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Why has the Arab League failed as a regional security organisation? An analysis of the Arab League¿s conditions of emergence, characteristics and the internal and external challenges that defined and redefined its regional security role. Item Type Thesis Authors Abusidu-Al-Ghoul, Fady Y. Rights <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by- nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a <a rel="license" href="http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Licence</a>. Download date 01/10/2021 20:02:43 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6333 University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. WHY HAS THE ARAB LEAGUE FAILED AS A REGIONAL SECURITY ORGANISATION? An analysis of the Arab League’s conditions of emergence, characteristics and the internal and external challenges that defined and redefined its regional security role Fady Y. ABUSIDUALGHOUL submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Peace Studies School of Social and International Studies University of Bradford 2012 Fady Y. ABUSIDUALGHOUL Title: Why has the Arab League failed as a Regional Security Organisation? Keywords: Arab League, Regional Security, Regional Organisations, Middle East security, Arab Relations, Middle East conflicts ABSTRACT This study presents a detailed examination of the Arab League’s history, development, structure and roles in an effort to understand the cause of its failure as a regional security organisation.
"Al-Assad" and "Al Qaeda" (Day of CBS Interview)

This Document is Approved for Public Release A multi-disciplinary, multi-method approach to leader assessment at a distance: The case of Bashar al-Assad A Quick Look Assessment by the Strategic Multilayer Assessment (SMA)1 Part II: Analytical Approaches2 February 2014 Contributors: Dr. Peter Suedfeld (University of British Columbia), Mr. Bradford H. Morrison (University of British Columbia), Mr. Ryan W. Cross (University of British Columbia) Dr. Larry Kuznar (Indiana University – Purdue University, Fort Wayne), Maj Jason Spitaletta (Joint Staff J-7 & Johns Hopkins University), Dr. Kathleen Egan (CTTSO), Mr. Sean Colbath (BBN), Mr. Paul Brewer (SDL), Ms. Martha Lillie (BBN), Mr. Dana Rafter (CSIS), Dr. Randy Kluver (Texas A&M), Ms. Jacquelyn Chinn (Texas A&M), Mr. Patrick Issa (Texas A&M) Edited by: Dr. Hriar Cabayan (JS/J-38) and Dr. Nicholas Wright, MRCP PhD (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace) Copy Editor: Mr. Sam Rhem (SRC) 1 SMA provides planning support to Combatant Commands (CCMD) with complex operational imperatives requiring multi-agency, multi-disciplinary solutions that are not within core Service/Agency competency. SMA is accepted and synchronized by Joint Staff, J3, DDSAO and executed by OSD/ASD (R&E)/RSD/RRTO. 2 This is a document submitted to provide timely support to ongoing concerns as of February 2014. 1 This Document is Approved for Public Release 1 ABSTRACT This report suggests potential types of actions and messages most likely to influence and deter Bashar al-Assad from using force in the ongoing Syrian civil war. This study is based on multidisciplinary analyses of Bashar al-Assad’s speeches, and how he reacts to real events and verbal messages from external sources.
Report on the Forum for Electoral

The Forum for Electoral Management Bodies in the Arab States League of Arab States – United Nations Cairo, 9-11 May 2016 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 I. Introduction Background of the Forum ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6 Purpose of the Forum .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7 Forum's Perspective ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7 Sponsoring Institutions and Participants .........................................................................................................................................................................................................8 Proceedings of the Forum
Parliament Special Edition

October 2016 22nd Issue Special Edition Our Continent Africa is a periodical on the current 150 Years of Egypt’s Parliament political, economic, and cultural developments in Africa issued by In this issue ................................................... 1 Foreign Information Sector, State Information Service. Editorial by H. E. Ambassador Salah A. Elsadek, Chair- man of State Information Service .................... 2-3 Chairman Salah A. Elsadek Constitutional and Parliamentary Life in Egypt By Mohamed Anwar and Sherine Maher Editor-in-Chief Abd El-Moaty Abouzed History of Egyptian Constitutions .................. 4 Parliamentary Speakers since Inception till Deputy Editor-in-Chief Fatima El-Zahraa Mohamed Ali Current .......................................................... 11 Speaker of the House of Representatives Managing Editor Mohamed Ghreeb (Documentary Profile) ................................... 15 Pan-African Parliament By Mohamed Anwar Deputy Managing Editor Mohamed Anwar and Shaima Atwa Pan-African Parliament (PAP) Supporting As- Translation & Editing Nashwa Abdel Hamid pirations and Ambitions of African Nations 18 Layout Profile of Former Presidents of Pan-African Gamal Mahmoud Ali Parliament ...................................................... 27 Current PAP President Roger Nkodo Dang, a We make every effort to keep our Closer Look .................................................... 31 pages current and informative. Please let us know of any Women in Egyptian and African Parliaments, comments and suggestions you an endless march of accomplishments .......... 32 have for improving our magazine. [email protected] Editorial This special issue of “Our Continent Africa” Magazine coincides with Egypt’s celebrations marking the inception of parliamentary life 150 years ago (1688-2016) including numerous func- tions atop of which come the convening of ses- sions of both the Pan-African Parliament and the Arab Parliament in the infamous city of Sharm el-Sheikh.
Final AHDR 2004 Eng.Indb

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME ARAB FUND FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ARAB GULF PROGRAMME FOR UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS ARAB HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2004 Towards Freedom in the Arab World The Arab world finds itself at a historical crossroads. Caught between oppression at home and violation from abroad, Arabs are increasingly excluded from determining their own future. Freedom in its comprehensive sense, incorporates not only civil and political freedoms (in other words, liberation from oppression), but also the liberation from all factors that are inconsistent with human dignity. To be sustained and guaranteed, freedom requires a system DEVELO HUMAN ARAB of good governance that rests upon effective popular representation and is accountable to the people, and that upholds the rule of law and ensures that an independent judiciary applies the law impartially. The report describes free societies, in their normative dimension, as fundamental contrasts with present-day Arab countries. The enormous gap that separates today’s reality and what many in the region hope for, is a source of widespread frustration and despair among Arabs about their countries’ prospects for a peaceful transition to societies enjoying freedom and good governance. Moreover, persisting tendencies in Arab social structures could well lead to spiralling social, economic, and political crises. Each further stage of crisis would impose itself 2004 REPORT PMENT as a new reality, producing injustices eventually beyond control. The Arab world is at a decisive point that does not admit compromise or complacency. If the Arab people are to have true societies of freedom and good governance, they will need to be socially innovative.
A Binational Approach to the Palestine Conflict Don Peretz*

A BINATIONAL APPROACH TO THE PALESTINE CONFLICT DON PERETZ* I BINATIONALISM VERSUS EXCLUSIVITY Binationalism as a possible solution to the bitter conflict between Arab and Jewish nationalisms in Palestine is not a novel conception. Thirty and even forty years ago there were Zionists such as Dr. Judah Magnes' and leaders of the Ha-Shoraerha-Zair movement who conceived of binationalism as a middle way toward resolution of the conflict. However, neither Palestine Arab nationalists nor most Zionist leaders found such proposals meritorious. By the end of World War II when the Biltmore program 3 calling for a Jewish Commonwealth in Palestine had become accepted Zionist policy, and establishment of the country as an independent Arab state was the generally proclaimed goal of Palestine's Arab leaders,4 a binationalist compromise seemed even more remote. Extermination of ninety per cent of Europe's Jews, and intensification of Arab nationalism deepened the rift between the two groups of peoples. Zionists, with the support of most organized world Jewry, by and large declared willingness to accept less than all of Palestine rather than surrender to a shared sovereignty. They preferred a smaller but exclusive Jewish state in part of the disputed area to a diluted control within a larger region. Without complete sovereignty, they believed, it would be impossible to achieve their total national 0 B.A. 1945, University of Minnesota; M.A. 1952, Ph.D. x955, Columbia University. Professor of Political Science and Director of the Southwest Asia North Africa Program, State University of New York at Binghamton, N.Y. Author, IsRtA.L AND Ta PALEsrIE ARlABs (i955); TH MIDDLE EAST TODAY (1963); THE MIDDLE EAST: SELECTED READINGS (1968).
The Arab League and Human Rights: Challenges Ahead Regional Seminar Held in Cairo on 16-17 February 2013

THE ARAB LEAGUE AND HUMAN RIGHTS: CHallENGES AHEAD Regional Seminar held in Cairo on 16-17 February 2013 Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article 2: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. Article 3: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security MAI 2013 Table of contents Objectives -------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 Context/Background ------------------------------------------------------- 6 I. Strengthening the protection mandate of LAS bodies, including through litigation ------------------------------------------- 10 – Assessment of the Arab system ------------------------------------ 10 – The Permanent Human Rights Commission --------------------- 13 – The Arab Human Rights Committee ------------------------------ 14 – The Human Rights Department ------------------------------------ 16 – The establishment of an Arab Court on Human Rights --------- 17 – Strengths and weaknesses
Egyptian Diplomacy and International Relations

Egyptian Diplomacy and International Relations Hussein El‐Kamel Area: Mediterranean and Arab World Working Paper 13/2010 13/4/2010 Elcano Royal Institute Madrid – Spain www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_eng 1 Egyptian Diplomacy and International Relations (WP) Hussein El‐Kamel * Summary Foreign policy is an essential component of Egypt’s general state policy. Together with its traditional diplomatic and political functions, and given that development policy is considered a key objective, the Egyptian Foreign Ministry participates in the country’s development effort by trying to attract foreign investment, obtain economic assistance and facilitate technology transfers. Egyptian diplomacy also seeks to maintain strong bilateral and multilateral relationships, which is another essential goal of Egypt’s general policy. Strengthening traditional friendly relations as well as building new relationships enables Egypt to exercise influence and pursue its national interest all over the globe. Introduction Foreign policy is an essential component of Egypt’s general state policy. It serves its goals and objectives, particularly in the areas related to diplomatic functions. Together with its traditional diplomatic and political functions, and given that development policy is considered a key objective, the Egyptian Foreign Ministry participates in the country’s development effort by trying to attract foreign investment, obtain economic assistance and facilitate technology transfers. To accomplish this, specialised departments for international cooperation have been established within the Foreign Ministry, which coordinates and cooperates with other Egyptian ministries and institutions working in those domains. ‘Diplomacy for Development’ is thus one of the main objectives of the Egyptian Foreign Ministry. Egyptian diplomacy also seeks to maintain strong bilateral and multilateral relationships, which is another essential goal of Egypt’s general policy.
The Arab League and Human Rights: Challenges Ahead Regional Seminar Held in Cairo on 16-17 February 2013

THE ARAB LEAGUE AND HUMAN RIGHTS: CHallENGES AHEAD Regional Seminar held in Cairo on 16-17 February 2013 Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article 2: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. Article 3: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security MAI 2013 This event is held with the support of the Open Society Foundations-Arab Regional Office, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), Irish Aid and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2 / Titre du rapport – FIDH Table of contents Objectives -------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 Context/Background ------------------------------------------------------- 6 I. Strengthening the protection mandate of LAS bodies, including through litigation ------------------------------------------- 10 – Assessment of the Arab system ------------------------------------ 10 – The Permanent Human Rights Commission ---------------------
Security Council Distr.: General 30 April 2008

United Nations S/2008/296 Security Council Distr.: General 30 April 2008 Original: English Letter dated 23 April 2008 from the Permanent Observer of the League of Arab States to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council I have the honour to forward a letter dated 15 April 2008, addressed to you from Mr. Amre Moussa, Secretary General of the League of Arab States, with the following enclosures (see annex): (a) Resolutions issued at the twentieth session of the Council of the League of Arab States, held at the summit level in Damascus, on 29 and 30 March 2008; (b) Damascus Declaration, issued at the twentieth session of the Council of the League of Arab States; (c) Address of His Excellency Bashar al-Assad, President of the Syrian Arab Republic, to the opening session; (d) Address of His Excellency Amre Moussa, Secretary General of the League of Arab States, to the opening of the session; (e) List of names of heads of delegations of Arab States participating in the twentieth session of the Council of the League of Arab States; (f) Report on the follow-up to the process of development and modernization in the Arab States; (g) Report of the Secretary General of the League of Arab States on joint Arab action. Pursuant to Article 54 of the Charter of the United Nations, I should be grateful if you would arrange for the present letter and its annex to be circulated as a document of the Security Council. (Signed) Yahya Mahmassani Ambassador 08-33501 (E) 041108 *0833501* S/2008/296 Annex to the letter dated 23 April
Lessons from the Arab Awakening

Lessons from the Arab Awakening International IDEA Discussion Paper 15/2016 www.idea.int Lessons from the Arab Awakening International IDEA Discussion Paper no. 15/2016 Hesham Youssef © 2016 International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance International IDEA Strömsborg SE-103 34 STOCKHOLM SWEDEN Tel: +46 8 698 37 00, fax: +46 8 20 24 22 Email: [email protected], website: www.idea.int The electronic version of this publication is available under a Creative Commons Attribute-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 licence. You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the publication as well as to remix and adapt it provided it is only for non-commercial purposes, that you appropriately attribute the publication, and that you distribute it under an identical licence. For more information on this licence see: <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/>. International IDEA publications are independent of specific national or political interests. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of International IDEA, its Board or its Council members. Graphic design by Turbo Design Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................ 4 1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 5 2. Analysing the events of the Arab Awakening ..................................... 7 3. The role of institutions and political forces in transitional periods .... 12 4. Milestones in the process of transition ............................................
Iran's Proxy Wars: Iraq, Lebanon, Palestinian Territories/Gaza, Syria

` AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAz.’[-p;u65egyuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuiop[;’]\ Iran’s Proxy Wars: Iraq, Lebanon, Palestinian Territories/Gaza, Syria, Yemen Updated June 2021 0 Since its inception in 1979, the Islamic Republic of Iran has aggressively sought to “export” its Islamic Revolution and remake the Middle East under its dominion. Iran’s primary method to empower itself has been to anchor loyal proxies in the region, which it has done most successfully with Hezbollah in Lebanon, and more recently in Iraq, Syria, Yemen, and Gaza. Where its proxies have not been able to take root, Iran has engaged in subversive activities to undermine its rivals and enhance its influence, as it has done in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Afghanistan. Iran’s quest for regional dominance has ultimately caused tremendous instability throughout the Middle East, enflaming sectarian divisions and triggering devastating wars that have left hundreds of thousands dead. Contents Country Reports ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Proxy Wars .......................................................................................................................................... 2 Iraq.................................................................................................................................................. 2 Lebanon .......................................................................................................................................