JEWISH GENES AS TIME MACHINES

A lonely Jew reassembles her vanished family through a combination of genealogical sleuthing, genetic testing and cousin-fishing

BY NADINE EPSTEIN

inherited my familial loneliness mother called the melancholy that came Grandpa Charlie, had left behind a sis- syndrome from my mother. Ruth over her on yahrzeits and Yom Kippur, ter in his hometown of Buchach in Gali- Goldberg was the beloved only I could hear her lament, even when no cia, the southeastern part of Poland that child of Jewish immigrants who words escaped her lips. Except for Max’s was then part of the Austro-Hungarian I raised her in an aging Victorian on brother and his wife and their children Empire. She was discussed so little that a steep street in Greensburg, Pennsylva- and a couple of elderly half-aunts—all my father never even learned her name. nia. I knew my mother’s mother, Dora, scattered around the and When he was 16, a postcard arrived at his only from stories—she rarely left the nowhere near our ranch house on the family’s apartment in Brooklyn, depicting house except to go to the family furni- Jersey Shore—she was alone. The rest his aunt with her husband and two grown ture store—and from photographs, par- of her family had been swallowed by daughters. With their serious expressions, ticularly the ones in which she holds the the cataclysms of Eastern , their they seemed cognizant of the fate await- infant me, her first grandchild, on her existence shrouded by distance and the ing them: being mowed down by Nazi lap. A few months after those photos passage of time. gunfire on the banks of the Bug River, were taken, Dora clasped them to her I inherited a different variety of familial their blood intermingling with that of ample chest, fell asleep and never awoke. angst from my father. Seymour Epstein their fellow Jews on one of the days that Not long after, my amiable grandfa- wasn’t an only child, his parents lived locals say the river turned red. I prefer to ther Max died, too, leaving my mother to ripe old ages, and he never pined for think that they were just following the parentless. When she was “blue,” as my lost family. Nevertheless, his father, my photographer’s instructions—it wasn’t

SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2016 / MOMENT 61 the custom for people to smile in pho- dark secret—the pogrom in which my parents had met at a dance at Temple Ro- tos in those days. My father always spoke maternal grandmother Rose’s parents had deph Sholom on Manhattan’s Upper West of this postcard in an uncharacteristic been murdered. He speculated that the Side, completely unaware that their fathers hushed tone. Years later, I showed it to a secrecy surrounding this tragedy was the were born 75 miles apart on the same river. woman who had survived this massacre as cause of much family dysfunction. That map moved around the United a child in hiding, and she translated the I took this to heart, and a few months States with me as I conducted my post- words on the back for me: “Remember. after this conversation I struck out on my modern life throughout my 20s and 30s. To my dear Aunt and Uncle from Sara own for Eastern Europe. I didn’t dare As self-appointed family historian, I inter- and Abraham. Buchach. November 8, dream that I could travel through the So- viewed elderly family members and sur- 1937.” Sara was one of the daughters of viet Union, and so I went north from Is- vivors, amassing anecdotes and the names the nameless aunt, and Abraham was her tanbul through Bulgaria into and of people and places. But it wasn’t until husband. These words were interpreted in an effort to touch the past. I the 1990s, when the lifting of the Iron as asking for help, or at least implying the began my journey on the Orient Express, Curtain collided with the dawn of the need for it. Whether it was requested or and then, feeling too isolated, got off and Internet, that I joined thousands of other not, help from Brooklyn never arrived, hitchhiked. In retrospect, I must have been Ashkenazi Jews starved for knowledge leaving an uneasy sense of guilt steeped a startling sight: a young American wom- about their roots and ready to pry open in helplessness to be passed on. an with long blonde hair wearing a jean the past. It didn’t happen overnight, but All family members in Europe on both skirt, carrying an orange backpack, stand- every day more Yizkor (memorial) books sides were assumed dead at the hands of for destroyed towns, birth and death re- Nazis and their collaborators. Not that cords, and archival databases became ac- anyone ever talked about this—silence cessible, produced by online communities ruled. My grandparents were young when All family members dedicated to sharing information. they fled poverty, conscription and anti- left behind on both I had immediate luck with Bialyka- Semitism for the New World around the mien. As part of their efforts to wipe out turn of the 20th century. They carried sides were assumed dead Jewish history, the Nazis destroyed the with them few heirlooms or photographs, at the hands of Nazis shtetl’s Jewish registry, but a pioneer- and what family history they knew they ing group called Gesher tracked largely kept to themselves. As a result, the and their collaborators. down surviving fragments of birth and chasm between life in Eastern Europe Not that anyone ever death records. I mailed in a few dollars and my childhood some 50 miles south to support their translation, and when of Manhattan was unspoken and vast. talked about this— they arrived a few months later an un- With collective memory strained past the silence ruled. expected story unfolded. My mother’s breaking point and no facts to work with, paternal grandmother, Ruchel Leah Ger- my overactive imagination constructed ber, had grandparents and parents, broth- a fantasy world populated by wise-folk ing at the side of sparsely traveled narrow ers and sisters and nephews and nieces. I ancestors who dwelled in whitewashed roads. My rides were in Skodas and Tra- was absolutely delighted to discover this cottages and wandered the sun-dappled bants or pickup trucks loaded with straw. complex web of souls that included sec- paths of pastoral villages where people Outside the cities, I was propelled back in ond, third and fourth cousins, and young knew one another and were untroubled time: When I encountered babushka- and widows and widowers who had remarried by changes wrought by modern existence. apron-clad women gossiping over stiles, I and had second and third families. I stayed I was a lonely kid, and these imaginary could barely contain my joy. up nights combing the available years of shtetls—though I did not know this word At a shop in Bucharest, I purchased records for names I recognized, which at the time—were places where people a map of 19th-century Galicia, the last wasn’t easy given the fluidity of surnames weren’t lonely. I never thought about the known Old World address of both of my among 19th-century Jews and the many difficulties of those lives—the muddy grandfathers. This was pre-Internet, and variations of German, Polish, Yiddish and streets, the impoverished living condi- all I had to go on was that my maternal Hebrew first appellations. Still, it was very tions, the dead-end economies, the social grandfather, Max, had been born in Bi- satisfying. Even today, revisiting these claustrophobia, the class and religious alykamien—a shtetl near Lvov—and that pages gives me the sense that I am doing strictures, and all the customs I would my paternal grandfather, Charlie, was from something meaningful. Their very tangi- have felt stifled by. I had no grasp of what the town of Buchach. My heart beat faster bility is soothing. it was like to fear one’s neighbors. It wasn’t as I found Lvov on the map and located I learned that Ruchel Leah had up to until I was 18 and living in that my the town 37 miles east on the Bug River. six children by two husbands; died in Bi- father’s cousin, Israeli cartoonist Yaakov When I traced the Bug south, my finger alykamien in 1890 at age 38 from tuber- Kirschen, took me aside and confided the unexpectedly bumped into Buchach. My culosis not long after giving birth; and

62 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2016 was survived by her parents, who owned it once was. My guide was in his early 80s esized that we were “mongrels”—or a tanning factory (Gerber means tanner and lived next door to what had been the suggested we were descended from in German). Along the way, I developed tanning factory, now a vacant lot along Khazars, the medieval converts to Ju- a full-blown crush on my great-grand- the narrow brown waters of the Bug. He daism whom Arthur Koestler wrote mother. To this day, I have no idea what walked me around town to see various about in The Thirteenth Tribe. I am fair she looked like—there are no photos— wooden homes, many quite sweet, which with blue eyes, one of my brothers and but I fancied Ruchel Leah to be a woman he said had been owned by my fam- my sister were towheads, and we didn’t of external and inner beauty. At the very ily. He had gone to school with some of resemble most of the Ashkenazi and least, she was a beloved sister: Her siblings my Gerbers and told me a story of how Syrian Jews in our hometown of Deal, began naming their daughters for her im- he had cared for and fattened the ritual New Jersey. I always thought that my mediately after her death. “surprise” cow slaughtered for one of mother, the devoted executive direc- I was overtaken by a longing to find their weddings. He made it clear that he tor of the countywide Jewish Commu- all the descendants of my newly discov- couldn’t speak to the fate of any of Bi- nity Center, looked more like a Nordic ered family. My first stops were two of alykamien’s Jews. During the war, he had queen than a Jewish princess. my mother’s first cousins. The eldest, Ar- been conscripted into the army, and no Around 1999, I was introduced to med- thur Rupe shared my passion for unrav- Jews were there when he returned. ical geneticist Harry Ostrer at a genealog- eling our family’s past, and recounted his During Ruchel Leah’s lifetime, 2,000 ical conference. Ostrer was then director memories of his and my mother’s grand- Jews lived in Bialykamien; by 1930 there of the Human Genetics Program at the father, Ruchel Leah’s second husband, University School of Medicine, Saloman Hershel Rupp—who renamed interested in the disease and population himself Harry Goldberg when he arrived genetics of diaspora Jews. Both of us were at Ellis Island. From Arthur’s sister, Ro- The more I learned, enthralled by the knowledge that a tiny samond (Ruchel) Goldberg Weisman, I the lonelier I felt. I did fraction of chromosomal markers could learned that Ruchel Leah’s son from her unravel millennia of Jewish history. Like first marriage, Louis, also had a daugh- not yet know that my all humans, Jews share 99.5 percent of the ter named for Ruchel Leah. Rosamond research would become genetic code, but what can be learned from scribbled an old address variations within the remaining 0.5 per- for a Rose Wieder on a scrap of paper, but the foundation for a genetic cent is amazing. The study of population it was a dead end, as were census and So- adventure that would genetics was still young in those years— cial Security records. finally cure my familial and largely traced via patrilineal descent I stumbled into a lot of dead ends, so through the Y chromosome, which, like in 2008, I flew to to visit Bi- loneliness syndrome. a woman’s mitochondria, generally pass- alykamien and my other grandparents’ es intact through the generations. The ancestral towns. The collapse of the Aus- breaking news was the 1997 study that tro-Hungarian Empire and subsequent were 202. I don’t know how many of used variations of the Y chromosome redrawing of Poland and Ukraine’s bor- them remained in 1942, when the Jews known as haplotypes to trace the Jewish ders after World War II meant that all four were transported to the ghetto in nearby priestly Kohanim tribe to one “founder” were now in Ukraine. I brought along my Złoczów. Some were loaded onto cattle male who may have been Moses’s brother precious printouts of the birth and death cars bound for Dachau, Auschwitz or Aaron. Conducted by Karl Skorecki at records and a 1930 Bialykamien business Belzec; other unfortunate souls were the Technion in Israel, Michael F. Ham- directory listing a Markus Gerber as tan- murdered before the trains arrived. The mer of the University of Arizona and oth- ning “factory director.” I couldn’t get to more I learned, the lonelier I felt. I did ers, the study showed that nearly half of Bialykamien fast enough, and when I fi- not yet know that my research would be- Ashkenazi men and nearly 60 percent of nally did, I was so excited that while I did come the foundation for a genetic adven- Sephardi men who identified as Kohanim remember to switch the video camera on, ture that would finally cure my familial shared a haplotype designated as J1. I mostly managed to film my feet. loneliness syndrome. Ashkenazi Jews, in particular, are excel- At first, all I could see was desola- lent study material. We are the products tion. The center of town had burned to of the great ten-century endogamous mix the ground in 1902 and was now a large of Jews trapped in Eastern Europe, which grassy expanse on which the Soviets had spent my childhood wondering if grew from a couple of dozen people and erected a handful of ugly concrete build- I could really be a Jew. My Dad, a was winnowed again and again by “bot- ings. But once I knocked on the door of physicist and a vocal proponent of tlenecks”—the euphemism population a house and found someone to show me gene-centered evolution or “self- geneticists use to describe catastrophes around, I could begin to see the town as I ish gene” theory, often hypoth- such as massacres and the plague. Ostrer SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2016 / MOMENT 63 and his fellow Jewish identity seekers alogical threads that Ashkenazi, Sephardi percentage of 23andMe’s database, as they were now turning their test tubes toward and Syrian families use to tie themselves do in those of similar companies such as other Jewish populations. He and I were to King David. Genes come into play be- Family Tree DNA and AncestryDNA. I working on a book project together at the cause some of these families have sought had rather belatedly stumbled upon the time, and I brought him to Deal to test a DNA link: After all, if they are all relat- new world of genetic genealogy, in which the DNA of Syrian Jews who had resided ed to the same royal progenitor, then the people use DNA analysis to supplement in Aleppo from ancient times to the mid- males should share the same Y chromo- traditional genealogical research to deter- 20th century. During his visit, he also some haplotype, assuming the line goes mine how they are related. collected saliva from my father and other through the male. But they don’t, and Matches are based on centimorgans males in my family. even if they did, it would be hard to say (cM)—the unit of gene measurement. The results disproved my dad’s mon- what it means: Millions of people around The relationships work like this: Ev- grel theory. My father was descended the world would be descended from ery person receives half—approximately from the second-largest group of Ash- King David, if indeed there was such a 3,700 centimorgans—from each of their kenazi Jewish men, which originated in historical person. parent’s genomes in the form of long the Middle East before the time of the In 2011, when my mother was diag- strands of identical DNA. About a quarter kingdom of Judea. It was great fun to call nosed with a Parkinson’s-like neuro- of each person’s genome is inherited from my dad and tell him he was wrong, but logical disorder, I reentered the genetic each grandparent and about one-eighth I also found myself troubled by this new testing world. By now its universe had from each great-grandparent. As the dis- human science that allowed us to see tance between family members widens, into our past—in particular, the thought the number of identical strands decreases, that it could fuel the traditional Jewish and measurement becomes less accurate obsession with prestigious lineage, or The Bialykamien thanks to the randomness of DNA trans- yiches. The status that yiches confers is Gerbers and my mission across generations. But, generally, not limited to religious circles, where it Moment Great DNA if two people share DNA, it is likely that remains an important marriage consid- they share at least one ancestor within the eration. I once met a man who immedi- Experiment cousins have last eight to ten generations. ately asked me if I, like him, was one of turned out to be my I was inspired! I’d been following Hen- the Benveniste Epsteins, members of the ry Louis Gates’s Finding Your Roots televi- Levite tribe (the priestly assistants in Je- Jewish journey—my­­ sion program, and my first thought was rusalem’s ancient Temple) who migrated connection to my larger to conduct a Moment genetic study, which from Spain to Germany, where a Count family, to my people. I gave the tongue-in-cheek title of The von Epstein is said to have given them Great Moment DNA Experiment. In part- his name. When I said I didn’t know, he nership with 23andMe, I planned to test replied dismissively, “You would know 15 Jews to see if they were related and, if if you were, so you are not.” I didn’t expanded dramatically. Full genome test- so, how closely. We chose a mix of friends bother to tell him that most people ing was available, and moreover, several and acquaintances to throw into our ge- are unaware of their ancestry, and that companies offered affordable online test- netic pot. All had two Ashkenazi parents yiches is no guarantee of a more potent ing based on specific markers they identi- except for writer Ruth Behar, whose father genetic cocktail—or wisdom. Despite fied among the 22 pairs of chromosomes was a Turkish Jew of Sephardi origin, and this predilection, I have concluded that we each have in addition to our sex chro- violinist Joshua Bell and columnist David the positive outcomes of DNA research mosome. Through a dear friend who has Brooks, who each had Ashkenazi mothers outweigh the possible negative ones and Parkinson’s, I learned about the genetic and non-Jewish fathers. Only one had no in fact provide a powerful tool for the testing company 23andMe, which was obvious Ashkenazi roots at all: Political reconstruction of Jewish history. There conducting a Parkinson’s Disease study. analyst Linda Chavez was a descendant is no hiding from DNA: It is one of the My mom agreed to spit into a test tube, of Jews forced to convert to Christianity defining forces of our times. and I sent her sample off. during the Spanish Inquisition. As editor of Moment, I oversaw many Luckily for her kids, my mother did For the most part, we found zero de- stories about Jewish genetic traits and not carry any of the known Parkinson’s grees of separation between members of diseases over the next decade. I remained mutations for which 23andMe tested. But our test cohort, in contrast to the normal curious about prominent dynasties— while exploring her genetic profile, I came three degrees of separation found be- Jewish and not—who claim connection across a feature called Relative Finder, tween most Americans. In other words, 14 with great rabbinical and biblical figures, which listed 1,000 people with whom my out of 15 of us (the outlier being Chavez) an interest that led me to spend months mother shared DNA. Most of them were were directly related to one another. disentangling the often convoluted gene- Ashkenazi Jews, who make up an outsized Oddly enough, I was the only one to find

64 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2016 two third cousins. I shared more than For example, Stephan Parnes, a retired Yad Vashem had posted online: In 1955, 50 centimorgans with NPR senior host rabbi and former magazine editor, found a Moshe Gerber in Israel registered the Robert Siegel and media entrepreneur me through Family Tree DNA. We show deaths of his parents and his siblings and Laurel Touby. I was also related to actress a 108.66cM connection, and both have their children. This was the first hard Mayim Bialik (32cM), businessman Tad family from Bialykamien and surround- evidence I had that some of my Gerbers Taube (31cM), actor Tovah Feldshuh ing towns. But we have not yet figured had been killed in the Holocaust and (28cM), psychologist Steven Pinker out which ancestor we have in common. that at least one had survived—and cared (27cM), law professor Alan Dershow- Then there is Doug Brown, a Tex- enough—to record their memories. In itz (24cM), journalist Esther Wojcicki as lawyer who contacted me in 2014 2014 and 2015, while I was in Warsaw, (22cM), writer A.J. Jacobs (21cM), Freak- through 23andMe. He and I also shared I visited the Jewish Genealogy & Fam- onomics author Stephen Dubner (12cM) a significant amount of DNA, but it was ily Heritage Center, which is supported and Joshua Bell (9cM). immediately clear that he is the great- by my Great DNA Experiment cousin Tad After the testing was completed, I in- great-grandson of Ruchel Leah through Taube. A genealogist there located one of terviewed each participant about their her son from her first marriage. Rose Moshe Gerber’s children, Haim Gerber, ancestral surnames and towns to see if I Wieder, whom I had once looked for, a professor of Ottoman history at He- could come up with any genealogical con- was his great-aunt. Doug introduced me brew University. Last November, I met nections. Nothing jumped out, but I did by email to Rose’s son, Bob Wieder, who Haim and his wife for dinner in Jerusa- find quite a bit of geographic overlap. And it turned out lived a mere 30 miles from lem. We drew what we knew of our fam- although our experiment was meant to ily trees on a placemat and connected the be illustrative and was not a competition, dots. He and his brother Dov and sister A.J. Jacobs was the most connected of our Ayala are descended from one of Ruchel group in terms of total centimorgans, and There are clearly many Leah’s brothers who stayed in Bialyka- also had the longest pedigree: He was de- more family members out mien to run the tanning factory. Just the scended from the Gaon of Vilna, a preem- there. As the rest of us other day, Dov’s son, who wasn’t aware inent 18th-century rabbi. Mayim Bialik I had met with his uncle, found me on came in second and had a family tree that once did, they likely assume his own through the genealogy website included the poet Haim Nahman Bialik. that their line alone survived. Ancestry.com, and emailed me a photo- For me, The Great Moment DNA graph of his great-grandparents that was Experiment affirmed a sense of tribe, How fascinating that it has taken in Bialykamien. something I had never personally felt, taken us nearly a century The miracle that is social media led and it had the effect of drawing many of to discover otherwise. me to another Gerber line. I noticed Yitti us closer and making us feel like family. Gerber Sternfeld from New York on the It had another effect: Our results were Jewish Genealogy Portal. Only the lords now also searchable in worldwide data- of algorithms know why, but her post bases, and for a while, my new late-night me. Doug traveled to Washington, DC, about Gerbers in Bialykamien appeared in obsession was to troll for DNA match- where the three of us met for dinner to my Facebook feed. Yitti’s sizable Gerber es, my own as well as my mother’s and compare notes. That night, I learned that clan is directly descended from another of father’s, whom I also had tested. (My the Ruchel Leah namesake chain is still Ruchel Leah’s brothers. Its family tree fits parents, by the way, show up as distant going strong. Bob has granddaughters like a missing puzzle piece into mine. cousins—not a shock given the proxim- named for Ruchel Leah. He calls them The Bialykamien Gerbers have been ity of their grandfathers’ hometowns.) I his Ruchel Leahs. I also learned that we the easiest branch of my family to find— combed through centimorgan relation- are related to Naftali Herz Imber, who and I am sure I could go on reassembling ships, surnames and place origins, and wrote the lyrics for , and heard it for decades, since there are clearly contacted promising leads. It’s called about the First Bialekamen Aid Associa- many more descendants out there. As cousin-fishing, and I can attest that it is tion, established in New York in 1898, the rest of us once did, they likely as- habit-forming. which sent money to family members left sume that their line alone survived. How By 2013, 2.5 million people around behind and functioned as a New World fascinating that it has taken us nearly a the world had submitted their DNA for burial society. Every year Bob makes a century to discover otherwise—and that analysis, according to the International Yom Kippur pilgrimage from Virginia to we care. Here we are in 2016, emailing Society of Genetic Genealogy. As more New York’s Montefiore Cemetery, where and friending, Skyping and chatting on people were added to the databases, I met family members are buried. WhatsApp and occasionally meeting more genetic relatives. With some new- My spreading tree, of course, has not each other for dinner. found cousins, a connection wasn’t vis- been entirely fed by cousin-fishing. One All sorts of unanswered questions re- ible at all, and with others it was cloudy. sleepless night I came across records that main. Some of our more religious family

SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2016 / MOMENT 65

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Joseph H. H. Weiler Leon Wieseltier Ruth R. Wisse

members have asked if we are Levites or suggest that Ashkenazi Jews are likely de- can compare centimorgans. But these are Kohanim. (Cohen is the most popular scended from Jewish men and European tales for another day. surname in my relative finder profile.) women who converted to Judaism. Throughout my genealogical and ge- I personally am more intrigued by our Beyond Ruchel Leah, I know little netic adventures, I’ve come across some Spanish and Italian Jewish roots, since I, about my other great-grandparents. Dora compelling characters—wildly creative like my mother and at least one of her fled an awful stepmother in Sudilkov, the writers and artists and musicians, scien- first cousins, am a carrier of Familial same town that Steven Spielberg’s family tists and lawyers, as well as well-known Mediterranean Fever, a disease generally is from. There are no records to go on, atheists and devout Orthodox Jews. They, associated with Sephardi Jews. And after just my mom’s genes, and I recently re- along with the thousands of as yet undis- my visit to Bialykamien, I also can’t help ceived an email from a woman who may covered genetic cousins, have turned out wondering why the old man I met there be descended from Dora’s maternal aunt. to be my Jewish journey—my connec- had the same piercing shade of cornflow- My father’s grandparents—Abraham tion to my larger family, to my people. er blue eyes as my mother and some of David Epstein and his wife Lena Freed- They are also the antidote to my familial her cousins. berg—lived in Buchach where records loneliness syndrome. When I gaze into Actually, I probably know the answer to are also scant, so I’m waiting for a DNA databases of genetic relatives, I know I’ll this last question. Now that I have a more breakthrough. never be able to contact all of them. I am complete view of both of my parents’ The tableau has almost completely content knowing that our ancestors in- genes, I realize that my dad’s mongrel hy- gone dark on my father’s mother, Rose termarried and once lived in the same or pothesis was not completely unfounded. Bronstein from Skvira, south of Kiev. neighboring villages, then moved away He is 98.1 percent Ashkenazi (99.7 per- Was her father related to Lev Davidov- and had their own families, the way hu- cent European with the remainder Mid- ich Bronstein, a.k.a. Leon Trotsky? As a mans have for generations. I am at one dle Eastern and North African), while my 13-year-old who favored berets, I often with the fact that the past is only partly mother was only 96.4 percent Ashkenazi pretended he was. I recently discovered visible—and rejoice at what I can see. (although 99.8 percent European), the that my cousin Helen did this as well, remainder a mix of southern and north- and we had a good laugh. Again, records western European, including a smidgen of are scarce, and without a historical trail To read more stories about Jews and genes, Scandinavian. But we now know that that to follow, I’ve asked Trotsky’s great- visit momentmag.com/dna such a blend is not unique. Recent studies granddaughter to test her DNA so we

66 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2016