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Home , Crocodile, Haliyal, Indian giant squirrel, Indian grey hornbill, Kali Tiger Reserve, Malabar pied hornbill

Comprising of augmentation of pulp mill and existing paper machines, installation of Multi -layer Coated Board Machine and installation of 35 MW steam turbine with 135 TPH FBC Boiler at West Paper Mills Ltd, ,

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PLAN

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN

FOR Tiger, Elephant, and Other Wildlife (, {}, Sloth Bea r, Pangolin, Mouse , , Great Indian , Malabar Pied Hornbill, Peafowl and Indian Giant )

Of Proposed development plan c omprising of augmentation of pulp mill and existing paper machines, installation of Multi-layer Coated Board Machine and installation of 35 MW steam turbine with 135 TPH FBC Boiler at Taluka: Dandeli, District: Uttar (Karnataka ) by M/s. West Coast Paper Mills Limited

Project Proponent Prepared By M/s. West Coast Paper Mills Lim ited J.M. EnviroNet Pvt. Ltd. Post Box No.: 5, Bangur Nagar, 202 A, ABW Tower, MG Road, Taluka: Dandeli, IFFCO Chowk, Sector - 25, District: Uttar Kannada (Karnataka ) Gurugram - 122001

SAVE , SAVE WILDLIFE Comprising of augmentation of pulp mill and existing paper machines, installation of Multi -layer Coated Board Machine and installation of 35 MW steam turbine with 135 TPH FBC Boiler at West Coast Paper Mills Ltd, Dandeli, Karnataka

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PLAN

INDEX

S. No. PARTICULARS PAGE NO .

1.0 Introduction to Project 3 2.0 Study Area 3 3.0 Objective of the Conservation and Management Plan (CMP) 3 4.0 Situation Analysis 4 5.0 Methodology For Conservation of Wildlife 6 6.0 Agriculture and Cropping Pattern of the Study Area 8 7.0 Change of Land Use 8 8.0 Impact Prediction and Mitigation Measures 8 8.1 Impact and Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase 8 8.2 Impact and Mitigation Measures during Operation Phase 9 9.0 and Management Plan 9 9.1 Captive Plantations 10 9.2 Control Farming 10 Specific Conservation Plan 11 I. Tiger (Panthera tigris ) 11 II. Leopard (Panthera pardus ) 13 III. Elephant (Elephas maximus ) 13 IV. Hornbill Conservation Reserve 17

Conservation of Other Wildlife in Buffer Zone 17 The Budget Expenditure 21

M/s. West Coast Paper Mills Limited 2 JM Environet Pvt. Ltd. Comprising of augmentation of pulp mill and existing paper machines, installation of Multi -layer Coated Board Machine and installation of 35 MW steam turbine with 135 TPH FBC Boiler at West Coast Paper Mills Ltd, Dandeli, Karnataka

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PLAN

1.0 Introduction to Project West Coast Paper Mills Limited (WCPM) is one of the oldest and largest producer of paper for printing, writing and packaging in . WCPM was established in 1955 at Dandeli in Karnataka near the banks of Kali. Initially, the was designed to manufacture 18,000 TPA of writing, printing and packaging paper, the commercial production of which commenced in May 1959. Over 50 of Sustainable Investment and Operations, the mill’s capacity increased to 320,000 TPA. The mill produces well established brands of commercial and premium grades of paper and boards ranging from 54 to 600 GSM, catered across six different product segments namely writing, printing, business, specialty, industrial and packaging. WCPM products present a wide range of WESCO brand Specialty and value added products to the packaging industries viz. Cup Stock varieties, Folding Box Board & Single and Double Coated Board with Grey Back & Kraft Back. To improve the operational and financial performance of the mill, to meet the emerging trends in the market, and further to make the mill more environment compliant, WCPM plans to implement Mill Development Plan (MDP) to increase the capacity of its integrated pulp and paper mill. The mill currently has facilities to produce printing and writing papers and packaging boards with licensed capacity of 320,000 TPA. The proposed Mill Development Plan (MDP) would increase the mill’s installed capacity to 450,000 TPA (increase by 130,000 TPA) comprising of printing and writing papers and packaging boards, along with increase in bleached pulp production and up gradation of captive power plant. Total plant site area is 152.052 ha (375.73 acres), in which vacant spaces aggregating to 4.856 ha. (12 acres) will be utilized for expansion under the MDP (Mill Development Plan) and no additional land will be acquired.

2.0 Study area The Study area for preparation of Wildlife Conservation Plan has been considered as 10 km surrounding the periphery of the existing plant boundary. The Study area falls under Dandeli Village in Uttar Kannada district of Karnataka. The study area has been shown in the environment setting map. The plant area has been designated as “core zone” and 10 km radius as “buffer zone”.

3.0 Objective of the Conservation and Management Plan (CMP) The purpose of Wildlife Conservation plan (WCP) is to mitigate the incremental negative impacts of MDP activities on Ecology & Environment. Biological study was conducted as per ToR vide Letter No. J-11011/408/2006- IA-II (I) dated 30 th March 2017 issued by MoEFCC, New Delhi issued by MoEFCC, New Delhi. Wildlife Conservation Plan is prepared for compilation of ToR requirement and seeking the wildlife clearance from Standing Committee of NBWL as Dandeli Anshi Tiger Reserve (DATR) also popularly known as (KTR) is situate at 9.4 km from project site boundary.

M/s. West Coast Paper Mills Limited 3 JM Environet Pvt. Ltd. Comprising of augmentation of pulp mill and existing paper machines, installation of Multi -layer Coated Board Machine and installation of 35 MW steam turbine with 135 TPH FBC Boiler at West Coast Paper Mills Ltd, Dandeli, Karnataka

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PLAN

KTR and Hornbill Conservation Reserve (HCR) is rich in wildlife and some of the important flagship species are Tiger ( Panthera tigris ), Elephant ( Elephas maximus indicus ), Leopard including (Panthera pardus ), ( Melursus ursinus ), Dhole ( Cuon alpinus ), Gaur ( Bos gaurus ), Pangolin ( Manis crassicaudata ), Mouse Deer ( Tragulus meminna ), Crocodile ( palustris ), Great Indian Hornbill (Buceros bicornis ), Malabar Pied Hornbill ( malabaricus ), ( Ratufa indica ) and Peafowl ( Pavo cristatus ) are the prime wildlife attractions. While interaction with Mr. KS Goravar (KTR ACF) and Mr. Basna (Dy. RFO of Virnoli Range of Haliyal Territorial Division), Conservation Plan may be prepared for 3 major species in the area namely Tiger ( Panthera tigris ), Elephant ( Elephas maximus indicus ) and Leopard ( Panthera pardus ). Some broad spectrum conservation activities may be also included in the CMP. The prime objective of the conservation plan is to conserve the extant wildlife in the buffer zone by maintaining food chain, shelter, habitat protection and drinking water facilities. The plan has been prepared with the objective to suggest measures to minimize disturbance to wildlife and its habitat in the vicinity of WCPM. WCPM will due restrain in its activities causing pollution (noise, air and waste water) from mill operations. Implement specified CER activities to reduce dependency of local people on forest area like fire wood, fodder etc. Coordinate with the forest officials in the landscape planning and mainstreaming environment conservation. Take measures to inculcate awareness among local people for protection and conservation of nature. Identification of threats and impact assessment of project activities on wildlife of the study area. Preparation of suitable conservation and management plan (CMP) for selected wildlife species at supra with state forest and wildlife department.

4.0 Situation Analysis i. There are Two Divisions i.e. Wildlife Division (DATR) and Territorial (Haliyal Forest Division) including Hornbill Conservation Reserve is falling in the 10 km radius study area. The former is under administrative control of Conservator of Forests & Field Director and Dy. CF- Haliyal respectively. ii. It needs to be emphasized out that WCPM site is located at a distance of 9.4 km from Dandeli Anshi Tiger Reserve (Kali Tiger Reserve) and is located about 6.6 km away from the proposed Eco- sensitive zone boundary of Dandeli- Anshi Tiger Reserve & Hornbill conservation reserve boundary. iii. WCPM site is an urban settlement that does not have any forest area with no permanent habitat of wildlife. However, sporadic wildlife was observed during transit in buffer zone with 12 reserved forests, some village forest and also few unclassed forest (open scrub patches). iv. Expansion of project will be done in existing plant premises, no specific impact will be felt on surrounding wildlife, only intensity of existing impact may increase marginally, and will require specific mitigation measures.

M/s. West Coast Paper Mills Limited 4 JM Environet Pvt. Ltd. Comprising of augmentation of pulp mill and existing paper machines, installation of Multi -layer Coated Board Machine and installation of 35 MW steam turbine with 135 TPH FBC Boiler at West Coast Paper Mills Ltd, Dandeli, Karnataka

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PLAN

a. Topography: Uttar Kannada district is a broad strip of land spreading from North to South. The district is situated within the tropical belt experiencing hot summers with good southwest monsoons. Topography of the Study area is largely undulating slopes and hilly terrain which some interspersed plains. b. Climate, Rainfall and Temp: Study area experiences a tropical humid climate. The summer season is from March to June when the climate is warm. The temperature around this season is 35 °C to 38 °C at the height of the summer. The monsoon months are from June to September when the city receives most of its rainfall from the south west monsoon. The average annual rainfall is around 1000 mm received during rainy days. Temperatures are considerably lower during the winter season, averaging around 15 °C. The winter season is December to February is characterized by mild temperatures and occasional showers. The winter months feature chilly northerly winds which bring down the temperature to around 15 °C, though the bright sunshine helps maintain the pleasant weather. Temperatures may exceed 38 °C at the height of summer and may fall below 15 °C in winter. Relative humidity ranges from 80 to 85% recorded in monsoon season and decrease in the post- monsoon period. The driest part of the from Jan to Feb, when the relative humidity in the afternoon is about 30%. c. Geology & Soil: The general rocks found in the tract are of Archaen Complex. A capping of Laterite frequently overlies Dharwad, Uttar Kannada and peninsular gneisses. The rocks commonly met are granites; gneisses greywacke, magnetites, magniferous shales phyllites, schists and limestones. The soil of the study area is alluvial soil and the mixed lateritic and granitic soils. Mixed lateritic soils are found in many Taluka, which contains certain patches of black soil as well. In the hill ranges soil is gravelly. The lateritic soils are highly leached, reddish brown in colour, shallow to medium in depth and loamy in texture. In other areas the soil is ferruginous, clayey loam and laterite mixed alluvial soil. d. Forest Profile: Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest (5), Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest (3), Tropical Semi- Evergreen Forest (2). The nearest forest block is Dandeli Reserve forest which is 0.5 Km from project in east direction. e. Water Sources: Major source of water is at a distance of 0.5 km in S direction and Bommanahalli dam at a distance of 7.5 km in SE direction. f. Flora: The area covers with Indian Laurel ( elliptica ), Asan ( Terminalia tomentosa ), Kindal Tree (Terminalia paniculata ), Harad ( Terminalia chebula ), Dhaura/Lendia ( Lagerstroemia parviflora), Karmal (Dillenia pentagyna), Kendu ( Diospyros tomentosa ), Tendu ( Diospyros melenoxylon ), Shisham ( Dalbergia latifolia ), Baheda ( Terminalia bellirica ), Goolar ( Ficus glomerata ), Banyan ( Ficus benghalensis ), (Artocarpus heterophyllus ), Bhirra ( Chloroxylon swietenia ), Kalidudhi (Wrightia tomentosa ), Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium ), Karanj ( Pongamia pinnata ), Kapok ( Bombax ceiba ), Jambu ( Xylia xylocarpa ), Khair (Acacia catechu ), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum malabaricum ), ( Tectona grandis ). g. Fauna: Tiger ( Panthera tigris ), Elephant (Elephas maximus indicus ), Leopard ( Panthera pardus ), Sloth Bear (Melursus ursinus ), Dhole ( Cuon alpinus ), Gaur ( Bos gaurus ), Pangolin ( Manis crassicaudata ), Mouse Deer (Tragulus meminna ), Barking deer ( Muntiacus muntjac), ( Sus scrofa ), and Indian Giant Squirrel (Ratufa indica ).

M/s. West Coast Paper Mills Limited 5 JM Environet Pvt. Ltd. Comprising of augmentation of pulp mill and existing paper machines, installation of Multi -layer Coated Board Machine and installation of 35 MW steam turbine with 135 TPH FBC Boiler at West Coast Paper Mills Ltd, Dandeli, Karnataka

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PLAN

h. Avifauna: Great Indian Hornbill ( Buceros bicornis ), Malabar Pied Hornbill ( Anthracoceros malabaricus ), Peafowl ( Pavo cristatus ), Jungle fowl, Common myna, White throated kingfisher, Pied kingfisher, White eye browed wagtail, Black Ibis, Egrets, Oriental magpie robin, Black shoulder kite and Spotted dove. This thick green cover of study area has provided suitable nesting and roosting sites for variety of species. i. : Crocodile ( Crocodylus palustris ), Garden Lizard, , , Common krait, Banded krait, Russell’s viper, Green vine and spotted leaf toed . j. : Bull Frog, Common Indian Toad. k. Arthropod’s: Butterflies, Insects and Moths, Scorpion. l. Injuries to Which the Crop is Liable : The Forest tree crop is liable for several injuries due to biotic and abiotic factors. The main biotic factors are damage to tree crops are forest fire, heavy grazing, and illicit tree cutting, smugglings and land hunger, but man his activities cause the biggest damage, encroachments of forest land by human beings for cultivation, exploitation and , insects, fungi, parasites, climbers etc. also cause considerable damage to forest crop. The abiotic factors responsible for the forest injuries are natural calamities like cyclone, wind, frost, flood and forest fire (main cause). m. Injuries to Which the Fauna is Liable: and Trade: Hunting of Wild animals has come down after promulgation the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, here and there stray incidents occur and strict action being initated to prevent them. Only crop damage by the Elephants was noticed in the buffer area. Main cause for migration of Elephants is Paddy Crop, Cashew crop and Mango Orchards. Migration is seasonal only during crop season. n. Man- conflict The forest areas in the division are scattered and interspersed with the human habitations. Man- animal conflict situations here usually involve the elephant and sloth bear. There are also the instances of depredation of by . Depredation of paddy and other crops by the elephant is an annual feature in most of the Ranges. Common Langur and Rhesus Macaque cause lot of damage to forests and agriculture crops. Several measures are taken to reduce the man animal conflicts, the formation of Elephant Proof Trenches (EPT), Solar fencing, anti depredation camps shall be established during the peak seasons and awareness camps shall be conducted.

5.0 Methodology for Conservation of Wildlife in 10 km radius i. Project study area falls in West Coast Plains & Ghat Region and further sub- zone divided into Coastal Hilly region. v. It needs to be emphasized out that WCPM site is located at a distance of 9.4 km from Dandeli Anshi Tiger Reserve (Kali Tiger Reserve) and is located about 6.6 km away from the proposed Eco- sensitive zone boundary of Dandeli- Anshi Tiger Reserve & Hornbill conservation reserve boundary.

M/s. West Coast Paper Mills Limited 6 JM Environet Pvt. Ltd. Comprising of augmentation of pulp mill and existing paper machines, installation of Multi -layer Coated Board Machine and installation of 35 MW steam turbine with 135 TPH FBC Boiler at West Coast Paper Mills Ltd, Dandeli, Karnataka

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PLAN

ii. The entire core zone (WCPM) is without significant wildlife. There are no forests patches in the WCPM area and the adjacent area to WCPM has poor vegetation due to the biotic pressure of local population. The said area is very thinly populated with wildlife. iii. During the study visit, biodiversity of the buffer area is rich due to reserved forests, good green cover and water bodies (Kali River and Bommanahalli Dam). This supports the variety of floral & faunal diversity in the study area. Total 222.2 ha. (56.2 ha of small patch and 166 ha of large patch) of DATR (KTR) and 52.5 ha of Hornbill Conservation reserve area are falling in 10 km radius study area, which is suitable for permanent habitat for extant wildlife. iv. Wildlife species like Indian , Jackal, Wild boar, , Porcupine, Rat snake, Grey musk shrew is reportedly visiting in buffer area occasionally. Presence of Great Indian Hornbill, Malabar Pied Hornbill was noticed in HCR during field visit along with forest staff of Virnoli Range. Major Wildlife habitat was confirmed only in Kali Tiger Reserve as per interaction with forest officials, therefore, major focus of conservation will be on Tiger, Elephant and Leopard only. v. During the study visit, it was noticed that most of the study area (Buffer area) is of Forest land (84.13%), Agriculture Land (7.96%) and Water bodies is 3.69% according to Land Use & Land Cover of the study area, however, open scrub land is 2.83% of the total study area. vi. The study area has large area of forest land, some agriculture fields and population is sparsely located. These residents maintain domestic cattle also. vii. Wildlife Conservation Plan is prepared due to presence of Schedule- I species was confirmed as per interaction with the local people and Forest Officers and as per Forest Working Plan of Kali Tiger Reserve and Haliyal Forest Division. For sufficient movement of wildlife, the habitat protection is much more required. Tiger, Elephant and Leopard movement area survey was carried out using well accepted scientific method like total count, block sample count, line transect dung count, faeces sample count, point count, area search, field perambulation and opportunistic survey in addition to vehicular transect method. The field’s observation discussion with local villagers revealed the following facts: a. There is no habitat of wildlife in the plant site area i.e. core area (152.052 ha.), accept only common reptiles like lizards, house sparrow and squirrel, which is also confirmed during transit. b. There are some dense forests areas along with wildlife in KTR, HCR, reserved forest are falling in buffer area. c. The Plant site and the transportation route do not intersect with any forest area. d. There are 2 major water bodies i.e. Kali River at a distance of 0.5 km and Bommanahalli dam at a distance of 7.5 km in the buffer areas. e. Facilities Used : A Sony telephoto shooting camera of 50x optical zoom for tele-photography, Binocular (10mm x 50 mm) for safe distance sighting, Measuring tape for size measurement of claws and pug- marks, GPS for site coordinates,

M/s. West Coast Paper Mills Limited 7 JM Environet Pvt. Ltd. Comprising of augmentation of pulp mill and existing paper machines, installation of Multi -layer Coated Board Machine and installation of 35 MW steam turbine with 135 TPH FBC Boiler at West Coast Paper Mills Ltd, Dandeli, Karnataka

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PLAN

Compass for direction measurement, Zip- sealed polythene bag for un- identified sample collection and dung collection Field guide etc.

6.0 Agriculture and Cropping pattern of the study area Study area has fertile soils in most of the regions. The network of the irrigation canals from Kali River overcomes deficiency of water. The cropping pattern of the study area is characterized by diversified cropping patterns exist and no single crop claims a large share of the gross cropped area. In canal fed areas Paddy occupies the largest area of cultivation followed by wheat, jowar, bajra, maize, bengal gram, groundnut, sunflower, soya bean, cotton, sugarcane and banana. Other crops grown in the region are ragi, pulses, groundnut, coconut and vegetables like brinjal, bitter gourd and chilies. There is good potential for horticulture development, medicinal & aromatic crops also cultivated in the study area.

7.0 Change of Land Use Pattern i. The plant site area is flat terrain with gentle undulations. There will be no change in land use & land cover due to expansion of the project. Total project area is 152.052 ha (375.73 acres), about 4.856 ha. (12 acres) of land is required for project for which the vacant spaces available in the Paper Mill will be utilized during MDP (Mill Development Plan) and required land is under the possession of M/s. West Coast Paper Mills Limited. ii. A massive Greenbelt/ Plantation have been developed in an area of 27.42% (41.6826 ha./ 103 acres) in the existing facility. Apart from the industrial green belt, the Unit has developed plantation in an area of 18210.854 ha. (45,000 acres) in the region. The unit has planted approximately 27,000,000 planted as on date in the region in association with local farmers and agriculture land holders. iii. After commissioning of the expansion project, approx. 33% (i.e. 50.18 ha / 124 acres) of the total project area will be developed under greenbelt/ plantation. Green belt will also be developed around periphery of plant site and Plantation will be done inside the plant premise area.

8.0 Impact Prediction and Mitigation Measures This is the existing Paper Mill Unit. Expansion will be done in existing plant premises, about 4.856 ha. (12 acres) of land is required for project for which the vacant spaces available in the Paper Mill will be utilized during MDP (Mill Development Plan) and required land is under the possession of M/s. West Coast Paper Mills Limited. Therefore, no significant impact will be done on surrounding environment, as pollution will be controlled at source level.

8.1 Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase Terrestrial Ecology The construction activities of new installations will be carried out in the existing plant premises. Cutting of trees and is not envisaged in the existing facility during construction phase. This phase does not

M/s. West Coast Paper Mills Limited 8 JM Environet Pvt. Ltd. Comprising of augmentation of pulp mill and existing paper machines, installation of Multi -layer Coated Board Machine and installation of 35 MW steam turbine with 135 TPH FBC Boiler at West Coast Paper Mills Ltd, Dandeli, Karnataka

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PLAN

involve major changes in the terrain. WCPM has developed greenbelt along the periphery of the facility to restrict pollution within the facility and hence no impact on terrestrial ecology is envisaged during this phase. As the new equipments for MDP is proposed to be located within the existing mill premises, no effect on vegetation is anticipated. Greenbelt is already in place in the existing facility which acts as barrier for any noise emissions and construction dust emissions.

8.2 Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Operational Phase Impacts on Ecological and Biological Environment Since there is no increase in the discharge of treated effluent due to the proposed MDP into the surface waters and due to their dilution caused by the dynamic flow of water in Kali River no impacts on aquatic flora are envisaged. Besides the existing and the proposed greenbelt development within the facility will enhance the floral diversity and density which will have positive impact on ecology by providing suitable habitats for avifauna reptiles and small arboreal . The air quality modeling result indicates that the estimated ground level concentration of the criteria pollutants envisaged from the proposed MDP gets rapidly dispersed within 3 km radius. It was also observed that GLC levels are concentrated towards Eastern side of the project site as the predominant wind blows from West to East. Hence the impact on core zone of the eco sensitive region of the Dandeli is insignificant which is located at Southern and Western side of the project site, whereas on the buffer zone no impacts are envisaged as the concentration for PM, SO2 and NOX in the Southern and Western side is found to be nil after 2 km radius from the project site. Therefore impact on the flora and fauna diversity would be negligible. Also from the water quality modeling results it was inferred that the dissolved oxygen level in the downstream from the point of discharge of the treated effluent does not drop below 5 mg/L. Hence there is no impact on the aquatic life is foreseen.

9.0 Ecology and Biodiversity Management Plan Project site is located at about 6.6 km from the proposed eco sensitive zone boundary of Dandeli-Anshi Tiger Reserve & Hornbill Conservation Reserve boundary as per draft MoEF&CC Notification for which ESZ notification is yet to be published. As per the EC letter from MoEF&CC dated 19 th July 2007, Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary is located at 9.4 km (E). NOC from the Principal Secretary, Forest, Environment & Ecology Department, Govt. of Karnataka is obtained by WPCM vide letter No. D/WL/WCPM/CR-29/2006-06 dated 26/06/2007 subject to various conditions. Since the prediction of impacts due release of controlled emissions from the facility will be within the acceptable levels, no adverse impacts are anticipated on the neighbouring areas. However due to presence of notified wildlife sanctuary in the region, the following management plan is suggested: The existing online wastewater quality monitoring systems shall be calibrated frequently to ensure that no additional pollution load will be discharged into the river beyond the consented levels. Suitable alarms can be coupled with the online TOC analyzer in the treated wastewater discharge line.

M/s. West Coast Paper Mills Limited 9 JM Environet Pvt. Ltd. Comprising of augmentation of pulp mill and existing paper machines, installation of Multi -layer Coated Board Machine and installation of 35 MW steam turbine with 135 TPH FBC Boiler at West Coast Paper Mills Ltd, Dandeli, Karnataka

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PLAN

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels in the river shall be monitored on weekly basis to ensure that DO levels never fall below 5 mg/l even during lean flows where the solubility of DO is relatively lower when compared with other seasons. Ambient air quality shall be monitored as per the NAAQ standards near the wildlife sanctuary in consultation with state pollution control board. Although sparse population of were observed in River Kali stretch near the existing facility, the following conservation plan may be adopted state forest department with support of WCPM. i. The broad strategy adopted for rehabilitation of crocodiles was to protect them in their natural habitats, to rebuild the population quickly through captive breeding (rear and release), and to build up trained personnel for the job, ii. To rebuild natural population quickly through 'grow and release' or 'rear and release' technique involving the following phases of operation: a. Collection of from natural as soon as these are laid, b. Incubation of these eggs under ideal temperature and humidity maintained in artificial hatcheries, c. Hatching and rearing the young crocodilians in ideal captive-husbandry conditions d. Marking and releasing young crocodiles in protected areas, and e. Assessing the result of release along with protection of the released crocodiles.

9.1 Captive Plantations The research wing of West Coast Paper Mills Ltd. works pro-actively towards the promotion of technology- based plantations and successfully made use of captive plantation techniques to increase the productivity and sustainability of our plantations. The method of clonal forestry used in captive plantation has gained wide acceptance in India. Small land holders have benefited from clonal forestry programmes. WCPM aims to increase the productivity of land in surrounding districts using tree improvement techniques for agro-forestry. The efforts of WCPM help rural communities to enhance the productivity, suitability, and sustainability of their land use.

9.2 Contract Farming Under Contract farming scheme mill has covered around 20,000 ha of unproductive agricultural land within a radius of 250 Kms. of Dandeli for raising of pulpwood plantation of species like Eucalyptus, Casuarina, Acacia & Subabul on a five years rotation with an expected yield of around 2.50 Lac MT of pulpwood per annum. The local farmers have actively co-operated with the Company and around 36,500 acres area have already been identified & covered under plantations in adjoining districts of Karnataka, and . To date the total planted area under the scheme is around 19929 hectares covering around 8200 farmers of 1900 villages. WCPM launched Various R&D supported program on tree Improvement and development of new superior clones. Company is continuously taking up research work on increasing the productivity per unit area since

M/s. West Coast Paper Mills Limited 10 JM Environet Pvt. Ltd. Comprising of augmentation of pulp mill and existing paper machines, installation of Multi -layer Coated Board Machine and installation of 35 MW steam turbine with 135 TPH FBC Boiler at West Coast Paper Mills Ltd, Dandeli, Karnataka

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PLAN

the last two decades. Under its R&D programme 39 clones of Eucalyptus, 28 clones of Acacia hybrid and 6 clones of Subabul were successfull y developed and established in field for their performance. The Research Gardens / Clonal Orchards, Nurseries, Mist Chambers / Green Houses which are being established within 10 Kms. radius of Dandeli would enhance direct and indirect employment opportuni ty for the local community. The pulpwood plantations would itself emerge as a self -contained agro -industrial activity having all the potential for providing high value added opportunities. The development & maintenance of infrastructure and allied activiti es like transport would boost the local economy. Thus, the raw material augmentation efforts itself have the potential to ignite a multifaceted economic cycle, which can arrest the present trend in out migration of the population of Dandeli.

SPECIES SPECI FIC WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PLAN Conservation Plan for Tiger ( Panthera tigris ) 1.0 Introduction The Tiger (Panthera tigris ) is an umbrella species for the conservation of the biota of a majority of the eco - regions in . The Indian sub-continent has always been the of tiger land and tiger has been a predominant cultural icon in the . Its role as a top predator is vital in regulating and perpetuating ecological processes and systems. A Conservation & Monitoring tiger population is equ ivalent to Conservation & Monitoring the health of ecosystems, which the tigers inhabit.

1.1 Conservation Status Tiger ( Panthera tigris ) is protected under Schedule - I {Part- I (39)} of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 . This species falls in Endangered (EN) Category as per IUCN Red List of Species.

Tiger listed as Endangered in IUCN Red List 1.2 Classification of the Species Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera Species Tigris

1.3 Action plan for Conservation of Tiger  Habitat Improvement : - It is important that sufficient prey or food is available in the forest. Through the study area supports fair number of Deer (Sambar, Barking Deer, ) and Wild boar which can be prey for Comprising of augmentation of pulp mill and existing paper machines, installation of Multi -layer Coated Board Machine and installation of 35 MW steam turbine with 135 TPH FBC Boiler at West Coast Paper Mills Ltd, Dandeli, Karnataka

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PLAN

Tiger, as part of conservation plan for this predator, habitat protection and improvement, especially the food availability of water and salt licks are of priority. (i) Gap plantation with woody shrubs : Gap plantation can be done on the boundary of Kali Tiger Reserve areas, mainly in the patches that are ingress point to Tiger in Habitation area, heavily degraded area and in lack natural area also. The species suggested for gap plantation as part of habitat improvement. Table No.: 1 List of Woody shrub species suggested under habitat improvement program S. No. Species Name Local Name 1. Karvanda 2. Grewia tenax Gangor 3. Capparis sepiaria Kenter 4. Zizyphus xylopyrus Jhadi ber 5. Ziziphus nummularia Ber

A total of 5 shrub and woody shrub species have been suggested under gap plantation to improve the habitat quality :  Improve vegetation cover and provide shelter for small mammals such as rats, mouse, hare, jackal and Wild boar.  Control soil erosion and retain the soil moisture and thereby improve the overall regeneration potential of other tree species of the forest habitat.  Provide food for Wild boar and Deer which are main prey species available in this area.

(ii) Development of Grasslands/patches for prey species of Tiger In order to improve the prey species, including the population that are also eaten regularly by Tiger where prey especially ungulates population is low, the habitat improvement should involve developing grass patches in the area that are open. List of some grass species reported in the study area are suggested for grassland development . Table No.: 2 Grasses species are suggested to grassland development in study area S. No. Grass Species 1. Cynodon dactylon 2. Heteropogon contortus 3. Cenchrus ciliaris 4. Eragrostis Sp. 5. Apluda mutica 6. Sporobolus coromandelianus

 Water holes can be constructed in habitation zone of Tiger for drinking purpose and its availability should be ensured.  Organize seminar, conferences, poster presentation at school and Gram Panchayat level around Tiger habitation area with discussed on aware local people about not kill for trade for skin and other body parts.  In drought condition, food and drinking water availability should be maintained.

M/s. West Coast Paper Mills Limited 12 JM Environet Pvt. Ltd. Comprising of augmentation of pulp mill and existing paper machines, installation of Multi -layer Coated Board Machine and installation of 35 MW steam turbine with 135 TPH FBC Boiler at West Coast Paper Mills Ltd, Dandeli, Karnataka

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PLAN

Conservation Plan for Leopard ( Panthera pardus ) 2.0 Introduction Leopard ( Panthera pardus ) is the most widespread ( Myers, 1986 ), occurring throughout sub- Saharan , India and Southern Asia mainly due to its highly adaptable hunting and feeding behavior (Bertram, 1999). It can live wherever there is sufficient cover and adequately sized prey animals (Bertram, 1999). are known to co-exist in human dominated landscapes.

2.1 Conservation Status Leopard ( Panthera pardus ) is protected under Schedule- I {Part- I (16-B)} of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. This species does not fall in any category of IUCN Red List.

2.2 Classification of the Species Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Falidae Genus Panthera Species Panthera pardus

2.3 Action Plan for Conservation of Tiger and Leopard will be same as both are cat family members and predators also.

Conservation Plan for Elephants (Elephas maximus )

3.0 Introduction Elephants are mammals of the family Elephantidae and the largest existing land animals. Three species are currently recognized: the African bush elephant, the African forest elephant, and the Asian elephant. Elephantidae is the only surviving family of the order Proboscidea; extinct members include the mastodons. The family Elephantidae also contains several now-extinct groups, including the mammoths and straight- tusked elephants. Elephants are scattered throughout sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and and are found in different habitats, including savannahs, forests, deserts, and marshes. They are herbivorous and they stay near water when it is accessible. Other animals tend to keep their distance from elephants; the exception is their predators such as lions, tigers, , and wild dogs, which usually target only young elephants (calves).

3.1 Conservation Status Elephant ( Elephas maximus ) is protected under Schedule- I {Part- I (12-B)} of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. This species falls in Endangered (EN) Category as per IUCN Red List of Species.

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3.2 Classification of Species Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Proboscidea Family Elephantidae Genus Elephas Species Elephas maximus

3.3 Scope of Work Habitat Improvement & Safety of Elephants and their Migration Corridor and their mitigation with conservation action plan. i. To conserve and protect elephant populations and to ensure that the wild populations remain healthy and viable within specific corridor access in core area of Kali Tiger Reserve, Dandeli and Haliyal Forest Division. ii. Maintenance of existing corridor and established movement paths with sufficient food and water by raising plantation of and other palatable species in elephant proof trenches (EPT) may control the migration of elephant. iii. To create conditions, through eco- development activities, welfare measures and mitigation of elephant depredation for nurturing the traditional compassion and tolerance of the people living in and around elephant movement area. iv. To take concrete measures to protect the elephant from poaching and other threats. v. To create viable mechanisms to ensure interstate and inter regional coordination in protecting and conserving the elephant and its ranges. vi. To create infrastructure and facilities, including training of person power, for conservation support activities, veterinary care in the study area. vii. To encourage and create facilities for research related to the ecological significance of elephant and veterinary care of the animal in the study area. viii. To educate people about the ecological significance of conserving the elephants and to revive the historical reverence and compassion for elephants in the study area.

3.4 Reason of Moving i. The elephants move from their natural habitat to fulfill certain biological requirements (e.g. food, water, search of better habitat, natural instinct of movement during mating period etc). ii. However, majority of water bodies are showing signs of drying and WCPM would like to support demonstration catchment area program for such water bodies. This is one of the prime reason for resident elephants raiding from across the DATR in pinch periods. iii. Another important reason for migration of Elephants is paddy crop, cashew crop and mango orchards. Elephant problem and resultant crop damage in Sambrani, Bhagawati, Barchi, Haliyal, Dandeli and Virnoli Ranges is more compared to Jagalbet and Tinaighat ranges. It is reported that mostly the Elephants from

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Dandeli-Anshi Tiger Reserve frequented the above mentioned areas and cause damage and migration of elephants only during crop seasons. During pinch period the elephants go for house raid and eat away the stored paddy, grains and country liquor etc in the (buffer) project study area.

3.5 Threats i. The pre- eminent threats to Indian elephants today are habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation of habitat, which are driven by escalating biotic pressure and, in turn, result increasing human- animal conflicts. ii. Poaching of elephants for ivory impacts on ratios that becomes highly reducing genetic variations. iii. Human- Elephant Conflict One of the major instigators of human- wildlife conflict is competition for space. Destruction of forests through logging, encroachment, shifting cultivation (slash and burn ), monoculture tree plantations and large development projects are major threats to the survival of elephants. Human- elephant conflicts occur when elephants raid crops of shifting cultivators in fields, which are scattered over a large area interspersed with forests. Depredation in human settlements is another major area of human- elephant conflict occurring in small forest pockets, encroachments into elephant habitat, and on elephant migration routes. Populations inhabiting small habitat fragments are much more liable to come into conflict with humans.

3.6 Protection Measures for Elephant Corridor Priority should therefore be given to excavation of elephant proof trenches all along the outer boundary of forests to check the entry of the wild animals, especially elephants, into the adjoining crop lands and other areas of human habitations. Regular maintenance of the trenches may be provided every third year. The trenches need to be properly planned there should not lead to habitat fragmentation. i. Corridor Improvement Corridor improvement programmes will be taken up through plantation of various food & fodder plants preferred by elephants will be planted in DATR. Maintenance of existing corridor with sufficient food and water by raising plantation of bamboo and other palatable species may reduce the migration of elephant in habitation area. It is important that sufficient food is available in the forest. Though the study area supports good diversity of grasses species, fodder and plant like Jackfruit, Kendu, Mahua, Mango, Custard Apple, Guava, Baheda, Bel, Ramphal, Shahtut and Gular. These native species should be given preference in planting of elephant habitat, along the movement paths. These Plantation Species will help provide food and desirable habitat for Elephant as described below: - Improve vegetation cover and provide shelter to Elephant. - Provision of clean and . Water resources containing water throughout the year will be constructed in corridor of elephant’s herd movement.

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- Control soil erosion and retain the soil moisture and thereby improve the overall regeneration potential of other tree species of the forest habitat.

ii. Plantation with water availability Plantation may be done in the elephant habitats, mainly in patches that are heavily degraded and beyond rehabilitation through natural regeneration, such demonstration plots should be at least one ha area in extant with species mentioned above. Water bodies/Water holes will be developed in habitation zone/Corridor of Elephant for drinking purpose and water availability will be ensured. In drought condition, its food and drinking water availability will be maintained. Traditional water resources will be conserved near the moving elephant herd’s corridors. Emphasis will be given on improvement on floral composition and density.

iii. Development of Grasslands/patches for Elephant In order to improve the plantation of bamboo, plant, palatable species, including the grasses and fodder species that are also eaten regularly by Elephant; where especially elephants population is low, the habitat improvement will be involve developing grass patches and fodder in the area that are open. Plantation of grasses species in open patches will be done. Improvement of Bamboo forest will be done through practicing silviculture operations. List of some grass species suitable are like Cynodon dactylon, Bambusa arundinacea, Dendrocalamus strictus, Aristida setacea, Eragrostis coarctata, Pennisetum pedicellatum and Pennisetum polystachion . iv. Erection of solar fencing and Elephant proof trenches will be developed all along the wildlife areas. Cemented BAR structure, with and without spikes, will also be developed in forest area. v. Information system will be built in and around Elephant habitation & Elephant Corridor and make local people aware and inform forest officers of elephant movement immediately, particularly if Elephants enter in human settlement and paddy cultivated area. vi. Relocation of villages and villagers from dense forest blocks. vii. Awareness program (Organizing plays, Poster presentation, Quiz competitions, Brochures at Community and School level) for create awareness among local people about not kill for trade of skill/ ivory/ tuskers. viii. Wildlife signage containing information about environment, wildlife, forest conservation, about wildlife animals along with photographs will be displayed in core and buffer areas to create awareness among the local people. ix. WCPM will maintain the close collaboration from forest department for construction of infrastructure, veterinary fund etc for conservation of wildlife. x. Encourage local farmer to use bio-pesticide, bio-fertilizer and vermi- composting in agriculture practices. xi. Wildlife Conservation day will be celebrated to create awareness among the local people for the conservation of wilderness in general and elephants in particular.

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Cemented BAR st ructure for Elephant

4.0 Hornbill Conservation Reserve 52.50 sq. km of reserved forest areas of Dandeli and Virnoli Ranges has been declared as Hornbill Conservation Reserve (HCR). The HCR area is declared for protection, propagation and development of flora essential for the breeding and survival of . The region is having rich floral and faunal diversity. It is habitat for the magnificent hornbills along with other important flora and fauna found in the region. Hornbills are unique characterize d by large bills, often topped with characteristics casques. Four species of hornbills namely Great Indian Hornbill, Malabar Pied Hornbill, Indian Grey Hornbill and are native to . The Hornbill Conservation Reserve area s preads over the catchment area of Kali Tiger River. All of these four species are found in Hornbill Conservation and in surrounding areas of Haliyal Division and Dandeli- Anshi Tiger Reserve.

4.1 Threats Hornbills are hunted for its which is also believ ed to have medicinal value. The feathers and beaks are used as ornaments by tribes. Poaching, loss of habitat and felling of trees are potential threat to conservation of all the Hornbills.

4.2 Management These species are indigenous to India. Ficus species (Ficus benghalensis , Ficus mysorensis , Ficus religiosa , Ficus glomerata , Ficus lacor and Ficus hispida ) form the native flora in the habitat of hornbills. The ficus species can be raised easily through vegetative propagation and even seeds.

CONSERVATION OF OTHER WILDLIFE IN BUFFER ZONE 1.0 Proposed Management Plan for Conservation of WildlifeWildlife in the Study Area 1.1 Vision The conservation plan has been prepared with the, following vision: i. To ensure safety of wildlife. ii. To improve the habitat with a view to provide suitable condition of food & shelter to wildlife. iii. To improve water availability to the wildlife so as to cater the need of water in pinch period also. iv. To create awareness among the people for protection of wildlife.

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1.2 Methodology To achieve the above goals of vision following methodology shall be adopted i. Safety of Wildlife The wildlife in the area can be harmed by noise of heavy machinery, transportation and their hydro-carbon emissions.

 Mitigation Strategy a) WCPM will train the machinery operator and drivers to maintain proper speed for not to harass the extant wildlife or the .

b) Only proper and valid PUC certified vehicle will be engaged in project activity. c) The anti smuggling squad of the forest department will be got deployed to control poaching and in

engaging courageously with smugglers/ poachers. d) Forest department will be assisted with machinery and human resources for helping fight forest fire in DATR area. e) WCPM will maintain the close collaboration for construction of infrastructure, utility vehicle, use of veterinary funds, ambulance with cages, rescue wards in DATR (KTR) for wildlife conservation. f) Project proponent will support installation of solar lights for monitoring movement of wildlife in KTR. g) Project proponent will provide the LPG Gas, Smokeless Chulha’s to locals in the study area, so that dependence of tribal/ forest dwellers can be reduced in consumption of fuel wood and other forest produce. h) Anti- poaching camps shall be established in sensitive areas of the division and maintained regularly. i) Deployment of anti- depredation camps.

ii. Habitat Improvement The "habitat" provides food & shelter to the wild animals. Development of suitable habitat will include favorable conditions for other prey animals.  Mitigation Strategy a) Habitat development works The wildlife habitat can be improved by providing adequate food, fodder, vegetation cover and water to the migrating animals. The habitat improvement programmes should be spread all over the tract. As a rule the work should be smaller in size but large in numbers. b) Fodder improvement Almost the entire forest areas are thickly wooded; thus fodder becomes a serious limiting factor. The prey base animals dwell upon Grasslands. Hence, all the natural grass lands/ meadows should be maintained free of weeds. And all the existing open patches, encroachments, abandoned cultivation areas should be developed into pastures and suitable fodder grasses and fodder trees may be introduced for herbivores animals . c) Removal of unwanted weeds (Eradication of weeds) like Lantana and Eupatorium.

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d) Taking up of soil moisture construction work in buffer area will be done. e) The buffer zone contains Dandeli- Anshi Tiger Reserve at a distance of 9.4 km from the project site and 12 reserved forests. The nearest RF is 0.5 km from the project site. f) The responsibility of maintaining the habitat lies with forest department.

iii. Improvement of Water availability "Water" is the daily requirement of all wild animals. The scarcity of water leads to the migration of wild animals from forest area towards population and thus increasing dangers to their life by way of man-animal conflict and attracting poachers.

 Mitigation Strategy Improvement of water resources a) Availability of water is a crucial factor in the wildlife management. WCPM will assist the department in rational water management in setting up a network of storage structure to make water easily available to wild animals during pinch periods. b) The existing water holes may be de- silted, new water holes may be created wherever necessary. Such water holes shall not be constructed nearby agriculture area as to attract the wildlife and causing more crop depredation. This will also avoid the danger of water being contaminated with pesticides and chemicals fertilizers. c) Repair of existing check- dams, anicuts and talai & water ponds every year before rainy season. d) Construction of nala bunds and small mud ponds will be provided. e) Around the water holes, salt licks either of solid blocks or loose soil beds may be provided. Water and soil moisture conservation works may be taken up wherever necessary. f) Solar power Bore wells (5 Nos.) will be provided in Kali Tiger Reserve for drinking water purpose.

iv. Awareness Programme The best and most important tool of safety and development of wildlife is to create awareness among people residing/working in the area to understand wildlife, love wildlife & protect it to get better environment in their life.  Mitigation Strategy a) Nature awareness camps shall be organized in the area. Two awareness camp at least once in a year for ten years shall be organized to educate local public for protection of wildlife and environment. b) Organizing awareness activities for the wildlife and nature during Wildlife Week (1 st Oct to 7 th Oct.), on 21 st March (The World Forestry day) and on 5 th June (The Environment day) every year, Activities may include painting, photography competition, Essay Writing, Slogan writing, trees, bird’s identification and Safari in Eco- tourism, Elephant Safari etc. c) WCPM will ensure distribution of brochure/ pamphlets regarding nature conservation and wildlife protection. This will help creating awareness among the local population on the need to protect nature.

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d) All school shall be provided with brochures and posters to educate and to create love towards wild animals. e) Display of slogans and signage in the entire core zone and 10-km radius shall be provided and displayed especially along road side regarding Wildlife and Nature.

The utilization of budget and implementation of activities will be done by the Forest Department.

v. Wildlife Monitoring The future monitoring will be done by Forest Department for which some supplemental budget will be provided to make available quality of printed brochures, posters, bill boards for wide publicity on the Do’s and Don’ts in the Protected Areas. Table No.: 3 Monitoring Plan for Conservation of Wildlife and Biodiversity Key Indicator Sub Indicator Monitoring Agency Responsibility Frequency Habitat Improvement Food, Fodder, Grassland, Shelter Six Month Forest Department in project study area and KTR area

Soil Moisture Run off measurement/ Storage structures, De- Six Month Forest Department and Conservation silting of ponds, Mud Ponds Agriculture department Water Conservation Water hole, Check dam , Anicuts, Nala bunds Six Month Forest Department and Agriculture department Birds nesting Prepare a log book for monitor the status of Three months Forest Department increase/decrease in nesting in KTR, Hornbill Conservation area and project study area Elephant movement Prepare a log book for monitor the Monthly Forest Department increase/decrease of Elephant movement in KTR and Project study area status

2.0 Review and Monitoring of Wildlife Conservation Plan Wildlife conservation plan will be reviewed by the forest department. WCPM may assist such monitoring by providing equipment/ machinery/ stationary etc for conducting the monitoring as when requested by department.

3.0 Field Monitoring It will be difficult to assess the results and success of this proposed conservation plan unless the status of threatened and Schedule- I fauna, associated wild animals and its habitat will be monitored on regular basis. This monitoring can only be done forest department for which the management may be regularly in close touch with the concern officers.

4.0 Success Indicators Following factors will be undertaken by forest department as measurable indicators of success for the plan: i. Increase in vegetation density and ground cover in buffer area in buffer/ study area. ii. Increase in population and abundance of rare, threatened and Schedule-I faunal species as mentioned in the plan. iii. Increase in population and abundance of biodiversity and other wildlife in the study area. iv. Overall health of the habitat and ecosystem in buffer areas.

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THE BUDGET EXPENDITURE The Budget Expenditure (Financial Outlay) The WCPM aggress to provide funds to the forest department to the extent of Rs. 70.0 Lacs for implementation of Conservation Plan in the study area (Tiger, Leopard and Elephant) for 10 years, as tabulated under: Table No.: 4 Outlay of Wildlife Conservation Plan in broadly divided for conservation activities S. No. Item Amount in Lacs 1. Habitat improvement & mitigative measures (Food, Water, Shelter, Grassland 20.0 development, Movement of wildlife etc.) and measures to reduce/ minimize the human- animal conflicts towards conservation of Wildlife in PA’s i.e. DATR (KTR) and HCR 2. Monitoring, rescue & rehabilitation of Wildlife (Veterinary care, animal health, 20.0 rescue wards, tools and equipments etc.) 3. Awareness and Extension (Minimum 2 camps per year for organizing nature camps, 20.0 nukkar play, posters and quiz competitions, brochures, signages, slogans, Eco- development activities etc.) for conservation of wildlife for 10 years) 4. Nursery development for medicinal plants harvesting 10.0 Total 70.0

Table No.: 5 Year wise phasing of expenditure for Outlay of Wildlife Conservation Plan in 10 years S. No. Habitat improvement & Monitoring, Awareness and Extension Nursery Total mitigative measures (Food, rescue & (Minimum 2 camps per year for development (Lacs) Water, Shelter, Grassland rehabilitation of organizing nature camps, for medicinal plants development, Movement of Wildlife nukkar play, posters and quiz harvesting wildlife etc.) and measures (Veterinary competitions, brochures, to reduce/ minimize the care, animal signages, slogans, Eco- human- animal conflicts health, rescue development activities etc.) towards conservation of wards, tools for conservation of wildlife for Wildlife in PA’s i.e. DATR and equipments 10 years) (KTR) and HCR etc.) 0 Year 11.0 11.0 2.0 5.5 29.5 1 Year 1.0 1.0 2.0 0.50 4.5 2 Year 1.0 1.0 2.0 0.50 4.5 3 Year 1.0 1.0 2.0 0.50 4.5 4 Year 1.0 1.0 2.0 0.50 4.5 5 Year 1.0 1.0 2.0 0.50 4.5 6 Year 1.0 1.0 2.0 0.50 4.5 7 Year 1.0 1.0 2.0 0.50 4.5 8 Year 1.0 1.0 2.0 0.50 4.5 9 Year 1.0 1.0 2.0 0.50 4.5 Total 20.0 20.0 20.0 10.0 70.0

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PHOTO- PLATE- 1_ ECOLOGY

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Legends to Photographs 1. Kali Tiger Reserve (Dandeli Anshi Tiger Reserve) during field survey 2. Hornbill Conservation Reserve (HCR) during field survey 3. Kali River passing through Dandeli village in buffer area 4. River rafting in Kali river along with forest staff in Hornbill conservation reserve area 5. Giant squirrel ( Ratufa indica ) sighted in kali tiger reserve area 6. Malabar pied hornbill (Anthracoceros malabaricus ) sighted in hornbill conservation area 7. Spotted deer sighted in kali tiger reserve area 8. Legume pods in big sizes which is food of hornbills 9. Jungle fowl observed in kali tiger reserve area 10. Large size scorpion was sighted during field survey 11. Jackal observed in buffer area 12. Crocodile observed in Kali river are a

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