M€moiresde Biosp6ologie(lntemational Joumal of SubterraneanBiology), Tome XXVIII, 20Ol

THESUBTERRANEAN OF BARROWISLAND. NORTHWESTERNAUSTRALIA, AND ITS ENVIRONMENT

b!

W. F. HTJMPHREYS

Westem Australian Museum, Fruncis Street,Perth. Westem Ausfalia 6000, Australia.

I - INTRODUCTION adJacentkarst systems, as well as those apparently endemicto the Island. Rich subterranean are associated with Tertiary limestones of the Cape Range peninsula II - METHODS and Banow lsland in nonhwestem Australia- Th€ affinities of the terrestria.lcomponenls largely lie Banow Island was visited on seven occasions wlth wet forest litter dwellers and they constitute a b€tween l99l and 1999 to seek subternnean fauna relictual mesic fauna in this now arid region (Table 1). The work has involved basic (HUMPHREYS, 200Oa). Many of the aquatic explontion and mapping, sampling cave ard specieshave alfinities with those occumng In groundwaier fauna and recording environmental anchia.linecaves on either sideof the North Adantic attributes of the subterarean environment. and they comprise a relictual Tethys fauna of Bore logs were examined from a number of Mesozoic age QbA.). No work has been published anode wells for information on the position of specificauy addressing tbe nature of the Barow hidden and open conduits as indicared direcdy lsland . This paper considen the nature of the in the logs or suggestedby the loss of circulation subterranean €cosystems of Barrow Island ard of the drilling fluid and/orthe insertion of matenals summarisesthe information availableon the divene to regaincirculation of the drilling fluid. subten'anean fauna inhabiting the lsland. Ba[ow Temperature and relative humidity in caves Island contains an oilfield that has been in were measured using a whirling hygrometer prcduction for more than 30 yean and thus stands @rannan, England). Soil water content of cayes in contrast to the relatively pristine Cape Range soils was delerminedgmvimetrically using methods peninsula (HUMPHREYS, 200Oa), the latter describedelsewhere (I{UMPHREYS et al., 19{39). situation is, however, now rapidly changing The water quality data are derived from G{AMILTON-SMTH et d.. 1998). environmental consultanciescommissioned by the The obligate of Barrow oil company, although some were measued by me Island comprises inhabitants of arr-filled using methodologies describedelsewhere (WATTS (troglobites comprising the )and water- and HLMPHREYS, 200o). Water column profiling filled voids (stygobites comprising the stygofauna). was conducted by M. J. I-AMBERT 0T Although both the amount of sampling q>nducted Envitonmental) using a Data Sonde 4a multi- on, and access to the fauna is rather limited. the pararneter water quality logger ( parametex island is known to contain a significant Depth, temperature, pH, ORP, DO and TDS) subterraneanfauna comprising species known from 108

Table I - Field sampling carities lbr subterraneanfauna on Bano$ lsland.

From To Main fcrcus Notes

l 9.91 17.9.91 Terrestrialcave fauna Cave fauna and environment ql tz tzet l).12 Terresrialcave launa Establishlitter traps 24.1.92 29.1.92 Terrestrialcave fauna Recover traps 21.7.92 29.7.92 Terrestrialand aquaticcave fauna Cave and bore samoling 2O.Il.92 2.12.92 Aquaticcave fauna Bore sampling 19.10.98 25.10.98 Aquaticcave fauna Stable isotope work 20.8.99 21.8.99 Aquaticcave fauna

Onlt four large cales open to the suface. find $ ebs (PETERSON and FRY, l!E7; Consequentll, sampling of sr).golauna largel)' LAJTF{A and MICHENER, 1994) and rechnical dcpends on artificial access to the ground$ater adr ances hare rscentl! alloq,ed it to become a through old water $ells and, predominantll. routine method in ecosystemand other studies. through the anoCe $ells that fo|m part ol the Ecological studics express the isotopic con)sien protection s\stem of the oil uells. In composition in terms oi d values $hich rue the use some of theseanode wells become extrcmelJ parts p€r thousand differences from a standard: acldic and the\, vent chlorine and so thc\ are onlY d[ = (Rsample/Rstandard)-l] \ 103, r3C r5N uselul lbr sampling stygofauna beforc thev are rr here X is or and R is the conesp,onding 13Clr2C riN/t,N eommrssioned and alter decommisrionrni. ratio or artd the shndalds Whether the electrical field bet$ ecn the anule ard respectivel)' are the Pee Dee Belemnite ad (cathode) oil nells affectsst)golauna is unknorvn. ntregen gas rn the atmosphete(PF|ERSON and Tencstrial fauna rvas mostl\ collected b\ FRY, 1987). handatter visual searching;moistened leaf litter oI. SIA u'as conducrcdon sampled at additional \\'ate[ \\'as &lded on (rccasion to aftract diflercnt distancesfrom the Barou lsland Fault, troglobitic fauna. Aqualc I'aunarvas collected bl marnl] S1,)'gioc.rri-rsn fer.i (At],idae) and some hand-helds!\'eep nets in the one cave pror.iding Haptolqna pholeta (Cirolanidae). Tr.rtal carbon and access to the ground$atcr: else$here it n'as nitregen and the fnctionation of tN/r\' and collected r3C/11C from boreholcs using haul nets (250 or determinations1 dr3C7.. and d15N%.,) $,ere 35O pm mesh) or $ith baited traps, $orkng madeb) the Stabl€ lsotope l-abolatory, Cenh.€for accoding to the cra\-pot principle. Ecosl'stemManagement, Edith Cowan Uniyersit\.. Westem Australia. - II. 1 Srable isotope anal-vsis A range of plant material and species ha-s beenused l-or stable isotope determinationson the Organisms' mctabolism utilizes the Cape Range peninsula. $hich has a flora Yen isotopes ol an element dilferentialll. Such similar to that of Barro$ lsland (KEIGLIERY 'f-ractionatien' and of the isotopes ()1 nit(tgen (lsN/rrlrl) GIBSON, 1q93), and is locatedin a similar coastal qrrbon and lrrc/r'?C.;Gcurs in brcadly predictable karst. The drrC yalues ibr the C, and C] plants on qavs such that consume$ ale npicall! enriched lhe Cape Range peninsula (HUMPHREYS, 'heavier') r5N (are bt abour 3-5 7.( in and l-2 Zc in 1999b) are qithin normal $hich r3C limirs ha\e relatile to their l-cxxlsource (EHLERINGER c/ median values rcspectireh ol - 27%" and - ll%t d/., l9lt6). Hence,stable isotope analvsrs(SIA) of (LAJTFIA and MARSHALL. 1994). Similar.l1., nitrogen and calbon is a porlerful tool te e\aminc the lalues of ar5N ior the Cr and C. plants z[e Th( -DIcl|Jr(lrnliunr of Brro$ I'hnd \\Jrrh$esrsin.\u.x'alrJr 109

$ ithin nomal bounds (PETERSON and FRY, deep so that it would have been pan of the 1987). mainlandfor most of the prevlous se\eral million Statistical enon are given as t one standald 1er-Lrsbeli're ab('ut SOfn BP o$ine to eustatic de\.iation. changes.Indeed, therc arc troglobitic (IIARVEY and HUMPHREYS, 1995) and stlgobitic species III - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (ADAMS and HUMPHREYS. 1993) in common betweenthe nonh-eastemcoastal plain of the Cape III. I - Geologi and geographl Range peninsula and Barro$, Island, and there arc stygobites in common betrveenBarrow Island and Barrovi lsland is situated 55 km ofl the the mainlandto the east.namel) the Follescue and Pilbara coast of weslem Austmlia and lies just Robe zu\'er alluvial tans (HUMPHREYS, 1999c, $'ithir the tropics(20"48'S, l15'25'E) (Fig. l). 2001b). Although maritime. it is lqrated in the arid zone Barrorv lsland is about 12 \ 27 km in that occupies much of Central and Westem extent and comprises Miocene marine limestones Australia. (McNamara and Kendrick. 1994) reaching a maximum altitude of 68 m. It repres€nlsthe most lndian nartherlJ surtace etp,osure ol Mi

II I. 2 - Karst Fig. I - Regioml setting of BarrowIsland. Nonh is at the top The Terliary limestones ol BarroF Island are karstic but, although l8 cales hale been Bzwou lsland lies iD the Caman on Basin, record€d(HUMPHREYS and VINE. 199l.). onjr 170 km to the north-east of the Cape Range lbur large cales open to the surface,one of $ hich peninsula, uhich is bound te the ea-st b\' the reachesthe watel table. The latter, kdge CaIe hecambrian Pilbara Craton that has been (BI). also maintains sufficient humidit] to be continuousll emergent for more thaa 6tl0 r 10(' populatcdroutinel]'bv trogl()bites,albeit in sp.use vears.This rcgional settinS is descdbedmore lull1 populations. Drill logs sho$ that large cavesoccur elseEhere(HUMPHREYS, 2O0Oa,200Ob). B ruw abo\-e, at, and belo\ the present \\'ater table, lsland lies on the North West Shelf and is presumabl! rcsultinS trom kalst delelopment at sepantedfrom the mainland b1 a channel ca. 12 m times of lo$,er sea lerel. Numerous oave-lill I l0

deposrls have been e\posed b; coastal erosion, $'helmingl.v dominated br tuss967., throughout, approaching limestone is describeda.s honeycombed with open 1007cin parts. The louer chamberof B1 had soil cavlties, a description that suggests it dei eloped banks \\'hich coniained 26.3% u,ater, [hile the underphreatic condi tions. cracllng soils higher in the chamber contained Tidal rangcis about thrce metres in J bl()ck 23.17csoil rvater(g HrO gr soil). Cavesoil in the (bet\ ,een wells J 46 ard J 56: K. HALLE'|T. upp€r chamber, remote from the \\ ater, contiiined personalcornmunication. 1998), companble to the 19 + 0.77c(n = 4) soil uater. oceantide of up to 3.O m at Wapet l-anding. This A similiu' ,Lssociation d a relictuai indicates onlv slight damping of the tidal rainforest leal litter launa \\.ith high relatir'€ movement more than one krlometre inland and humidity - and high moisture and organic carbon suggests open conduit flow at depth. This is in content in cale soils - has bcen repoftedin morc contrast to the anchialine Bunden , 1.7 derail in the ca\'c s\,stems of Cape Range krn inland on Cape Range peninsula, u'hich had a (HUMPHREYS, 1993.zfina\. In Cape Range tidal amplitude onl) ca 167c of the oc%n tide thesetroglobites were f'oundin caves rvith > 277c (HUMPHREYS et al.. 1999). Togerher rhis soil water, belo$ this le\,el the propofiion of ca\'qs evidencesuggests the presenceof wcll deleloped $ ith troglobites declined(HUMPHREYS, 199O). kalst belo$ the surface of Banow Islald ard Biuxnv lsland lics lr'ithin the rlrrrld climatic suppolts the general contention that most cales area in nhich the alera-qc dailr range in har,eno surfaceexpressi(D (CURL, 1966). temperatureexceeds the alcngc monthlr mnge (PE|TERSSEN, l95ll). In crusequence.there is a lll. 3 - Vegetation marked tropical wint€r effcct (HOWARTH, 1S8O) on Banorr Island in *hreh there is a :,lrong The legetation of Barrou lsland has closer outflo$' o1' ['ater do$n thc gradient in paftial alfinities \rith that of the Cape Range peninsula pressure ol' $ater lapour (EDNEY, 1977). The than it dees with the adjacent Pilbara coast. humidin in the depth ol elcn the 'dry'car,esis Although 213 speciesol plants have been rec

dry. Hence, \\'ithin the ca|e there must be a havea freshgater lcns or erlving saline u,ater, such buffering effect (capacitance)lrom stored u ater, as or:curs in Cape Range (ALLEN, 1993). The either from a pool, as in 81, or' ftom water stol€d lolm of such a lens is determinedb) the interpla)' in cale soils-an important store oI \iater in Cape ol the Ghyben- Herzberg principle (FORD and Range-Those cales that take the ibrm of a choked WLLiAMS, Iq39). the transmissilit)' ol the kalst sinkhole (B3 and B 10) must e\tend in deepervoids and the rainlall balance- In general, the pnnciple to a \rater storc in order t() maintain high states that u'here sea rvatel is oyerlain bv humidit). This conlention is supForted b.v the lreshsater the depth of the saltuater interfaceu,ill shorGterm(diumal) tluctuations in the position of be 40 times as deep as the ele\ation of the a marked cline in the carbon dio\ide concentration freshrvaterlens ahlve sea level. Henc€. a unit u'ithin the sinkhole, apparentl) rcsulting iom dra$do$,n()1 the fresh$ater thlough pumping \\'ill volumetLic changes in a laler of high CO, causea conc of saltl'ater to rise 40 times as far concentrationmoving through brcalidoivn in the to\lards thc ground$ ater sull'ac€ and, in sinkhole l'loor. c(rnsequence, such s!'stems ale especiall) The outllo$ ()1-moist air combined $ ith rulnerable to saltwaterintrusion (upconing). thermal stratification, ma-y result in the Consultants hare report€d conflicting data c.rndensationol \r ater in the upper rcaches of a llom $ells on Ban-ow Island that have prei cnted calg or near the entrance. For example, the the plotting of ground[ atel conleurs until recentl] condensationpoint is ca 27'C for deepair from B1 but rhich concludedthat the "the water table is and ca 24" C from 810. This efl-ect probabl.v relatilel),ilat .md lies at or slighdl abole sea permits the prcsence of schizomids irl the le!el"(WAPET. l99i). Hou eler, ef idencecan be uppermost,othenvise dry palt of care B 1. dnwn from the scant data alailable on the form and chamcteristics of the groundrvater on the I II. 5 - Ground$atcr island. Although the horizontal lesolution is poor, these datir (Figure 2) suggest a t.vpical island The imporlance of Sround$ater ecos]'stems freshwaterlens e\t€nding to at least 25 m beloli' in Austmlia las or,erlookedas reccntll as 1998 AHD (Austnlian Height Datum), Iling olel (I{ATTON and EVANS, 1998) but it has nou sea$ater. By application of the Gh),ben-H€rzberg be€n a€epted that groundlvaterecos)stems are a principle (FORD and WILLIAMS, l!)89). the pnme target fbr en\,ironmental manage$. Cunent fresh$aterlens could rise to al least 0.6 m abo|e recommendationsare that "Grcund$ater should be sea level. Recentl) interpreted groundlr'ater managedin such a u ay that $ hen it comes to the elelation contours sho$ it rising to 0.9 m ah)\'e surface. u hether f-rom natural seepages or from sealclel (suggestinga lresh$ater lens up to 36 m bores, it uill not cause the established \\'ater thick) and the elelation is greaterthan 0.5 m AHD qualitl objectiles for these $aters to be erceecled, (suggesting a freshwaterlelrs up to 20 m thick) nor compromise their designatedenlironmental over about 157r,of Banos lsland, entirel-v rvithin values. Ar? itnporto t e.xceplio is Ior the the oilfield. prolectiotr of wtdergroutd aqaatic ecoststems etd The relali\einlluence oi the m rine :Jllem tlwir rcvel fann- Little is k own oJ tlrc liJec-tcles $ithin the anchialine s)'st€m, using lbr example. etd environmental requiretnents of tlrcse quite the a'rs distribution (PETERSON and FRY, recenth-discoveredcommunilies, arul given their 1987), has not been investigated but it ma] be high consentation value, the Sro ndreater upotl e\pected to decline \\ith distance from the sea- rrhiclt ther depud should be given tlrc highest often also a con€late ol the thickness of the lerel o.f protecti(rl" lemphasis addedl(ANZECC f'rcsh$ater lens. andARMCANZ, 20(Xl). In this conte\t, il needsto be stated that Anchialine system developmentof the Banow lsland oillleld ccur:el The physicochemical profile ol the in the 1960's and thus predates mcdem grcundqater on the pedpheq of the deep enlironmental standards. Although the freshlvaterlens (Fig. 2) is given in Frgure 3. Well lroundrvater has been used both as a rcsource and M62 displal s a marked hal(rline between the as a sink, knou ledge of the characteristicsof thc freshuater and underiring saline qa(er at 6-8 m groundqater is scant. Barow lsland is presumedto depth. The associatedchanges rn DO, ORP ard tt2

6/+ + Land surface I Locations: OTDS<5gL-r 1, LedgeCave ,-7 2, LandingMB cfDS > 20 g L-t 3, BoreC65 s 4, BoreM62 5, BoreL8 2 6, BoreL4 E 1N.---'

)l-t .j 't .; / '/,|,/) l) t- 2-' j1 I5".: i1--)

i^i.:.1 r Y

0.4 0.6 I Distonce to coost (log 10 km)

Fig. 2 - RecorNtructedpartial section of Banow Island sbo$'ing the landform. fresh*ater lens (light shadins), sea(ater intrusion (dark shading) and the mixing zote benveen them (r'hire). Note the doublin-q (r1 the altitude scale belorv 0 m.\Hl) PoiDts 1-3 m! dala; points -+ 6 e\lEcted and interpreted bl me from the partial iertical profile data collected b) lU.J. I-ambert. Nrlapshorvs locations of the profiles. Refer to the ground*ater clevation contours (Figure 5).

Table 2 - \lean $ater qualit) taken from data sufplied b) \VAPET1.

Temperature Salinity pH DO .-1 "C ppm mgL

Mean 30.3 6954 6.6',1 6.'1 '7 St.dev 2.29 7850 l t6 .2 N 65 70 b+ Min 19.3 tt4 22 0.02 Max 32.8 39600 87 45.7 twhile there are clearh erron€ous valucs present in these data. seen in the range lalues. the mcan ralues are in appro\imate accord \rith data talien bl the author at some siles. pH are t\,pical of anchialinesYstems (Fig. 3). Nore of hvdrogen sulphide crccur associated uith a that belo$ the halocline the $,ater is subo\ic $ith chemoautotrophic signature (HUMPHREYS, lo$ ORP. This profile is similar to that foundin 19!)9b).The prolilesof uells L4 andL8 (Fig. 3), BundemSinlihole on the Cape Range u'here bands rvhich lie rvithin the deep frcsh$arer lens (Figure The subte anean launa ol Rarrow lsland (No(hirestern -\ustralia) I 13

2), e\tended to a $'ater depth ol- ca 24 m but did not penettateto [ater of near marine salinit) that is presumcd to underlie the lens. Both $ells sho\\'eda thin liesh$ ater olerlying laler $'ater of E ca 4.5 mg L' TDS at a depthof about 6 m, arx.l belot\ \\ hich the DO lelels $ere lo$ but the ORP valuesremained positile. The groundwaterin the Barro\\' lsland kust thus forms a t)pical anchialinesvstem. namel), stratified waters (Fig. 3), usualll uith a restricted c\posure to open air, al$a)s u,ith more or less ertensr\'e subterraneanconnections to the sea, ard showing noticeable manne as \\,ell as terrestrial inlluences (STOCK e1 a1., 1986). The marine inlluence tvpicall) consists of an h1'poxic layer of sea\\'atel(ca 33-36 g L') beneath one or more la] eurol limnetic to pol!'haline $,ater (YAGER el al., 1994). Belo$ the densitv inte ace, such ecos)stems ol ten support a rviderange of relict life forms tSKET. leqhJ that comprisea communin rvhose general structure is Fedictable from the Caribbean region, the Canary lslands and norlhlvestern Ausnalia (e.g. YAGER, 1994: ?9.6 !Tetrlperature 29.4 YAGER and SCHRAM, 1986: HOLSINGER, 1989; DANIELOPOL, 1990; YAGER e/ .r1., 199:1: BALTANAS and DANIELOPOL, 1995: YAGER and HUMPHREYS. 1996t DANIELOPOL rr il . tqqe. tLtFFE. :0OO) Consequentll the near coastal sections ol the $'atenr'a\s gradcliom marine near the coast and at depth, to ficshwater inland and near the surface. \\'ith a lafiable zone ol mixing in betr\'een.Such anchralineslstems al€ noted both lbr thei[ relict faunas and their species richness (SKET, l9t3l, 1996) and arc the subject of u,idespread 29.5 29.6 remperarure29.4 29.9 30 30 l 30 2 consen'ation assessment (SKET, 1981; J, ,, , , g.,'Ipt. i, ,, ,, i.,. , : 3 4 5 6 N'IACIOLEK, 1986; BROCK et sl., l9r9; o r 2 +m Fig, 3 - sico-chemical profiles RIDGLEY and CI{AI, 1990; MARTIN e/ al, Ph] through the water colurm of tlree wells (M62. l8 and I--+) on 1991; THOMAS et at., lE)t., ILIFFE, 1992; Banot lsland sho\.,ing the change with depth in pH, MARTIN et 01.. 1992, THOMAS et al., 1992. temp€raturc (oC), total dissolred solids (TDS, mg L'), BAILEY-BROCK and BROCK, 1993). These dissolved o\vgen (IX). mg L'), o)iidation rcduction issues arc discussedmore tilll in HUMPHREYS potenlial o. redo\ (ORP, nrV). lhe scale for each (2001b). parameter is shonn belo$' each llgure and note that ORP mal shoN both positire and negative Yalues. Water qualit,v The hroken horizontal Iine denotcs the depth al which Therc appear to be no histonc lecords ol thc pH $as 7.0 (data not shown in 1.8 arld L.l) and the ground$ ater qualifi on Barro$ lsland but anecdotal broken \ eflical line, ['here applicable, denotes the qhere inlbrmation releni to $ ater production lvells position the redo\ (ORP) potenlial is zero. The locations (insel). becomine saline, being abandonedand additional of the bores arc sho$o in Figure 2 Ral\.data from \1.J. L\\IBERL $ells being established fu(her inland (K. IIALLETT, penon;rl commuaication. 1998: A. tuall_va rel'erse osmosis plant llas used to provide BLIRBIDCE. pcrsonalerrmmunication. even F)table u ater. The intrusion ol-underlfing saline l t-l

water into the freshwater lens is a common TDS, n = 64) and tempemture(3O.3 + 2.29. n = 65 consequenceof overdrawing bores in Ghyben- did not differ between the anodc wells and those Herzbergsyscms. wells at the Terminal Tanks. Recent groundwater morutonng data collected for the oil company was examined and III. 6 - Distribution and biodivenity of the Barrow some additional measurements were made from the Island tloglol auna upper pan of the groundwaterin anode wells, and in the groundwaier monitoring and remediation Troglofauna comprises obligate inhabitants wells associated with the Terminal Tanks. The ol air-lllled underground voids, including caves mean values are presented in Table 2. Water and mesovoids. The composition of the troglo- qualiB differed between samples taken from $e fauna of Barrow lsland is given in Table 3 and the Terminal Tanks, which are adjac€nt to the coast, distributions shown in Figure 4. Two species of and the samples taken from anode wells. Dlssolved troglofauna haye been formally described-three if oxygen at the Terminal Tanks (3.38 r 1.49 mgL' the blindsnakeproves to be a troglobite-frcm the DO, n =17), was lower than in anode wells (7.92 + Barrow Island karst and a number of other 8.07 mg L'', n = 47; Fr.ul = 5.3A, P = 0.026), troglobitic taxa are present (Noclicola sp. nov., a whereasthe pH was higher at the Terminal Tanks scorpronand a philosciid isopod). The distributions ('7.2iO.fi,1? thanin anodewells (6.5+ 1.29,50; shown probably reflect the limited number of caves Fros = 5.032, P = 0.028). The acidic water in the providing accessto the subterraneanrealm, as well anode bores probabl-v results from some having as the few caves with suitable climatic conditions 'cave been in opention prior !o sampling; under (see climate'), nther than the real operating conditions the pH in the anode bores distribution of the troglofauna. For erample, may rapidly drop to less thim pH 2. Of &7 anode brumstokeri is widespread, being wells sampled in 1983 a number exhibited known frorn the northeast coastal plaln of the Cape especiall)lo\r pH values(mean l.l8 * 0.53. range Range peninsula (HARVEY and HUMPHREYS, 1.50-3.17,n = i2) but the remaining 75 wells werc 1995) - with which Barrow Island would have in the range pH 6.0 to 7.5 (K. IIALLETT, penonai been connected across a broad coastal plain prior communication, 2001). For comparison, ground to ca. SOOOBP ( HUMPHREYS, 2000a) -as well water from the limestone karst of the Cape Range as from several caves and anode bores on Barrow p€ninsula had a mean pH of 7.38 t 0.44 (range Island. However, in l-edge Cave D. bratnsmkeri 5.32-9.13, n = 62) (HUMPHREYS, 1994). ln occurs commonly at onl"v a single location (< 0.1 contErst.the mean salinit) (6954 r 7850 mg Lr m') in in the upper chamber.

Table3 - The distribution of troglobitic spe{ieson Bafow Island.hefix 6 denotescave ratherthan borehole.

Species Cave or borehole

Draculoides bramstokeriH?rvey & Humphreys (:) 68 l, 686, 68 10, 82, L2, wF7. Wt/ \oSpeleostrophus nesiales Hoffinan (Diplopoda: Pachybolidae: Trigoniulinae) 681 Nocticola sp. nov. (Blattodea: Nocticolidae) 681 Oniscidea(Isopoda) indet. 681 aScorpion: a new genus: famity placing unc€rtain (seetext) 681 "Ranphotyphlops longuslmar Aplin (Squamata: Typhlopidae) borehole

I ' The first known troglobitic spiroboloid milliped Has characters in common wit}l borh Urodacidae (endemic to I Auslralia) and Heteroscorpionidae (endemic to Madagascar) (E. Volshank, perv]nal communicatron, 20Ol ). P6sibly 'Genus the ftrst known troglobitic reptile- knotn only from Barrow Island.

Speleostrophusrcsiotes, the \rorld,s first No Specimenswere seen u'hen the chamber rvas known troglobitic spiroboloid millipede last examined(1998) and it was rcconmendedthat (HOFFI\{AN, 1994), is krown only from soil this sectionof the cave be closedto human access. banks in a small lower cha,.nberof L€dge Cave. The blindsnake Ramphotyphlops longissimus The subtefanean fauna of Barroi| Island (Norlhweslern Austraiia) I l-5

e\hibits e\tremc slendemessof the body. \'ery Scorpronidae, Heteroscorpronidae and Urciacidae. small e\es 1ol its lineage and an almost total lac\ This new speciesis likell' 16 plav a pilotal role in of e\temal pigmentation, in additionto an unusual addessing that prierity and $ill most likell see degreeof llattening to the hcad (APLIN, 1998). the famil! Hete()scorpionidaec.(tlapsed into the Such attdbutes $ould be considered troglc Ur

III.7 - Distributionand biodirenin of the Barro$ lsland st)'gofauna.

St) golauna compdse obligate inhabitants ol ground$ater, including cale waters. The composition ol the st),golluna ol BiuTow lsland is given in Table 4 ard the distributions shorvn in Fig. 5. Thc olerall distribution of sq,gofauna probabl)''reflects the distribution ol accessto the ground$,ater(Fig. 5a). \'hich is largell confined to the area of accessin the oilfield. nther than the actualdistribution. As the le\l outl]ing sample points containst)gobionts, st\'golaum is likelv to be firund throughout the Baro$ lsland kalst. flq1r'ever,in contrast to the vcrl !-estictedaccess to cales lbr sampling troglobites. sampling acrrss to st)golauna sites is both $ idespread arxl common. Henc€, fhe apparcntly rcstncted distribution of some tara-some amphiprcxJsfor -l - Fig. Distnbution d troglobitic ta\a on Barrorv example- to small parts of Barlo$, Islald ma1, island. Points sho$ the distribution of I)raculotdes reflectthcir actual distribution. branstoken. Tbe remainingspecies are kno$'n only T\\'entr sPeciesol stYgolauna hale been arefrom LedgeCaIe (tl l) on the westcoast. North is lirmally described from the Barro\\ Island zquil-er at thetop and a number ol ()ther ta\a arc present (Bath)nellacea, Calanoidea, Ostlacoda, Turbellaria.) The scorpion is an unklclun species in a q,hich have not beendetermincd. Thus, thele are at ne\\ genus that sharesmorphokrgical features of Ieast 24 stygal species on Bamrq lsland. Werc the tamilies Uni;rcidae (species in the genus Ba[o$ ls]andasingle calernous s\stem, $hich is Urodattc and endemic to Australia.) and Hetero- unknown, it $ould be firml! classed as a rcorpionidae(species in the genusHeleroscorpio , biodilersin 'hot spot' in a globrl contert endemic to Madagascu). A recent re\.ision of the (CULVER and SKET, 1999) despiteno meiotauna superfamill Scorpionoidae (PRENDINI. 2000) haling been detemined. Furthermore, it contains highlighted as a future rcsearch prioritl. the second grcatest number ol st]gal amphipods determining the ph)logenetic positions of 6

descdbedfiom an] s]stem (the most speciose ta\onomic coYerageof the speciesdeterminations, being the Ethel Gorge calcretc on the Fortescuc the ovemll diYersitr ol the Barrow Islard River (species describedin BRADBURY. 20m. st)gofauna is likell to increase markedll on Gir.en the low sampling effort and limited further study.

Table .1 - The distribution of stygal species on Barow lsland. Prefix 6 deDotes cale rathe. than bo.eholc. ,\mphipod dala are from Bradbury and $rilliams ( 1996a, 1996b), Bradbury (2002) and unpublished data. . deootes spccies kno*n from the Cape Range peninsula. T)!e localities are denotcd in bold. B I is an anchialine ca!e, the remaining locations are boreholes, mostly anode wells.

Species BoEhole or crve 6Bl

Amphrf$da Mchtidae Iedsia tuIbernBtadbw\- and Wdl3ms 68l MWl5. MWl7. W62Jw \l ,4rlrpr,,eyst Bradbur) and Willmms L4. L8 \: rtartlabzr Bradbu. and Williams L8.Ll6 \. crerloryd Bradbury MWl5 \: r.e/drld lJradbur\ t.32J : ral/et Bradbun L]2J \' nfnb ataBradb.jt\ and Wilhams wKli \./tqrl'r Bradbury aDd WilLams 82 \. ndcroscrlptitis Btadt ury and WilLarLs wc66 \:.'a1lptlis Bradbu and Willams \\-I-8 \'. scllpti lis.'l\'. macrosculptt tK I.8.L4N. Mt l- M6l

Ampixpoda: BoFdiellidae rarsnalr.rBradbrrn and Witliams L8

Amptlpoda Iladzridae Lngocc|adoc s srbthd'lassi()lj Bradbun and Willnms 68l

Tbermostraenacea . Halosbazna nllz Poore and Humphreys 68 1.82.C66. F 11.G i9. L4-L8 t. r6-M5N. M52- M62Q5 lsopoda: Crrolanidae . Ilaptolana phole taBrljice and Humphreys 6l|. 82.6it:- C66,L8- L16. M5

Decapoda: Ail|da€ ' ,\'/rgtocdnr rrr/frd Holrhuis 68 I 82. 82 C65S.El. G19-1.1. L8. t. I 7-N{5. M5N. M62. Q5. QQ5.WC66. X62JW

Copepoda:rndel 6BL B 18.82. C65S_C66. E l. F.llA. G 19.K3N. L l(r.Ll7. J r:r r .t I i T.8Mi: N,flJV' \. Qi. X,.2JU

Calanoida: ndet 68t

Haryaclicoida Ame,ndae lnnrphreysi Lee and Hn\s' K3N

Cvclopoida: Cvclopidae . Hahcyclops longtjtrcoh$ Pesce. De l-aurentiis and Humphrels' K3N

Diacvclops l mphrcvsi n ssp L8,MW7. M62, L32.r. FI I

,ocral De I aueoru.. Pcsteand H umphrers L8. Fll, C77-l-C65 deep south. MsN '..lltocvclops n sp Karanorrc Old batchplantborc

Syncarrda: Bathvnellacca ,ltopoba ryrlb sp no\ 82. MW3 /SB8

err(brdtJ l.crcrJirrme.C,.l'iuider flent dr. ll ir,'ehnga |P n til.' 'l\thtrle\ L8

'Number of amphrpodspecles ln srmpatn,+-L8r 2-Bl, MWl5.L32J. rkno*n 'onlv Some copepodsare of uncertain shgal status:rgenusknorrn only t'rom Barror lsland- only fiom ;rnchraline sy"terns: 'kno\r'n record of genus iiom Australu, species ci€arlv st\,gal: or y iiom bores and not hlporherc (Bou-Rouch) samples on lonescue Rl\ er alluuun on adlacent aramland The subteranean fauna ofBarrow Island (NorthtvesternAustralia) tr7

I ll Allsample;ites Stygiocaris HaPtolana r I tl -Bathynellacgar' E ( ( ( ( t lll / tt/ I ( t i I I I / I J t.' I I a\ l. ltI f '( f { f fr { (. ( Y ( I { t

{' J- J \a .\ . tf v al (,/ V w

ll tl Amphipoda Halosbaena Copepoda / b t ( '\.o

\ I 7 ( I a I / / // 5

I t !al -2 I I , fr , I A E ,{ I 3 / f _ t0 I I a I ( ( ( ( I I' I E J- J 9 J- 'l \(J t! Y :5 Y V V

Fig. 5 - Distribution of the Barrow island st1'gofauna, groundwater elevation and oilfield. tlpper left, sites sampled, the dashesenclose the distribution of 120 anode wells, each servicing several oilwells; upper middle, Stygiocaris stylifera; upper right, Haptolana pholela and Bathynellacea, and the interpreted groundrvater elevation contours of 0.-5, 0.8 and 0.9 m AHD; lower middle, Halosbaena tulki; lower right, Copepoda, lower left, Amphipoda: l,Nedsiahulberti:2,N.humphrerrsi;3,N. straskraba;4,Nedsian.sp. 1;5,Nedsian. sp.2,.6, Nedsia n. sp.3; 7, N. urifmbriata;8, N. fragilis;9, N. macrosculptilis; 10, N. sculptilis; A, N. scutptilis/N. macrosculptilis;8, Bogidomma australis; l. Liagoceradocus subthalassicus. The inclusive distribution is shorvn of amphipods knorvn from more than one location.

III. 8 - Chemoautotrophicenelgy production ? (CHILDRESS and FISFIER, 1992) ecos)rstemsof the deep ocean. Chemoautotrophy has also been In some groundrvater ecosystems both demonstratedin Frasassi Cave (SARBU et al., petroleum (KtlEHN and KOEHN, 1988; 2000), and strongly indicatedin anchialine systems LONGLEY, 1981, 1992) and sulphides (SARBU (Pohlman et al., 2000), including rhat of rhe and POPA. 1992: SARBU. 2000: SARBU er d/. anchialine BrmderaSinkhole 240 km southwest of 1996) can be the source of chemoautotrophic Barrorv Island (HUMPHREYs, 1999b). Anchialine energy production (POULSON and LAVOIE, (HUMPHREYS, 1999b) and cold seep 2000). These are, respectively, analoguesof cold communities (K. GLENN, Australian Gmlogical seep (ARP and FISHER, L995: SCOTT and Sun'e1' Organisation, personal communication, FISHER, 1995) and hr,drothermal v€nt 1999) have been identified on the North West ll8 W. F. Hurnphreys

Shelf and can be expected to be more widespread. and on deepsea hldrothermal vents @ELKIN and In this context, it is worth noting that sulphide- JANNASCH, 1989). These processescould malie oxidising mixotrophic Thiotltrix and Begginna the ecos_vstemindependent of surface inputs. The bacteda, rvhich may be primary p'oducers using dorvnwards percolation of organic carbon fixed by sulphide-basedchemos-vnthesis (BRIGMON et a/., photosynlhssis at the surface is consideredto be 1994; cf. KANE et a1., 1994), occur widelf in the rypical energy source for subterranean faunas anchialine, other groundrvaters (YAGER, 1991: (POULSON and [-AVOIE, 2000). BzuGMON eI al., t994; HUMPHREYS, 1999b)

ID 14

It @ s...ar z S.s.WB2 ttl € @ 'ji.ii.,ii @ s.s.cos @'o?d'"."'-,

-35 -av al 3C

Fr-"d"\:ory,,.r...p

@;. """' {-tliqid:;:;: Shrimp

C3 plantS C4 planG

-30 -24 -15 -5 al 3C

Fig. 6 - Stableisotope signatures16t3CV* anddtsNVoc)-a, samplesfrom variouslocations and speciesof stygofauna on Barrorv Island. S. s.= Stygiocaris stylifera (Decapoda:Atyidae), H. p. = Haptolana pholeta (Isopoda:Cirolanidae); b, dataabove overlain by samplesfrom the anchialine BunderaSinkhole on the Cape Range peninsula, 2-50 km southrvestof Barrow Islaod (from Humphreys, 1999b). In (a) the slopiog arrow representthe expectedtrajectory of the trophic incrementthrough one trophic level using 2 Vccfor "C and 4 %afor 'tN,'data for H. pholeta, a predatorof S. stylifera, could be expectedto be at the arrow tip. In (b) the arrows representthe trajectory ofthe hypotheticaltrophic incrementsin the stableisotope datafrom a basalfood source derivedfrom C3 (left anorv) and C4 plants (right arrolv) - the shadedbars representtrophic levels T, to T" incrementedby 1%oOttNfrom a C. andCo plant base.

Hydrogen sulphide was encountereddunng natural vents near the Barrow Island Fault (Fig. 1), ddlling of some anode and oil wells on Banow depositing sulphur minerals at the surface. Island (e.g. 8 ppm at anode well E2), and some Geochemical fingerprinting of oil from seeps in anodewells vent HrS, which also emanatesfrom the viciniq' of the Barrow Island Fault are (Northrvestern The subteranean{auna of Barrow Island Australia) 119 consistent with the occurrence there of nafural should be amplified through the food chain (see petroleum seeps (WAPET, 1996), but oil is also HUMPHREYS, 1999b). Hence, chemoautotrophy found in some anodewells remote f'rom the fault, resulting from sulphur bacteria should be the origins of which are unknorvn. detectableif it forms a sigruficant ploportion of Stable isotope analysis and trajectories the diet of the st-vgofauna (POHLMAN et a/. The u,idespread occurence of sulphur 1997, 2000; HUMPHREYS, 1999b). If bacteda generally in groundwater and the prcsence chemoautotrophy occws in the groundwater of ItS, suggest that sulphur bacteria are likely to ecosystem on Barrow Island, its influence on the be involved in chemoautolithotrophy on Barrow stable isotope signaturein the sg'gofauna is likely Island. Chemosynthetic biomass has a stable to be more marked nearer the Barrorv Island Fault isotope signature that is charactedsticalll' lighter where HrS is more abundant, and where most (more negati\fe A"C) than photosynthetically natural oil seegsryqy be expected. derived carbon (CONWAY et al.. 1994\ and this -12

-14

-16

-18 -20 dc -22

-24

-26

-28 -4 -2

Distancefrom fault (km)

Fig. 7 - Plot of stable isotope values (dr3C %o) in St-tgiocaris stylifera from groundwater at different locations north and south of the Barrow Island fault. A second order polynomial is plotted that is significant overall (y=O.,x4r'- l.8Olx -23.47; F,.,u=76.511, P<0.0OOl)and in its compoo€nts(x, t = 9. 186, P

In a pilot study, Stygiocaris sQlifera fault line. A better resolution rvith distance from (Afyidae) u'ere collected from a number of bores at the fault is neededand samples of the biofilms different distances from the fault on Barrow Island within the groundw,ater systems should be and the stable isotope signature determined(Figure eramined for direct evidence of chemo-autotrophic 6). The d13Cvalues decline torvardsthe fault from energy production. both sides, yielding a highly significant second A number of points in Figure 6a are rvorthy order polynomial relationship (Figure 7, caption), of comment. From a general understanding of consistent with the h-vpothesis of chemo- stable isotope fractionation in food chains autotrophy associateds'ith the fault line. The other (CONWAY et al., l94r EFILEzuNGER et al., variables measured- the proportion of carbon and 1986; Lz\JTHA andMICHENER, 1994), it seems nitrogen in the samples, and the stable isotope that, trophically, the same species behaves signatureof nitrogen -were not associatedin this dit'ferently at separate locations on Barow Island. way with the distanceof the sample site from the S. sNlikra appears to have been feeding at 120

differcnt parts ol the l'ood chain (Tr, T. in Figure Cape Range (HUMPHREYS, 1999b). \r here some 6b in $hich the data arc overlaid on the stable species, including S. shllikra ar.d Mil\eringa isotop€ signature from lhe Bundera Sin.liholc; verirQ:t. occur both abore and belo$ the HUMPHREYS, 1999). The brush-shap€d(ult of pYcntrcline.The dataare consistent $ ith the thesis setre in the first two pereiop(xlsol aqids c used that omnivor-\ is a troglobiomoryhic trait to brush the substrate rvhile the) feed (BAILDI- (RACOVITZ4. 1907). BROCK and BROCK. 1993), so the) have a The atove considemtions,dealt \r'ith more leeding apparatus *ell suited to han esting fully else$here (HUMPHREYS, l9)9b, 20OOb; biofilm. Ho$e|er, tbese stable isotop€ datzr POULSON and L-AVOIE, 2000), raises the suggestthat, undersome conditions. thel' mal feed possibilit\ that the biologicaldilersitl seenin the much lurther alonS the fftxl chain, acting as Banul lsland stlgoiauna ma), in part, be consumers,even predators,for \\,hich the\ seem ill supplfied b]', e\.en dependentupon, the petroleum equipped,or through the decomposerroute. This is deposit itself. The i ssues misedateye desene to be consr\tent \\ith the lhesls thut omnr\or) is .rn lull-r and properl) tested as this scientificall)' adaptation to subterranean life (a so called interesting question ma)' ha\'e implications both troglobiomorph\). lbr the operutus (t the oillield and lor the agencies Secondl), the shble isotope signatures of taskeduith consen ing the fauna *the puriflcation drllcrent speries in the samc enrironmenl uc serricc prolided bl the grounduaterecosJstcm ol a discordantwith that expectedlrom a kno$ledge 01 site ma) be deended bl common pump-and-t|eat their biobg] and of the expectedtrcphic cirsc.lde. remediation(HERNAAN et ol., 2A)l). Haplolate pholeta is a knorvn predatof of S. snlikra (mt unpublished data). Hence. the IIL 9 - History of ground$aterusc expecledstable isotope signaturc uould place the data to lie at the tip ol the anau in Figure 6a, Barros lsland \ras doclarcd an A-cla-ss indicating [,pical trophic amplification. Whereas. Resenein 1910,the highestlerel of consenation the data for H. pholetu are consistett $ith it protection in Westem Australia, md since 1967 feedingat trophic lelel T2, tbe same position as ,1. has tren a ploducing oilfield. Ho\\'e!er, the high stvlikra. E|en more surprisingll H. pholeta ha. co[sellation 'alues of its subterranean accumulated a aL'C signature mirkedl\, dif'l'erenl €cos)stems, including the near surlace ground- lrom S. srr/y'i'ra and in the opposite direction lvater, \\'as not rec()guizeduntil the earl\ 1990's e\pected due to trophic amplification. Namell. it (HUMPHREYS, 1991. 1993;HUMPHREYS and has a lighter (m()rc negative) dr3C signature than vtNE. lge1). S. strlifera at the same location ruther than the The -sroundl\'aterof Banow Isliurd has been e)ipected healier lalue. Furthermore, the AtrC used both as a water resourceand as a sinl t-or values are consistent \rith ha\ing been derivcd produced[ater and its contents. ln addifion the Irom Ca plants in a pl€dominantl) C: enyironment subtenanean s)'stem has recei\,ed sustained (Tnodia). accidentalinputs of contaminants as a result of Examination of the slable isotopesof C and pipcline. storagetank and top-r'alle leaks and well N in the Barro$, lsland st.vgalsvstem suggest: 1, stem fractures ilhich variousl) add saline water, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that petroleum, antioridents and other celrosion chemoautotroph) occurs .Lssociated uith thc inhibiters, driuing fluids, etc. (WAPET, 1996). Bano$ lsland Fault; 2, trophicalll, the stvgofauna Disposal of producedrvater in the supeficial kamt does not behave as expecled from general has ceas€d ard the collectol pipes hare been pnnciples either bet!\,eenor llithin sampling sites; replacedand \r'ill lead to a centralsepamtor plant. and3, the stableisotope signatureof C appean t() Oilfield erploitation rcsults in eler be disrordant sith lrral \regetation and raises increasing amounts ()1 $ater requiring disp(Nal. 'produced questions as to the origin of the energy in the This water'-2.4 r 106mt in 1996 *is t Sroundxa[er s].stem. A significant researcheffon saline (ca,10.000- 45.000 mg L TDS) and has an is needel to elucidate the surprisingl\ comple\ oil content of 100-2fi)tl ppm (WAPET. 1996). trophic biologl suggestedb] thesedata to (rccur in Hence, the produced$ater has potentiall] injected this anchialine svstem. The most oblious target up to se\.eralthousand tonnes ofoil a ]ear into the rvould be thc partitiming ol trophic ecologr disposal sites, together \\'ith corosion inhibiters betrveen the lleshu'ater lens and the underlfing add€dto the llo$lines. ln addition, it has the sea$ater, as suggestedfor Bunden Sinhhote in potential to disrupt the salinitJ, strati{ication The surr(erraneanfauna ol Barroq Island (No h $ estern .-\ustfalia) 121

presentin the ground$ater. Such sttatrfication is Australia. The) comprise nine species

Table -j - Speciall)' protected subteranean fauna on Barrorv lsland (Department of Consen atioD and Land NlanagementDeclarcd Threatened Faula: -l Jul] 2000). \rI I, \'ulnerable

Fi sh tMil,-einga ver itas,Blind Cudgeon VU Millipedes Speleostropltus esioler, Banow Island Millipede VU Chelicerates Drm'uloides bramstoterl, Barrow Island Dmculoides VU Crustaceans Bogidommq austr. is, Barrou lsland BogidommaAmphipod VU Liagocerodocussubtlntlc;sicrs, Barrou lsland LiagocemdocusAmphipod VU Nedsia fragilis VU Nedsialutmphretsi VU Nedsia hurlherti VU Neds ia macro scu lpt i I i s VU Nedsias<'ulptilis VU Nedsia strasbaba VU Nedsia 'vU

While there are undoubted impacts of benveen 1987-1988 and uas coatedwith a wa\-v eillleld operationson the subterraneanfauna, their residueand still smelled strongll of petroleum in e\tent, duration ard signilicance is untno$ n. 1999. Numercus dead specimens of this spccies Holvever, there is limited evidence that some hale been recovered from a non-operational iurode species do reinvade areas I'rom u'hich the) $erc $,ell, 82. and lrom Lz\. probably eliminated. It is pesumed that st]gofauna are eliminated one Draculoides brunstockri was l€rr{xded fiom operationalan

number of prcliousl], operational:rnorlc wclls (B2, deYel()pment on ground$ atel ecos]'stems - C66, E1, K3N and Lzl). including BathJ'nellacea, Bloball\'. numerous oilfields rccur in srmilar Halictclops bngiitr(:dtls, Inemipes lutntphreysi. situations. Fufihermore, it \\'ould prolide a Haloslnena tulki, Nehia Irogilis, N. hwnphretsi, laluable rvindcr$ through uhich fundamental iud Haptolu a pholets al]d Sttgiocaris st\lifera. applied lesearch could be condwted on ecosJstem Anchialine ecosystemsare consideredto bc ard population pr(rcesses, and on the maintenance eritraordinaril) vulnenble to eyen slight olganic oi subten anean biodiversitv in one the \rorld's pollution (ILIFFE et a1-. lg8/.) by al-t'ectingthe more diverse st),gal slslems. Such decom- ph)'silp-chemical conditions, rhile being tolerant missioning would be contrary to established of a uide range clf phl sico-chemical conditions practic€ and policl and its implcmentation $1)uld (SKET, 1996; HUMPHREYS, 1999b). need the in\,ol|ement of numerous goYernment Nonetheless, SKET (1986) asserts "the e\trcmc agencics and petroleum company pat tners. unsusceptibilitv ol lNipharqus) lrcbereri againsL Consequentl) its implementation $'ould requrre differcnt unf-alourable conditions in its .,'nsiJerable lead-trmcand earll plannrng. en|ironment (light, lack ol o\)'€Jen, presenceof HrS, oil pollution ...)", and of the Acknowledgements. Fieldworl on Bano\r lsland Thermosbacnacean Monodella argentarii \\'trJch rvasconducted r\ith the assistance of Brian \''ine, Ra) "mal occur in enlironments wirh apparentl) quite \\'ood, Stefan Eberhard iind ahrl Close. Julianne unfavourable conditions (H1S replacing q)". \\'aldek pror ided coltinual suppon ilr Perth. Keith While thesepapers ma), appearcontradrcton, their Hailett conducted additional sampling in 1998 9 and impaned ol his extensive kno$led-ge of the differing emphasis (interpretation) could result groundNater. \-umerous \\'Alillf pcrsonnel or from the e\trcmel\ sharp gradienls in ph1'sico- contractors in Perth and or Baffot{ lsland prorided chemical conditions that ma) occur in anchialine assistancein manv $a)s that madcsampling possible habitats (seeFiB. 3). Such gradienlsare associated, in thrs remote and restricted location, especialll itlter alie. with the intedace betrveen \\,aters of EnriroDmental Officers Slephan Fritz, Russell dillering salinit] (HUMPHREYS. 1999b). I-agdon and Kellie Peodolel. II lin!ironrnental tr,picallY betweenl-resh and saline rvaters. iolsrpreled lhc Sround\rater elcrrlion cunlLrurs linpublished identifications of taxa $ere made b! K. lII. l1 - Decommissiomng Schminke, (Bath]'nellacea), \1.S. Han.e] (),l-.1\1. Roth (Biatlodea), L.B. Holthuis (.Sn'?roc.rri.s), \\'. (Copepoda: When the oilfield on Banos Island is Lee and It. I1 \s Harpacticoida. Amciridae and Clclopoida: abandoned,it is stressedthat thc an(rle $ells (and (l)'clopidae).Funding lirr llcld Nofk ras proyidcd b\ ether relatilel) shallo| bores) ceuld be \\'estem ,\ ustralian Petroleum PtJ l-ld. (norv Che\ ron \uLh decommrssionetl thal thcir intcgritr r. Oil Pt) Ltd.). retainedsuitable fbr sampling subterraneiurfauna. This u,ruld pr,'ride a unlque opportuntr) ro This paper is a cont butioD 1o DIVERSITAS-IBOY monitor the changesaccompanling the clesure of projcct, "E-\plorotio,t ancl ConservaLion of the oilfield, providing information of utilitl for Anchtoline [auna\". opemtorsand regulators on the effects of oilfield

RESUME baenacea,Isopoda (Cirolanidae), Decapoda(At!idae), -\mphipoda (Hadziidae, Bogidiellidae. \'{elitidae). Bamxv lsland cst situ6e au oord-ouest de la Quatrr especrs :,pldrrenanl I la lau e suutcrmin( c6tc de I'Australie a)ccidentale et se compose dun terrestre ont 6td d€crites ainsi qduo se.pent areugle alticlinal de roches calcaires duluiocdne. Elle a 6t6 le d'apparence tro-slobiomorphe et un Scorpion de lieu de productiol de champ de p6trole durant plus de position taxonomiqueincertainc car il lr€sentent des 30 anndes et produisait de I'eau en partie localisd€ caractarcs de Ia lamille des lrnxhcidae el de celle dafls lc karst superficiel, des pratiques maintenanl I-leteroscorpionidae, fimilles respectiiement endd- anCt6es. L'ile rcnfeme utre lentille d'eau douce dc miques de l'-\ustralie et dc l\ladagascar. ln pr6sence t)'pe Gh) ben-Herzberg, surmontant de I'eau saldc i 7- gdnfrale de bactdries sulfureuseset dlDS suggirc que 8 m de profondeur'. constituant un 6cos)stime ces bactddes sont lmpliquies dans une production anchihalrn dc erandee\lcnsion. h faune \uulerratn( chimioautolitholrophe dans les eaul souterraiDes de aquzliquese comln\e d'au morns 2- especrs ur i'ile. l-es r€sultats des rncsuresradioisotopiqucs de la porsson Eleotridae, et des Crustacds apparteoalt au\ st]gofautre appuient I'h)-pothise d une production IJathyqellacea, Harpacticoida, C_v-.clopoida,Thermos d'inergie pa|ioie chimioautotropheeD relalioo avec The subterraneanfauna !t Barro[ lsland (North$estem Alrslalia) 123

Ia faille de Barro* lsland. Ceci conhrme f intdret de la ARP, A. J. and C. R. FISHER 1995 - gesiion et de la protection de lat thrme souteraiDe de Introductron to the symposium: Life tith sulfide. Barroiv Island. Am. Zool., 35,p. 81-82. BAILEY-BROCK, J. H. arxl R. E. BROCK - ABSTRACT 1993 - Feeding, reproduction,and senseorgans of the Ha\raiian anchialine shimp Hala'aidiw nbra Bano\y Island liei on the North \\'cst Shelf oi (Atlidae).Pac. Sci.,47, p. 338-355. Westem Australia and compaises an anticline of BALTANAS, A. ard D. DANIELOPOL - 1995 - \{ioce[e limestoDes. It has been a produclion oilfield Cladistic analysis of Danielopolina spcies for more than 30 lears and pr(duced rvater was, ln (Ostr&oda: Thaumatoc!,prididae) and the origin of \upcrlicral d pra'ilicc part. diqposcdul inll, lh( larsl. anchialinefauna. Mitt. Hamburg Zool. Mus. now stopped- The island contains a freshwater lens I nst., 92, p. 315-324. o' erl)ing saline rratcr proriding an (\lcn\ire BELKIN, S. and H. W JANNASCH - 19139- anchialine ecosystem. A summary of the cave and \ ents: groundrvaterenvironments is given. Thc st,rgofauna Microbial mats at deepsea h_vdrothermal comprises at least 2-l species, a fish (Eleotridae), and new obsen'ations. p. 16-21. In. Microbisl Mats: crustaceans from the BathlDellacea, Harpacticoida, phtsiolo,gico.l ecologt of bentlic microbial Cyclopoida, Thermostmenacea, Isopoda (Clirola- communities (Y. Cohen :rnd E. Rosenberg eds), nidae), Decapod^ (Atyidae), Amphipoda (Iladziidae, American Societl for lr4icrobiolog.v,Washington. Bogidi€llidae. lvlelitidae). Fourspecies of lroglolauna BRADBURY, J. H. - 2000 - Westem Austrahan have been formall] described,as \r'ell as a blindsnake stygobiont amphip'ods(Crustacea: Fdramelitidae) \r'ith apparent troglomorphies. .A scorpion ol from the Mt Nc$mrn anJ l\Allstream regions. of the uncertain famil-y plac€ment. $ith characters Rec. West. Austr. Mus., Suppl., 60, p. families t'rodacidae and Heteroscorpioddae. 1-t02. respectivel], endemic to -{Lstralia and \Iadagascar. BRA.DBURY, J. H. - 2OO2- Melitid amphipods Evidence from stable isotope ratio anal)'sis of 11* st] gofauna is consislent $,ith the h)'pothesis thal of Barrou, lsiand, Westem Austlalia. Part chemoautotropbic energ)' productioo nla) be reoentdiscovenes. Rec. West. Austr. Mus., ass(Xiated with the Barrorv Island Fault, confirmatlon 21, p. 83-103. of which would have implications for the BRADBURY, J. H. ard W. D. WILLIAMS - management and conservatioo of the Baro$ Island l!r6a - Freshwater amphipods liom Bnrro$ subterraDeanfaurta. Island, Westem Australia. Rec. West. Austr. Mus., 44, p- 33-74. REFER E NCES BRADBURY, l. H. ard W. D. WILUAMS - 19 b - T\\o neu,species of anchialine amphipd ADAMS. M. ard W. F. HUMPHREYS - 1993 - (Crusiacea: Hadziidae: liagoceradocus) liom Pattems of genetic di\,el.sit) $ithin select€d WestemAustrulia. Rec. West. Austr. 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HUMPHREYS, W. F. llDgc - Relicl 30. Subtena ean E'os1.r1en.r. Elseviel. st) Aofaunasli\ ing in seasalt. kaist and calcrete Amsteldam. hatlitats in add north\resaem Austnlia con&ln ILIFFE, T. M., JICKELLS, T. D. arxt M. S. manl ancientlineages. p. 219-227. lt: W. Ponder BREWER - i984 - Organic pollution oI an inland and D- Lunnel (eds). l'le, Orher 99*. The marine cave liom Bermuda. Mar, Environ. Co servqtio and Biodiv(rsitv of htvertebrales. Res.. 12,p. 173-189. Triinsactions o1 the Rol al Zffrlogical S(rciet] ol KANE, T. C., SARBU, S. arxtB. K. KINKLE - Ne$ South Wales, Mr>sman2088. 1994 - Chemoautotrophy: methodological HUMPHREYS, W. F. - 2OOOa- Chapter 30. The approaches,geoloSical implications. and a cas€ h\pogean tauna of the Cape Range peninsula alxl studl from Romania. p. 38-39. lir L D. Sasowsk] Barro$Island. no hq'est€mAustmlia. p.581-601. and M. V. Palmer (eds). Breakthro 91tsi Karsl h: H. Wilkens. D. C. Culler and W. F. Geomicrobioloq\ and Redox Geochemistn- Humphre.vs(eds/. E oiyr/ert.t of tlte World. vol. Stnposium. Special Publication 1. Kalst WateN 30. Sabterratrcon Ecos\stent". Elsevier, Institute.Charles Town, WV. Amsterdam. KEIGFIERY, G. and N. GIBSON - 1993 - HUMPHREYS, W.F. - 2000b - Karst qetlands Biogeograph-vand composition of the llora ol the biodii enit)' andcontinuit! through ma.jorclimatic Cape Range peninsula. Wsstem Australia. Rec. change - an erample from arid tr-opical Westem West. Austr. Mus,, Suppl.,45, p. 51-85. Australia. p. 227 -25a. rr: B. Gopal, W. J. Junk KUEHN, K. A. arxl R. D. KOEHN. - 1988 - A and J. A. Dalis (eds). Biodiversitr in rrello,tA: mrcofloral \ur\e\ ol an urle.iun ,ommunitl essesste l, furctiott atrd conserrdli(rr, volune l- within the Mrvards ol Central Texas. Backhu,vsPublishers, l-eiden. Mycologia , 80, p. 646-652. HUMPHREYS. W. F. - 2001a - Miherittga LAJIHA, K. arxl R. H. MICI{ENER - 1994 - verird-r Whitley 1945 (Eleotridae), a remarkablJ Stqble isotopes in ecologt' uld envirorutlenlal reNadle cale fish from the arid trcpics ol' sciera'e.Blacku ell, O\fold. north$estem Austmlia. Environ. Biol. Fish., LONCLEY, C. - 1981 - The Ed$'ads Aquifer 62, p. ?97-313. earth's most di\ erse ground$'ater ecos),stem'/ HUMPHREYS, W. F. - 2001b - Groundwater Int€rn. J. Speleol., 11,p. 123-128. calcreteaquiferr in lhe Austnlian arid zone: the LONCLEY. C. - lo.r2 .The subtenancanaquatic context to irn unfolding plethon ol st),gal ecos\stem of the Balconcs Fault Zone Fi\lirds biodivelsit). Rec, West. Austr. Mus.. Aquiferin Tcras - lhreutsliom o\erpumping. p. Suppl.. 64, p. 63-83. 291-3ti0. /rr: J. A. StanfordandJ. J. Simons (eds). HUMPHREYS, W. F. and B. VINE - l99l - Tlrc Proceedi gs oJ the First hienarional CotJereru:e caws oJ Barrow Islarul urd tlteir faura. A Report to on Growdvattr Ecolog\. Amencal Water West Australian Petroleum Pt! Lrd.22 pp. ResourcesAssocration, Bethesda" Maq land. HUMPHREYS, W. F., ADAMS, M. and B. MCNAMARA, K. J. arxl G. W KENDRICK - VINE - 1989 - The biolog! ol Schi:orrurs vinei 1994 - Cenoz-oicmolluscs and echinoidsol Barrou' (Chelicerata: Schizomida) in the cales of Capc lsland,West€m Australia.Rec. West. Austr. Range, Westem Australia. J. Zool., Lond., Mus., Suppl., 51,p. 1-50. 217. p. 177-2O1. MACIOLEK, J. A. - 1986 - Enlironmental HUMPHREYS, W. F,, POOLE, A., leatures and bioh of anchialine pools on Cape EBERHARD, S. M. and D. WARREN - 1999 - Kinau, Maui, Ha$aii. Stygologia, 2, p. 119- Effecls of researchdiving on the ph)'sico-chemical 129. prolile of BunderaSinkhole, an anchialine remip€d N4ARTIN, L. H., EAKINS, K. E. and A. LOGAN habitat at Cape Range, Westem Australia. J. - 1991 - Phl'sical chancteristicsof the anchialine Roy. Soc. West. Austr..82, p.9S-1O8. pondsof Bermuda.Bull. Mar. Sc i., zA, p. 125- ILIFFE, T. M. - 1992 - Anchialine cale biologr. t36. p. 614-636. tr. A. L Camacho (ed.). Ihe Natrral M.\RTIN, L. H.. LOGAN. A. and K. E. EAKINS Histom of Biospeleolttgt. Monogralias Museo - 1992 - Biotic chamcteristicsof the anchialine Nacional de CienciasNaturales. Madrid. ponds of Bermuda-Bull. Mar, Sci.. 5O, p. ILIFFE, T. M. - 200{i - Anchialine cale ecolog1,. 133-157. p 59-76.ln: H. Wilkens, D. C. Culler and W. F. PERRY, D. H. - 1972 - Some noies on the Humpluel's (eds). Ecc)-r^temsof the lvorld, vol. telmites (lsoptera)of Banou lsland and a check list Ihe sublenanean iauna of Ilarrorv islBnd lNorth$estern -\ustraha) t21

l,osioflectes e,r/ell, sp. no\'., lhe filst rcmipede YAGER. J,, SPOKANE. R. 8.. BOZAMC. J. E.. cnlsLlcean recorded from Austnlia rmd the Indian WILLIAMS, D. W. and . E. BALADO - 1994 - Ocean.\\ith a key to the ilorld spccies.IDvert. An ecological comparison ot' t\\ o anchialine cales Taxon..10. p. 171-187. in Cuba $ith emphasisoD lvatcr chemistr). p. 95- YAGER. J. and F. R. SCHR{M - 1986 - lnsio lOI. ProceedittgsSeco,td htertntional Conference ott Growtdtva.tera-cologf. U.S. Environ. Prot. ttcrtet erttri,'h,no. ne!r' 8enus. nqrr species. (Cnlstacea:Remipedia) from anchialine cares in Agenc)' & Am. Water ResoulcesAssoc. the Turks andCaicos, Bntish West Indies.Proc. Biol. Soc. 1ys5lr..oo. p. 65_7n. l?6

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