Briefing on the margins Roma in

Amnesty International ‘Europe has a shameful history of discrimination and severe repression of the Roma. There are Human rights still widespread prejudices against them in on the margins country after country on our continent.’ , Commissioner for Human Rights, Roma in Europe

The Roma are one of Europe’s oldest assumed to have come from . In Cover photo: A Romani boy in at a demonstration and largest ethnic minorities, and of the Romani , in support of Roma expelled from © AP also one of the most disadvantaged. the word that Roma use to describe Across the continent themselves is ‘Rom’ (plural ‘Roma’). Inside cover: Roma march through the streets of Chisinau, are routinely denied their rights to , on International Roma Day, 8 April 2008 © AP housing, health care, education and Today, an estimated 10 to 12 million work, and many are subjected to Romani people live in the countries of the forced eviction, racist assault and Council of Europe. About 70 per cent of police ill-treatment. them live in central and , where they constitute between 6 and 10 On almost every indicator of human per cent of the population. There are also development, in almost every European sizeable Romani minorities in country, the Roma fall far below the Europe, especially in (600,000 national average. They have lower to 800,000), France and the UK (up to incomes, worse health, poorer housing, 300,000 Roma and Travellers in each). lower literacy rates and higher levels Although some western European Roma of unemployment than the rest of the maintain a nomadic way of life, the vast population. majority of Roma are now settled.

Millions of Roma live in isolated slums, often without access to electricity or The effects of running water, putting them at risk of discrimination illness. But many cannot obtain the health care they need. Receiving inferior • Life expectancy of Roma in Central education in segregated schools, they and Eastern Europe is on average are severely disadvantaged in the labour 10 years lower than for the rest of market. Unable to find jobs, they cannot the population afford better housing, buy medication, World Bank, 2003 or pay the costs of their children’s schooling. And so the cycle continues. • In , and the : infant mortality rates of All this is not simply the inevitable Roma are twice those of non-Roma consequence of poverty. It is the result UN Development Programme, 2003 of widespread, often systemic, human rights violations stemming from centuries • In southeastern Europe an of prejudice and discrimination that have estimated 25 per cent of Roma live kept the great majority of Roma on the in shacks, compared to 3 per cent margins of European society. Europe’s of non-Roma, and 55 per cent of governments can and must act to break Roma homes are not connected to the vicious cycle of prejudice, poverty a sewage system and human rights violations. UN Development Programme, 2003

• A detailed survey of 402 working-age Roma men and women in , Who are the the Czech Republic, Hungary, Roma? and Slovakia found that only 38 per cent were in paid ; The Roma or Gypsies are believed to almost two-thirds reported that have first arrived in Europe from northern they had been refused employment India in the 9th century and were well because they were Roma. established in most countries by 1300. European Roma Rights Centre Today, Roma are not a homogenous (ERRC), 2006 group, and this briefing uses the term ‘Roma’ to include many different sub- • In a survey of 3,510 Roma in seven groups. countries, 15 per cent of respondents were illiterate The word ‘’ is an abbreviation and 31 per cent had received less of ‘Egyptian’, the name given to Roma than six years of formal education. immigrants when they first arrived in EU Fundamental Rights western Europe because they were Agency: 2008

2 SHELL IN NIGERIA: BRIEFING 3 ROMA: BRIEFING ROMA: BRIEFING A history of crimes of hate In February 2009 Robert Csorba, a 27-year- old Romani man and his four-year-old son The Roma who came to Europe Robika were killed in a village about 40km in the included farm southeast of , Hungary. They workers, , mercenary were shot dead while fleeing their house, soldiers, musicians, fortune-tellers which had been set on fire. and entertainers. Initially, they were often welcomed for their skills. But Local police initially treated the case as they met with increasing hostility an accident and announced that the fire from the state, the church and the had been caused by an electrical fault, guilds, who saw them respectively as despite a neighbour’s report of hearing suspicious outsiders, ‘heathens’ and gunshots. But then an MEP demanded rivals. Hostility grew into organised that the National Bureau of Investigation persecution. (NBI) be called in. NBI investigators went to the site and quickly found evidence The first laws banishing Roma from of arson and murder: bottles used for the Holy Roman Empire were passed petrol bombs, lead shot and cartridges. in the 1490s, and eventually every The autopsy confirmed that Robert and country in central and western Europe Robika Csorba died of gunshot wounds. issued similar laws. In England, the Egyptians Act of 1530 banned Gypsies This was one of nine similar attacks (petrol from the country and required those bomb attacks followed by shooting) already there to leave within 16 days. Above from top: A retired teacher shows photos of inmates of a camp where which killed six people in Hungary In 1554, the Act was amended to thousands of French Gypsies were interned between January 2008 and August 2009. impose the death penalty on Gypsies during II © AP. Young Roma visit Numerous other attacks did not hit the remaining in England. In Scotland the death camp at Auschwitz, 66 years after headlines. An in 1603, the Privy Council ordered Nazis killed the camp’s last 3,000 Roma report on violent attacks against Roma Gypsies to leave the country, never to inmates. in Hungary concluded that the failure to return on pain of death. prevent and respond effectively to violence Right: Erzsebet Csorba, whose son Robert against Roma was due to shortcomings in In southeastern Europe, the Ottoman and grandson Robika were murdered in a the criminal justice system. Empire was more tolerant, but did racist attack, with her granddaughter Erzsi in the family’s burnt out house © AP issue laws to force Roma to settle. In the principalities of and (today’s Romania), Roma a resurgence in anti-Roma sentiment. response of the French and Italian were enslaved. Romani women Persecution Unfortunately, the response of many authorities to the marginalisation of Roma results of today: racism governments has been to stigmatise and is typical of governments across Europe. In many countries, efforts to expel Women and children often face marginalise Roma still further. • One in five Roma consider that they the Roma were replaced by forced further discrimination within and racist States are also failing to protect Roma had been the victims of a racially assimilation policies. Laws were persecuted communities. They are attacks In , for example, the government against racially motivated crime – not motivated crime – including assaults, passed to ban Roma from wearing disproportionately affected by human declared a ‘ Emergency’ in only isolated assaults, but vigilante threats and serious harassment – at their distinctive clothing, speaking rights violations such as forced evictions In the 21st century, the Roma continue 2008, granting Prefects in a number of attacks targeting Roma settlements or least once in the past 12 months their own language or marrying other and educational segregation, forcing to encounter openly racist and regions special powers to respond to communities. In June 2010 about 20 Source: EU Fundamental Rights Roma. There were also efforts to them into insecure living and working discriminatory language and attitudes the perceived security threat posed by Roma families in Belfast were forced to Agency survey, 2009, covering Bulgaria, force Roma to settle. In England, conditions. Women also face barriers which are widely tolerated and shared in Roma. Numerous forced evictions were flee after a crowd gathered outside their Czech Republic, , Hungary, for example, the Highway Act 1835 in employment and access to services society at large. Mainstream politicians carried out under these powers without homes shouting racist slogans, smashing , Romania and Slovakia. made it difficult for Roma to stop and because of gender discrimination. can quickly gain popularity by promising any alternative accommodation being windows and kicking in doors. Amnesty camp at the roadside. But when Roma to crack down hard on ‘Gypsy crime’ or provided and without prior consultation. International has investigated and communities established settlements In , Serbia, 36 people were rid a town of ‘Gypsy beggars’. Throughout 2008, the stigmatisation responded to similar attacks in the Czech on wasteland, the authorities evicted forcibly evicted from their houses at 15 of Roma contributed to a climate in Republic, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Serbia has not been expressly outlawed in any them, forcing them back on the road. Vojvodjanska Street in October 2010. Even extreme forms of prejudice can which attacks on groups and individuals and Slovakia, in the past year. European country. Among them were 17 children and one be expressed without attracting serious reached record proportions. Romani The Nazis who came to power in pregnant woman. States have specific condemnation. Far-right political parties people were physically and verbally The criminal justice systems of many Across Europe, Roma are in 1933 perceived the obligations towards pregnant women with openly anti-Roma agendas are on the attacked by mobs and their settlements European countries are failing in their disproportionately stopped and searched Roma as ‘racially inferior’ and set and mothers as vulnerable groups. rise. In Romania, fans chanted ‘We hate set on fire. obligation to prevent, investigate and by police, often for simply being Roma. out to exterminate them. Roma were Gypsies’ and unfurled a banner saying prosecute these crimes effectively. Stricter guidelines on the use of stop and deprived of civil rights, subjected During the 1970s and 1980s many ‘Death to Gypsies’ at a football match in In July 2010, the French government search powers and improved training to forced sterilisation, used in Romani women in the Czech Republic March 2006. In Hungary the extremist ordered the eviction and expulsion of of law enforcement officials to combat medical experiments and interned in and Slovakia were subjected to forced party , which has an explicit anti- Roma living in around 200 unauthorised Racism and stereotyping prejudices and stereotyping is needed concentration camps. Thousands were sterilisation. Although the Czech Roma platform, won four seats in the camps on the grounds that they were ‘the by law enforcement across Europe. gassed, shot or died of starvation, government has apologised for this, European Parliament in the 2009 election. source of illegal trafficking, profoundly officials and thousands were executed in the individual complainants were refused degrading living conditions, the Ethnic profiling is the practice of Whether Romani people are victims occupied countries of eastern Europe. compensation by the courts. In Slovakia The increased migration of Romani exploitation of children for the purposes targeting individuals or groups for of crime or suspects, they rarely It is estimated that between 250,000 the government has introduced a new people into western Europe – the result of , prostitution and criminality’. police operations solely on account of receive equal treatment in criminal and 500,000 Roma were killed by criminal offence of ‘illegal sterilisation’, of the free movement afforded to all their ethnicity. As a form of differential justice systems. This is a result both of the Nazi regime and its collaborators but has failed to carry out effective EU citizens being extended to eight In portraying Roma as posing problems treatment with no objective justification, inadequate procedures and guidelines for during World War II. investigations into all cases. new member states – was followed by to others, without acknowledging the ethnic profiling constitutes discrimination law enforcement officials, and of a failure problems they face themselves, the and is a human rights violation. But it to eliminate prejudices among them.

4 5 ROMA: BRIEFING ROMA: BRIEFING It’s too late now Jakub, 16, lives with his family in the Romani settlement on the outskirts of Plavecký Štvrtok, a village 20km north of Slovakia’s capital, Bratislava. He started school in the mainstream class, where he stayed until grade four. An excellent student, he even received a scholarship. But in the fifth grade, Jakub was sent for assessment after a disagreement with his teacher. He was immediately transferred to the special class.

One of Jakub’s former teachers told Amnesty International : ‘Some of the children, as I see it, are wrongly placed. … The kid should have been in a normal class. He was a genius.’

Clockwise from left: Romani children at Jakub, who has now finished a segregated special class at Krivany elementary school kindergarten, elementary school, says: ‘What they Slovakia © AI. Roma and non-Roma did to me was nasty… They made pupils in a mainstream elementary an idiot out of me. I was getting a school in , Slovakia scholarship of 100 crowns per month. © AI. Sabrina with her mother and sister I was one of the best pupils in fourth in Ostrava, Czech Republic. Sabrina grade. If I could turn the time back, I was one of 18 Roma children who won would do it. But it’s too late now.’ In a case against the Czech government April 2010 he told Amnesty: ‘I think at the European Court of Human Rights the system should change. Romani over their placement in special schools. and white children should be together. © AI Romani children should not be treated like prisoners.’

The right to include free pre-school education for The segregation of Roma in special parents feel that their children will be their first language. Therefore, they require encounter parents from the majority Romani children, increasing the number schools and classes remains happier if they are less exposed to the additional language lessons, pre-school population. The children play, sing, education of teaching assistants in schools with widespread in central and eastern prejudices of non-Roma teachers, pupils classes or classroom assistance. These dance and eat separately. Romani pupils, cultural mediators to Europe. The and parents. Once in the special school are rarely provided in the mainstream The right to education free from liaise between schools and parents, against Racism and Intolerance system, however, the children are taught school system, and when Romani In May 2008, the Slovak government discrimination has been recognised in and contributions to the cost of school has expressed concerns about the a substantially reduced curriculum children begin to fall behind, they are adopted a new Schools Act that explicitly international human rights law since materials and transport. In many segregation of Roma in education in and rejoining mainstream education, transferred out of mainstream education prohibits discrimination and segregation 1948. Despite this Romani children countries, however, these measures have its most recent reports on Hungary, or continuing to secondary school, – either to special classes in mainstream in education. In the same year, it adopted are systematically denied their right had little real impact, owing to inadequate Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, , becomes almost impossible. schools or to special schools. a policy commitment to decrease the to education. Roma have significantly funding and uneven implementation. , Moldova, number of Romani pupils in special lower enrolment and completion rates , the Czech Republic, Serbia, Slovak legislation categorises social schools. Although these measures have in primary education than the general and . The case of Slovakia disadvantage alongside mental disability resulted in some positive changes, population in countries across Europe. Unequal education Amnesty International has documented to determine whether pupils have special Amnesty International’s monitoring shows This segregation has many causes, discrimination against Romani children educational needs. Roma are invariably that segregation of Romani children The factors that contribute to this include • In Romania and Bulgaria 15 per cent including the isolation of Roma in in Slovakia’s education system since viewed as socially disadvantaged, so continues and that many key problems the costs of transport, clothes and school of Romani children never enrol in the segregated settlements and what is 2006. While Roma are estimated to the system is predisposed to categorise that contribute to discrimination have yet materials, and a lack of education system, while drop-out often described as ‘white flight’: non- comprise less than 10 per cent of their children as having special needs. to be adequately addressed. teaching materials. But a key reason rates for Roma are four to six times Roma parents removing their children the total population, Romani children But rather than addressing their needs, for educational underachievement of higher than the national average. from schools that are perceived as represent 60 per cent of pupils in special this entrenches disadvantage for life by To ensure that all Romani children can the Roma is discrimination. This is not Open Society Institute, 2007 having too many Roma pupils. To schools, and 85 per cent of those in equating poor social circumstances with realise their right to education free from limited to individual acts of prejudice combat this, some schools place Roma special classes. a lack of mental capacity. discrimination, the Slovak government by teachers and other education • Over 60 per cent of Roma have not children in separate classes. needs to professionals. It is often deeply ingrained completed primary school. Even in the mainstream school system, In some Slovak schools, Roma are • urgently adopt strong and targeted in education systems whose policies Official censuses, Serbia In the most damaging form of Romani children are often placed in separated from non-Roma not only in measures to effectively monitor and practices exclude many Roma segregation, Roma are placed in Roma-only schools or classes where they the classroom but in other aspects of and enforce the prohibition of from quality education. Its worst form • Enrolment rates for Roma in ‘special’ or ‘practical’ schools for receive a lower standard of education school life, including the canteen at discrimination and segregation is the segregation of Romani children secondary education average around children with ‘mild mental disabilities’ than pupils from the majority population. lunchtimes. Irena, a Romani mother from • develop a plan of desegregation which in schools or classes offering an inferior 10 per cent in central and eastern even when they have no such Teachers in Roma-only classes often Krivany, said of the elementary school clearly identifies bodies responsible education. Europe. disabilities. No country has an official have lower expectations of their students. her children attend: ‘White [children] and a timeline with yearly targets for its policy of placing Roma in special They also have fewer resources and have their own canteen and Roma implementation Many countries with significant Romani • Roma enrolment in tertiary education schools. They are placed there as a poorer quality infrastructure. children eat in a corridor.’ Segregation • provide adequate support measures populations have introduced measures averages less than 1 per cent in most result of flawed assessment criteria, even takes place in kindergartens. In for integrating Roma and non-Roma to encourage school enrolment and European countries. pressure from teachers in mainstream Many Romani children come from some cases, Roma parents must collect children who need extra assistance in attendance by Romani children. These Segregated education schools and also because some Romani impoverished families and Slovak is not their children early so that they do not mainstream education.

6 7 ROMA: BRIEFING ROMA: BRIEFING Dumped next to a site, was ever considered or offered. The right to The right to sewage plant housing adequate housing The relocation site smells of sewage In 2004 the municipal authorities of and is inside the 300-metre protection The right to adequate housing, which To fulfil this right, states are obliged to: in central Romania zone required by law to separate human includes the right to be protected from • ensure that everyone has a forcibly evicted more than 100 Roma habitation from potential toxic hazards. forced eviction, is guaranteed in several minimum degree of security of from a crumbling building in the town A sign next to the cabins reads ‘Toxic international and regional human rights tenure, which guarantees legal centre. Twelve Romani families had been danger’. There is only one tap at the site, treaties. But across Europe, governments protection against forced eviction, legally resident in the building for many and only four toilet cubicles for the whole regularly fail to fulfil these obligations, harassment and other threats. years, while the remaining residents community. The cabins are overcrowded particuarly when it comes to the Roma. • seek to ensure minimum standards, had moved in or built shacks in the yard and offer limited protection from heat, including habitability, access to without any form of legal tenancy. cold, rain or wind. Discrimination in the labour market makes safe drinking water, sanitation and it difficult for Roma to rent homes and energy After the eviction, the 12 legally resident One of the residents, Ilana, told Amnesty they are effectively excluded from social • ensure that housing is located in families were housed in eight metal International: ‘The houses fill up with that housing schemes. So millions of Roma areas away from pollution sources, cabins next to a sewage plant on the smell. At night also … the children cover have no choice but to live in informal and close to employment options edge of town. The authorities assured their faces with the pillows. We don’t settlements, often without access to and essential services them that this was a temporary solution want to eat when we [sense] the smell… electricity or running water, and without Housing should also be affordable, – but six years on most of the families are I used to have another child, a boy, who even a minimum degree of security of and housing programmes should still there. The remaining residents were died when he was four months old… this tenure. This leaves them vulnerable to prioritise the most vulnerable. offered no alternative accommodation is why I am frightened. I don’t want to forced evictions and other human rights and most resorted to building shacks lose the rest of my children’. violations. alongside the metal cabins. Forced evictions Members of the community told Amnesty For years, the Romani residents had International that they had complained Forced evictions A forced eviction is the removal of Above: The metal cabins provided as been in discussion with the municipal repeatedly to the authorities, but no-one people against their will from the homes for Roma by the Miercurea Ciuc listens. The Mayor’s office claims that Forced evictions are cruel, humiliating and authorities © AI authorities, who owned the town centre in breach of international law. They most homes or land they occupy, without building, over its dilapidated state. efforts to relocate the community to new often target those who are least able to legal protection and other safeguards. But they were not consulted about the housing failed because of complaints by Under international law, these Right: A Roma woman collects parts of resist. Romani people are one such easy her home after it was demolished by the decision to evict them. No alternative to neighbours who did not want to live next safeguards must include: target: they are poor, socially excluded, Belgrade authorities, Serbia © AP eviction, nor any alternative relocation to Roma. and treated with hostility by the wider • genuine consultation with the public. people affected Below: Roma who were evicted from the • reasonable and adequate notice town centre of Miercurea Ciuc to a site In most cases of forced eviction, the • provision of legal remedies (such next to a sewage plant © AI authorities make no attempt to offer as damages or restitution) for adequate alternative housing. Many infringement of rights Roma continue to live in temporary, • provision of adequate alternative ‘the right to housing makeshift accommodation for years after housing. should not be interpreted being evicted. Many have been evicted Not every eviction carried out by again and again. The consequences of force is a violation of human rights: if in a narrow or restrictive forced eviction are not only the loss of a appropriate safeguards are followed, sense which equates it home, but also the loss of possessions, a lawful eviction may involve the use of force. with, for example, the social contacts, jobs and school places. shelter provided by merely In recent years Amnesty International, having a roof over one’s working with local non-governmental head … Rather it should organisations, has documented forced 13 new or expanded camps – rather than be seen as the right to live evictions of Romani communities in permanent housing – on the outskirts Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Romania, Slovakia of the city. That is likely to leave more somewhere in security, and Serbia. Many more such evictions are than 1,000 Roma homeless. There was peace and dignity.’ taking place across Europe. no genuine consultation with the Roma UN Committee on Economic, Social affected by the plan and they will have no and Cultural Rights In Bulgaria, at least 200 Roma were left choice about which camp they are sent homeless when local authorities forcibly to. Implementation of the plan began in evicted them and demolished their July 2009. houses in Gorno Ezerovo and Medni Rudnik settlements in the city of Burgas in In April 2009 the Serbian authorities In Romania, where the Roma make up September 2009. forcibly evicted 250 Roma from a about 10 per cent of the population, a temporary settlement in New Belgrade. pattern of forced evictions, or threatened Since June 2006, more than 100 Romani For many of the residents, who were forced evictions, perpetuates racial families originally living in the centre of originally displaced from , this segregation. On the rare occasions when Athens, Greece, were forcibly evicted four was not the first time they were torn away the authorities offer alternative housing, times without being consulted or offered from their homes. The authorities offered it is often build in precarious conditions alternative accommodation. them containers to live in, in another part and lacks basic facilities such as water, of the city, but local residents tried to heating and electricity. In recent years Italy’s ‘Nomad Plan’ envisages the set the containers on fire. Since then the Romani communities have been relocated destruction of more than 100 Romani authorities have carried out a series of next to garbage dumps, sewage settlements across . An estimated evictions of Roma communties around treatment plants or industrial areas on the 6,000 Roma are to be resettled into just the city. outskirts of cities.

8 9 ROMA: BRIEFING ROMA: BRIEFING

Campaigning for Roma rights Russian • Federation Amnesty International’s work on the rights of Roma forms part of our global Demand Dignity campaign, focusing on the human rights abuses that are a cause and a consequence of poverty. • We work with Roma communities and rights activists. Amnesty International is a member of the European Roma Policy Coalition, an informal gathering of • Romani and non-Romani organisations advocating Roma and Travellers’ rights ireland in the European Union. the poland European intergovernmental germany organisations – including the Organisation • for Security and Cooperation in Europe, belgium the Council of Europe and the European ukraine Union – have launched various initiatives czech to address the situation of the Roma. luxembourg republic • But these have suffered from a lack of •• concrete targets, uneven implementation Slovakia and and ineffective monitoring. There ••• has been little concrete improvement in france moldova respect for the rights of the great majority • switzerland hungary • of Roma. • •• slovenia romania Amnesty International is calling on • croatia ••• governments across Europe to break the • cycle of prejudice, poverty and human rights violations that keeps the Roma bosnia and on the margins of society. This requires herzegovina comprehensive, pro-active policies to • promote the social inclusion of Roma serbia and combat entrenched discrimination ••• in public service provision as well as in society at large. These policies should italy kosovo bulgaria be developed in consultation with Roma spain •• •• communities and the organisations that represent them. macedonia Amnesty International is also calling on •• European governments to: • Adopt and implement housing policies to improve the living conditions of marginalised Roma, ensure that Roma have equal access to social housing, roma in europe and combat segregation in housing • Prevent forced eviction of Roma Every country marked on this map has a Romani population, although few camps and settlements European states collect data about Roma in the census. The Council of Europe • Combat educational discrimination estimates that there are 11.26 million Roma in Europe, 5.9 million of them in against Roma and stop their countries of the European Union. Discrimination against Roma has been reported • segregation in mainstream education in almost all European countries. The map does not reflect every incident of and special schools discrimination against Romani people. It simply reflects the documented cases greece • Adopt special measures to increase of human rights violations that Amnesty International knows about. the access of Roma to all levels •• of education and increase their KEY participation in education Racist attacks • Give greater priority to combating • anti-Roma racism and react robustly to • Segregated education racist speech by officials Forced evictions • Respond more effectively to racially- • cyprus motivated crime and invest greater • Expulsion/forced return of refugees resources to do so • Develop policies and training Sources: Amnesty International, European Roma Rights Centre, Human Rights Watch programmes to combat anti-Roma prejudice in police services and courts.

10 11 ROMA: BRIEFING ROMA: BRIEFING Injustice Renamed: Discrimination in EU-MIDIS Data in Focus Report 1: The ROMA IN EUROPE education of Roma persists in the Czech Roma, European Union Agency for Find out more Republic, Amnesty International 2009, Fundamental Rights 2009 EUR 71/003/2009 http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/roma/ Amnesty International reports on Roma roma_en.htm are available at www.amnesty.org Housing Treated Like Waste: Roma homes History General destroyed, and health at risk, in Romania, Council of Europe factsheets on Left out: Violations of the Rights of Roma Amnesty International, 2010 EUR Roma history in Europe, Amnesty International 2010 39/001/2010 www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/roma/ EUR 01/021/2010 histoculture_EN.asp The Wrong Answer: Italy’s ‘Nomad plan’ Education violates the housing rights of Roma in Useful websites Roma Children Still Lose Out: Rome, Amnesty International 2010 EUR www.amnesty.org.uk/roma Segregation persists in Slovak schools 300/001/2010 despite new law, Amnesty International Fight Discrimination in Europe 2009 EUR 72/004/2009 Stop Forced Evictions of Roma in www.fightdiscrimination.eu Europe, Amnesty International 2010 A Tale of Two Schools: Segregating EUR/01/005/2010 European Roma Rights Centre Roma into special schools in Slovakia, www.errc.org Amnesty International 2008 EUR Serbia: Stop the forced evictions of 72/007/2008 Roma settlements, Amnesty International European Roma Information Office 2010 EUR 70/003/2010 www.erionet.org Still Separate, Still Unequal: Violations of the right to education for Romani children Discrimination and Racism European Roma Grassroots in Slovakia”, Amnesty International 2007 Violent Attacks Against Roma in Hungary: Organisations Network EUR 72/001/2007 Time to investigate racial motivation, www.ergonetwork.org Amnesty International 2010 EUR 27/001/2010

Amnesty International UK The Human Rights Action Centre 17-25 New Inn Yard London EC2A 3EA 020 7033 1500 www.amnesty.org.uk

12 SHELL IN NIGERIA: BRIEFING SGS-COC-1202 DIG 028 DIG