639 ) 1 0 O. − R of 22,23 ˘ gde, Turkey c is an important (Boisduval & Lacor- temperature-dependent and 20 Hsin Chi, a,b treatments than it was in the Large numbers of spider mites a,b 1 , and the empty corpses remain. ) and also at twice the maximum − ), and net reproduction rate ( 1 r − 17–19 Oligota flavicornis Oligota flavicornis ˘ gde Ömer Halisdemir University, Ni predation rate, flavicornis 18 . O mass rearing, and augmented release were significantly lengthened, while the adult 21 Hou-Jun Tian Yi-Xin Chen, † a,b a,b Tao Lin, Yong You and Zhaohua Zeng have contributed equally to thisInstitute study. of Plant Protection, FujianChina Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Key Laboratory forPests, Fuzhou, Monitoring China and Integrated Management ofDepartment Crop of PlantSciences Production and Technologies, Ni and Technologies, Faculty of Agricultural Correspondence to: H Wei,Agriculture Sciences, Institute Fuzhou, China. of E-mail: [email protected] Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of The arboreal rove beetle, ∗ c a † b ), intrinsic rate of increase ( strategies to reduce the side effects ofthe acaricides, efficiency while of improving natural enemies. daire) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), feeds onchid all mites, stages of and tetrany- orchards is in southeast a China. dominant natural enemy insect in citrus Seasonal fluctuation, are sucked out by development, O. flavicornis 𝝀 and and spirodiclofen to control the spider mite, while avoiding the side 15,16 Yong Chen, It has been Tetranychus 6 3,4 (Coleoptera: Staphyllinidae) a,b ) was longer after both the 60 and 120 mg a.i. L T treatments; the two higher concentrations were detrimental to the development Aculus schlechten- O. flavicornis Therefore, the con- 1 Zhao-Hua Zeng, − 14 † ; development; reproduction; life table and ), the preadult stages of 1 a,b − Raoiella indica, 5 . At the maximum recommended concentration (60 mg a.i. L Spirodiclofen, a tetronic acid P. ulmi alter the balance between nat- 2 interfere with their physiology, 14 7–9 , 6,12,13 treatments. Life expectancy and reproductive value were higher in the control and 30 mg a.i. L 1 Oligota flavicornis Jian-Wei Zhao, − O. flavicornis Yong You, : 639–647 www.soci.org © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry a,b Panonychus citri, 75 † . 2019; a,b a,b* Tarsonemus pallidus spirodiclofen; Dozens of acaricides have been used in pest manage- However, the use of pesticides can hamper the effec-

1 and 10,11

. O. flavicornis aspect for the management of spider mites. RESULTS: We usedpopulation the growth of age-stage, two-sex life table to assess the effects of spirodiclofen on the life history traits and tiveness of natural enemies, Pest Manag Sci 1 INTRODUCTION Spider mites, belonging tomost Tetranychidae, important are phytophagous undoubtedly mites worldwide, the 1200 and species more than are knownspecies. to be pests, damaging over 300 plant treatment than in the 60 and 120 mg a.i. L

Abstract BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the compatibility between spirodiclofen and the predator table theory based on the age-stage two-sex life Tao Lin, Jin-Mei Xia, Oligota flavicornis population growth of a spider mite predator (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI 10.1002/ps.5158 Effects of spirodiclofen on life history traits and Research Article Received: 17 May 2018 Revised: 18 July 2018 Accepted article published: 31 July 2018 Published online in Wiley Online Library: 15 September 2018 longevity and fecundity decreased significantly. The finite rate ( used for controlling ment; currently, among allused acaricides, acaricide spirodiclofen all is over the the most world. dali recommended dosage (120 mg a.i. L ural enemies and their prey, lead to ecological backlashes, behavior, and population growth, derivative with acaricidal action,tophagous is mite effective species against andincluding many all eggs, and phy- has developmental a pronounced stages residual effect. of mites, disrupt the ecosystem services they provide. servation and augmentation ofmanagement natural system enemy mainly insects based in on a pesticides pest are important urticae of CONCLUSION: A proper combination of the Keywords: effect of spirodiclofen, could be achieved© based 2018 on Society the of knowledge Chemical of Industry life tables. control and 30 mg a.i. L Hui Wei decreased, while the mean generation time ( . ) ). xj s et al. eggs )were T : 639–647 75 O. flavicornis ), age-specific xj T. cinnabarinus f colony; however, 2019; To take both sexes T. cinnabarinus 37 using the computer . Four different con- eggs (laid within 24 h) 1 − ), net reproductive rate r 36,37 is the stage), age-specific j xj f stages and treated using the and Chi. xj . Because most farmers use xj s xj 1 s O. flavicornis s − 36 1 Pest Manag Sci 1 k 1 = k ∑ j k = = j ∑ j ∑ individuals were analyzed accord- O. flavicornis Age-stage specific survival rate ( = = were calculated as follows: x ), and mean generation time ( x females were gently transferred onto 38 l x to detected possible effect of higher 𝜆 m 1 m − ) for 5 s, correspondingly, and allowed to could spin a cocoon. The prepupal stage 1 T. cinnabarinus and − is age in days and x l O. flavicornis x ,( was confirmed when the cocoon was formed. j ), age-stage specific fecundity ( x l ), intrinsic rate of increase ( x T. cinnabarinus m is the number of stages. Net reproductive rate is defined O. flavicornis 7cm)withall k and stage × x O. flavicornis ),finiterateofincrease( 0 R pesticide dipping method wereSuperfluous provided individuals of daily one to sexopposite were sex paired from with the adults mass-reared ofthe the complementary individual wasanalysis. excluded The survival from and fecundity demographic of the staphylinidrecorded beetles daily were until the death of all individuals. 2.4 Life tableAll analysis raw data for the ing to the age-stage, two-sex life table and dipped in spirodiclofen solution were replacedpresence every of day. The an exuvium onsuccessful the leaf molting. disk Rice was husks usedso as were that evidence placed of under the leaf disk, Emerged adults frompaired, the and placed in same a glass concentration ovipositionin jar treatment (9 diameter) cm in were with height, 6.5 agauze cm on plastic the cover. There plastic(7 cm were cover for holes ventilation. with The nylon mulberry leaves of calculated according to Chi and Liu air-dry for 1 h. Each leaf diskon was placed abaxial a side facing wet upward filterwith paper holes for in ventilation. Fifty awere plastic randomly Petri collected dish from (3.5individually cm the on stock in a population, leaf diameter) disk. and The placed leaf disks with where doses. 2.3 Life tableA study leaf disk (3 cm60 in adults diameter) of was cutthe from mulberry disk leaves, with and aremoved from fine the disk brush. (approximately 400 eggs After of Then, 24 h, the disks these were adult dipped60, females in and were the spirodiclofen 120 mg solutions a.i. (0, L 30, into consideration, ( centrations of spirodiclofen(control), were 30, used 60, in and the 120 study, mg a.i. namely, L 0 from the commercialwith products distilled label) water; was equaling 4000 60 mg a.i. times L dilution the maximum concentration recommended byuse the 60 producer, we and 120 mg a.i. L survival rate ( described the probability that aage newly laid egg would survive to fecundity ( program TWOSEX-MSChart. as the mean number of offspring a predator can produce during O. O. N, ′ and www.soci.org T Lin 56 ∘ 16 O.flav- or other at differ- longevity ; however, the © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry 6,10,13 were established 8,24,25 However, traditional O. flavicornis for more than 4 years ) in a glasshouse and T. cinnabarinus mortality, 31,32 (240 g/L spirodiclofen sus- 26 In this study, data regarding Clean mulberry leaves were ® 21 ignore the male population and O. flavicornis fed on , it is necessary to consider its 36,37 were released into the jar. The jar et al. 33–35 and T. cinnabarinus T. cinnabarinus have also been reported. However, it is parasitism rate and emergence rate 29,30 O. flavicornis O. flavicornis O. flavicornis 27,28 5% RH, and a 16 L:8 D h photoperiod. ± T. cinnabarinus with pesticides is unknown. Limited data availability were reared on have been reported. However, the compatibility of C, 75 ∘ E). Mulberry trees were grown as the host plants for the 1 ′ , which is the primary consideration for the compatibility of ± 15 ∘ Recent studies have also shown that several predatory mites For an overall and comprehensive understanding of the effect from specimens originally collected in Fuzhou city, China (25 stage differentiation, they are incapable of providingmation correct on infor- the side-effects of spirodiclofen on natural enemies. The age-stage,consider two-sex life-history life data for table both sexes can, andtal variable however, developmen- rates among individuals; therefore, it candevelopmental properly duration, describe the survival andentiation reproduction, and stage population differ- growth. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ps 22.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS Spider mitesColonies and insect of cultures flavicornis makes it difficult to provide supportand for field natural application enemy of protection pesticides. could be highly compatible with spirodiclofen flavicornis adverse consequences that arthropod naturaltively enemies affected are by nega- sublethal spirodiclofen concentrationsent in ways, such differ- as physiological events, effects on the development, survival, andviduals reproduction of of all both indi- sexes,effect and on it the is stage alsoent differentiation, important stages because to often individuals understand respond at its differentlyeffects differ- to on pesticides. life Moreover, history the tion level, traits considering that should population growth rate be is recognizedan expressed as ecologically at more the relevant popula- endpoint. icornis natural enemy insects with pesticides. of spirodiclofen on not understood comprehensively howdevelopment, survival, fecundity, spirodiclofen and population affects growth of the 119 female age-specific life tables first placed on water-soaked sponges, and then, awere few transferred spider onto mites the leaves withan a fine infested bush. After leaf one week, piecefour was pairs of transferred adult into a glass jar (1 L), and was covered with a lidgauze with for holes, ventilation. Fresh which leaves with was spider covered mitestwice with were supplied a nylon week, andand leaves used with to staphylinidand maintain eggs experiments the were were colony. conducted collected at in Prey 25 an and environmental predator chamber breeding the life histories of ent multiple recommended concentrations ofcollected spirodiclofen and were analyzed based ontheory. the age-stage two-sex life table and reproduction, rearing of the spider mite ( flavicornis following the method of Lin life-table parameters 2.2 Chemical tested The commercial formulation Envidor pension concentrate, Bayer Crop Science,this Germany), study. was The maximum used recommended in concentration (obtained

640 641 1 1 T. − − 1 a b − a b a b b a a b a a a a a b 48 . 07 25 54 12 08 14 90 08 65 07 54 10 070 94 16 ...... )inthe 0 0 2 0 0 0 11 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 2 0 a s ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± .Valuesare reared on 17 23 15 83 70 46 09 01 17 31 85 38 22 71 74 ...... 460 . 120 mg a.i. L than at 30 mg a.i. L 0.05), yet not different 1 − n < O. flavicornis 30 1 13 18 13 51 23 5 33 1 13 2 13 107 10 28 24 2 13 23 47 2 50 0 13 35 27 2 10 43 23 15 P ., the duration from adult 0.05); however, there were using the TIMING-MSChart i.e < a b P (Table 1). a b a b b a a b a a a a a b 1 91 − 1 36,43 . 06 48 49 12 07 19 53 11 99 08 53 06 070 61 24 − Tetranychus cinnabarinus ...... wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ps 0 0 3 0 0 0 12 3 0 1 0 3 0 0 3 0 www.soci.org ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± treatments were significantly higher . The preadult survival rate ( 15 73 52 03 74 13 71 91 07 88 93 18 56 72 89 1 1 ...... fed on 580 − − . 60 mg a.i. L than the control ( and control ( 1 1 O. flavicornis − − 0.05). Thus, the age of first reproduction is < n P treated with different spirodiclofen concentrations 40 1 15 17 15 49 29 6 43 1 15 2 15 111 14 24 34 1 15 21 49 2 50 0 15 33 38 2 14 40 29 15 ., the duration from birth to the first oviposition), fecun- 44 a Oligota flavicornis i.e a a a a a a b b ab b a b a b a 1 − 04 22 14 08 05 11 70 10 07 46 06 060 13 04 15 44 ...... )of 0 0 2 0 0 0 9 3 0 1 0 0 2 0 3 9 F The standard errors of all life history traits and population param- The APOP of three spirodiclofen treatments were not signifi- ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Oligota flavicornis eters were calculated usingresampling. the The bootstrap differences in method development time, with adultadult 100,000 longevity, preoviposition period (APOP) ( emergence to the first(TPOP) ( oviposition), total preovipositiondity, period oviposition days, andments population were analyzed using parameters a paired among bootstrap test at treat- icance the level. 5% All signif- graphs were created using the Origin 9.1 software. 2.5 Population projection Survival rate and fecundityulationgrowthof data were used to project the pop- cinnabarinus are provided in Tableand 1. 3rd The instar durations larvae offour were treatments. the not The significantly egg developmental durations different andand of among the 1st preadult the instar, 2nd was pupa significantly longer at 60 and 120 mg a.i. L and control ( extended for more than 2 days in treatments with 60 and 3RESULTS 3.1 Life historyThe traits mean developmental durations of than at 30 mg a.i. L program. cantly different from that ofsignificantly the longer control; at however, the 60 and TPOP 120 were mg a.i. L than that in 60 and 120 mg a.i. L control and 30 mg a.i. L no significant differences between thetreatments. two The higher prepupal concentration durations60 were and 120 significantly mg a.i. longer L at from that at 30 mg a.i. L 09 76 15 40 68 88 07 05 95 93 52 40 30 13 65 ...... 760 . 30 mg a.i. L n ), and fecundity ( d 18 60 38 13 45 1 20 16 20 56 38 4 47 1 20 2 20 169 18 46 40 1 20 33 49 2 50 0 20 43 42 2 and stage and it was O x x to the future j b a b a a a a a a a b a b a b a 44 . 30 11 05 24 50 08 05 19 24 08 61 07 059 48 04 ) is defined as the : ...... iy xj 0 2 3 0 0 0 2 0 10 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 f 42 v ′ iy ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± s j Control 07 39 69 54 11 70 85 72 67 13 25 06 65 79 85 = k 1 ...... y 780 ∑ and stage . ) ′ iy = x 1 x s + x j i The finite rate of increase was m 0 ( x = r k r m l R y r − ∑ 39 x is the time for which an individ- e , and was calculated by assum- l 0 e ) x y ln = ∞ 1 40 x = x = ∞ ∑ i ) + ∑ = ∞ n i x = xj ∑ 𝜆 ( –fold of its size when the population = r e = ) 0 − T 1 0 e R xj + R xj x e 0 s ( r is expected to live after age = ∞ x e )500 ∑ j a and stage s : 639–647 © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry = i ) (d) 20 32 d 75 xj v O and it was calculated as follows 2019; Age-stage reproductive value ( ) (eggs/female) 20 173 and stage F 41 Effects of spirodiclofen on developmental duration (days) of immature stages, adult preoviposition period (APOP), total oviposition period 40 x SE is the probability that an individual of age 1. ± ′ iy s = ′ xj s L3 43 2 Female adult Longevity (d) 20 42 Male total longevity (d) 19 58 Preadult 39 13 Age-stage life expectancy ( Mean generation time is defined as the length of time a popula- The intrinsic rate of increase was calculated using the iterative with the age indexed from day 0. L2 46 1 TPOP (d) 20 15 Female total longevity (d) 20 55 Pupa 39 4 Fecundity ( L1 47 1 APOP (d) 20 2 Male adult Longevity (d) 19 45 Prepupa 40 1 Oviposition days ( Preadult survival rate ( Stage/Parameter means The standard errors weredifference estimated between by treatments based using on bootstrap a technique paired bootstrap with test 100 at 000 the resampling. 5% significance The level. same letter within a row indicates no significant Egg 49 2 Table 1. (TPOP), adult longevity, total longevity, oviposition days ( will survive to age j tion requires to increase to bisection method from the Euler-Lotka equation: Pest Manag Sci where its life-span. It was calculated as follows: Effects of spirodiclofen on life history traits and population growth of calculated as follows: ing calculated as follows: ual of age contribution of an individual of age population, reaches a stable age-stagefollows: distribution, and it was calculated as 47 48 et al. were )had 1 1 − 0.0544) − (22.83%) is a mul- : 639–647 = Sublethal Scolothrips 1 Lewontin P 75 − 31 46 1 0.0552; total − = 2019; . Because APOP is P ). 1 1 − − Apparently, the toler- 0.05 (adult longevity: O. flavicornis 1 − 30 = and control treatments. . P 1 − were significantly shortened among treatments, the values produced eggs more frequent were significantly longer than Pest Manag Sci exposed to spirodiclofen had 1 treatments than those in 60 and − concentration (457 mg a.i. L 1 − 0.0749, 120 mg a.i. L 90 = P . Therefore, TPOP is a better statistic for ; however, the shortening of the male staphylinids, our results agreed with cer- r 1 the longevity and fecundity of 1 − O. flavicornis O. flavicornis − O. flavicornis ) did not affect the population parameters of 25 . We observed that the preadult durations 1 O. flavicornis 0.0653, 120 mg a.i. L − in this study (Table 1, Table 2). Together with Neoseiulus californicus = r Oligota in the treatments at 60 and 120 mg a.i. L P . And the recommended concentration of spirodi- 1 However, the LC ), and the proportion of pupal (including prepupa) − 1 1 28 − − 29 . . Actually, to obtain complete understanding of pesticides O. flavicornis ) showed that d 45 O O. flavicornis Amblyseius swirskii, Adult longevity of The preoviposition period is the time length required for the the description of total developmental durationpopulation on parameters. fecundity and The significant differencesdays in ( oviposition 30 mg a.i. L those in the treatments at 0 and 30 mg a.i. L lower and fewer reproduction peaks. Another possible reason Similar results werefecundity observed curve in of our study; for example, the showed the importance oflation the parameters. The first extended reproductivethe TPOP age may reduction on be of popu- aage-stage major fecundity, factor the in ageences of the first magnitude reproduction of strongly influ- 4Although DISCUSSION survival/mortality estimate hasin been most the toxicological main studies, subject theremore is subtle an increasing damage awareness that of warrants closer attention. (12.13% at control and 10.17% at 30 mg a.i. L in the control and 20 mg a.i. L longicornis longevity was greater,it only did half not that reach60 mg a.i. a of L significant the level female, at although 120 mg a.i. L longer than those in the 30 mg a.i. L adverse effects on Orius niger on a population, life tables giveIn the most this comprehensive study, analysis. our results revealedon the the development, side-effects longevity, of fertility spirodiclofen andeters demographic of param- of clofen (120 mg a.i. L Our results suggested that theclofen common might field slow down practice the of developmentalbeetle, spirodi- rate and of the reduce predatory itsies population have size. examined Although the effects nocharacteristics of of other spirodiclofen stud- on thetain life reports history on other predatory naturaliclofen enemies; sublethal concentration spirod- may notof affect the population parameters effects should be studied andrate quantified assessment to of the provide potential a impacts more of aenemy. accu- pesticide on a natural increased at the two 60 (23.70%) and 120 mg a.i. L ance of predatory natural enemiescantly to among species. spirodiclofen varies signifi- maturation of the ovaries. Although thereferences in were the no APOP of significant dif- of TPOP at 60 and 120 mg a.i. L between the two sexestiple (Table 1). mating Because insect, shorterlifetime offspring male production, because longevity of reducing may mating time. reduce female calculated from the emergence of adults, it ignoresthe pupal the stage. duration However, the of ovarian development and oogenesis actually begins much earlier than adult emergence. longevity: 60 mg a.i. L at 60 and 120 mg a.i. L ) 1 1 xj xj − − v s and www.soci.org T Lin were ,and 1 ), net r 1 − − ,respec- reared on 1 treatment, − treatments treatments 1 occurred on 1 − 1 )arelistedin − x − T © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry m O. flavicornis )inthecontroland at different spirodi- (25.58 days) (Table 1 d 1 O and control were sig- O. flavicornis − 1 . The age-specific mater- 1 − ) at age zero were 1.182, treatments. However, the − )of 0.05). However, the female ), age-stage specific fecun- xj (Fig. 5). The curves of total x 1 x v l − < 1 m − P O. flavicornis O. flavicornis ), intrinsic rate of increase ( would reach approximately 72 218, in the 0, 30, 60, and 120 mg a.i. L 𝜆 1 − . The highest peaks of in the 60 and 120 mg a.i. L was a summation of the survival curves x T x l were significantly shorter than those at in the 60 and 120 mg a.i. L (46.42 days) and control (46.44 days) than at adults in the different concentration treat- 1 . 0 1 ) and mean generation time ( − 1 (37.71%) (45.43% at control and 48.45% at − R 0 − R 1 O. flavicornis − , day 20 with 3.6 offspring at 60 mg a.i. L and at different spirodiclofen concentrations are shown 1 − treatments were significantly greater than those in and control, and there was no significant difference (30.26 days) and 120 mg a.i. L r , and from days 17–35 at control, yet never more than 1 1 1 1 , − − − − (life expectancy at age zero) is the mean longevity 𝜆 ) curves showed more, higher peaks at 30 mg a.i. L O. flavicornis x 01 ), and age-specific fecundity ( e m xj x f l ) in the respective concentration treatments (Table 2). The The finite rate of increase ( The 𝜆 in Figure 2. The curve of T. cinnabarinus clofen concentrations with anshown in initial Figure population 4. According of topopulation size 10 the of simulation, eggs after are 60 days, the 76 906, 6851 and 3865 at 0, 30, 60 and 120 mg a.i. L nificantly longer thantreatments (Table those 1). The of oviposition days the ( two higher concentration wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ps treatments. The values of value of treatments, respectively, which are also( the finite rate of increase ments reached the peak values of(day 41.8 20), (day 41.3 18), (day 19) 44.7 in (day the 0, 17), 30, 38.8 60, and 120 mg a.i. L 120 mg/L, as a consequence of extendedof developmental L1, duration prepupa and60 pupa. and Female and 120 mg male a.i. L adult longevities at 30 mg a.i. L nity ( Table 2. There werebetween no the significant control differences and in 30 mg any a.i. L parameter longerat30mga.i.L of a population, and the mean longevities of dity ( between the latter two treatments ( tively. The total populationspirodiclofen size concentration in indicated logarithmic scale fasterrate at for population the different growth control and 30 mg a.i. L 60 mg a.i. L population size approached linearity, and slope was(Fig. the 5). finite The rate proportion ofand egg decreased 120 mg at a.i. L the two 60 (36.27%) 60 and 120 mg a.i. L day 20 with 3.7 offspring at 120 mg a.i. L day 18 with 4.1 offspringat in the 30 mg control, a.i. day L 18 with 4.9 offspring reproductive rate ( respectively (Fig. 3). 3.2 Life tableThe and population parameters overlaps observed in age-stage specific survival rate ( clearly showed the variable developmental rate among individuals (Fig. 1). The age-specific survival rate ( 2 offspring for the two higher concentration treatments (Fig. 2). at different stages at age The population projections of 3.3 Population projection of were not significantly different from that in the control. were significantly lower than those in control and 30 mg a.i. L 20 mg a.i. L control, and always more30 mg than a.i. L 2 offspring from days 17–36 at values of 1.183, 1.140 and 1.132 day and Fig. 3). The reproductive values ( total longevity (from eggtreatments to was adult not death) significantlythe of different male three from total spirodiclofen the longevity control, at and 30 mg a.i. L

642 643 reared Neverthe- 50,51 Oligota flavicornis )of x m x l wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ps To estimate the effect of acaricides www.soci.org 32 ). 1 − The life table technology, especially the the- treated with different concentration of spirodiclofen ) and net maternity ( 31 xj f Oligota flavicornis compounds can also negativelysuch affect as certain survival, lifearthropod fertility, history natural life traits, enemies. span, and fecundity of beneficial on natural enemies, the lifetool, table approach because is it a includes more theand satisfactory reproduction. development, stage differentiation, ory of age-stage, two-sex life table, is widely used. less, demographics have not been extensively used to evaluate the Tetranychus cinnabarinus ), age-stage specific fecundity ( reared on x m Accordingly, 49 Oligotaflavicornis )of xj s ), age-specific fecundity ( x l treated with different concentration of spirodiclofen (0, 30, 60, 120 mg a.i. L . ). : 639–647 © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry 1 − 75 2019; O. flavicornis Age-specific survival rates ( Age-stage specific survival rates ( Tetranychus cinnabarinus Although the control of phytophagous mites with acaricides is on (0, 30, 60, 120 mg a.i. L Pest Manag Sci Figure 2. for the reduction wasspirodiclofen that could contribute acetyl-CoA to carboxylase interference with inhibition thepathways, and lipogeneic by lipids have been observed tofor be the essential nutrients development and reproduction of insects. Figure 1. Effects of spirodiclofen on life history traits and population growth of it is inferred that thatoccurring similar in interference in pathway could have still the major strategy to avoid losses in crop production, these 1 − et al. 0.012a 0.011a 7.25a 0.42b : 639–647 Tetranychus ± ± ± ± 75 120 mg a.i. L 2019; reared on Pest Manag Sci 1 − Oligota flavicornis 0.012a 1.132 0.010a 0.124 8.18a 27.85 0.64b 26.63 ± ± ± ± )(B)of 60 mg a.i. L xj v ). Tetranychus cinnabarinus 1 − fed on , mean generation time. The standard errors of the parameters were T 1 − 0.010b 1.140 0.009b 0.131 12.38b 33.57 0.38a 26.65 ± ± ± ± www.soci.org T Lin Oligota flavicornis © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry , net reproductive rate; 0 R ) (A) and age-stage specific reproductive value ( xj e 0.011b 1.183 0.009b 0.169 12.72b 68.01 0.53ab 25.04 ± ± ± ± , intrinsic rate of increase; r treated with different concentration of spirodiclofen (0, 30, 60, 120 mg a.i. L Effects of spirodiclofen on population parameters of Age-stage specific life expectancy ( ) 1.182 ) 0.167 1 1 − − (offspring) 69.47 (d) 25.32 (day (day , finite rate of increase; 0 estimated by using bootstrap technique with 100based 000 on resampling. The a same paired letter bootstrap within a test row at indicates the no 5% significant difference significance between level. treatments 𝜆 𝜆 Table 2. Parameter Control 30 mg a.i. L r R T cinnabarinus wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ps Figure 3.

644 645 O. O. ,it 1 was − a favorite to control 1 9 − field popula- Moreover, our did not affect the O. flavicornis 1 − 8,11,53 T. urticae, could significantly affect )of 1 O. flavicornis 1 − − wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ps www.soci.org 30 mg a.i. L < can achieve approximately 80% control effi- . Conclusively, increasing resistance of pest 1 . Therefore, spirodiclofen concentrations that − was in daily contact with spirodiclofen treated treated with different concentration of spirodiclofen Therefore, the probability that 52 is scheduled carefully to avoid or reduce the adverse was affected by spirodiclofen at 60 and 120 mg a.i. L the use of spirodiclofen at 30 or 60 mg a.i. L . O. flavicornis O. flavicornis O. flavicornis 54,55 Although our results showed that the population growth of Oligota flavicornis However, spirodiclofen at ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was financially supported bydation the Natural Science of Foun- FujianResearch Special Province, Foundation of Public China Research Institutes ofProvince (2016J01139), Fujian (2014R1024–6, and 2016R1023–9 theProgram and for Basic Innovative 2017R1025-11), Research Team and of Fujiancultural Academy Sciences of (STIT20117-3-2). Agri- cacy against pest mites under field conditions. the life-table parameters (12 mg a.i. L fitness of prey of suppress spider mites populationflavicornis may not significantly affect flavicornis phytophagous mites while preserving tion is a possible strategy,O. flavicornis if the application ofeffects spirodiclofen of spirodiclofen. and results showed that spirodiclofen at 30 mg a.i. L affected by high dose spirodiclofenclofen was at 60 low. mg Meanwhile, a.i. spirodi- L provided an extreme case of laboratoryin exposure that to spirodiclofen leaves and prey. However, spirodiclofen isat not applied such in a the field frequency,iclofen and are the affected residue byand and biology temperature dissipation of fluctuation, of the field; sunlight, spirod- imately the water a half-life week. of spirodicolfen was approx- mites, which may lead tomites, decline in control efficacy against pest Tetranychus cinnabarinus . . 1 − O )of T reared on N. califor- O. flavicornis Oligota flavicornis Oligota flavicornis but there was no significant staphylinids. Reports showed ). The regression equations describe population could reach a stable 1 28–30 − (Fig. 5). However, the population treated with different concentration of (Fig. 4). Therefore, spirodiclofen at 1 1 − − Oligota ). : 639–647 © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry 1 was only approximately one-tenth of that at O. flavicornis − 25 S. longicornis, 75 1 . − ,and 2019; did not affect the population growth of 1 swirskii − . ,andthe Comparison of population projections for A Tetranychus cinnabarinus niger The population growth projection for . O , Unlike other parameters, spirodiclofen at 60 and 120 mg a.i. L that spirodiclofen affected the lifenicus table parameters of the linear populationonwards as growth the population approached of the stable each age-stage distribution. treatment cohort from day 60 30 mg a.i. L flavicornis Pest Manag Sci reared on spirodiclofen (0, 30, 60, 120 mg a.i. L did not significantly prolong the mean generation time ( effects of spirodiclofen on Figure 5. (0, 30, 60, 120 mg a.i. L Figure 4. Effects of spirodiclofen on life history traits and population growth of size at 60 mg a.i. L effect on the control and 30 mg a.i. 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