it w st t d by Mr C ssi th t th r

a ea- a e in een an n ot n a I t a is S E gl Gr l d ide tic l with the European variety . is lso

n rom the W e - ea e a e r ore st se re sem es . e e di i ct f hit h d d E gl , which it clo ly bl It th f

m a n be a e a ne et e the a lbic lla n a a in the t re i s to sc rt i d wh h r II . i is e titled to pl ce Nor h

n a na the een an h s o e en me a e e H. rce nlandicus t e A ric F u , or wh th r Gr l d bird , g , is l oc p ant of that re gion . C A T A L O G U E

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tlant S tat s 2 1 B s o n e 3 1 3 8 1 . at a e l H. 14 15 9 6 1 6 7 6 1 13 . A ic , , , , , i h p , N h i , , , , t l B t e orou a ss z a a 8 . 97 . 7 6 7 7 7 A b gh , M , i c ch , , ,

J Bla k - a u u n o n c Haw 1 . o . 3 4 6 9 16 18 19 27 7 A d b , J h , , , , , , , , , c p k , 28 29 3 1 3 4 39 Bla E a le 40 4 1 43 44 45 46 50 45 . , , , , , , , , , , , , ck g , H w 5 1 52 59 6 0 6 4 6 5 66 7 0 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 Bla k a k 32 34 . , , , , , , , , , , , , c , ,

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u u on A nn. . Bla k Y . e um 100 ulture 3 4 5 . A d b , N Lyc , . c V , , , ’ - u ubon s B r s of me r a 1 4 6 8 1 1 12 16 Bla w n e Ha wk 40 . A d i d A ic , , , , , , , , ck i g d , Blan e u e na 8 8 t nt 18 29 37 5 9 . d , Li , , , , ,

- 42 45 48 5 3 58 6 0 62 4 67 8 2 Blue ba k e al on 8 . , , , , , , , 6 , , 6 , 7 1 , 7 , c d F c ,

7 3 7 4 7 5 7 9 8 2 84 8 6 8 Blue B r 100 . , , , , , , , 7 , 9 1 , 9 4 , 100 i d , 2 0 B d 1 10 1 3 105 . od ae rt 9 . , , , 106 , 108 , 1 10 , ’

u ubon s rn t olo al B o ra 1 4 6 8 1 1 Bona arte me r a n rn t olo 20 40 42 7 5 9 4 . A d O i h gic i g phy , , , , , , p , A ic O i h gy , , , , , m1 1 6 7 ons . u 6 8 9 0 108 . C Avi , , , , , 38 40 4 1 42 45 48 49 5 3 5 8 60 62 6 4 G e o ra al s t 1 4 6 8 1 1 16 17 , , , , , , , , , , , g phic Li , , , , , , , , , 6 7 6 8 7 1 7 2 7 3 4 7 18 20 2 1 24 27 28 3 1 3 4 38 40 4 1 42 , , , , , 7 , 7 5 , 9 , 8 2 , 8 4, 8 6 , 87 , , , , , , , , , , , , , 45 48 5 3 6 0 62 4 6 5 7 , , , , , 6 , , 6 , 68 , 7 1 , 7 2 , 7 3 , ’ u u on s S no s s 1 4 6 8 1 1 12 16 17 18 7 4 7 5 7 9 8 0 8 2 84 8 7 9 1 94 100 102 A d b y p i , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 3 0 1 10 , 1 5 , 108 , 1 0 .

B n 4s 53 5 8 60 67 68 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 o a a rte ournal P l. a e m , , , , , , , , , , p , J hi Ac d y , 7 5 7 9 82 8 4 8 7 9 1 9 4 100 102 1 03 105 S no s s 1 4 6 8 12 1 6 17 18 20 , , , , , , , , , , , y p i , , , , , , , , , , 28 3 1 106 108 1 10 . 34 3 6 38 40 4 1 43 3 2 , , , , , , , , , , 48 , 5 , 6 , 64,

us tral a 57 . 6 5 67 68 7 2 7 4 7 9 8 0 82 8 4 87 9 1 94 A i , , , , , , , , , , , , , Be S ne 1 00 103 1 s 05 108 1 10 . A utour a e n e 18 . i , , , , ,

Bos ton 23 29 45 100 1 1 . ro al 17 . 0 y , , , , , , 0 Bos ton S o e t f r l A meiic ano 2 . o atu a H s o z or t r 32 68 69 . A , ci y N i y , , , B inii 8 ra otus c ass 6 69 . chy , ,

m D r. o n 2 Ba an 9 . ala a oe ns is 6 . ch , J h , g p g , 9

Bailairin 40 . lus tr s m e a r anus 68 . , p i (A ic ) , ’ S . 1 1 7 - s s o F 9 7 0 1 1 . Ba r Pro e r . 4 Bras d O r a ra or 1 1 36 . i d , f , , , , , L b d , ,

le 48 . Bal E a Braz l 5 9 . d g , i , , 69

m ounta n 1 1 4. alsa Bre m 4 . B M i , h , 6

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Ban a r e ntal 7 6 7 7 7 8 . Br e s Mr . 15 . d O i , , , id g , ,

M 7 3 . B 0 an or e . r s s on 12 87 1 8 . B g , , i , , , ’ S wallo w 105 107 . Br t s O Olo Yarre ll s Ban 5 4 . k , , i i h gy , ,

wallow 9 1 9 3 100 10 1 . P n es 5 Barn S , , , , Briti s h rovi c , 9 .

- w Ha 3 1 . re O wl 7 2 . Broa w n e Bar d , d i g d k ,

5 . D r. He nr a re n G roun s 9 Br ant 7 0 82 8 3 9 8 . B r d , y , y , , , ,

urrue l 8 9 . Bubo a r t us 6 4 . B , c ic ,

on 7 2 9 1 . as o 6 5 . Bart , , i , ’ T ls 4 2 1 6 4 67 7 2 7 9 as s ir stris 4 ra e c r o 6 . Ba rtra m s v , , , , , , ,

f un 13 7 0 98 100 . ludovic ianus 64 . Bay o F dy , , , , ,

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Bea r ak e e r 49 . s e te ntr onal s 64 . L Riv , p i i ,

e w t a ta n 27 42 . s tr atus 6 5 . B ck i h , C p i , , i ,

- l o n G . 7 9 . s ub ar t us 64 . Be l , J h , c ic ,

1 1 0 . i inian s n s er v r u 64 . Belte d Ki gﬁ h , g ,

ue te c 87 . Buboninaa 64 . Be re q , ,

die r D r . 59 6 1 8 6 9 0 1 1 1 . Bue iros re s 39 . Be rlan , , , , , , Ay ,

a 8 80 . Buffon 1 103 . Be rmud , , , ,

- Burl n ton Vt. 29 97 . el Vt. 23 . Be th , , i g , , ,

Burrow n O wl 7 5 1 13 . w 47 . Be ick , i g , , D X I N E . 1

— Butae te s s a nct a r mul us luc ifu us 82 . o ann s 3 . i j h i , 4 C p i g g ,

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ate r nutta ll 8 6 . , 34 . ii ,

i o e tue 8 7 . ba rdii 33 . , p p ,

bore al s 2 1 22 23 2 27 . ru us 82 . i , , , , 6 , f , ir in 8 alu us v ianus 4 8 7 . c r 32 33 . , , g , , 4 8 85 . ane us 42 . o e ras cy , v cif , , l a ra E a e 5 6 58 . e le ans 29 33 . ara 5 9 g , , C c g , , ,

e rru ne us 37 . arl sle Pe nn. 107 . f gi , C i , ,

fe rru inic audus 2 1 . a rol na s re 5 3 . g , C i O p y , G a n a 58 5 9 . r is ii . rra ha r , 6 0 ch , , l a rr r w 5 . h e malis 28 . on o 4 y , C i C , , , l ure l ins i natus 33 . arr on u t . g , C i V , s s 2 6 37 40 la o us 34 . a n o n 5 1 1 17 18 2 24 32 3 g p , C i , J h , , , , , , , , , , ,

44 45 5 9 64 65 6 6 69 8 9 105 1 15 1 16 . lat s s mus 3 1 . i i , , , , , , , , , , ,

as s n o n a . P l. Pro e e n s of 26 28 l ne atus 28 29 . i , , C i , J h , Ac d hi , c di g , , ,

32 . m ontana , 26 . ’ — n G illiss s B r s 4 1 0 8 m ontanus 25 27 33 . ass n o 6 4 5 60 . , , C i , J h , i d , , , , ,

ote s on al on ae e nns l an us 3 1 . 26 . p y v ic , N F c id , 4 25 2 27 33 S no s s 1 4 6 8 1 1 14 1 20 a insoni .22 2 6 6 s w , , , , , , , y p i , , , , , , , , ,

ul ar s 24 26 27 . 2 1 28 3 1 33 34 3 6 37 38 40 4 1 v g i , , , , , , , , , , , , , 42 45 47 48 5 3 58 60 62 64 65 6 Bute oninae, 2 1 . , , , , , , , , , , 6 , 67 , 68 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 7 Buz z ar me r an 2 1 . , 9 8 0 82 84 8 6 90 d , A ic , , , , , , , , , , , , 9 1 94 100 103 105 106 108 1 1 1 1 10 . Brown , 3 3 . , , , , , , , , ’ as s u s S ort- e are O wl 68 ana a 33 . . C d , C i h d ,

- C a t B r 52 . omm on 24 26 . C , , i d , ’ at ar e s a r 2 3 4 5 t t atus 7 . Harr s s 60 . , i , C h , , , ,

aura 1 2 3 6 7 . o rt e rn 24. N h , , , , , ,

- bras l e ns s 5 7 . e d ta le 21 . R i d , i i i , , i c al fornianus 6 1 13 . Re d- w n e 60 . i g d , , , ta 2 4 - o 3 7 . ou le e 34 . , , , R gh gg d , j , ’ se te ntr onal s 1 . a nson s 24 27 . S w i , , p i i ,

- C at O wl ttle 6 5 . W 24 26 . e s te rn, , , Li ,

- e ntral me r a 2 3 5 3 1 40 4 1 48 W e ste rn Rou le e 37 . 53 59 6 1 gh gg d , C A ic , , , , , , , , , , 7 8 0 - 9 9 . W e roate 26 . , hit th d ,

e ntral S tate s 108 . C ,

0 . ot E l ot 7 C e rc hne is s arve rius 16 . Cab , i , p ,

S muel Jr. 3 5 . ni l ora o ot D r . a Ce r c a o 18 Cab , , , , M d ,

as R e r 7 9 . e r le al on 1 10 . Calave r iv , C y cy ,

orn a 2 5 8 9 13 14 16 17 19 20 25 27 a me r ana 1 1 1 . Calif i , , , , , , , , , , , , , ic ,

28 2 33 37 38 39 40 4 1 42 45 49 50 aetura e las ia 108 . , 3 , , , , , , , , , , , Ch p g , 62 6 6 67 9 4 7 5 5 3 5 4 5 9 6 7 7 6 7 9 8 7 arle s ton S . C . 3 5 28 8 , , , , , , , , , , , Q Ch , , , , , 2.

8 9 9 7 10 1 104 107 109 1 14 1 15 1 16 . e l on olor 100 . , , , , , , , , Ch id bic ,

- l orn an T urk e Buz z ar 6 . a e raw S . C . 3 4 6 30 C if i y d , Ch , , , , , .

ulture 6 1 13 . e rok e e nat on 3 9 82. V , , Ch i , ,

ana a 34 64 7 3 87 8 9 92 103 . h h C h C d , , , , , , , C e ve c e hevec oide , 7 9 .

ana a Buz z ar 33 . - Ha k en w 18 28 . C d d , Chic k, ,

a e Horn, 5 9 . le 5 14 16 40 4 1 59 6 1 62 9 C p Chi , , , , , , , , , 6 , 7 6 .

a r mul ae 82 109 . mne S wallow 9 1 1 08 10 . C p i gid , , Chi y , , , 9 me r anus 8 mul us a 7 . a r mne S w t 108 10 . C p i g ic , Chi y if , , 9

brach te rus 8 2 . les bras ilianus 0 or e 9 . yp , Ch d i , arol s nen s 82 . sa t 9 0. c i i , pi i , c lamator 8 4 te e ns s 8 6 9 0 . , x i , , 1 22 N O R T H A M E R I C A N O O L O G Y . P A R T I .

or e le s vir i i 8 7 mark 48 5 n anus . Den 7 . Ch d i g , , , S o ue tte ne bule use 7 2 . D e a ra 14 16 42 . Ch , — g , , , - - u k w lls w o w 8 2 8 5 . f S s 1 3 D e s e rt o an u 1 . Ch c i id , L i ,

ur ll 5 3 . D e VVied 1 Ch chi , , .

ne re o us E a le 47 . D on D r. o e rt 44 1 15 . Ci g , ix , R b , , ’ ne re ous wl O 7 1 . D O rbi n 14 15 . Ci , g y , ,

ne re u S - o s ea E a le 47 . Do u las Da 2 4 7 . Ci g , g , vid , , ,

r us a ne us 42 . - , D u Haw 8 . Ci c cy ck k , h ds o i s u n c u 42 1 15 . , , D umont, 1 10 .

lar . H. 8 6 9 0 . , , M . C k J , Dunn, r , 48 . le e la n o 18 . C v d , Ohi , l ff S wallo w 9 3 9 4 97 98 102 108 . E a le Bal 48 . C i , , , , , , g , d , l nt D e W 5 on tt 9 4 98 . Bla k 4 . C i , i , , c , l o ora o e r 3 4 1 8 2 8 5 02 ar a ra 58 5 . 9 49 97 1 . a 9 C d Riv , , , , , , , C c , , l m o u a Pe nn . 9 . ne re ous 47 . C bi , , Ci ,

lum a S . . o C 1 14 . l 5 4 4 G o e n 4 6 7 . C bi , , d , , ,

olum a e r 3 4 7 17 42 7 5 7 9 10 1 1 02 1 10 . e an 5 8 . C bi Riv , , , , , , , , , , M xic ,

mm on B - a l 5 o 24 2 n t 4 . uz z ar 6 . C d , , Ri g i ,

on o r ass 19 20 43 . o al 45 . C c d , M , , , R y ,

W 1 . on o r 7 . as in ton 16 C d , h g ,

IVhite - e a e 48 49 50 1 16 on are e e r 1 14 . . C g Riv , h d d , , , ,

W - o nte nt a ma a 22 . te ta le 47 . C , J ic , hi i d ,

o ok ount lll. 2 68 . E ast Te nne s s e e 9 . C C y , , , ,

S w llow 4 6 . e . G . 17 1 2 E a e a 9 9 oo r D r . 9 0 27 49 67 6 9 7 9 8 6 C p , J , , , , , , , , , v , , ’ W ll a m . 54 . oo e r s Hawk 20 . E war s H C p , d d , i i ,

ot le r ar a 105 . E s de s r t ons o f 3 4 5 6 1 0 1 5 16 19 20 C y ip i , gg , c ip i , , , , , , , , , ,

s e rri c nnis 105 106 . 2 3 24 25 28 29 32 33 34 35 3 8 1 42 p , , , , , , , , , , , , 4 , , 5 6 5 9 6 0 6 1 6 3 5 7 ou e ute na nt 42 6 1 64 6 6 . 46 52 5 5 6 2 7 6 7 9 C ch , Li , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

o e ntr Vt. 9 6 . 8 0 8 3 8 5 8 7 8 8 9 3 100 10 1 104 C v y , , , , , , , , , , ,

k nat on re e 39 82 . C i , ,

ross ll o mmon 52 . E lano e s e ta a 39 . C bi , C , id y p ,

u a 2 8 13 22 28 3 1 42 4 E la nus s a r 40 . C b , , , , , , , , 9 , di p ,

53 59 2 82 9 2 10 1 10 06 furc a tus 38 . , , 6 , 69 , , 8 9 , , , 4, 1 . ,

um e rlan o us e uc urus 40 H e 49 9 5 97 . l . C b d , , , ,

m la u d a e nne 1 . e r n e r 82 . llon e 6 C b d Riv , E me ri C y ,

1 . D . 20 . S m n ue 6 urt s . de t. D o C i , A , i g ,

urt s Re v. . A . S e a 20 . holiba 6 6 . C i , M , , E phi alte s c ,

Jr. 20 . urt s . A . h 47 . C i , M , , E rne , t e ,

u e r 38 6 4 7 2 103 . E s s e nst tute 23 . C vi , , , , x I i ,

C s e linae 108 . E uro e 1 1 19 39 45 47 48 7 1 7 2 8 1 106 . yp , p , , , , , , , , , ,

1 . - s e lus e las ius 08 S e a E a le 47 . Cyp p g , E uro p e an g ,

a utus 108 . lor n E e t on U . S . n e nnes 42 8 6 . c , E xp i g xp di i , Vi c , ,

m 17 . D ae al on tu us 1 1 . d i p ic , Fabrici ,

Da l o us e ounte s s o f 7 3 . s alon 12 1 3 . h i , C , Falco ae , ,

44 5 0 . . D a ma r s otta Me . illa 47 i c , , , albic ,

D an e rs as s 23 24 . m 8 10 . v , M , , anatu , ,

o a f Be a le 2 5 D arw n D r. , e o , , 3 , , 14 , 15 16 a uilinus 2 1 . i , V y g g , , , q ,

5 9 7 6 . a trica illus 17 . , p ,

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K a 1 8 12 16 28 3 1 38 53 62 6 4 6 5 D e oide s 28 . y , , , , , , , , , , , , bute ,

0 87 9 1 94 100 103 105 108 . 7 1 7 2 7 4 8 na e ns s 45 . , , , , , , , , , , c a d i ,

N O H C 1 24 R T A M E R I A N O O L O G Y . P A R T I .

40 42 49 50 5 3 6 2 6 4 6 6 67 6 9 7 4 7 5 Hal e m a n Pro e s s or 9 . , , , , , , , , , , , d , f ,

7 Hal - 6 97 10 1 . moon ak e 4 9 . , , f L ,

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G Ha lau m l a S . 5 . u noma 7 9 . . 6 cidi g , if x , N , H inf s a all D r. 6 8 u c tum , 7 9 . , , 6 , 5 , 8 9 . G me l . Har a d n S st. N at s bi e n a 4 1 1 16 18 2 1 28 34 36 t tus 14 . i , y , , , , , , , , , p gu , ’ Ha r 42 45 48 5 3 6 4 6 5 67 7 1 2 4 8 0 82~ e r s e rr 9 . , , , , , , , , 7 , 7 , , 3 p F y , 9 0 105 Harr s E wa r 6 0 103 105 1 , i , d d , , , , 10 . ’ G o l e E a le 45 H n 46 49 . a rr s s B r 0 uz z a 6 . d g , , , i d , G olon- r n if H a B urc ata 9 1 . a w me r a n Brown 1 8 . d i , k , A ic ,

Ribarie a 0 h- 1 5 . A s olore 17 g , c d , .

e r osa 100 . Bla k 32 . V d , c ,

G os aw 17 . Bla - c a 17 . h k , ck p ,

m r a Broa - e n 17 . w n e 3 1 . A ic , d i g d , G os se 1 3 8 14 19 20 2 1 2 e n 18 2 29 3 1 3 40 28 . , , , , , , , , , , , 9 , , Chick , , 63 8 8 ’ 53 7 9 9 4 10 1 . oo e r s 20 . , , , , , C p , G l ’ B ou s r s of us tral a 8 5 7 D u 8 . d i d A i , , . ck , B r s of E uro 3 G re at E a l e 6 38 47 7 1 7 2 . e 2 1 . i d p , , , , , g ,

- G rak le P ur le 5 5 . G reat oote 8 . , p , f d , G ran enan 13 1 0 He n 20 1 0 . 2 2 d M , , , , , 8 .

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G re at me r a n Pur le S w t 10 ars 42 1 15 . 3 . A ic p if , M h , ,

B a . P e on 12 e ar e 1 14 13 . L k , ig , ,

- Br ta n 8 1 . Re d s oul e re 28 . i i , h d d ,

rol na G oa - S u k e r Re d- ta le 2 1 2 a t 2 . 6 . C i c , 8 i d , ,

- ne re ous O wl 7 1 . S a r s nne 13 14 1 Ci , h p hi d , , , 8 .

l Ha wk 4 1 S la te - olore 1 E a e . 8 g , c d ,

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S - Horne O wl 6 4 . wallo w ta le 38 1 14 . d , i d , ,

W - P ne o res t 18 7 0 . e s te rn Re d ta le 2 6 . i F , , i d ,

W - al a e 25 1 10 . t S t e bre aste 2 1 . L k , , hi d ,

- W S re e O wl 6 4. nte r 28 . c ch , i , Haw O S la e a e 7 3 . wl 8 0 8 1 . v L k , k , ,

Ha t 2 . W te O wl 7 9 . hi , y i , H l wallo w 00 e arne Mr. 5 G re e n and B ue S , 1 . , , 3 .

G re enlan 10 12 47 48 6 5 68 6 9 7 1 He r es 48 . d , , , , , , , , b id ,

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G re e nla n al on 1 1 . 37 38 39 40 45 52 5 3 6 1 62 d F c , , , , , , , , , , 66 , 67 ,

G re a 1 14 . 7 6 7 9 8 9 97 10 1 107 1 14 1 15 1 1 . gg, M xcy , , , , , , , , , 6 o 2 8 H f e 3 48 4 8 . e n rs on G ul o 9 9 e K 19 9 6 . f M xic , , , , , d , y , ,

1 . S t . awre n e 9 He nr l of D r. G u . arl on 2 T t 3 42 45 . f L c , y , Ch , , , ’ G un la D r. 3 8 14 16 19 20 22 29 3 1 39 He wits on s Br t s O Olo 12 4 54 6 . d ch , , , , , , , , , , i i h gy , , , 5 1 1 0 4 H 40 42 3 69 89 94 0 1 106 . ou as o 6 5 , , , , , , , , ib i , .

me r a n 1 1 . H e ro al o isla ndi us 1 1 1 G r al o n c 2 . y f c , A ic , i f c , ,

s a e r 1 1 . c ,

f S otlan 5 H lan s O 7 . Ha a r al on 8 . gg d F c , igh d c d , I N D E X . 1 25

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H r a me s e r 82 . un n ae 9 1 . i di id , J Riv ,

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r le a 1 oe u 03 . c ,

c ano ha 1 ansas 7 5 87 . rr 9 . y py , K , ,

hro as e nne e e r 44. e r t te r 9 1 . b y g , K c Riv ,

l a . nn D 7 u 9 4 e e r. 3 . f v , K dy , ,

horre orum 1 . e nn o tt Ro r 2 6 9 be t 8 . , K ic , , ,

le uc o a s e 8 t r 100 . e ntu 43 7 4 0 . g , K cky , , , lu M E . . 3 . o a na 103 . e rn 7 d vici , K , , lu nifrons n a ta n 16 . 92 94 102 . , , , Ki g, C p i ,

4 . e 9 n s e r Belte 1 10 1 1 1 . Op if x , Ki gﬁ h , d , ,

elas ia 108 . Te a n G re e n 1 1 1 . p g , x ,

ur ure a 103 . te s s s s 4 1 . p p , Ki , Mi i ippi ,

s blic ana Kollo k r. re u 94. c D C . 3 6 2 . p , , , , , 39; 8 K f ld r ar a 105 . re utz e t Mr . 27 ip i , , , .

ru a 9 1 102 . r e r o n 1 9 20 25 32 3 5 f , , K id , J h , , , , ,

ca K umlie n 39 . rus t 9 1 . i , ,

s erri e nnis 106 . p ,

halass ina 0 abra or 10 1 1 13 3 4 36 37 5 3 108 1 10 . t , 1 2 . L d , , , , , , , , , d L a o ue tte u a na a 7 2 . e rs olor 103 . v ic , Ch C d ,

a os to mus tric hodac t lus 7 7 . ola ea 103 . vi c , L g y , Y 1 a e . . 1 5 . r s 100 . , vi idi , L k , N

a e Ba k al 48 . Hol e n E . S 6 6 . , d , . , L k i m l n Hol a a 9 6 . lan 8 0 . , d , Ch p i

' n 8 5 . B o llboll Pro es s or Huro , , f ,

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104 105 106 1 10 . e lan 1 1 12 48 7 1 8 0 . Ic d , , , , , , , ,

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L e P ar ue a Tete Blan e 48 . lum ea 4 1 . p b , yg g ch ,

17 67 8 0 . ll no s 2 5 . e sson I i i , , L , , ,

n an Te rr tor 4 1 6 6 7 2 8 2 87 e w s and la r e 3 4 . I di i y , , , , , , L i C k , ,

te nste n 37 . 104 109 . , Lich i , 6 38 42 45 47 64 65 7 9 8 0 nsessore s 8 2 . nnaeus 1 12 1 I , Li , , , , , , , , , , , ,

1 0 . s lu o ana 1 10 . 103 105 108 1 I pida d vici , , , , H C O O L Y 1 26 G . N O R T A M E R I A N O P A R T I .

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