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Sanguinaria Canadensis Sanguinaria canadensis Blog Common Name: Bloodroot | Scientific Name: Sanguinaria Canadensis Family: Papaveraceae Blood Root Part used- Fresh dried root Chemical constituents- Significant phytochemicals include alkaloids, berberine, coptisine, oxysanguinarine, protopine, resin, sanguidaridine, sanguidimerine, sanguilutine, sanguinarine, and sanguirubine. (14) Pharmacy-Tincture of the fresh dried root, 8 drams in 1-pint alcohol 76%. Dose from a fraction of a drop to five drops. (2) Fluid extract 480 grains to the fluid ounce alcohol. Dose: five drops to dram ss, in one-ounce water. A teaspoonful every one, two, or three hours. (9) History-A woodland plant, Sanguinaria canadensis is found throughout the temperate regions of the United States , east of the Mississippi River . The drug was called bloodroot because when cut, the root exudes a blood like substance. The drug was well known to the Native Americans (Illinois- Miami, Penobscot, Mohegan, Chippewa, Seneca, Menomini, Meskwaki, Ojibwe, Potawatami, Mohawk, and Malecite tribes) as a dye plant used in staining human skin and leather. Medicinally, it was used to remedy problematic childbirth, burns, wounds, sore throat, diphtheria, sore ears, stomach troubles, consumption with haemorrhage, and infected cuts. The drug was noticed by Captain John Smith in 1612 who remarked that the local tribes called it Musquapenne. (15) The early Colonials employed Sanguinaria as an acrid emetic, an application in indolent ulcers, and as an eschartotic to remove cancers and growths. Used for coughs and colds, it was an ingredient in homemade cough syrups and tinctures. In 1803, William Downey wrote a thesis on the drug and submitted it to the University of Pennsylvania for his degree of Doctor of Medicine. Barton, Cutler, Thacher, Schopf, and Bigelow mentioned it as a useful indigenous drug. The drug, due to its emetic properties, was popular amongst the 19 th century medical establishment. It was official in every edition of the US Pharmacopoeia from 1820 to 1910. The Eclectics were well acquainted with the drug and the damage it could incur when used in large doses. They rejected large doses and pioneered its use in minute doses, they stipulated it should be used in doses so small as to not disturb normal physiology. (13) Eclectic Uses (1–13) Actions-Emetic, expectorant, diaphoretic, acro-narcotic, sedative, alterative, tonic, stimulant, stimulant to the mucous membranes, stimulant to the vegetative system of nerves, improves circulation, increases nutrition and secretion, allays irritation to the respiratory tract, stimulates and sustains the system, excites the hepatic and glandular system, cholagogue, stimulates secretion and improves the appetite, creates healthy energy in sores, stimulant to the spinal and sympathetic ganglia, stimulant to the mucous membrane(bronchi, stomach, and intestinal tract), alterative effect on the blood, stimulates the liver and portal circulation, glandular organs, and intestinal tract, improves pelvic circulation, favours absorption of exudates, improves functional activity of the lungs, stimulates capillaries and overcomes congestion of the lung structure, tonic and stimulant to the reproductive tract. Indications- ―Sensations of burning and itching of mucous membranes, especially of fauces, pharynx, Eustachian tubes and ears; less frequently of larynx, trachea and bronchia, occasionally of stomach and rectum, rarely of vagina and urethra. The mucous membrane looks red and irritable. Sometimes the redness will be of the end of the nose.‖ (3) General-Inflammatory and febrile diseases, chronic exanthemata, rheumatism, malaria, passive dropsy, tuberculosis, systemic tuberculosis, diphtheria, syphilis. Cardiovascular-Hemoptysis, general circulation is debilitated, cold extremities. Digestive-Atonic conditions of the stomach, bowels, with increased mucous secretion, torpor of the liver, chronic hepatitis, congestion of the liver, subacute hepatitis, atonic dyspepsia, gastric and duodenal catarrh, catarrhal jaundice, all diseases of hepatic debility, where the biliary product is suppressed, deficient, or vitiated, dysentery, chronic ulceration‘s of the throat, dysentery with imperfect circulation. Genito-urinary-Uterine and vaginal disease, amenorrhoea, amenorrhoea in chlorotic or anaemic patients, with chilliness and headache, dysmenorrhoea of debilitated females, amenorrhoea caused by cold, male genital debility, seminal weakness, impotence, seminal incontinence, relaxed sexual organs. Musculoskeletal-Rheumatic complaints, acute rheumatism, where pains are throbbing, burning, and occur spasmodically. Nervous-Chronic diseases of the ears and eyes, hysteria due to moral causes or pain, cephalgia, neuralgic affections of the head, sick headaches. Respiratory-Bronchitis with increased secretion, cough with dryness of the throat and air passages, feeling of constriction in the chest, difficult and asthmatic breathing with a sensation of pressure, diseases of the respiratory tract, phthisis pulmonalis, asthma, laryngitis, catarrhal affections, whenever an expectorant is needed, typhoid pneumonia, after the acute phase of a respiratory illness has passed, atonic conditions of the respiratory tract, after acute inflammation has subsided, pharyngitis, acute or chronic bronchitis, haemorrhage of the lungs caused by varices, abnormal bronchial secretions, scanty or profuse, burning, smarting, itching conditions of the throat, larynx, nares, ticking or burning of the nasal passage with abundant secretion, catarrhal affections of the nose, hypertrophic rhinitis, nasal catarrh with little or no discharge, irritative or tickling cough, sore throat, acute or chronic, croup, mucous croup, pseudo-membranous croup, humid asthma, whooping cough, nasal polyp, coughs, colds, stubborn coughs resulting from bronchial or tracheal irritation, bronchial cough, spasmodic croup, harsh, dry cough with relaxed tissues of the pharynx, larynx and bronchi, with a sense of constriction and constant irritation and uneasiness or tickling in the throat, severe cold following exposure, hoarse bronchitic cough, stridulous laryngitis, early stage of croup, conditions of the lung or bronchi with imperfect circulation and relaxed mucous membranes with general inactivity of the nervous system and lack of nerve force. Skin-Syphilitic eruptions, tinea, frozen feet, cutaneous disease, eczema, warts, ringworm, carcinoma, exuberant excrescence‘s, ill conditioned ulcers, indolent ulcerous conditions, chronic ulceration‘s, fissures and ulceration‘s of the anus, epithelioma, lupus, and other growths of a similar nature. The drug from Selye’s perspective State of Resistance The drug was used to raise resistance to acute and chronic infection (i.e. syphilis, tuberculosis, and diphtheria). It was used to raise resistance to autoimmune disease (i.e. kidney failure and rheumatoid arthritis). It was used to raise resistance to inflammatory disease, febrile disease, chronic exanthemata, and respiratory disease. Lastly, it was used to raise resistance following exposure to the cold. State of Exhaustion The drug was used when resistance failed and State of Exhaustion set in. Signs of that state, treated with the drug, included debility, dysentery with circulatory abnormalities, hemoptysis, general debilitated circulation, cold extremities, temperature abnormalities, chronic ulceration of the throat, menstrual absence, male sexual collapse, chronic diseases of the eye, skin eruptions, ill conditioned ulcers, indolent ulcers and chronic ulceration. Adaptation Energy From Selye‘s perspective, the drug was used to augment the GAS, which suggests it increases adaptation energy. Evidence to this effect includes the following. The drug was used to increase resistance to infection and autoimmune disease. It was used to bolster patients in State of Exhaustion and those suffering from exposure. Lastly, it was applied topically to non-healing wounds and ulcers to stimulate healing. Brekhman’s adaptogen criterion An adaptogen should be innocuous and cause minimal disorders in the physiological functions of an organism. The drug was considered safe in small doses. (1–13) Large doses were not considered safe. Contemporary literature reports the drug to be toxic and dangerous (16) but does not report on the doses used by the Eclectics. The action of an adaptogen should be non-specific i.e. it should increase resistance to adverse influences of a wide range of factors of physical, chemical, and biological nature. Clinically the drug was used to increase resistance to bacterial and viral infection, both chronic and acute. It was also used to increase resistance to autoimmune disease and exposure to the cold. (1–13) Experimentally, the drug contains compounds which have been shown to increase resistance to bacterial infection (cholera, escherizia, gonorrhoea, leishmania, pneumonia, Shigella, salmonella, Staph, Strep, syphilis, tuberculosis, gram positive and negative bacteria, viral infection (herpes), Chlamydia, cancer, tumours, cirrhosis, bacterial endotoxin poisoning, Giardia, Malaria, Plasmodium, trachoma, tryptosoma, worms, fungal infection (Candida), trichamonas, and free radical damage. (14) An adaptogen may possess normalising action irrespective of the direction of the foregoing pathological changes. Clinically the drug was used to correct the catalogue of physiological abnormalities associated with State of Exhaustion , including temperature abnormalities, secretion abnormalities of the mucous membrane, ulceration of the
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