Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust Corry Guttstadt Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76991-4 - Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust Corry Guttstadt Index More information

Index

Abetz, Otto, 142 , 209 , 238 , 312–13 Alliance Israé lite Universelle (AIU; Achenbach, Ernst, 214 Universal Israelite Alliance), 13–14 , Adana conference (1943), 36 22 , 180 , 294 Adut, Ş ekip, 79 Alterstransport (transport of elderly Advisory Offi ce for German Scientists people), 170 (Beratungsstelle fü r deutsche Amato, Rafael, 6 Wissenschaftler ), 85 The Ambassador (B ü y ü kel ç i ) (Kı v ı rc ı k), 149 Agudat Israel, 122 Amelot relief organization, 212 Aid Association of the German Jews. American Jewish Joint Distribution See Hilfsverein der deutschen Committee. See Joint (American Juden Jewish Joint Distribution Committee) AIU See (Alliance Israé lite Universelle; Amicale des Dé porté s d’Auschwitz, 221 Universal Israelite Alliance Anadolu Ajans ı news agency, 116–17 Akbaba caricature magazine, 58 , Anschluss pogrom, 99 , 175 113–14 , 115 anti-Jewish legislation Ak çura, Yusuf, 9 Bulgaria, 119 , 132–33 Ak ş am journal, 58 , 74 Croatia, 119 Aksim, Abdullah, 228 France, 148 , 185–86 , 188–201 , 203 , 215 Aktar, Ayhan, 79 Greece, 132–33 Albania, Italian attack on, 30 Hungary, 119 Alboukerk, Michon, 263 Italy, 99 , 106 , 148 , 273–76 Albrecht, Erich, 142 Rhodes, 294–95 Alemania club, 42 Romania, 119 , 132–33 Alfandary brothers, 159 Salonica, 288 Algazi, Isaac, 182 Slovakia, 119 Algazi, Victor, 217–18 Turkey, 18–20 Aliyah Bet , 108–17 Antonescu, Ion, 118 , 123 end of, 119 Aras, Tevfi k R üş t ü , 164 illegal immigration by ship, Arbel, Bed î , 210 , 211 , 215 112–14 Arditti, Albert, 244 legal transit routes through Turkey, Arditti, Elie, 221 109–12 Arditti, Esther, 244 Alkalai, Nissim, 291 Arditti, Nessim, 230–31

335

336 Index

Arditti, Rachel, 244 Atat ü rk, Mustafa Kemal, 5 , 6–7 , 13 , 16 , Arditti, Regina, 244 38–39 , 43 , 44–45 , 90 , 137 Argentina Atay, Falih R ı fk ı , 39 , 57 Argentinean Jews in Salonica, 288–89 Athens, 291–94 Foreign Offi ce dealings with Argentinean Atilhan, Cevat Rı fat, 40 , 41 , 56 , 57 , 60 , 63 , Jews, 143 64 , 316 repatriation ultimatum, 293 Ats ı z, Nihal, 40 , 64 , 316 Arif (secretary at Ministry of the Ats ı z Mecmua journal, 45 Interior), 98 Aubert de la Rü e, Philippe, 128 , 302 Ar ı kan, Saffet, 44–45 , 305 Auerbach, Erich, 88 Arm é e Juive (Jewish Army), 245 Auschwitz concentration camp Arm é e Secrè te (Secret Army), 253 commemorative plaque, 318 Armenians deportation of Jews from Belgium to, citizenship deprivation, 50 250 , 252–53 , 254–55 , 262 expulsion of, 5 deportation of Jews from France to, 188 , forced resettlement of, 48 189 , 191–92 , 201–2 , 203 , 204 , 205 , genocide of, 4 , 49 206–7 , 208 , 235 , 238 portrayal of as potential traitors, 6 deportation of Jews from Hungary to, return denied, 53 127 settlement restrictions, 19 deportation of Jews from Italy to, 277 , travel restrictions, 19 280 , 282–83 , 284 Turkifi cation of property, 9–10 deportation of Jews from Netherlands visibility of Jews after genocide of, 8 to, 271–72 wealth tax and, 74–75 deportation of Jews from Poland to, 300 Arouete, Moise, 203 deportation of Jews from Rhodes to, 296 Arrovas, Sultan, 222 deportation of Jews from Salonica to, Artunkal, Ali R ı za, 44 288 Asche, Kurt, 312 , 315 number of Turkish Jews deported to, Ashkenazi communities 309 in Austria, 171–73 , 174 transfer of prisoners to Bergen-Belsen, in Turkey, 136 303 A ş kale labor camp, 76–79 , 88 Australia, as destination for Jewish exiles, 83 Asriel, Andr é , 179 Austria Asriel, Davisco, 165 , 168 , 169 Austrian communities in Turkey, 42 , Asriel, Paula, 179 105–6 Asr ı n Gailesi Yahudi (The Jew as the Austrian Jews in Belgium, 250–51 Plague of the Century) pamphlet 60 Austrian Jews in Netherlands, 264 Assa ël, Harald, 162 deportations to Belarus, 177 Assaë l, Sabatai Isidor, 162 deportations to Bergen-Belsen, 300–1 Asseo, Isaac, 175 deportations to Latvia, 168 Association culturelle orientale Israé lite de as “model for the fi nal solution”, 175–79 Paris, 181 Nazi German annexation of, 99 , 108 Association des Juifs en Belgique (AJB; Turkish Jews in, 151 , 171–79 , 300–1 Association of Jews in Belgium), 250 , Avidor, Israel, 207–8 254 , 255 , 258 Avigdor, R ı fat, 162 Association Law (Law No. 3512) Avriel, Ehud, 120–21 (1938), 14 Avrupa (ship), 118 Association of Turkish Israelites Avrupa Irk çı lar ı na Karş ı T ü rkiye’nin (Sephardim) in Vienna. See Verband M ü cadelesi (Turkey’s Struggle against der t ü rkischen Israeliten (Sephardim) the European Racists) (Ş im ş ir), 149 zu Wien, 172 Ayd ı n (Jewish community), 8 Atalay, Besim, 44–45 Ay ı n Tarihi gazette, 156

Index 337

Babaeski, 62 foreign and Belgian Jews, 250–51 Bader, Menahem, 120–21 futile attempts at repatriation, 257–60 Badoglio, Pietro, 276 immigrant Jews in, 140 Bali, Alexandre, 207 overview, 249–50 Bali, R ı fat, 64 , 71 repatriation ultimatum, 255–56 Bal ı kesir, 18 resistance, 253–54 Balkan nations Turkish Jews in, 254–63 , 311 Balkan Jews living in Austria, 172–73 Bella Citta (ship), 129–30 emigration of Balkan Jews, 127 , 131 , 132 Bellio ğ lu, Sı rr ı , 43 European support for separation efforts, Benaderet, Sara, 271 4–5 Bene, Otto, 142 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 270 , 271 Nazi German advance in, 70 , 71 Benezra, David, 159 submission to Nazi Germany, 31 Benezra, Eli, 248 Turkish Muslim immigrant agreement, Bennett (British Embassy representative), 133 126 Balkan Pact (1934), 30 Benveniste, Annie, 197 Balkan Wars (1912–1913), 22 , 64 Beratungsstelle fü r deutsche Baraner, Reş at Fuat, 45 Wissenschaftler . See Advisory Offi ce Barbie, Klaus, 246 for German Scientists Barlas, Haim, 101 , 109–10 , 111–12 , Bergama, 18 120–21 , 123 , 124–25 , 228 Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, Barrett, Victoria, 149 299–308 Barut ç u, Faik Ahmet, 32 conditions in, 302–3 Barzilai (rabbi in Athens), 292 deportation of Jews from Belgium to, 261 Ba ş bakanl ık Cumhuriyet Ar ş ivi (Prime deportation of Jews from France to, 238 Minister’s Republican Archives), deportation of Jews from Italy to, 19–20 , 53 , 54 , 71 , 72 , 103 , 109 , 148 , 282–83 , 284 153 , 154 , 158 deportation of Jews from Netherlands Bayraktar, Hatice, 67 to, 271 Beaune-la-Rolande transit camp, 203 , 205 , deportation of Jews from Salonica to, 206 289 Behar, Abraham, 166 deportation of Turkish Jews to, 300–1 Behar, Alberto, 277 , 280 exchange negotiations, 302 Behar, Isaak, 163 , 166 , 168 number of Turkish Jews deported to, 309 Behar, Vitalis, 199 repatriation of Turkish Jews from, B é j érano, Ha ï m, 13 127–28 , 305–8 Belarus, deportation of Jews to, 168 , 177 rescue of Turkish Jews from, ix Belbez, Fikret, 212 , 289 unexpected liberation from, 303–5 Belev, Alexander, 290 Berkes, Niyazi, 39 , 44–45 , 46 Belge, Burhan, 40 Bermuda Conference, 125 Belgian National Movement. See Bessoudo, Haim Isaak, 159 Mouvement National Belge Be ş u ş e, Avram, 263–64 , 267–68 , 269 Belgium, 248–63 Betar movement, 112 arrests, 170 , 260–63 Bile, Rapha ë l, 255 attitude of authorities and population, Birgen, Muhittin, 40 251–52 Birkenau concentration camp, 205 , 318 Comit é de la Colonie Turque en birth rate, campaigns to increase, 16 Belgique, 255–57 Bitran, Isaac, 203 , 207–8 deportations, 186 , 252–53 , 260–63 Bolivia, emigration of German Jews to, 169 as destination for Jewish exiles, 83 Bolzano transit camp, 283 evacuation of non-Jewish Turkish Boran, Behice, 46 citizens, 158 Boratav, Pertev, 46

338 Index

Bowman, Steven, 294 carte d’ é tranger (foreigner’s card), 194–95 , Bozkurt, Mahmut Esat, 10 , 15 , 44 , 45 197 Bozkurt journal, 45 Castoriano, Isaac, 196 , 213 Brazil, emigration of German Jews to, 169 Catarivas, David, 212, 245 A Breach for Truth. See Der Wahrheit eine Catarivas, Suzanne, 245–46 Gasse CDJ. See Comité de D éfense des Juifs Brod, Simon, 116 , 117 , 121–22 Ceride-i Tercü man (The Translator) Brunner, Alois, 221–24 , 226 , 236 , 237 , newspaper, 17 288 , 312–13 Ç erkezyan, Sarkis, 72 Buchenwald concentration camp Ç e ş me deportation of Jews from Belgium to, emigration of Jews through, 125 261 , 263 rescue of Greek Jews, 128 deportation of Jews from France to, CGQJ. See Commissariat Gé n é ral aux 244–45 Questions deportation of Jews from Italy to, 283 Ch é tovy, Marcel, 239 deportation of Jews from Netherlands Children’s Aid Society. See Oeuvre de to, 269–70 secours aux Enfants [OSE] deportation of Turkish Jews to, 157–58 , China, emigration of German Jews to, 169 166 , 170 , 176 CHP. See Republican People’s Party (CHP) B ü lb ü l (ship), 131 Christians Bules, Arlette, 237 attacks on Jews by, 6 Bulgaria help from Belgian, 252 , 254 anti-Jewish legislation, 119 , 132–33 help from French, 243 emigration of Jews to Palestine, 108 , Jews converted to Christianity, 82–83 111 , 112 , 113 , 123–25 , 126–27 , Turkifi cation of economy, 9 , 10 129–30 , 131 viewed as “enemy within”, 4–5 expulsion of foreign Jews from, 152 wealth tax and, 74–75 fl ight from “events in Thrace” to, 62 Çı naraltı journal, 45 Foreign Offi ce dealings with Bulgarian Citizens, Speak Turkish. See Vatanda ş Jews, 143 T ürk çe konu ş campaign German troops near Turkish border, 31 citizenship prohibition of emigration of Jews, 122 deprivation of, Armenians, 50 strained relations with Turkey, 30 deprivation of, Greeks, 50 submission to Nazi Germany, 31 deprivation of, Jews in Nazi Germany, transit visas, 210 92 , 104–6 zone in Greece occupied by, 285–86 , deprivation of, Kurds, 51 290–91 deprivation of, Turkish Jews in France, Burger, Anton, 296 158 , 193 , 194 , 196 , 242–43 Bursa deprivation of, Turkish Jews in Germany, discovery of secret Jewish school, 58 164–68 pressure to speak Turkish, 18 deprivation of, Turkish Jews in Italy, 276 wealth tax, 76–77 deprivation of, Turkish Jews in Turkey, B ü y ü kel ç i . See The Ambassador ; Kı v ı rc ı k 54–55 deprivation of, Turkish Jews living Cairo Conference (1943), 36 abroad, 50–51 , 54–55 Ç akmak, Fevzi, 41 deprivation of, Turkish political caliphate, abolition of, 12 opponents, 51 Ç anakkale distinction between citizens of Turkey Christians in, 65 and ö z Turks, 15 “events in Thrace”, 61–62 revocation of, Jews in France, 185–86 , proportion of Jews in, 8 221 Car ım, Mehmet Fuat, 234 revocation of, Jews in Italy, 274

Index 339

revocation of, Jews in Nazi Germany, Declaration on Race (Dichiarazione sulla 161–62 razza ), 274 Citizenship Law No. 1312 (1928), 50–51 , Decree for the Registration of Jewish 54–55 , 151 , 158 Property (1938), 139 , 163 Cittone-Ojalvo, Sara, 283 Decree No. 1514 (1922), 49 Cohn, Marianne, 246 Decree No. 1745 (1922), 49 Comité de Dé fense des Juifs (CDJ), 253–54 Decree No. 7559 (1928), 50 Comit é de la Colonie Turque en Belgique Decree No. 2/9498 (1938), 101–3 , 310 (Committee of the Turkish Colony in Decree No. 2/15132 (1941), 102 , 110–11 Belgium), 255–57 , 258–59 Decree No. 3/6067 (1947), 132 Commissariat Gé né ral aux Questions Denmark Juives (CGQJ; General Commission as destination for Jewish exiles, 83 for Jewish Questions), 190 , 197 , 204 Foreign Offi ce dealings with Danish Commission for the Investigation of the Jews, 143 Turkish Language (Tü rk Dili Tetkik repatriation ultimatum, 157 Heyeti), 44 Der Stü rmer newspaper, 40 , 56 , 57 Communauté S épharade de Lyon, 183 Der Wahrheit eine Gasse (A Breach for Compi ègne transit camp, 188 , 191 , 206 , Truth) (von Papen), 142 210 , 218–19 , 220 Dersim, 47–48 Comtadin community, 183 Desperate Hours (fi lm), 149 , 220 Çorlu, 62 Diamant, Corinne, 246 Covo, Isidoro, 159 Didymoteicho, 285–86 Cremer, Jan, 94 Die t ürkische Herausforderung ( Öymen), Croatia 149 anti-Jewish legislation, 119 Dieckmann, Lieselotte, 97 transit visas, 210 Dil ve Tarih Co ğ rafya Fak ü ltesi. See cultural associations, prohibition of, 14 Faculty of Languages, History, and Cumhuriyet newspaper, 41 , 57–58 , 75 , 101 Geography Czechoslovakia Dispatches from Hitler’s Vienna (Nadi), 58 Czech Jews in France, 186 DNVP (German National People’s Party), Czech Jews in Italy, 274–75 161 Czech Jews in Turkey, 105–6 Dodecanese Islands, 24 , 30 , 274 , 286 , as destination for Jewish exiles, 83 294–98 emigration of Jews to Palestine, 108 , Donati, Angelo, 223 111 , 113–14 D önme , 74–75 , 142 , 163–64 Foreign Offi ce dealings with Czech Jews, Dora (ship), 118 144 Drancy detention camp Turkish Jews transferred to Bergen- Alois Brunner and, 222 , 223 Belsen from, 300–1 deportation of foreign Jews to, 186–87 , 236 Dachau concentration camp, 166 , 175, deportation of Jews to Auschwitz from, 244–45 , 261 , 262 , 309 188 , 208 Dana (né e Behar), Lea Rebecca, 280 , 281 deportation of Jews to Sobibor from, Dana, Estrea, 281 218–19 Dana, Mos é, 276 , 307–8 deportation of Turkish Jews to, 204 , Dana, Sara, 280 , 281 205 , 206–7 , 208–9 , 215 , 226 , 227 , Dannecker, Theodor, 187 , 205 , 290 , 309 312–13 interventions for release of Turkish Jews Dardanelles, 65 , 68 from, 191 , 206 , 207–8 , 231–32 , 235 Darnand, Aim é-Joseph, 229 number of Turkish Jews deported from/ Dâ r ü lf ünun (later became Istanbul via, 240–41 Ü niversitesi) 18 , 84–91 wall inscriptions, 239

340 Index

Drottningholm (ship), ix , 305–7 of foreign Jews in Germany, 168–69 D ü lger, Cevdet, 191 , 210 , 212 of German Jews, 82–83 D ü stur government publication, 55 illegal immigration by ship, 112–14 Dziennik Polski newspaper, 156 legal transit routes through Turkey, 109–12 EAM-ELAS (Ethnikó n Apeleftherotikó n living conditions of non-prominent M étopon-Ethnik ó s La ï k ó s Jewish refugees in Turkey, 94–96 Apeleftherotikó s Str á tos; National during Ottoman Empire, 22 Liberation Front-National Popular to Palestine, 107–33 Liberation Army), 294 prevention of Jewish immigration, Easterman, Alex, 228 157–58 Ebert, Carl, 87 recruitment of Muslim and Turkic- Ebert family, 104 speaking immigrants, 16 , 47 , Eb ü zziya, Abdurrahman Velit, 7 99–100 Eb ü zziya, Mehmet Tevfi k, 7 of scholars to Turkey, 84–91 Eckstein, Albert, 86–87 , 89–90 of Turkish Jews, 22–23 Eckstein, Erna, 89 En B ü y ü k Tehlike (The Greatest Danger) Eckstein family, 104 brochure, 45 Eclaireurs israé lites de France (EIF; Jewish Enrico Salem, 273 Scouts), 243 , 245 Erden, Ali Fuad, 33 Edirne Erdmann, Fritz, 256 anti-Jewish campaigns, 7 Ergas, Jak, 77–79 effect of emigration on population of, 23 Ergas, Salomon, 77–79 “events in Thrace”, 62 , 63 , 64 , 70 Ergenekon journal, 45 Jewish community in, 8–9 , 23 , 24 , 61 Erkilet, H ü sn ü H ü seyin E., 33 , 41 during Nazi German threat, 31 Erkin, Behi ç , 150 , 199 , 211 , 212 pressure to speak Turkish, 18 Erkin, Feridun Cemal, 150 educational institutions Erkman, Faris, 45 closing of Jewish, 13–14 Erkmen, Muhlis, 40 discovery of secret Jewish, 58 Erteg ü n, Mehmet Mü nir, 228 , 229 emigration of scholars to Turkey, 84–91 Ertok, Nebil, 277 , 279–80 , 282 , 284 university reform, 84–85 Erzurum, citizenship deprivation of Jews Ehlers, Ernst, 315 in, 51 , 52 Eichmann, Adolf, 147 , 175 , 188 , 269 , 278 Esendal, Memduh Ş evket, 44 EIF (Eclaireurs israé lites de France; Jewish Eskenazi, Albert, 267 Scouts), 243 , 245 Eskenazi, Eli, 223–24 , 235 Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg , Eskenazi, Marie, 261 184 , 287 Eskenazi, Samuel, 267 Einstein, Albert, 89 Esperanza association, 172–73 , 179 El Correo de Vienna journal, 172–73 E şref, Ru ş en, 44 El Dragoman journal, 172–73 Etlin, Georges, 240–41 El Kavetz, Ya’acov, 291 Euboea, 128 El Mundo Sefardi journal, 172–73 Ev â mir-i A ş ere (The Ten Commandments) El Nacional journal, 172–73 (Kohen), 20 Eleventh Decree of the Reich Citizenship “events in Thrace” (Trakya Olaylar ı ), Law (1941), 105 61–70 Eliane U., 243–44 background of, 63–69 Ellmann, Anna, 176 refugees, 62 emigration/immigration Turkish government’s reaction to, countermeasures against refugees from 62–63 Romania, 129–31 Evian-les-Bains conference (1938), 100 , countries providing refuge, 83–84 101 , 125

Index 341

Evren, Galip, 270 persecution of Turkish Jews in, 234–37 “exemptions” from anti-Jewish measures, protection for Turkish Jews in, 189–201 144–46 , 192 , 202 , 206 , 265 , 267 , registration of Jews in, 185–86 280 , 309 repatriation of Turkish Jews from, 230–34 Fabricius, Wilhelm, 93 repatriation ultimatum, 153 , 157 , Fachler, Joseph, 199 , 256–57 , 258–59 209–15 , 224–29 Faculty of Languages, History, and resistance, 245–46 Geography (Dil ve Tarih Coğ rafya tripartite pact with Turkey, 30 , 60 Fak ü ltesi), 44–45 , 46 , 89 Franco, Gad, 79 family law, secularization of, 12 Franco, Hizkia M., 298 Farhi, Arlette, 235 , 238–39 Frandji, Joseph, 203 Farhi, Benjamin (Beno), 246 Free German Movement (Deutscher Farhi, Leon Yuda, 196 , 235 , 238–39 Freiheitsbund), 91 Farhi, Reyna, 235 , 238–39 Freemasons, 14 Faruk, Ö mer, 165 Fré jus camp, 218 Fazl ı , M ümtaz Taylan, 163–64 Fritsch, Theodor, 56 , 60 Ferman, Ilya, 51 Front d’Ind é pendance (Independence Finland, repatriation ultimatum, 157 Front), 253 500-Yil-Vakfi (500 Year Foundation), 149 , Fuentes, Lucie, 239 220 , 317 Fleischer, Hagen, 289–90 , 294 Gabai family, 159 Fleischhauer, Ulrich, 40 Gabay, Chaim, 230–31 Flossenb ürg concentration camp, 283 gabela (tax on kosher meat), 13 forced labor service, 70–72 Gailani, Rashid Ali al-, 35–36 Ford, Henry, 60 Galant é , Avram, 79 , 88 , 295 Foreign Offi ce. See German Foreign Offi ce . Galant é , Salomon, 298 See Turkish Foreign Offi ce Galata, 17 foreigner’s card. See carte d’ é tranger Galip, Re ş id, 85 Forward ( İ leri ) newspaper, 7 Gattegno, Albert, 207–8 , 230–31 Fossoli concentration camp, 277–78 , Gattegno, Lilly, 207–8 , 230–31 282–83 , 301 Gattegno, R é gine, 246 France, 180–247 gayri muntazam , 192–97 anti-Jewish legislation, 148 , 185–86 , General Commission for Jewish Questions. 188–201 , 203 , 215 See Commissariat Gé n é ral aux citizenship deprivation of Turkish Jews Questions Juives in, 158 , 193 , 194 , 196 , 242–43 George, Perry, 46 citizenship revocation of Jews in, Gerede, H üsrev, 33 , 40 , 150 , 164–65 185–86 , 221 German Foreign Offi ce, involvement in deportation of Turkish Jews in, 3 , persecution of Jews, 139–58 , 178–79 , 201–9 214 , 237–38 , 271 , 289 , 292 , 315 . as destination for Jewish exiles, 83 See also repatriation ultimatums as destination for Jewish immigrants, 23 , German Templars, 299 84 , 140 German Youth, in Turkey, 42 emigration of Jews to Palestine, 111 German-Italian alliance (Pact of Steel) fl ight of Turkish Jews from Italy to, 275 (1939), 30 Foreign Offi ce dealings with French German-Soviet alliance. See Hitler-Stalin Jews, 143–44 Pact hunt for foreign Jews in, 186–88 German-Turkish treaty, 31–33 Marseilles, 216–19 Germany. See Nazi Germany Nazi German occupation of, 31 , 183–89 , Gerngross , Otto, 95 , 105 215–24 , 276 Goga, Octavian, 99

342 Index

G ö k-B ör ü journal, 45 Hakko, Vitali, 71 G ö k çe, Ramiz, 58 Halfon, Fortune, 235 Goldenberg, Edmond, 95 , 121 Halfon, Isaac, 235 Goldin, Joseph, 120–21 , 131 Halfon, Moris, 235 Gormenzano, Preciado, 261 Halfon, Paul, 179 Great Britain Halkevleri (People’s Houses), 66 control of immigration to Palestine, 107 , Halkçı Fı rkas ı (People’s Party), 11 . See 108 , 113 , 114–15 , 122 , 123–24 , 126 also Republican People’s Party (CHP) as destination for Jewish exiles, 83 Handbuch f ü r die j ü dische rescue of Greek Jews, 128 Auswanderung (Handbook for tripartite pact with Turkey, 30 , 60 Jewish Emigration), 84 Greece, 285–86 Hassid, Salvator, 246 anti-Jewish legislation, 132–33 Hatay (Alexandretta), 29–30 Athens, 291–94 Hatem family, 203 border strip occupied by Germany, 290–91 Heilbronn, Alfred, 88 emigration of Jews from, 48 Heinrichsohn, Ernst, 315 emigration of Jews to Palestine, 125 Hellmann, Bruno, 85–86 expulsion of foreign Jews from, 278–79 Hellmann, Karl, 85–86 , 105 fl eeing “events in Thrace” to, 62 Het Vrije Woord newspaper, 257 Greek Jews in Italy, 275 Heydrich, Reinhard, 141 Italian-occupied zone, 285–86 , 291–94 HICEM organization, 166 , 168 Nazi German occupation of, 31 , 276 , Hikmet, N â zim, 51 285–86 Hilfsverein der deutschen Juden (Aid operations to rescue Jews from, 128–29 Association of the German Jews), repatriation ultimatum, 292 13 , 14 , 22 Salonica, 287–90 Himmler, Heinrich, 299 self-administration by minorities in, 11 Hindemith, Paul, 86–87 zone occupied by Bulgaria, 290–91 Hirsch, Ernst E., 86–87 , 90 , 104 Greek National Union (Ethniki Enosis Hirschmann, Ira, 125–26 , 129 Ellados), 287 Hitler, Adolf, 31–32 , 139 Greeks (Turkish Greeks) Hitler Youth, in Turkey, 42 citizenship deprivation, 50 Hitler-Stalin Pact (German-Soviet expulsion of, 5 alliance), 30 portrayal of as potential traitors, 6 Holzmeister, Clemens, 86–87 settlement restrictions, 19 Hotel Lutetia, Paris, 244 travel restrictions, 19 Hungary Turkifi cation of economy, 9–10 anti-Jewish legislation, 119 Turkifi cation of property, 9–10 emigration of Jews to Palestine, 108 , visibility of Jews after expulsion of, 8 111 , 123–25 , 127 , 131 Greek-Turkish War, 5 , 6–7 , 23 , 64 Foreign Offi ce dealings with Hungarian Griffel, Jacob, 120–21 Jews, 144 Gruenbaum, Yitzhak, 120–21 Hungarian Jews deported from Italy to Guckes, Alfred, 43 Bergen-Belsen, 282–83 Gü n, Emrullah, 165 repatriation ultimatum, 157 , 293 Gü nd ü z, Asim, 41 submission to Nazi Germany, 31 G ü ne ş Dil Teorisi . See Sun Language Theory H ü rriyet newspaper, 58 Gü nther, Rolf, 237–38 Husny (Turkish Consul General), 174 Gurs camp, 186 H ü ttner, M. Julius, 303–4

Haidari concentration camp, 293 , 296 I., Sidi, 219–20 Haim, Leon David, 159 IGCR (Intergovernmental Committee on Haker, Erol, 21 Refugees), 100–1 , 125–26

Index 343

İğ neli F ıç i (The Nail Keg) (Atilhan), 60 attack on Greece, 31 IKG. See (Israelitische Kultusgemeinde; as destination for Jews emigrating from Vienna Israelite Community Turkey, 84 İ leri (Forward) newspaper, 7 “diplomatic rules”, 280–82 İ leri, Celal Nuri, 7 emigration of Jews to Palestine, 108 immigration. See emigration/immigration expulsion of foreign Jews, 274–75 , In Depot (Mechanicus) , 269–70 278–79 İ nan, Afet, 44 Foreign Offi ce dealings with Italian Jews, In ö n ü , Ismet Paş a, 6 , 19 , 31–32 , 38–39 , 45 , 144 62–63 , 89 , 199–201 Italian Jews in Salonica, 288–89 Inspectorate-General (um ûm î m ü fettiş lik ), Italian Jews in Turkey, 105–6 65–66 , 152 Italian zone of occupation in France, Institute for Study of the Jewish Question 183 , 222–23 (Institut zur Erforschung der Polish and German Jews in, 274–75 Judenfrage), 287 repatriation ultimatum, 157 , 292 Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees threats of war from, 30 , 65 (IGCR), 100–1 , 125–26 Turkish Jews in, 275–83 International Allied Commission, 52 Turkish Jews transferred to Bergen- The International Jew (Ford), 60 Belsen from, 300–1 International Red Cross, 121 , 122 , 126 , zone in Greece occupied by, 285–86 , 129 , 303–4 291–94 İ sk â n Kanunu (Settlement Law; Law No. Izmir 2510) (1934), 47–48 , 50 , 65–66 , anti-Jewish campaigns, 7 68 , 98 effect of emigration on population of, 23 Israelitische Kultusgemeinde (IKG; Vienna emigration of Jews through, 125 Israelite Community), 172 fear of violent assaults, 46 Israelitisch-Sephardischer Verein zu Berlin Nazi German mass organizations in, 42 (Israelite-Sephardic Association in during Nazi German threat, 31 Berlin), 159–60 pressure to speak Turkish, 18 , 20 Istanbul proportion of Jews in, 8–9 , 24 aid committee, 121 rescue of Greek Jews, 128 anti-Jewish campaigns, 7 wealth tax, 76–77 , 80–81 “best-informed” as to systematic murder Izmir economic conference (1923), 6 , 10 of Jews, 119–20 expulsion of foreign Jews living in, Jabotinsky, Ze’ev, 112 105–6 Jaffe, Elia, 282 , 303–4 fl eeing “events in Thrace” to, 62 Jewish Agency Nazi German mass organizations in, alerted to situation of Turkish Jews in 42–43 France, 227 during Nazi German threat, 31 drawing attention to systematic murder pressure to speak Turkish, 18 of Jews, 155–56 proportion of Jews in, 24 efforts to aid emigration to Palestine, rescue committee, 120 , 129–30 107 , 109–10 , 118–19 , 124–25 , 127 wealth tax, 75 , 76–77 , 80–81 learns of systematic murder of Jews, 119 Istanbul Ü niversitesi (formerly known as overview, 107 D â r ü lf ünun) 18 , 84–91 petition to Turkey to grant asylum, 89 Italy, 273–84 rescue committee, 120 , 125–26 after German occupation, 276–83 sea bridge, 129 , 131 anti-Jewish legislation, 99 , 106 , 148 , Jewish Army. See Arm é e Juive 273–76 Jewish Chronicle , 24 , 63 arrests of “protected” Jews, 282–83 Jewish Combat Organization (Organisation attack on Albania, 30 juive de combat [OJC]), 245–46

344 Index

Jewish Scouts (Eclaireurs israé lites de racist characteristics of, 43 France [EIF]), 243 , 245–46 rejection of meddling by European Joint (American Jewish Joint Distribution powers, 4 Committee), 122 Turkifi cation policy, 4 , 5 repatriation of Turkish Jews, 305 , 306 , Kent, Necdet, 219–21 307 , 312 Kerem, Yitzchak, 291 , 294 representatives in Turkey, 121 Ke ş an, 62 rescue committee, 122 Kesebir, Ş akir, 90 Rhodes, 298 Kessler, Gerhard, 85 , 88 , 91 Struma tragedy, 114 Kı rdar, L ü tfi , 305 Joodsche Schouwburg theater, 269–70 Kı rklareli, 62 , 63 Juda ï sme Sé pharadi journal, 223 Kı v ı rc ı k, Emir, 149 , 197 , 317 Judeo-Spanish (Judezmo), 136 , 172–73 , Klarsfeld, Beate, 315 287 , 318 Klarsfeld, Serge, 202 , 206 , 221 , 315 Kleemann, Ulrich (Nazi military Kaldiremdjian, Caroline, 217–18 commander on Rhodes), 296 Kalis, Erich, 60 , 164 Klingenfuß , Karl, 233 kanun-T ü rk ü (Turks by law), 15 Knochen, Helmut, 236 , 315 Kaputo, Joseph, 213 Ko ç , Kemal, 157 , 164 , 225 , 237 Karaites, 136 Ko ç giri uprising, 5 exception from deportation, 234 Kohen, Mo ï z (Munis Tekinalp), 20 , 79 Karaosmano ğ lu, Yakup Kadri, 17 , 41 , 150 Kollek, Teddy, 119–21 Karel, Luiza, 199 K ö prü l ü , Mehmet Fuat, 44 Karel, Salomon, 199 Kopuz journal, 45 Karikat ü r caricature magazine, 58 , 59 , 73 , Korkut, Selahattin, 41 113–14 Kos, 296 , 298 Karon, Anton, 96 Kroll, Hans, 32 , 35 , 43 , 102 , 154 , 158 Karon, Elfriede (Elfi ) Alfandari, 95–96 Kulin, Ay ş e, 149 Kavayero, Diamante, 3 Kumbaracı lar, Kemal, 165 Kavayero, Perla, 3 Kurdish-Islamic Sheikh Said ( Ş eyh-Said ) Kavayero, Sarah, 3 Rebellion, 19 , 65–66 Kavayero, Suzanne, 3 Kurds Kavayero family, 310 citizenship deprivation, 51 Kaya, Şükr ü , 63 , 64 Dersim insurrection, 47–48 Kazbek (ship), 131 forced resettlement, 47–48 Keim, Georg, 261 human rights violations against, 316 Kemalists Ko ç giri uprising, 5 assimilation of Jews, 3 pressure to speak Turkish, 5–6 , 18 closing of Jewish educational Turkifi cation policy, 5–6 , 21 institutions, 13–14 Kurtulu ş savaş ı . See “War of Liberation” contradictory behavior, 21–22 (Kurtulu ş sava ş ı ) distancing from Young Turks, 29 , 44 Kü tan (Turkish Jew from Belgium), 260 elimination of minority self- Kü tan, Regine, 260 administration, 12 Jews as “model minority”, 6 labor camps, 76–79 Jews’ efforts to establish good Last Train to Istanbul ( Nefes Nefese ) relationship with, 6–7 (Kulin), 149 opposition to freedoms guaranteed in Latvia, deportation of Jews to, 168 Lausanne Treaty, 11 , 21–22 Lausanne peace negotiations overview, 3 (1922–1923), 6 participation in “War of Liberation” as Law for the Restoration of the Professional criterion for inclusion, 15–16 Civil Service (1933), 82

Index 345

Law No. 854 b (1926), 16 Madame Z. (Turkish Jew living in Paris), Law No. 1041 (1927), 16 , 49 , 51 , 151 , 213 158 , 167 Malche, Albert, 85 Law No. 1164 (1934), 65 Malines (Mechlin) transit camp, 252 , Law No. 1312 (Citizenship Law) (1928), 258–59 , 260 , 262 50–51 , 54–55 , 151 , 158 Mandel, Ernest, 257 Law No. 2007. See Law on Activities Mandel, Henri, 257 and Professions in Turkey Manifesto della razza (Manifesto of Race), Reserved for Turkish Citizens 273 (1932) Marcus, David, 88–89 Law No. 2848 (1935), 50 , 151 Maria De Vecchi, Cesare, 294–95 Law No. 3293 (1937), 95 Maritsa (Meriç ) river, 31 Law No. 3512 (Association Law) Maritza (ship), 129–30 (1938), 14 Markus (rabbi of Ashkenazi community), Law No. 3519 (Passport Law) (1938), 92 , 121 99–100 , 152 Marmarali, Samuel Abravaya (Samuel Law No. 3529 (Law Regarding the Abravaya Ozçelik), 58–59 Residence and Travel of Foreigners in Mauthausen concentration camp, 244–45 , Turkey) (1938), 99–100 309 Law on Activities and Professions in Mechanicus, Philip, 269–70 Turkey Reserved for Turkish Citizens Mechlin (Malines) transit camp, 252 , (Law No. 2007) (1932), 95 258–59 , 260 , 262 Law on Associations and the Press medrese (Islamic schools), closing of, 12 (1938), 38 Mefk ûre (ship), 113 , 131 Law on Civil Servants (1926), 10 Mein Kampf (Hitler), 60 Law on Taxation of Agricultural Products Melchers, Wilhelm, 141 , 143 , 145 , 214 (toprak mahsulleri ) (1943), 74 Melmer gold, 42 Law Regarding the Residence and Travel Menass é , Avram, 227 of Foreigners in Turkey (No. 3529) Menass é , Simha, 227 (1938), 99–100 Menda, Eliah, 78 Le Juda ï sme S épharadi journal, 14 , 137 Menda, Joshuah, 78 Le M émorial de la d é portation des Juifs de Menemencioğ lu, Numan, 33 , 36 , 40 , France (Klarsfeld), 202 129 , 130 , 132 , 153 , 154 , 158 , League of Nations, 29 , 65 , 99 228–29 Leipzig Trade Fair, 139 Meri ç (Maritsa) river, 31 L é on, Habif, 246 Merkez Ordusu (“Central Army”), 49 Leopold III (king of Belgium), 249–50 Merten, Max, 288 Les cahiers sé fardis journal, 247 Mesut Ilg ı m, 94 Les Milles camp, 186 Milka (ship), 129–30 Levi, Avner, 24 , 64 millet system, 11 Levi, Bohor, 236 Mill î İ nkı lap journal, 40 , 56 , 57 , 63 , 64 levirat (brother-in-law marriage), 23 Mill î Korunma Kanunu . See National Levy (Italian military colonel), 273 Protection Law (1940), 74 Levy, Ita, 262 Mill î Ş ef (national leader), 38–39 Levy, Joseph, 120 Milos (ship), 113 Levy, Rudolf, ix , 266–67 , 302–3 Mitrani, Israel (Izy), 245 Lischka, Kurt, 315 Mitteilungen der tü rkischen Long, Breckinridge, 125 Israelitengemeinde (Sephardim) Wien Loraine, Percy, 66–67 newsletter, 174 L ö wenstein, Bertold, 177–78 Mitteilungen zur Judenfrage journal, Lukov, Pencho, 291 59–60 Luther, Martin, 72–73 , 140 , 141 , 153 , 214 Mogroby family, 266

346 Index

Montreux Convention (1936), 29–30 emigration of Jews to Palestine, 108 , Morocco, emigration of German Jews to, 109 , 111 , 113–14 169 evacuation of non-Jewish Turkish Mouvement National Belge (Belgian citizens, 158 National Movement), 253 exclusion of Jews from society, 82 movement, freedom of, 19 German community in Turkey, 42–43 , Mufti of Jerusalem, 35–36 76 , 91–93 , 301 muhacirs German Jews deported to camps in Passport Law, 99–100 France, 186 receptivity to chauvinistic and German Jews in Belgium, 250–51 xenophobic sentiments, 8–9 German Jews in Italy, 274–75 in Thrace, 64 German Jews in Netherlands, 264 mass immigration to Turkey of, mass emigration of Jews from, 82–83 5–6 persecution of Jews, 91–94 Muhar, Joseph Escojido, 255 policy toward Jewish é migr és, muntazam , 192–97 91–93 , 97 Mussolini, Benito, 30 , 273 , 276 , 295 race ideology and Muslim and Turkic- speaking peoples, 34 Nadi, Do ğ an, 101 racial doctrines, 2–3 Nadi, Nadir, 58 secret service activities, 35–36 Nahum, Haim, 6 threat to Turkey, 31 names trade relations with Turkey, 4 , 30 , additions indicating religious 35 , 143 affi liation, 10 Turkey declares war on, 36–37 choice of Turkish, 20 Turkey’s “one-sided neutrality” and, introduction of family names, 44 35–36 use of in book, x–xi , 5 Turkish Jews in, 151 , 161–71 Nansen, Fridtjof, 99 use of Turanist ambitions as instrument, Naphtali, Gertrud, 170–71 33 , 34 Naphtali, Max, 170–71 violations of Treaty of Versailles, Natan, Ezra, 257 , 263 29–30 Natan brothers, 248 Neemane Zion organization, 128 Nathan, Elie, 21 Nefes Nefese (Last Train to Istanbul ) National Liberation Front-National (Kulin), 149 Popular Liberation Army (Ethnikó n Nermi, Mustafa, 57 Apeleftherotikó n M é topon-Ethnik ós Netherlands, 263–72 La ïk ós Apeleftherotikó s Str á tos arrest of Turkish Jews in, 269–70 [EAM-ELAS]), 294 Austrian Jews in, 264 National Protection Law (Mill î Korunma deportation and murder, 271–72 Kanunu ) (1940), 37 , 74 as destination for Jewish exiles, 83 National Socialist German Workers’ Party emigration of Jews to Palestine, 111 (NSDAP), 42 , 43 , 91 , 93 , 161 German Jews in, 264 National Socialist Women’s League, in order for arrest of foreign Jews, 170 Turkey, 42 position of Turkish authorities, Nazi Germany, 159–79 270–71 alliance with Italy, 30 Turkish Jews in, 263–72 attack on Poland, 30 Turkish Jews transferred to Bergen- attack on Soviet Union, 32–33 Belsen from, 300–1 deterioration and severing of relations The New York Times , 75 with Turkey, 30 , 301 Niego family, 207–8 emigration of Jewish academic elite to Nissen, Rudolf, 89–90 , 104 Turkey, 85 , 86 Norden, Edith, 95 , 98–99

Index 347

November 1938 pogrom, 83–84 , 139–40 , legal transit routes through Turkey, 150 , 163 , 166 , 175 109–12 NSDAP (National Socialist German Struma tragedy, 114–17 Workers’ Party), 42 , 43 , 91 , 93 , 161 Panturkists. See Turanists (Panturkists) Nuremberg Laws (1935), 82 Papandreou, Andreas, 128 Papo, Isacco, 275 , 278 Oberg, Carl, 216 Papo, Jos é , 182 , 208–9 Oeuvre de secours aux Enfants (OSE; Papo, Manfred, 175 Children’s Aid Society), 89 , 243 Parita (ship), 113–14 , 115 Oeuvre Nationale de l’Enfance, 254 Pa ş aeli newspaper, 7 , 64 Ofner, Francis, 102–3 , 127 Passport Law (Law No. 3519) (1938), OJC. See Jewish Combat Organization 99–100 , 152 Olympic Summer Games in Berlin (1936), passport stamps, 100–1 , 104 139 Passy, Ma ï er, 249 Ö ng ö ren, İ brahim Tali, 66 , 67–69 Patria (ship), 113 Operation Gertrud, 31 Payman, Kemal Aziz, 98 , 132 Or Ahayim Hospital, 121 Peker, Recep, 39 Organisation juive de combat (OJC; Jewish Pekesen, Berna, 67 Combat Organization), 245 Pencho (ship), 112–13 Orhun journal, 40 , 45 , 64 People’s Houses. See Halk Evleri Orta ç , Yusuf Ziya, 58 Pepeyi, H. Nihat, 41 OSE. See Oeuvre de secours aux Enfants Pera (Beyo ğ lu), 18 Ottoman Empire P é tain, Philippe, 183 break-up of, 4–5 Picciotto, Liliana, 281 emigration during, 22 Pithiviers transit camp, 205 , 206 Jewish educational institutions, 13–14 Poland millet system, 11 citizenship revocation, 228 new countries emerging from, 48 emigration of Jews to Palestine, 108 , “Turkish-Jewish” alliance, 6 111 , 113–14 Ovadia, Nissim, 182 , 208 evacuation of Turkish citizens, 158 Ovadya (n ée Profetta), Elvira, 194–95 Foreign Offi ce dealings with Polish Jews, Öymen, Onur, 149 144 öz T ü rk (real Turks) German attack on, 30 citizenship distinctions, 14–15 Jews in Nazi Germany deported to, 168 employment as teachers, 14 murder of Jews in, 156 Özdo ğ anc ı, Beh çet, 177–78 Polish Jews in France, 186 Ö zdo ğ anc ı , Fikret Ş efi k, 178 , 233 , 234 , Polish Jews in Germany, 161 235 , 236 , 238 Polish Jews in Italy, 274–75 Ö zelli, C., 60 Political Archives of the German Foreign Ö zkaya, İ nayetullah Cemal, 289 , 292 , 293 Offi ce (PAAA), 148–49 Ö ztrak, Faik, 152 Pomeranz, Venya, 120–21 “population exchange”, 8 , 15 , 19 , 48 , 64–65 Pacifi c (ship), 113 Portugal Pact of Steel. See German-Italian alliance Portuguese Jews in Salonica, 288–89 (1939) repatriation ultimatum, 157 , 293 Paldiel, Mordecai, 220 Posemann (German Embassy contact in Palestine Turkey), 59–60 countermeasures against refugees from press, censorship of, 39 Romania, 117–31 Prime Minister’s Republican Archives. See emigration to, 83 , 84 , 102–3 , 107–33 , Baş bakanl ı k Cumhuriyet Ar ş ivi 170–71 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion , 56 , 60 illegal immigration by ship, 112–14 public property auctions, 79–80

348 Index

Rachel M., 259 Rhodes, 294–98 Rademacher, Franz, 140 , 141 obliteration of Jewish community on, 295 Ravensbrü ck concentration camp rescue of Turkish Jews, 296–98 deportation of Jews from Austria to, 176 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 129 , 140 , 142 deportation of Jews from Belgium to, 261 Risiera di San Sabba concentration deportation of Jews from Germany to, camp, 284 170 Rivesaltes camp, 186 deportation of Jews from Italy to, 283 Rödiger, Gustav, 142 , 145 deportation of Jews from Netherlands R öhm Putsch (“Night of the Long to, 262 , 269–70 Knives”), 64 exchange negotiations, 302 Romania liberation of Turkish Jews from, anti-Jewish legislation, 119 , 132–33 303 , 305 citizenship revocation, 99 number of Turkish Jews deported to, countermeasures against refugees from, 309 117–31 Realite newspaper, 156 emigration of Jews to Palestine, 108 , 111 , Reeder, Eggert, 250 112 , 113 , 123–25 , 126 , 129–30 , 131 Reichenbach, Hans, 96–97 Foreign Offi ce dealings with Romanian Reichsfl uchtsteuer (tax for fl eeing the Jews, 143 Reich), 92 German troops near Turkish border, 31 Reichssicherheitshauptamt. See RSHA; prohibition of emigration of Jews, 122 Reich Security Main Offi ce repatriation ultimatum, 157 , 225–26 , 293 repatriation ultimatums, 146–48 submission to Nazi Germany, 31 Argentina, 293 Roncalli, Giuseppe (Bishop of Istanbul), Athens and Italian-occupied zone of 103 , 122 Greece, 292 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 100 , 125–26 , 130 Austria, 176 Rosenberg, Alfred, 34 Belgium, 255–56 Rosenberg, Hans, 85–86 Denmark, 157 Rother, Bernd, 140–41 Foreign Offi ce, 146–48 R öthke, Heinz, 221–22 , 223 , 235 , 315 France, 153 , 157 , 209–15 , 224–29 Rousso, Lazar, 191 , 210 Greece, 292 Routier, Albert, 199 Hungary, 157 , 293 Rozanes, Nissim, 181 Italy, 157 , 292 RSHA (Reichssicherheitshauptamt ; Reich Portugal, 157 , 293 Security Main Offi ce), 140–46 , 147 , Romania, 157 , 225–26 , 293 154–55 , 157 , 170 , 176 , 178–79 , Spain, 157 , 293 237–38 , 252 , 267 , 277 , 278 , 280 , 282 Sweden, 157 , 293 Rupprecht, Philipp, 56 Switzerland, 157 , 293 Russo, David, 122 Turkey, 153–55 , 211–13 , 311 Russo, Regina, 176 Republican People’s Party (CHP) Russo, Richard, 176 censorship of the press, 39 Russo family, 52–53 “events in Thrace”, 66 R üstow, Alexander, 88 fascism, 38 Rychl í k, Jan, 290 forced labor service for non-Muslims, 71 Jews in parliament, 58–59 Sabis, Ali İ hsan, 41 siding with Germany, 33 Sachsenhausen concentration camp, 41 Turkifi cation of language, 18 Sadak, Necmettin, 12 , 74 Resmi Gazete goverment publication, 55 Salmona (n ée Mitrani), Victoria, 203–5 Resnik, Reuben, 121 Salmona, Vitali, 203–5 , 206–7 Reuter, Edzard, 91 Salmona-Mitrani family, 203–5 Reuter, Ernst, 86–87 , 91 Ş alom, Daisy, 223–24

Index 349

Ş alom, Davud, 223–24 , 235 Sephiha, Esther, 249 , 260 Ş alom, Jean Marc, 223–24 Sephiha, Germaine, 249 Salomon Dana, 276 Sephiha, Jacques, 251–52 , 257 , 261 Salonica, 287–90 Sephiha, Nessim, 261 foreign Jews from neutral countries in, Serbia, murder of Jews in, 119 288–89 Ş erez family, 235 persecution of Jews in, 287–88 Sertel, Sabiha, 38–39 , 74 Turkish Jews in, 289–90 Sertel, Zekeriya, 38–39 Saltiel, Albert, 121 Settlement Law. See İ sk â n Kanunu Salvador (ship), 113 Sevi, Sabbatai (Sabbatai Twi), 74–75 Saraco ğ lu, Şükr ü , 32 , 33 , 45–46 , 74 , Seyr- ü Sefer Talimatnamesi . See Travel and 75–76 , 111 , 153 Transport Law Saranga, Maurice, 202 Shahon, Bulissa, 262 Sarfati, Victor, 198 Shaltiel, Shabetay, 128 Sarper, Selim, 32 , 40 Shaw, Stanford, 1 , 148 , 149 , 189 , 191 , 193 , Satarasvili (labor camp internee), 78 197 , 220 , 260 Sa ü l, Albert, 191 Silverman, Sidney, 305 Ş aul, Eli, 70 , 75 Simavi, Sedat, 58 Saul, Henri, 213 Simond, Edmond, 121 , 122 , 126 , 129 Savut, H üsn ü , 229 Ş im ş ir, Bilal, 148 , 149 Saydam, Refi k, 71–72 , 106 , 116 Sipo-SD. See (Security Police-Security Sch ä rf, Nora, 130 Service) of the SS Schaumburg, Ernst, 187 Skinner, Robert P., 46 Schellenberg, Walter, 35 , 72–73 Slottke, Gertrud, 265 , 266–67 , 269 Schleier, Rudolf, 225 , 312–13 Slovakia scholars, emigration of, 84–91 , 92 , 94 anti-Jewish legislation, 119 Sch ütte-Lihotzky, Margarete, 91 emigration of Jews to Palestine, 112 , 127 Schwartz, Philipp, 85 , 88 Foreign Offi ce dealings with Slovakian Schweblin, Jacques, 206–7 Jews, 143 Scurla, Herbert, 92 submission to Nazi Germany, 31 sea bridge, 129–31 Sobibor extermination camp, 218–19 , 309 Secret Army. See Arm é e Secrè te Soci é t é culturelle s épharadite de Bruxelles. Security Police-Security Service (Sipo-SD) See Sephardic Worship Society of of the SS, 184 , 188 , 250 , 252–53 Brussels Segal (representative of Agudat Israel), 122 Soci é t é de bienfaisance de sé pharades de Seidmann, Mahim, 162 Bruxelles Sephardic Benevolent Society self-administration by minorities, 11–13 of Brussels, 248 Sephardic Benevolent Society of Brussels Society for the Study of Turkish History (Soci ét é de bienfaisance de sé pharades (T ü rk Tarihi Tetkik Heyeti), 43 de Bruxelles), 248 Son Posta , 40 Sephardic communities, x , 136 Soriano, Maurice, 297 in Austria, 171–73 , 174 Soriano, Victoria, 298 in Belgium, 248–49 Soulam, Rebecca (Rifca), 244 decline of signifi cance of Turkey as South Africa, as destination for Jewish cultural center, 23–25 exiles, 83 in France, 182–83 South America, as destination for Jewish in Germany, 159–60 exiles, 83 in Netherlands, 263–64 Soviet Union in Salonica, 287 Foreign Offi ce dealings with Soviet Jews, Sephardic Worship Society of Brussels 144–45 (Soci ét é culturelle sé pharadite de murder of Jews in, 119 , 144–45 Bruxelles), 248 Muslim and Turkic peoples of, 34

350 Index

Soviet Union (cont.) Taranto, James, 210 Nazi German invasion of, 31–32 Taranto, Salvador, 210 prisoners of war in Bergen-Belsen, 299 Tari (ship), 129 Struma tragedy, 116 tarikat (Islamic orders), closing of, 12 Turkish support for German war against, Taut, Bruno, 86–87 , 91 32–33 , 35–36 Tekinalp, Munis (Mo ï z Kohen), 20 , 79 Spain Tekirda ğ emigration of Jews to Palestine, 111 “events in Thrace”, 62 fl ight of Turkish Jews from Italy to, 275 pressure to speak Turkish, 18 repatriation ultimatum, 157 , 293 Teutonia club, 42–43 report of tribute letter to, 12 Tevhid-i Efk â r newspaper, 7 Spanish Jews in Salonica, 288–89 Theresienstadt ghetto, 170 , 309 Spengler-Axiopoulos, Barbara, 294 Thrace SS Einsatzgruppen anti-Jewish campaigns, 7 , 24 annexation of Austria, 175 effect of Balkan Wars on, 22 disregard for “rules of exemption”, 146 , “events in Thrace”, 61–70 192 expulsion of Jews from, 21–22 murder of Jews in Italy, 277 pressure to speak Turkish, 18 murder of Jews in Romania, 117 , proportion of Jews in, 8–9 , 24 155–56 Settlement Law, 48 murder of Jews in Soviet Union, 119 , wealth tax, 76–77 177 Three-Power Pact (German-Italian- state security articles, 38 Japanese alliance), 31 Steinhardt, Laurence, 122 , 129 , 228–29 Toprak, Sabri, 18 , 97 Stern, Julius, 95 , 103 , 121 Tordjman, Fortuné , 222 Steuerwald, Karl, 89 Tordjman, René , 222 Stoliar, David, 116 , 117 Toydemir, Muzaffer, 43 Streicher, Julius, 40 Trakya Olaylar ı . See “events in Thrace” Stroop, Jü rgen, 292 (Trakya Olaylar ı ) Struma (ship), 113 , 114–17 transport of elderly people. See Sulzberger, C.L., 75 Alterstransport Sun Language Theory (G ü neş Dil Travel and Transport Law (Seyr- ü Sefer Teorisi ), 44 Talimatnamesi ) (amended 1930), 53 Suzi Liberman (Atilhan), 60 Treaty of Kars (Turkish-Soviet treaty) Sweden, repatriation ultimatum, 157 , 293 (1921), 29 , 30 Switzerland Treaty of Lausanne as destination for Jewish exiles, 83 , 100 Articles 37 to 45, 11–12 fl ight of Jews from Italy to, 278 Article 41, 12 repatriation ultimatum, 157 , 293 Article 42, 12–13 Swiss Jews in Salonica, 288–89 citizenship issues, 48 takeover as power representing Turkish generality of provisions, 12 interests, 239–40 opposition to freedoms guaranteed in, Syria 11 , 21–22 land route to Palestine through, 109 , 130 “population exchange”, 8 , 15 , 19 , 287 obtaining transit visas for, 123 proscribing non-Muslim discrimination, 10 , 68–69 Talib, Ahmed, 49 undermining of minority rights Tan newspaper, 43 , 46 , 113–14 established in, 11–15 Tanin newspaper, 46 Treaty of Montreux, 35 , 65 Tanr ı da ğ journal, 45 Treaty of S èvres (1920), 5 , 29 Tanrıö ver, Hamdullah Suphi, 13–14 , 15 , 44 Treaty of Versailles, 29–30 Tarabulus, Nissim, 291 Treblinka extermination camp, 290

Index 351

Turanists (Panturkists), 29 , 33–37 , 43–46 laws preventing Jewish immigration, ambitions of, 33 96–106 government disassociation from, 46 living conditions of non-prominent Nazi sympathizers among, 40 Jewish refugees in, 94–96 T ü rk Amac ı journal, 45 Mill î Ş ef regime, 38–39 T ü rk K ü lt ür Cemiyeti (Turkish Cultural “multi-state situation”, 52 Association), 17 Nazi sympathizers in, 39–43 T ü rk Ocakları nationalist association, “one-sided neutrality”, 35–37 13–14 , 15 , 18 , 66 operations to rescue Greek Jews, 128–29 T ü rk Sesi newspaper, 7 preventing Jewish immigration, 157–58 T ü rk Tarih Kurumu (Turkish Historical prohibiting repatriation, 152–53 Society). See Society for the Study of repatriation ultimatums, 153–55 Turkish History rescue efforts and aid committees, T ürk Tarih Tezi (Turkish History Thesis), 120–22 43 , 44 , 84 revolutionary changes in 1933, 2 T ü rk Tarihi Tetkik Heyeti. See Society for role in rescuing Jews, 1 the Study of Turkish History sea bridge, 129–31 T ürke ş , Alparslan, 316 threat from Nazi Germany, 31 Turkey, 29–37 , 38–55 , 82–106 , 107–33 , trade with Nazi Germany, 4 , 30 , 148–53 35 , 143 anti-Jewish campaigns, 7–9 Turanists, 33–37 , 43–46 assimilation of Jews, 3 Turkifi cation policies, 9–11 , 46–48 changes in non-Muslim population, 8 Turkish citizens living abroad, 51–54 citizenship policies, 48–55 undermining of minority rights established citizenship deprivation, 51 , 54–55 , in Treaty of Lausanne, 11–15 151–52 Vatanda ş Türkçe konuş (Citizens, Speak countermeasures against refugees from Turkish) campaign , 16–18 , 20 , 46 Romania, 117–31 Turkey and the Holocaust (Shaw), 148–49 , decline of signifi cance as Sephardic 220 cultural center, 23–25 Turkey’s Struggle against European elation at attack on Soviet Union, 32–33 Racists. See Avrupa Irkçı lar ı na Karş ı emigration of scholars to, 84–91 T ürkiye’nin Mü cadelesi ; (Ş imş ir) estimation of Jewish population changes, Turkhof, Harry, 178–79 23–24 Turkhof, Ren é e, 178–79 expulsions, 104–6 Turkifi cation policies, 4 , 46–48 fascism, 43–46 economy, 9–11 fl ight to Palestine through, 108–17 language, 5–6 , 16–18 , 20 forced labor service for non-Muslims, property, 9–10 , 50–51 70–72 “War of Liberation”, 5 forced resettlement, 47–48 T ü rkische Post newspaper, 41 , 43 founding of Republic, 4 Turkish Chamber of Commerce in German community in, 42–43 Germany, 160 , 163–64 , 165 , 168 German-Turkish treaty, 31–33 Turkish Constitution government’s reaction to “events in Article 88, 50 Thrace”, 62–63 equality of citizens, 10 importance of policies to European reference to in protests against anti- Jews, 3 Jewish laws in France, 189–90 imported anti-Semitism, 56–61 Turkish Criminal Code, 19–20 Jews’ efforts to establish good Turkish Foreign Offi ce, 32 , 33 , 98 , 130 , relationship with, 6–7 132 , 153 , 154 , 158 knowledge of Holocaust by government, Turkish History Thesis. See T ü rk Tarih 155–57 Tezi

352 Index

Turkish Jews, 1–25 , 56–81 Uckermark concentration camp, 261 ambivalent situation of, 6–7 UGIF (Union gé n érale des Israé lites de anti-Jewish campaigns, 7–9 France), 203 , 212 , 213 , 222 , 231–32 , assimilation attempts, 4–5 , 20–25 255 , 258 in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, Uhuvvet Society in Bursa, 20 300–1 , 305–8 Ü lgen, Fethi, 165 changing criteria for inclusion and Ü lk ümen, Selahattin, 295 , 296–97 , 310 exclusion, 15–20 Ulus newspaper, 39 , 57 , 113–14 , 116 citizenship revocation, 54–55 um û m î m ü fetti ş lik . See Inspectorate- economic Turkifi cation, 9–11 General “events in Thrace”, 61–70 Union gé n érale des Israé lites de France. See exclusion as citizens, 4–5 , 14–15 UGIF forced labor service, 70–72 United States imported anti-Semitism, 56–61 as destination for Jewish exiles, 83 mass emigration of, 22–23 Foreign Offi ce dealings with American nationalist mobilization and legal Jews, 143–44 restrictions, 18–20 immigration restrictions, 23 undermining of minority rights established Universal Israelite Alliance. See Alliance in Treaty of Lausanne, 11–15 Isra élite Universelle wealth tax, 72–81 “un-Turkish accents”, 17 Turkish Jews living abroad (Turkish-Jewish Uruguay, 228 Diaspora communities) Us, Hakkı Tarık 74 in Austria, 151 , 171–79 , 300–1 Ü stad (The Teacher) newspaper, 17 in Belgium, 254–63 , 311 Uziel, Eli J., 159 citizenship deprivation, 50–51 , 54–55 Uzunk ö pr ü cultural identifi cation, 136 “events in Thrace”, 62 early migrants, 135 , 136 during Nazi German threat, 31 in France, 3 , 158 , 189–215 , 224–29 , 230–37 , 242–43 Vakit newspaper, 57 , 74 in Germany, 151 , 161–71 Vâ -N û (V â l â N û rettin), 66 in Italy, 275–83 Varl ı k Vergisi . See wealth tax (Varl ı k lobbying activities by, 14 Vergisi ) in Netherlands, 263–72 Vatan newspaper, 306 overview, 51–54 Ventura, Mi ş on, 79 , 88 relationship with country of origin, 137 Ventura, Stella, 210 in Rhodes, 296–98 Verband der tü rkischen Israeliten in Salonica, 289–90 (Sephardim) zu Wien (Association size of, 135 of Turkish Israelites [Sephardim] in social and legal status of, 136 , 137 Vienna), 172 in Spain, 275 Du Vernet camp , 213 vows of loyalty by, 14 Vernet concentration camp, 184 , 186 , 213 Turkish Passport (fi lm), 149 Vienna Israelite Community (Israelitische Turkish Straits, sovereignty over, 29–30 , 65 Kultusgemeinde [IKG]), 172 Turkish-Israelite Congregation in Vienna Viitorul (ship), 118 (T ü rkisch-israelitische Gemeinde zu Vittel concentration camp, 242 Wien), 171 V ö lkischer Beobachter newspaper, 60 Turkish-Soviet treaty. See Treaty of Kars von Aster, Ernst, 88 (1921), 29 , 30 von Bargen, Werner, 230 , 256 , 257–58 T ü rkkan, O ğ uz Reha, 44–45 , 45 von Gabain, Annemarie, 89 T ü rkl üğ e hakaret (insulting Turkishness), von Graevenitz, Kurt-Fritz, 293 19–20 von Hahn, Fritz Gebhardt, 147 T ü rkmen, İ lter, 197 von Halem, Gustav Adolf, 279 , 280

Index 353

von Killinger, Manfred, 117–18 Wise, James W., 229 von Papen, Franz, 31–32 , 33 , 35–36 , Wise, Stephen, 228 , 229 41–42 , 129 , 142 , 154 , 157 , 170 , 214 , Wisliceny, Dieter, 288 , 292 225 , 230 , 268 , 279 , 289 , 301 WJC (World Jewish Congress), 126 , 127 , von Rosenberg, Frederic, 63 227 , 305 von St ü lpnagel, Otto, 187–88 Woermann, Ernst, 142 , 214 von Thadden, Eberhard, 140 , 141 , 157 , women 178–79 , 237–38 , 271 , 289 , 293 citizenship policies, 50 von Wiedenfeld, Hugo Ritter, 172 marriage migration, 23 refugees’ marriage to Turkish Wadler, Wilhelm, 93 nationals, 95 Wagner, Horst, 140 , 292 right to vote, 2 Wannsee Conference (1942), 119 , 141 World Jewish Congress. See WJC “War of Independence” ( İ stiklal sava şı ). WRB. See War Refugee Board See “War of Liberation” (Kurtulu ş sava ş ı ) Yaban (The Stranger) (Karaosmanoğ lu), 17 “War of Liberation” (Kurtulu ş savaş ı ) Yacar, Moice, 203 accusations of dodging military Yahudi Muhaceretleri (Wandering service, 7 Jews), 60 citizenship policies, 48 , 49 , 51 , 241 , 243 Yahudilik ve Masonluk (Fritsch), 56 , 60 overview, 5 Yakar (Turkish Jew living in Paris), 53 , participation in as criterion for inclusion, 199–201 15–16 Yal çın, H üseyin Cahit, 46 , 60 War Refugee Board (WRB), 125–26 “yellow badge”, 146 , 188 , 192 , 250 , Wealth Tax Law (Law No. 4305) (1942), 251–52 , 288 73 , 79 Yeni D ü nya newspaper, 46 wealth tax (Varl ık Vergisi ), 72–81 Yeni Sabah journal, 58 abolition of, 315 Yenibah ç eli, Ahmet Ş ü kr ü , 44 commemoration of, 318 Yeru ş almy, Avram Ş alom, 233 effects of, 80–81 , 307–8 Yeru ş almy, Refca, 196–97 , 233 emigration due to, 125 Yohai, Luna Fanny, 272 , 303 labor camps, 76–79 Yohai, Mercado, 263 , 269 , 272 , 303 letter of Turkish Jew to relative abroad Yohai, Signora, 303 regarding, 77–79 Young Turk movement public property auctions, 79–80 Kemalist distancing from, 29 , 44 Wehrmacht Turkifi cation of economy, 9 annexation of Austria, 175 Yugoslavia murder of Jews in Athens, 292 emigration of Jews to Palestine, 111 murder of Jews in Soviet Union, 119 Nazi German occupation of, 31 , 276 , treatment of Soviet prisoners of war, 34 285–86 Weissman, Isaac, 227–28 zone occupied by Bulgaria, 290 Weizmann, Chaim, 89 , 104–5 , 228 Weltdienst pamphlet, 40 Zakouto, Nissim, 159 Westerbork concentration camp, 269–70 , Zeitschrift der tü rkischen Handelskammer 271–72 , 301 , 303 , 309 f ü r Deutschland journal, 19 , 53 western Anatolia Zelmanovits, L., 305 anti-Jewish campaigns, 7 Ziffer, Heinz, 128 line of defense against Nazi Germany, 31 Zionism, 108 proportion of Jews in, 8–9 , 24 Z öpf, Wilhelm, 265 , 269 , 271–72 Widmann, Horst, 86 Zuckmayer, Eduard, 86–87